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Journal articles on the topic 'Cement Treated Soils'
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1
Watabe, Yoichi, Takashi Kaneko, and Yu Watanabe. "Cement mix proportion for treated soils recycled from a cement treated soil." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 4, no. 7 (2016): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v04.j16.
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Quang, Nguyen Duy, and Jin Chun Chai. "Permeability of lime- and cement-treated clayey soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 9 (September 2015): 1221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0134.
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The permeability (k) of lime- and cement-treated clayey soils was investigated in the laboratory by flexible-wall permeability tests and oedometer tests. Test results indicate that for the cement-treated soils (with up to 8% cement content by dry weight), the value of k is almost equal to that of untreated soils under identical void ratio (e) conditions, and the k value decreases significantly when the cement content is higher than 8%. For lime-treated soils, the threshold lime content is about 4%. Investigation of the soil microstructure using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging indicates that when the cementation products formed by the pozzolanic reaction fill mainly the intra-aggregate pores, the value of k is comparable for the treated and untreated samples. When the cementation products begin to fill the interaggregate pores, the value of k of the treated sample becomes smaller than that of the untreated soil sample under the identical e value condition. An indication that the cementation products have filled the interaggregate pores is the rapid increase in strength of the treated soil.
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Bui Truong, Son, Nu Nguyen Thi, and Duong Nguyen Thanh. "An Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soft Soil-Cement Mixtures with or without GGBFS in the Coastal Area of Vietnam." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7243704.
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Soft soil is widely distributed in Vietnam, especially in the coastal area. In engineering practice, soft soil cannot be used to build any construction and needs to be improved or treated before building construction. In addition, Vietnam has many pig-iron or thermal power plants, which annually produce a huge amount of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Thus, the use of this material for soft soil improvement needs to be considered. This paper presents experimental results on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of three Vietnam’s soft soils treated with Portland cement and Portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Binder dosage used in this study is 250, 300, and 350 kg/m3 with the three different water/cement ratios of 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0, respectively. The research results showed that the UCS of soil-cement mixtures depends on soil type, water/cement ratio, cement type, and binder content. Accordingly, the unconfined compressive strength increased with the increase of binder contents, the decrease of the natural water content of soft soil, water/cement ratios, and clay content. The highest value of UCS of treated soils was found for the soil at Site II with the Portland cement content, cement GGBFS, and water/cement ratio of 873 kg/m3, 2355 kg/m3, and 0.8, respectively. Besides, for all the three soils and two binder types, the water/cement ratio of 0.8 was found to be suitable to reach the highest UCS values of treated soil. The research results also showed that the UCS of treated soil with cement GGBFS was higher than that of treated soil with Portland cement. This indicated the effectiveness of the use of Portland cement with GGBFS in soft soil improvement. There is great potential for reducing the environmental problems regarding the waste materials from pig-iron plants in Vietnam and the construction cost as well.
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Zhi, Bin, Liang Yang, and En Long Liu. "Study on the Mechanical Properties of Lime-Cement-Treated Loess Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1408.
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The cement-lime treated loess soils and cement-treated loess soils are widely used all over the world, but their strength features and physical mechanism are investigated few at the moment. The cement-lime treated loess soil samples and cement-treated loess soil samples were prepared according to their weight ratio and tested to study their physical indices and strength varying with age. The tested results demonstrate that: (i) The content of cement has great influence on the liquid limit and plastic limit of the samples. With the increase of adding content of lime, the average plasticity indices also increase gradually, and the values of plastic limits of the samples will also increase; (ii) The stregnth of the samples increases with the increase of curing age, which is affected by many factors including treated materials, compatcion work, water content, and age.
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Cao, Jing, Fangyi Liu, Zhigang Song, Wenyun Ding, Yongfa Guo, Jianyun Li, and Guoshou Liu. "Effect of Ultra-Fine Cement on the Strength and Microstructure of Humic Acid Containing Cemented Soil." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 5923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075923.
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The peat soil in the Dianchi Lake area of Yunnan, China, is widely distributed, bringing many problems to engineering. The peat soil foundation is usually treated by the cement mixing method, and the reinforcement effect of cemented soil is mainly affected by humic acid (HA). Ultra-fine cement (UFC) can improve cement performance and reduce cement consumption, decreasing CO2 emissions and the impact of human activities on the environment. Simulated peat soils in different environments are prepared with HA reagent and cohesive soil, reinforced by composite cement curing agent mixed with ultrafine cement (UFC). The relationship among the UFC proportion, HA reagent content, soaking time, and sample strength was studied. The unconfined compressive strength test (UCS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and PCAS microscopic quantitative test techniques were used to explore the mechanism of the effect of UFC on the strength of HA-containing cemented soil. The increasing UFC proportion in the composite cement curing agent gradually increased HA-containing cemented soil’s strength. UFC significantly reduced the percentage of macropores in HA-containing cemented soil and made the microstructure denser. The HA-containing cemented soil’s qu increased the most when the UFC proportion increased from 0% to 10%. The solidification effect of the composite cement curing agent mixed with UFC was always stronger than that of OPC. The composite cement curing agent with a UFC proportion of 10% is practical. Cement is still an important building material in the current construction industry, and UFC provides a new method for reducing environmental impact in engineering construction.
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Mirzababaei, Mehdi, Jafar Karimiazar, Ebrahim Sharifi Teshnizi, Reza Arjmandzadeh, and Sayed Hessam Bahmani. "Effect of Nano-Additives on the Strength and Durability Characteristics of Marl." Minerals 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101119.
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Low bearing capacity soils may pose serious construction concerns such as reduced bearing capacity and excessive hydro-associated volume changes. Proper soil remediation techniques must be planned and implemented before commencing any construction on low bearing capacity soils. Environmentally friendly soil stabilizers are gradually replacing traditional soil stabilizers with high carbon dioxide emissions such as lime and cement. This study investigated the use of an alternative pozzolanic mix of nano-additives (i.e., nano-silica and nano-alumina) and cement to reduce the usage of cement for achieving competent soil stabilization outcomes. A series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), direct shear, and durability tests were conducted on marl specimens cured for 1, 7, and 28 days stabilized with nano-additives (0.1~1.5%), 3% cement, and combined 3% cement and nano-additives. The UCS and shear strength of stabilized marl increased with nano-additives up to a threshold nano-additive content of 1% which was further intensified with curing time. Nano-additive treated cemented marl specimens showed long durability under the water, while the cemented marl decomposed early. The microfabric inspection of stabilized marl specimens showed significant growth of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) products within the micro fabric of nano-silica treated marl with reduced pore-spaces within aggregated particles. The results confirmed that nano-additives can replace cement partially to achieve multi-fold improvement in the strength characteristics of the marl.
