Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cendres volcaniques'
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Jouannic, Gwenolé. "Caractéristiques physiques et chimiques fines des cendres volcaniques : application à la téphrostratigraphie." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2036/document.
Full textThe challenge of this work was to carry out several tephrostratigraphic studies in various sedimentary environments in order to test the efficiency of classical detection methods of tephra layers. First, analysis has been focused on tephra keys, previously studied in known sites, in Belgium and in the Jura Mountains, in order to update data with current analytical techniques. This work was later expanded to sites from eastern French Massif Central, an area with unexploited tephrostratigraphic potential, which offers the possibility to precise the source of cryptotephras identified in the Jura and Switzerland whose origin was uncertain. This work has been carried out in tephras sampled in loess, carbonate maris and peat allowing to discuss conservation conditions of volcanic deposits. Sorne tephro-chrono-stratigraphic studies show ecological and environmental impacts of volcanic deposits in lakes and peatlands, such as diatom blooms. This thesis allows to discuss this environmental aspect in carbonate maris, i.e. an unfavorable environment for preservation of diatoms
Deguine, Alexandre. "Propriétés optiques et chimiques des cendres volcaniques : mesures de laboratoire et applications à la télédétection spatiale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R075/document.
Full textDuring a volcanic eruption, a huge amount of aerosols are emitted into the. By absorbing and scattering solar radiation, volcanic ashes influence strongly the Earth radiative budget. These particles may also affect human health and may perturb or interrupt air traffic. Aerosols can be detected by remote sensing using for example spectrometers embarked on satellites. These instruments record the extinction signal of an atmospheric column mixing gas and aerosols contributions. From these observations, the main objective is to estimate the chemical composition, the size and the concentration of particles. With the aim of estimating these parameters, the key is to determine the complex refractive index m. However, the complex refractive index is badly known and stay one of the main source of uncertainty. For this purpose, a new methodology has been applied in order to measure the extinction spectra of various sampling aerosols. Mechanical system is used to generate a cloud of volcanic. Then aerosols are directed through two spectrometers and a particle sizer recording respectively the extinction spectra from UV-visible to Infrared and the size distribution. A combination of experimental data and an iterative process is used in order to retrieve the optical constants n and k leading to the complex refractive index m. This methodology has been applied for six volcanic ashes samples collected from Chile, Iceland and Italy. Moreover, a chemical analysis has been performed for each sample using X-ray fluorescence in order to determine the link between chemical and optical properties. Results obtained through the methodology are used for the inversion of study cases from IASI
Deguine, Alexandre. "Propriétés optiques et chimiques des cendres volcaniques : mesures de laboratoire et applications à la télédétection spatiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUR075.
Full textDuring a volcanic eruption, a huge amount of aerosols are emitted into the. By absorbing and scattering solar radiation, volcanic ashes influence strongly the Earth radiative budget. These particles may also affect human health and may perturb or interrupt air traffic. Aerosols can be detected by remote sensing using for example spectrometers embarked on satellites. These instruments record the extinction signal of an atmospheric column mixing gas and aerosols contributions. From these observations, the main objective is to estimate the chemical composition, the size and the concentration of particles. With the aim of estimating these parameters, the key is to determine the complex refractive index m. However, the complex refractive index is badly known and stay one of the main source of uncertainty. For this purpose, a new methodology has been applied in order to measure the extinction spectra of various sampling aerosols. Mechanical system is used to generate a cloud of volcanic. Then aerosols are directed through two spectrometers and a particle sizer recording respectively the extinction spectra from UV-visible to Infrared and the size distribution. A combination of experimental data and an iterative process is used in order to retrieve the optical constants n and k leading to the complex refractive index m. This methodology has been applied for six volcanic ashes samples collected from Chile, Iceland and Italy. Moreover, a chemical analysis has been performed for each sample using X-ray fluorescence in order to determine the link between chemical and optical properties. Results obtained through the methodology are used for the inversion of study cases from IASI
Villacis, Troncoso Eugenia. "Valorisation de cendres volcaniques équatoriennes comme addition dans la construction : réactivité et effet sur la performance des mortiers, bétons et sols." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEI030.
Full textThis doctoral research focuses on the use of volcanic ash as a supplementary material in construction, based on its pozzolanic properties. The aim of the study is to gain knowledge of the reactivity of Ecuadorian volcanic ash to improve the mechanical properties and durability of mortar mixes, concretes, and soils, and to become a viable and sustainable alternative in the construction industry of this volcanic country.In the first chapter, a literature review is carried out on the applications of volcanic ash, its origin, its geographical location in Ecuador, and its classification. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the different types of volcanic ash are analyzed. In addition, their behavior in combination with cement and soil is studied, as well as their effects on the mechanical strength and durability of construction products.The second chapter provides an initial description of volcanic ash samples from five major Ecuadorian volcanoes: Tungurahua, Chalupas, Guagua Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Pululahua. The methods used to characterize them are also described. The tests include physical (granulometry, density), chemical and mineralogical (chemical composition, loss on ignition, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, microscopy) tests on the ash, as well as reactivity tests (Chapelle method, R3 test), mechanical tests (simple compression) and durability tests (water resistance, electrical resistivity). These tests aim to provide a precise assessment of the physical and chemical properties of the samples and their performance in mixtures.The third chapter is devoted to analyzing the reactivity of volcanic ash from five Ecuadorian volcanoes. Using several complementary methods, the effects of these ashes and their fineness on the cement hydration process and on their ability to form hydrated calcium silicate compounds (C-S-H and C-A-S-H), which are fundamental to the strength and durability of mixes and their reactivity, are examined.The final chapter mainly presents the results of mechanical tests carried out on mortars, concretes, and soils incorporating volcanic ash. Additional analyses such as X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry are also included, as well as some durability tests. These results provide a detailed assessment of the behavior of the mixes studied in terms of long-term strength and durability.This study provides valuable knowledge about using volcanic ash as a renewable resource in construction, enabling the use of natural products in large quantities in many countries and reducing dependence on conventional materials with a high environmental impact. Due to their high reactivity and wide availability in Ecuador, some of the volcanic ashes studied are presented as an innovative and sustainable solution, contributing to the development of more environmentally friendly and efficient construction practices
Girolami, Laurence. "Dynamique et sédimentation des écoulements pyroclastiques reproduits en laboratoire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21836.