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Azadegan, Omid, Jie Li, S. Hadi Jafari, and Gang Ren. "Geogrid Reinforced Lime Cement Treated Granular Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 1090–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.1090.
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Construction on problematic and soft soils has always been considered a challenging task by the geotechnical engineers. Such soils can be treated with traditional lime and cement stabilization. However in some cases using geogrid reinforced lime and cement treated materials can be very effective, especially in case of seismic or dynamic loads. In this research, a series of laboratory testing has been carried out to investigate mechanical properties of lime and cement treated granular materials with and without geogrid reinforcing layers. The results of the unconfined compressive tests show that geogrid reinforcement improves the ductility of the treated materials. However, it would not develop the compressive strength in many of used mix Designs. The investigations reveal that the mix design for lime and cement treatment must be selected accurately by considering the natural beds conditions to achieve the best possible results from stabilization procedure.
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Aniculaesi, Mircea, Irina Lungu, and Anghel Stanciu. "Cure Time Effect on Compressibility Characteristics of Expansive Soils Treated with Eco-Cement." Advanced Materials Research 587 (November 2012): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.587.129.
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The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of curing time on expansive soil as a construction material when treated with eco-cement stabilizer, as partly substituting the Portland cement. Standard consolidation samples were prepared from treated soils with 10 % cement (5% eco-cement and 5% Portland cement), reported to the dry unit weight of soil, and cured for 1, 7 and 14 days. After this period the soil samples were then socked in water and standard consolidation tests were performed on them. The compressibility characteristics, for the improved soil with 10% cement, Eoed, mv and Cv have shown a significant improvement during the first 7 days. After 7 days curing time the variation of compressibility characteristics is less pronounced.
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Onyelowe, Kennedy Chibuzor, Duc Bui Van, Mohammed Oludare Idrees, Michael E. Onyia, Lam Dao-Phuc, Favour Deborah A. Onyelowe, Talal Amhadi, et al. "An Experimental Study on Compaction Behavior Of Lateritic Soils Treated with Quarry Dust Based Geopolymer Cement." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.104.
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Due to the scarcity of well-graded gravel materials, lateritic soils are widely used for road construction in tropic areas. However, lateritic soils often do not meet the strict requirement for subgrade and need to be improved to be used as construction material. Among several approaches used to enhance the engineering properties of lateritic soils, the use of industrial waste materials, such as fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, is of particular interest to the construction industry as a potential replacement material for Portland cement in soil stabilization. Meanwhile, some effort has been made to study the use of quarry dust in stabilizing lateritic soils. The present work aims at assessing the compaction characteristics of three different types of lateritic soils, treated with quarry dust based geopolymer cement. A systematic study by varying the proportion of geopolymer cement was carried out. Test results show that the soil dry density substantially increased while the corresponding optimal moisture content decreased with the amount of geopolymer cement under varying compactive effort.
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Consoli, Nilo Cesar, António Viana da Fonseca, Rodrigo Caberlon Cruz, and Sara Rios Silva. "Voids/Cement Ratio Controlling Tensile Strength of Cement-Treated Soils." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 137, no. 11 (November 2011): 1126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000524.
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Hayashi, Y., A. Suzuki, and A. Matsuo. "Mechanical properties of air-cement-treated soils." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 6, no. 2 (January 2002): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2002.6.2.69.
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Kasama, Kiyonobu, Kouki Zen, and Kiyoharu Iwataki. "Undrained Shear Strength of Cement-Treated Soils." Soils and Foundations 46, no. 2 (April 2006): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.46.221.
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Puppala, Anand J., Aravinda M. Ramakrishna, and Laureano R. Hoyos. "Resilient Moduli of Treated Clays from Repeated Load Triaxial Test." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1821, no. 1 (January 2003): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1821-08.
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Three chemical stabilization methods—sulfate resistant cement (Type V), low-calcium fly-ash (Class F) mixed with sulfate resistant cement (Type V), and ground granulated blast furnace slag—were used in a series of repeated load triaxial tests on clayey soil to assess the effectiveness of these three stabilizers in enhancing resilient modulus ( MR) properties of the soil. MR results were measured from repeated load triaxial tests conducted on both control and treated soils at optimum moisture content levels. Test results were analyzed to understand the potentials of each stabilizer on MR response of the soils and to study the effects of confining and deviatoric stresses on resilient response of the treated soils. Mechanisms for MR enhancements in treated soils were developed, and a series of flexible pavement design exercises was conducted to evaluate the impact of each stabilizer on the design thickness of the asphalt surface layer of pavements.
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Siregar, Vicky Marita, Luky Handoko, and Sumiyati Gunawan. "Strength of Cement Treated Clay and Degradation Under Magnesium Sulphate Attack." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jts.v15i2.3808.
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Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) is an environmental issue in Indonesia that produce wasted soils, specifically clay soils, distributed to Porong River which causes a greater problem. Cement treated clay (CTC) becomes one of the solutions to overcome the problems caused by Lusi due to its ability in improving the strength of clay soils. This paper investigates CTC with lower cement amount (C <70 kg/m3) for reclamation and higher cement amount (C >150 kg/m3) for deep mixing marine clay for its strength and degradation due to the attack of magnesium sulphate as the main component of seawater which cause the degradation of CTC. The enhancement of soil strength is investigated by unconfined compression test (qu) and the degradation by penetration test. Water content of the specimens for both tests are arranged in its liquid limit condition (60%) and two times of its LL (120%). The result of the cement amount addition for both water content shows the enhancement of qu represented by linear and the tip resistance is increased. The characterictic of degradation for lower cement amount with close range present similar depth of deterioration, like-wise higher cement content. The value of tip resistance is not relatable with qu.
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Ranaivomanana, Harifidy, and Andry Razakamanantsoa. "Toward a better understanding of the effects of cement treatment on microstructural and hydraulic properties of compacted soils." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816306007.
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This study deals with the problem of the experimental characterization of cement-treated compacted soils in terms of microstructural and hydraulic properties. Some tests are conducted on two different types of soil: silty sand and clay as fine soils and gravelous sand and alterite as granular soil. Some samples are mixed with 5% of cement and compacted at different levels (i.e., 85%, 95%, 100% and 105% of the maximum dry density, respectively, as achieved using the standard compaction method). The results of the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests performed on these cement-treated soils reveal significant changes as regards macropores due to the combined effects of treatment and compaction. Consequently, a decrease in the permeability is clearly observed for all the tested soils when the degree of compaction increases. This decrease is significantly greater in fine soils, which are more sensitive to compaction effects than granular soils.
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Yu, Chuang, Raoping Liao, Chaopeng Zhu, Xiaoqing Cai, and Jianjun Ma. "Test on the Stabilization of Oil-Contaminated Wenzhou Clay by Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (July 12, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9675479.
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Oil-contaminated soils have been paid much attention due to the reclamation of industrial lands in coastal cities of China. As known, oil-contaminated soils are inapplicable for construction due to their weak engineering properties, thus leading to the requirement of remediation and reclamation for oil-contaminated sites. This study presents an experimental investigation on the stabilization of contaminated soils with Portland cement. Investigations including the Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, direct shear strength, and microstructure of cement-stabilized soils have been carried out, verifying the suitability of applying cement to improve engineering properties. Experimental results show that the geotechnical properties of contaminated soil are very poor. With the application of cement, the liquid limit and plasticity index of contaminated soil samples decrease dramatically, and the strength of treated soils has been improved. Experimental results from scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that cement-stabilized oil-contaminated soil is featured with a stable supporting microstructure, owing to the cementation between soil particles. This also confirms the applicability of cement to be served as an additive to treat oil-contaminated soils.
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Borges, Hernando, Marina Secco, Giovani Bruschi, and Lucas Festugato. "Dosage method for unconfined strength and fatigue life of fiber-reinforced cement-treated sand." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 3 (July 10, 2023): e2023007322. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.007322.
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Fiber-reinforcement has been reported as an effective and cost-attractive technique to improve the mechanical behavior of cemented soils. However, the dosage methodologies for these mixtures are still limited, especially regarding dynamic loading. The objective of this research was to analyze the dynamic response and strength behavior of fiber-reinforced cement-treated sand. In this sense, fatigue life, unconfined compressive strength, and split tensile strength tests were conducted. Results indicated that the mechanical behavior of the soil-cement mixtures was governed by fiber content, cement content and void ratio. The presence of fibers, the increase in cement content and the decrease in void ratio improved the overall mechanical behavior of all specimens. The porosity/cement content index resulted in a viable dosage method to predict both the monotonic and cyclic behavior of the mixtures. Lastly, the statistical analysis of variance corroborated the experimentally observed findings.
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Abbey, S. J., E. U. Eyo, and S. Ng’ambi. "Swell and microstructural characteristics of high-plasticity clay blended with cement." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 2119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-019-01621-z.
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AbstractThis study presents the effect of high plasticity on swell potential, swelling pressure and micro-structural characteristics of kaolinite-bentonite mixed clays. Five different mix ratios of kaolinite bentonite mixture of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in % by weight of dry kaolinite were used. All five synthesised soils were then mixed with 0%, 5% and 8% of cement by weight of dry soil, cured for 28 days and subjected to the Atterberg limit, one-dimensional oedometer and scanning electron microscope test. The inclusion of 5% and 8% cement reduces the plasticity index of the treated soils as the percentage of bentonite increases. The effects on plasticity of treatment with 5% and 8% cement after a 28-day curing period was evaluated, and the results show that reduction in plasticity index resulted in decreased swell potential and swelling pressure of the kaolinite-bentonite mixed clays. The results of microstructural analysis of 5% cement-treated soils show formation of flocculated fabric and cementation of soil particles, and filling with cementitious compounds of the voids of flocculated fabric in the soil. The reduction in swell can be attributed to the resulting compacted and dense mass of treated soils due to cementation of soil particles and cation exchange. The complex swell behaviour of high-plasticity kaolinite-bentonite mix is explained using the one-dimensional oedometer test, by further experimental study and examination of the microstructure of treated soils.
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Wu, Xue-Ting, Yi Qi, Jun-Ning Liu, and Bin Chen. "Solidification Effect and Mechanism of Marine Muck Treated with Ionic Soil Stabilizer and Cement." Minerals 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11111268.
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In this study, an environmentally friendly ionic soil stabilizer (ISS) was adopted with combination of Portland cement to stabilize a marine muck. The macro and micro tests results demonstrated that the ISS was an effective stabilizer to improve the strength of marine muck when it was used combined with cement after adding the alkalizer NaOH. Except for the reduction in interlayer distance of clay minerals by ISS, Ca2+ and SO42− dissolved from ISS promoted the production of ettringite (AFt), pozzolanic and carbonation reactions of Portland cement in the presence of NaOH. Meanwhile, the hydration products of curing reaction notably agglomerated soil particles, which caused an obvious decrease of pores and a high increase of strength for solidified soils. Furthermore, this combination of stabilizers can not only save the dosage of cement, but also accelerate the solidification speed, decrease the cement setting time within 7 days to meet the curing requirements, and enhance the strength of solidified soils.
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Peng, Hong Tao, Hai Tao Su, Xin Ping Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Comparison of the Effectiveness of Enzyme and Portland Cement for Compressive Strengths of Stabilized Soils." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.1.
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Portland cement can be used as soil stabilizer, but poses some problems such as dust pollution, consumption of fossil energy and relatively large amounts of calcium-rich raw materials. Enzyme as a soil enzymatic stabilizer is a natural organic compound and promising material to reduce the application of Portland cement. Perma-Zyme is one type of enzyme. The results of the study showed that soil type and curing method significantly affected the effectiveness of the treatments with Perma-Zyme and Composite Portland cement. Under the air-dry conditions, the unconfined compressive strengths of soils stabilized with Composite Portland cement were lower than those treated with Perma-Zyme at each age. In sealed glass containers, the unconfined compressive strengths of soils treated with Composite Portland cement were higher than those treated with Perma-Zyme. These results indicate that after compaction, the surface of soil stabilized with Portland cement should be moistened with a spray of some water or cover with materials (such as plastic sheet)，but the surface of soil stabilized with Perma-Zyme need not spray water and cover with materials in the actual project construction.
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Dai, Di, Jie Peng, Lanlan Bai, Gang Li, and Hongmin Lin. "The Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer on the Resilient and Plastic Strain Behavior of Cemented Soil under Traffic Load." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050929.
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In road construction, a large number of excavated soils need to be treated with stabilizers. The addition of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) can improve the road performance of these stabilized soils. In order to predict roadbed deformation, dynamic triaxial tests were carried out on cemented soil containing SAP to investigate its resilient and plastic strain behavior. The effects of SAP content, cyclic stress ratio, and loading frequency on cement-stabilized soils with SAP were analyzed combined with the number of cycles. This study demonstrates how these influencing factors effect the resilient strain, dynamic elastic modulus, and accumulated plastic strain, which are crucial to better understanding the strain behavior of cement-stabilized soil with SAP. The results show that SAP can significantly improve the brittle failure characteristics and dynamic strength of cement-stabilized soil. Soil with higher SAP content possesses smaller accumulated plastic strain; with the increase in the cyclic stress ratio, the dynamic elastic modulus decreases significantly, whereas the accumulated plastic strain has the opposite trend. In addition, the lower frequency produces larger cumulative axial strain.
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Tewfik, Belal, Ghembaza Moulay Smaine, and Bellia Zoheir. "Experimental Study And Modeling Of Water Retention Curve Of A Silty Soil Compacted And Treated With Cement." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.9.3.17853.
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The evaluation of unsaturated soils' fundamental properties is ensured by the characteristic water retention curve for a wide range of soil suction values. However, a minimal number of research works have focused on studying the water retention properties of natural soils and treated with hydraulic binders using soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC). The present work is motivated by the lack of experimental evidence of this type. Firstly, experimental measurements of soil-water characteristic curves of a natural loam soil from the region of Sidi Bel Abbes (Algeria), treated with cement and compacted at Standard Optimum Proctor at an ambient temperature of 20 °C, Were carried out using the methods of the imposition of suction, namely the osmotic method ranging from 0 to 0.05 MPa and the method of saline solutions over a suction range from 0.05 MPa to about 343 MPa respectively. The suction used were applied to four studied mixtures (natural soil, + 2%, + 4% and + 6% cement). At the end of the tests on the drainage-humidification path, the water retention curves for the treated soil at different cement dosage allow us to determine the different state parameters of the treated soil: Degree of saturation (Sr), dry weight (d), void ratio (e) and water content (w). The suction imposition range and the cement dosage significantly influence the water behavior of the material studied. On the other hand, we develop a model of the water behavior of soils treated with cement. This model makes it possible to correctly predict the retention curves at different cement dosage from the experimental measurements performed on samples compacted at Standard Optimum Proctor represented in the plans [suction, degree of saturation] and [suction, moisture content].
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Mavroulidou, M. "Use of waste paper sludge ash as a calcium-based stabiliser for clay soils." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18804043.
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Chemical ground improvement of soils of poor quality for construction has been increasingly used as a means of promoting sustainable construction practices. The production of conventional soil stabilisers such as cement or lime involves non-renewable natural resource and energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emissions; therefore, alternative stabilisers are sought. This study used waste paper sludge ash (PSA) to treat three different clays. The aim was to assess PSA effectiveness as an alternative to lime or cement for clay stabilisation based on plasticity characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water retention and volumetric stability. PSA-treated soil specimens were shown to perform well compared to lime-treated or cement-treated ones: (a) PSA considerably lowered the plasticity indices of the two expansive clays, in a similar way as lime; (b) in most cases PSA dosages equal to or greater than the initial consumption of lime gave UCS at least twice as high compared to those obtained using commercial limes at equivalent dosages (> 1 MPa for the two expansive soils after 7 or 28 days of curing) and in the inspected cases also higher UCS than cement; and (c) consistently with the plasticity results PSA-treated specimens swelled less during wetting and had lower volumetric strains upon drying (better volumetric stability) compared to lime-treated or cement-treated soils. Overall the results give promise for a valorisation route of this waste material in the field of ground improvement.
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Nguyen, Thanh Tu, Minh Duc Nguyen, Tong Nguyen, and Thanh Chien Phan. "Interface Shear Strength Behavior of Cement-Treated Soil under Consolidated Drained Conditions." Buildings 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071626.
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This paper presents a series of laboratory tests to determine the shear strength and interface shear strength of cement-treated silty soil under consolidated and drained conditions. The test variables include the effective normal stress, cement content, and curing period. Experimental results indicated that the effective shear strength and interface shear strength of cement-treated soil specimens increased significantly as the cement content increased. After 28 days, the average shear strength ratio increased from 1.28 to 2.4, and the average interface efficiency factor improved from 1.15 to 1.55 as the cement content increased from 3% to 10%. It resulted from an increase in grain size and the fraction of sand-sized particles in the treated soils, approximately in two-time increments for the specimens treated with 10% cement content after 28 days of curing. In addition, the peak and residual values of the shear strength and interface shear strength of the cement-treated soil specimens were determined to assess their brittle behavior under high shear deformation. Last, two new empirical models are introduced herein. The first power equation is to predict the shear strength ratio of cement-treated soil at 28 days of curing using the soil-water/cement content ratio. The other proposed model is useful for assessing the rate of shear strength and interface shear development of cement-treated soil specimens within 56 days of curing.
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Mohammad, Louay N., Amar Raghavandra, and Baoshan Huang. "Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Cement-Stabilized Soil Base Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1721, no. 1 (January 2000): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1721-03.
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In-place cement-stabilized soils have served as the primary base material for the majority of noninterstate flexible pavements in Louisiana for many years. These materials are economically and easily constructed and provide outstanding structural characteristics for flexible pavements. However, these cement-treated materials crack due to shrinkage, with the cracks reflecting from the base to the surface. A laboratory study examined the performance of four different cement-stabilized soil mixtures recently used in the construction of test lanes at the Louisiana Pavement Testing Facilities. Laboratory tests included the indirect tensile strength and strain, unconfined compressive strength, and indirect tensile resilient modulus tests. The four mixtures were ( a) in-place-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( b) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 10 percent cement, ( c) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement, and ( d) plant-mixed cement-treated soil with 4 percent cement and fiber reinforcement. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in performance between the plant-mixed and in-place-mixed cement-treated soil mixtures. The inclusion of fiber to the cement-treated soil mixture significantly increased the indirect tensile strain and the toughness index. Increases in compaction effort maintained or significantly increased the indirect tensile strength and unconfined compressive strength. Increases in curing period maintained or significantly increased indirect tensile and unconfined compressive strength as well as the resilient modulus of the mixtures.
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Agashua, Lucia Omolayo, Samuel Adebanji Ogbiye, Olugbenga Oludolapo Amu, and Christopher Ehizemhen Igibah. "Compactability of Agro based Geopolymer using Sodium Silicate Activator." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 91 (March 1, 2023): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.91.29.38.
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The strength of a fine-grained lateritic soilfrom three (3) different localities on Abuja – Lokoja road where road failure happen was treated with rice husk ash (RSA), cement andsodium silicate activator (SSA), with varying percentage examined by means of Atterberg, Compaction and triaxial shear tests. The addition of optimum cement with additives changes laterite sample of plasticity index (PI) into non-plastic and resulted in a minimum of 11.90 % reduction in PI of lateritic soil which led to the belief that additives decreases plasticity of soils, and this is an advantage, because reduction in PI contents indicates animprovement.Thecompaction characteristics of the natural lateritic soils were altered with the addition of optimum contents of OPC with each of RHA, KCP and SSA. The MDD of cement-stabilized residual soil slightly increased with the increase in cement content, whereas by adding RHA, KCP and cement, the OMC is decreases steeply. Also, CBR results shows that CBR of the soil-cement-SSA content increases upon adding sodium silicate activator content up to 4% SSA content before the value experiences reduction at much higher SSA content. But, theRHA-treated residual soils decrease the CBR value from 6% upwards. This, again, alludes that RHA alone is not suitable as stabilizer.
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Fehervari, Andras, Will P. Gates, Chathuranga Gallage, and Frank Collins. "Suitability of Remediated PFAS-Affected Soil in Cement Pastes and Mortars." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 4300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104300.
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Australia and many other parts of the world face issues of contamination in groundwater and soils by per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). While the pyrolytic treatment of contaminated soils can destroy PFAS, the resulting heat-treated soils currently have limited applications. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of remediated soils in concrete applications. Using heat-treated soil as a fine aggregate, with a composition and particle size distribution similar to that of traditional concrete sands, proved to be a straightforward process. In such situations, complete fine aggregate replacement could be achieved with minimal loss of compressive strength. At high fine aggregate replacement (≥ 60%), a wetting agent was required for maintaining adequate workability. When using the heat-treated soil as a supplementary cementitious material, the initial mineralogy, the temperature of the heat-treatment and the post-treatment storage (i.e., keeping the soil dry) were found to be key factors. For cement mortars where minimal strength loss is desired, up to 15% of cement can be replaced, but up to 45% replacement can be achieved if moderate strengths are acceptable. This study successfully demonstrates that commercially heat-treated remediated soils can serve as supplementary cementitious materials or to replace fine aggregates in concrete applications.
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Babu, G. L. Sivakumar, Amit Srivastava, and P. V. Sivapulliah. "Reliability analysis of strength of cement treated soils." Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards 5, no. 3-4 (November 15, 2010): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2010.490116.
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Amir-Faryar, Behzad, Karl E. Suter, and Richard E. Finnen. "Strength of Cement Treated Piedmont Residual Silty Soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 35, no. 4 (March 21, 2017): 1819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0211-2.
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Al-Gharbawi, Ahmed S. A., Ahmed M. Najemalden, and Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Expansive Soil Stabilization with Lime, Cement, and Silica Fume." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010436.
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The type of soil known as expansive soil is capable of changing its volume through swelling and contracting. These types of soils are mostly composed of montmorillonite, a mineral with the capacity to absorb water, which causes the soil to heave by increasing its volume. Due to their capacity to contract or expand in response to seasonal fluctuations in the water content, these expansive soils might prove to be a significant risk to engineering structures. Many studies have dealt with swelling soils and investigated the behavior of these soils, as well as their improvement. In this study, three percentages of lime, cement, and silica fume (5, 7, 9%) are used to stabilize the expansive soil, and the work is divided into two sections: the first is using a consolidation test to record the free swell and swell pressure for the untreated and treated soils; in the second part, the grouting technique is utilized as a process that can be applied in the field to maintain the improvement in the bearing capacity. It is concluded that the soil stabilized with different percentages of lime, cement, and silica fume exhibits a decrease in both free swell and swelling pressure by approximately 65% and 76%, respectively, as compared with untreated soil. The soil grouted with silica fume increases the bearing capacity of footings resting on the grouted soil by approximately 64% to 82% for the soil treated with 5% and 9% silica fume, respectively, as compared with untreated soil.
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Ramon-Tarragona, Anna, and Eduardo Alonso. "Analysis of massive sulphate attack to cement-treated compacted soils." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019501009.
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The paper describes the heave experienced by two embankments providing access to a bridge located in a high-speed railway line. The compacted soil, a mixture of a low plasticity clay, sand and gravel, had a significant sulphate content (2 – 2.5%). The embankments received a reinforcing treatment by mixing the soil with cement in the proximity of the bridge abutments. In addition, a grid of grouting columns provided more stiffness to the embankments. The embankments experienced a fast heaving rate (around 4 mm/month) in the areas improved by cement mixing. Precision extensometers indicated that heave concentrated in the upper 6 – 8 m of the embankments. The sulphate content reduced sharply to 0.25% at increasing depth. No heave was detected in these deeper zones. The swelling was found to be associated with the development of thaumasite and ettringite minerals. The presence of clay, cement and sulphates in the compacted soils and the infiltration of water from rainfall events are ideal conditions for the growth of the mentioned minerals. Long-term tests performed on compacted samples provided a good evidence of the phenomena developing in situ. A chemical modelling of the mineral changes at the soil-cement interface provided an additional insight into the development of swelling, which could last for a long time (several years). Accordingly, it was decided to underpin the railway track and to excavate the upper active volume of the embankments. This solution went in parallel with train service, which was never interrupted.
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Tremblay, Hélène, Josée Duchesne, Jacques Locat, and Serge Leroueil. "Influence of the nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization with cement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-002.
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It is well known that organic matter may affect the cementing process in soils, but what happens when cement is added to an organic soil? Both the organic matter content and the nature of this organic matter affect the properties of a treated soil. It appears that some organic compounds delay or even inhibit the hydration process of cement, while others do not affect the reaction at all. This paper presents some results of a laboratory study in which 13 different organic compounds were added separately to two different soils, and then treated with 10% cement. To assess the cementing process, undrained shear strength was measured on the different specimens, and some chemical analyses were performed on the pore liquid. The results indicate that the organic acids producing a pH lower than 9 in the pore solution strongly affect the development of cementing products and almost no strength gain was noted. Also, oils and hydrocarbons, which are insoluble in water, delay the cement hydration but do not affect the final strength. Finally, the pH value and the SO4 concentration in the pore solution are good indicators of the cementing effectiveness of the treated specimens.Key words: soil stabilization, organic compounds, undrained shear strength, cement, chemical analyses.
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Ugbe, F. C., K. N. Nwakaji, and E. A. Emioge. "Influence of Increasing Cement Content on some Geotechnical Properties of selected Lateritic Soils of Western Niger Delta on Sapele-Agbor Road, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 11 (February 10, 2022): 1887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i11.6.
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This study is aimed at determining the influence of stabilization by percentage increase in volume of cement on Geotechnical properties of some lateritic soils obtained from two borrow pits along Agbor-Sapele road, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria. The soils are classified as A-7-6 and A-7-5 with high percentage of Fines, averaging 60.43%. These natural soil samples falls short of the Federal Ministry of Works Standard based on grain size and consistency limits. The values of 1950.91 Kg/m3 and 22.70% obtained for maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) when soil was treated at 10% by volume of cement, reveals the fact that higher unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values would be noticeable at 10% by volume addition of cement with increasing energy level of compaction, than that to be obtained at 5% by volume of addition of cement with MDD of 1933.80 Kg/m3 and OMC 22.78%. When the soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values for treated soils were considered, the reduction in soaked CBR value is minimal at 10%, with an average of 76.33% than that obtained at 5% by volume of cement with an average of 78.45%, compacted at varying energy level. In general, the study result clearly reveals that increasing cement content would result in improved strength characteristics even as permeability decreased from 6.744x10-8 mm/s to 6.129 x 10-8 mm/s across the compaction level of the stabilized soil samples.
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Kogbara, Reginald B. "A review of the mechanical and leaching performance of stabilized/solidified contaminated soils." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0004.
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Stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology, which basically involves chemical fixation and immobilization of contaminants (primarily metals) in the matrix of cementitious binders, is widely used for treatment of contaminated soils. This paper presents a critical review of the performance of commonly used blended binder systems in S/S technology. The binders considered are Portland cement and blends of cement–fly ash, cement–slag, lime–slag, and lime–fly ash. This work compares and evaluates the performance of contaminated soils treated by the binders in terms of commonly used mechanical and leaching properties, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and leachability. The long-term performance of S/S-treated soils is also reviewed. It was observed that the inclusion of slag in a binder blend gave superior performance compared to fly ash. Generally, the leachability of common contaminants in soil can be reduced to acceptable levels with approximately 20%–35% dosage of the different binders. The UCS was observed to be optimum around the optimum water content for compaction. The hydraulic conductivity was approximately 10−9 m/s over time. Long-term performance of treated soils showed consistent effectiveness over a period of 5–14 years with fluctuations in mechanical and leaching behaviour caused by the complex nature and variability of S/S-treated soils.
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Bandeira, Alex Alves, Rita Moura Fortes, and João Virgilio Merighi. "A study of the Hot-Mix Asphalt layer thickness reduction when applied over lateritic soils cement base in airfield." Exacta 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exacta.v7i1.798.
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In tropical region, in upper layers, soils having red or yellow coloration are generally found and are denominated lateritic soils. They are rich in aluminum hydroxides and ferric hydrates that give an elevated mechanic resistance. When the lateritic soils are used as a construction material in the structural pavement, the exceptional mechanical characteristic reduced the cost over 50% when associated with the sub-base and base layers, or over 25% when the lateritic soil is treated with cement. In São Paulo State, it was made more than ten thousands kilometers of roads where the base or sub-base was made using lateritic soils or lateritic soils treated with cement. In this study, it is showed, through Finite Element Method, a critical analysis of the sub-base and base of airfield pavement using lateritic soils cement base course and Hot-Mix Asphalt thickness surface less than recommended for critical area in according to Federal Aviation Administration (1996). Considering the results, it is possible to propose a reduction of thickness Hot-Mix Asphalt layer, resulting in a reduction of the final cost of implantation of hundreds of airfields in South America.
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Bandeira, Alex Alves, Rita Moura Fortes, and João Virgilio Merighi. "A study of the Hot-Mix Asphalt layer thickness reduction when applied over lateritic soils cement base in airfield DOI: 10.5585/exacta.v7i1.798." Exacta 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exactaep.v7i1.798.
Full textAbstract:
In tropical region, in upper layers, soils having red or yellow coloration are generally found and are denominated lateritic soils. They are rich in aluminum hydroxides and ferric hydrates that give an elevated mechanic resistance. When the lateritic soils are used as a construction material in the structural pavement, the exceptional mechanical characteristic reduced the cost over 50% when associated with the sub-base and base layers, or over 25% when the lateritic soil is treated with cement. In São Paulo State, it was made more than ten thousands kilometers of roads where the base or sub-base was made using lateritic soils or lateritic soils treated with cement. In this study, it is showed, through Finite Element Method, a critical analysis of the sub-base and base of airfield pavement using lateritic soils cement base course and Hot-Mix Asphalt thickness surface less than recommended for critical area in according to Federal Aviation Administration (1996). Considering the results, it is possible to propose a reduction of thickness Hot-Mix Asphalt layer, resulting in a reduction of the final cost of implantation of hundreds of airfields in South America.
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Samuel, Rinu, Anand J. Puppala, and Miladin Radovic. "Sustainability Benefits Assessment of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Treatment of High Plasticity Clay." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410495.
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Expansive soils are prevalent world over and cause significant hazards and monetary losses due to infrastructure damages caused by their swelling and shrinking behavior. Expansive soils have been conventionally treated using chemical additives such as lime and cement, which are known to significantly improve their strength and volume-change properties. The production of lime and cement is one of the highest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, because of their energy-intensive manufacturing processes. Hence, there is a pressing need for sustainable alternative chemical binders. Geopolymers are a relatively new class of aluminosilicate polymers that can be synthesized from industrial by-products at ambient temperatures. Geopolymer-treated soils are known to have comparable strength and stiffness characteristics of lime and cement-treated soils. This study evaluates the sustainability benefits of a metakaolin-based geopolymer treatment for an expansive soil and compares its results with lime treatment. Test results have shown that geopolymers have significantly improved strength, stiffness, and volume-change properties of expansive soils. Increased dosages and curing periods have resulted in further property enhancements. Swell and shrinkage studies also indicated reductions in these strains when compared to control conditions. The sustainability benefits of both geopolymer and lime treatment methods are evaluated using a framework that incorporates resource consumption, environmental, and socio-economic concerns. This study demonstrates geopolymer treatment of expansive soils as a more sustainable alternative for expansive soil treatments, primarily due to metakaolin source material. Overall results indicated that geopolymers can be viable additives or co-additives for chemical stabilization of problematic expansive soils.
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Consoli, N. C., L. da Silva Lopes, D. Foppa, and K. S. Heineck. "Key parameters dictating strength of lime/cement-treated soils." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 162, no. 2 (April 2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2009.162.2.111.
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Seng, Sochan, and Hiroyuki Tanaka. "Properties of Cement-Treated Soils During Initial Curing Stages." Soils and Foundations 51, no. 5 (October 2011): 775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf.51.775.
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Lake, Craig B., Jill Searle, and Evan Bridson-Pateman. "Naphthalene Sorption to Organic Additives in Cement-Treated Soils." Journal of ASTM International 9, no. 4 (April 2012): 104302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai104302.
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Fadhil, Roaa M., and Haifaa A. Ali. "Effect of Soaking and Non-soaking Condition on Shear Strength Parameters of Sandy Soil Treated with Additives." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091319.
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The present paper aims to improve shear strength parameters: cohesion (c), and angle of internal friction (∅) for sandy soil treated by additives before and after soaking. The samples of sandy soil were obtained from Karbala city and then classified as poorly graded sand (SP) with relative density Dr (30%) according to the system of (USCS). The experiment has three stages. In the first stage ,the soil was treated with three different percentages of cement (3 ,5 and 7%) of dry weight for the soil with three different percentages of water content (2, 4 and 8%) in each above percentage of cement, while the second stage includes (2%) of lime from soil weight mixed with each different percentage of cement . In the third stage, (50%) of polymer of cement weight was mixed with each different percentage of cement. An analysis of behavior sandy soils treated by additives was carried out with the Direct Shear Tests. All the samples were cured (3) days before and after soaking. The results of the experiment showed that increase in shear strength parameters of sandy soil; especially the angle of internal friction with the rate value (16.6 %) of cement only, (21.88 %) of cement with lime , (20.3%) of cement with the polymer before soaked condition. After soaking condition, it was increased with the rate value (14.3%) with cement only, (23.57%) of cement with lime, and (15.38%) of cement with the polymer as compared with soil in the natural state.
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Yin, Jie, Jian-Xin Wu, Ke Zhang, Mohamed A. Shahin, and Liang Cheng. "Comparison between MICP-Based Bio-Cementation Versus Traditional Portland Cementation for Oil-Contaminated Soil Stabilisation." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010434.
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In recent years, oil spills and leakages have often occurred during oil exploration, transportation, handling, usage, and processing, causing serious global environmental problems. Microbially-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an emerging green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable technology that has proven to be a promising alternative for soil stabilisation. This paper provides a comparison between the mechanical performance of oil-polluted sand treated with biocement and traditional Portland cement. A series of laboratory tests, including permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and triaxial consolidated undrained (CU) tests, was conducted. Even though oil contamination deteriorates the bonding strength of treated soil for both biocement and Portland cement soils, the biocement-treated oil-contaminated sand was found to achieve higher strength (up to four times) than cement-treated soil in the presence of similar content of cementing agent. After eight treatment cycles, the UCS value of oil-contaminated sand treated with biocement reached 1 MPa, demonstrating a high potential for oil-contaminated soil stabilisation in regions of oil spills and leakages.
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Sanjeewani, Dayani, Yukika Miyashita, Reiko Kuwano, and Atsunori Negishi. "Study on progression of deterioration in improved surplus soils." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 11010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199211010.
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This study investigated the progression of deterioration in cement treated surplus soils with cement contents of 1.7, 3.5 and 5.3 % under soaked condition by conducting needle penetration test and measuring calcium ion distribution within soil specimens. It was found that deterioration has progressed throughout the specimen after 336 days soaking in all the cases. From the measurement of calcium ion distribution, it was identified that calcium has leached out from the centre to the surface of the specimens though that distribution did not follow a good correlation with localized strength distribution. It was understood that the progression of deterioration of improved surplus soils with lower cement contents cannot be explained only with the remaining amount of calcium.
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Ho, Lanh Si, Kenichiro Nakarai, Kenta Eguchi, and Yuko Ogawa. "Difference in Strength Development between Cement-Treated Sand and Mortar with Various Cement Types and Curing Temperatures." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 4999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214999.
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To improve the strength of cement-treated sand effectively, the use of various cement types was investigated at different curing temperatures and compared with the results obtained from similar mortars at higher cement contents. The compressive strengths of cement-treated sand specimens that contained high early-strength Portland cement (HPC) cured at elevated and normal temperatures were found to be higher than those of specimens that contained ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and moderate heat Portland cement at both early and later ages. At 3 days, the compressive strength of the HPC-treated sand specimen, normalized with respect to that of the OPC under normal conditions, is nearly twice the corresponding value for the HPC mortar specimens with water-to-cement ratio of 50%. At 28 days, the normalized value for HPC-treated sand is approximately 1.5 times higher than that of mortar, with a value of 50%. This indicates that the use of HPC contributed more to the strength development of the cement-treated sand than to that of the mortar, and the effects of HPC at an early age were higher than those at a later age. These trends were explained by the larger quantity of chemically bound water observed in the specimens that contained HPC, as a result of their greater alite contents and porosities, in cement-treated sand. The findings of this study can be used to ensure the desired strength development of cement-treated soils by considering both the curing temperature and cement type. Furthermore, they suggested a novel method for producing a high internal temperature for promoting the strength development of cement-treated soils.
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Shah, Manish V., Parth Shah, and Abhay R. Gandhi. "Strengthening Low Plastic Soils Using Micro Fine Cement through Deep Mixing Methodology." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 17009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199217009.
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Present research papers focuses to strength low plastic soil using deep cement mixing technique through model study. Soil column length of 10cm, 20 cm and 30cm was used with varying degree of saturation as 60%, 80% and 100% of OMC to determine settlement characteristics, unconfined compressive strength, modulus of subgrade reaction and modulus of elasticity of raw and treated soil. Cement dosage for UCS test and model plate load test was decided as per guidelines provided in FHWA 13-046 design manual and CDM-LODIC method respectively. Method of deep mixing the soil with cement was adopted from theory given by Filz et.al. (2005). The results depicted the cement deep mixing methodology based on soil particle-cement particle interaction with varying degree of saturation proved the efficacy for low plastic soils and maximum reduction in settlement was observed for 60% degree of saturation for column length of 20 cm. Modulus of elasticity was validated with provisions of FHWA whereas load carrying capacity of soil-cement column was validated with Broms empirical equation.
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Parsons, Robert L., and Justin P. Milburn. "Engineering Behavior of Stabilized Soils." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1837, no. 1 (January 2003): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1837-03.
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Stabilization of soils is an effective method for improving soil properties and pavement system performance. For many soils, more than one stabilization agent may be effective, and financial considerations or availability may be the determining factor on which to use. A series of tests was conducted to evaluate the relative performance of lime, cement, Class C fly ash, and an enzymatic stabilizer. These products were combined with a total of seven different soils with Unified Soil Classification System classifications of CH, CL, ML, and SM. Durability testing procedures included freeze–thaw, wet–dry, and leach testing. Atterberg limits and strength tests also were conducted before and after selected durability tests. Changes in pH were monitored during leaching. Relative values of soil stiffness were tracked over a 28-day curing period using the soil stiffness gauge. Lime- and cement-stabilized soils showed the most improvement in soil performance for multiple soils, with fly ash–treated soils showing substantial improvement. The results showed that for many soils, more than one stabilization option may be effective for the construction of durable subgrades. The enzymatic stabilizer did not perform as well as the other stabilization alternatives.
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Al-Rawas, Amer Ali. "Microfabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of an expansive soil using cement by-pass dust and some types of slags." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-046.
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This paper describes the microfabric and mineralogical aspects of the expansive soil of Al-Khod (northern Oman) treated with cement by-pass dust (CBPD), copper slag, slag-cement, and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). First, the engineering properties and chemical and mineralogical composition of the untreated soil were determined. The soil was then mixed with the additives at 3, 6, and 9% of the dry weight of the soil. The microfabric and mineralogical characteristics of the treated soil were determined. The high amounts of calcium ions and calcium oxide, which produces calcium ions, react with the clay particles through a cation exchange process resulting in the formation of aggregations and reduction of the swell potential of the soil. Mineralogical tests on the treated samples indicated a general reduction in all clay minerals peak intensities, particularly in the case of CBPD treated samples. The fabric of the untreated soil is composed of dense clay matrices with no appearance of aggregations or ped formations with increasing amounts of pore spaces. However, aggregations and few connectors were formed due to the addition of the stabilizers. Aggregations and bindings were formed for all of the soils treated with GBFS and for those with 9% additions of CBPD and slag-cement. The mineralogical and microfabric results were correlated with the swell percent and swell pressure of the treated samples. The formation of aggregations and reduction in clay minerals peak intensities resulted in the reduction of the swell pressure and swell percent values.Key words: microfabric, mineralogy, stabilization, expansive soils, SEM, XRD.
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Tremblay, Hélène, Serge Leroueil, and Jacques Locat. "Mechanical improvement and vertical yield stress prediction of clayey soils from eastern Canada treated with lime or cement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-119.
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The method of soil stabilization is well known and has been used throughout the world for many decades to improve some soil properties. Although many researchers have studied the effect of adding a cementing agent to a soil, not many of these researchers have explored the effect of treatment on the resulting properties of high water content soils like dredged material. Also, there has been little work concerning the prediction of the mechanical changes to the soil. Therefore, this paper summarizes the results of a research project conducted to define the general mechanical behavior of high water content clayey soils from eastern Canada treated with lime or cement, in terms of compressibility. In the light of this research, the general compressibility behavior has been obtained, defined by relationships between initial void ratio, additive content, and vertical yield stress for a given inorganic or organic soil. These relationships have been normalized on the basis of the one-dimensional compression curve of the remolded and reconstituted untreated soil to give a simple method for predicting the vertical yield stress of a treated soil for any initial void ratio and its resistance to compression.Key words: stabilization, compressibility, yield stress, clayey soils, lime, cement.
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De Sarno, Domenico, Enza Vitale, Dimitri Deneele, Marco Valerio Nicotera, Raffaele Papa, Giacomo Russo, and Gianfranco Urciuoli. "Effects of cement and foam addition on chemo-mechanical behaviour of lightweight cemented soil (LWCS)." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 11006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199211006.
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One of the main problems encountered in civil engineering is the management of large amounts of excavated soil, especially when the mechanical properties of this soil are not suitable for its reuse as a construction material. However, the excavated soil could represent a resource if appropriately improved. A suitable solution is the addition of cement and foam to produce lightweight cemented soils (LWCS). In this paper, an insight into the influence of foam on chemo-mineralogical and microstructural features of soil-cement-water system is presented. Time dependent mineralogical and microstructural changes have been monitored by means of X-Ray Diffraction, Thermo-gravimetric analysis and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. The present study shows that addition of foam does not alter the chemo-physical evolution of the soil-cement-water system. Large voids are present in the samples as footprint of air bubbles upon mixing, thus increasing porosity. Macroscopic behaviour of treated samples has been investigated by direct shear and oedometric tests. Chemo-physical evolution induced by cement addition is the major responsible for mechanical improvement showed by treated samples. Porosity of samples induced by foam addition plays a key role in the mechanical response of LWCS, inducing a transition of stress-strain behaviour from brittle and dilative to ductile and contractive as a function of increasing foam content.
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Abdulhamid, Sazan Nariman, Ahmed Mohammed Hasan, and Shuokr Qarani Aziz. "Solidification/Stabilization of Contaminated Soil in a South Station of the Khurmala Oil Field in Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 7474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167474.
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Currently, the primary source of pollution is crude oil production. Crude oil production has dramatic consequences for farmlands, communities, and in terms of the construction materials required for earthworks. The main aims of the present study were to reduce the level of pollution caused by oil production in the Khurmala soil and then reuse it as a construction material. Soil remediation using the solidification/stabilization method was applied in the field using Portland limestone cement (CEM II). The performance of using CEM II in the remediation process was then investigated in the laboratory by taking the natural, contaminated, and treated soils from the Khurmala site. Furthermore, the results of the soils were compared with their corresponding soil samples using ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The comparison was performed by investigating the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the soils. The discussion was supported using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. Chemical and SEM results revealed that there were fourfold and tenfold decreases in the percentage of oil and grease using OPC and CEM II, respectively, confirming the higher performance of using CEM II over OPC. The values of the coefficient of permeability, shear strength parameters, and California bearing ratio of the treated soils were significantly improved, compared to those of the contaminated soils.