Full textAbbassi, Zoheir. "Étude des interactions entre des granulats de tufs volcaniques vitreux à zéolites et des solutions d'orthophosphates de potassium et d'ammonium en vue de la mise au point d'un nouvel amendement fertilisant." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20114.
Full textCaron, Benoît. "Contribution of distal ash deposits to the knowledge of explosive activity of Italian volcanoes insights for hazard zonation." Paris 11, 2010. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00545633.
Full textIn addition to the destruction of the sites close to the volcanoes, the accumulation of volcanic ash in distal zones can cause serious damages but the evaluation of the related hazard is not fully addressed in present day mitigation plans. The dispersion study joined with the physical and geochemical characterization, of distal pyroclastics deposits produced by explosive eruption of Italian volcanoes during late Quaternary was the focus of this PhD project. The distal deposits were investigated through the tephrostratigraphic study of three lacustrine cores from Lake Shkodra and Lake Ohrid (Albania), and one marine core from the northern Ionian Sea. Seventeen tephra layers were correlated with explosive eruptions of A. D. 472, Avellino (3. 9 cal. Ka BP) from Somma-Vesuvius, Monte Pilato (A. D. 1200), Gabellotto-Fiumebianco (8. 6 cal ka BP) and Monte Guardia (22 ka BP) from Lipari Island, FL (3. 4 cal. Ka BP) from Mount Etna, Astroni (4. 2 cal. Ka BP), Agnano Monte Spina (4. 5 cal. Ka BP), Agnano Pomici Principali (12. 3 cal. Ka BP), SMP1-Y3 (31 ka) and Campanian Ignimbrite-Y5 (39 ka) from Phlegrean Fields, X6 (107 ka) from Campanian, P11 tephra layer (131 ka) from Pantelleria Island. Five other tephra layers have the Mercato deposit composition from Somma-Vesuvius. This suggests the occurrence of interplinian activity between the eruptions of Mercato (8. 9 cal ka BP) and Avellino (3. 9 cal ka BP). All the data were collated into a GIS and integrated with literature data. This data-base implemented in a GIS environment allows a significant improvement of the ash dispersal and represents an useful tool for the improvement of volcanic hazard mitigation in Central Mediterranean area
Caron, Benoît. "EMISSION DE CENDRES PENDANT L'ACTIVITE EXPLOSIVE DES VOLCANS ITALIENS EN ZONE DISTALE : ESTIMATION, CARACTERISATION PHYSICO-CHIMIQUE ET CONTRUCTION D'UNE BASE DE DONNEE POUR MIEUX EVALUER LES ALEAS VOLCANIQUES DANS LE SUD DE L'ITALIE." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545633.
Full textAlmirón, Baca Jonathan Joseph. "Etude des propriétés thermo mécaniques des matériaux polymères avec addition du résidu solide de pyrolyses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR039.
Full textThe final disposal of vehicles at their end-of-life is generating a world environmental problem. Nowadays, in Europe there are companies dedicated to the disassembly and recovery of the components that can be reused, being plastic wastes among these components. Thus, in the first part of this research, it was proposed to treat these plastic wastes through a pyrolytic process in order to transform them into solid wastes, to be used as part of the additives in a flame retardant system for a polypropylene matrix. Vehicle residues were segregated according to their densities and characterized. They were subsequently incorporated into a thermal pyrolysis process giving, as a result, a solid pyrolytic residue (RSP). Using the RSP, the polymer blends were prepared composed of polypropylene, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol. Their thermal, mechanical and flammability properties were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, percentage of deformation and the limiting oxygen index.In the second part of this research, it was determined and compared whether the heat treated solid waste from the pyrolysis of plastic waste of vehicles (RS-T), volcanic ash (CV) and rice husk ash (CR) have any synergistic action when added to polypropylene flame retardant additives (such as ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol). These materials were characterized by nitrogen adsorption analysis (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method), X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The abundant presence of SiO2 and Al2O3 was determined, which are considered flame-retardant minerals. Polymer matrix composites were synthetized, which were composed of polypropylene, ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and CV, CR and RS-T materials (at 1% to 9% by wt.). The thermal stability and fire resistance of the synthesized polymer mixtures were evaluated through the limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. It was determined that these materials have a synergistic action with flame-retardant additives as an increase in their fire resistance has been demonstrated.In the final part of this research, the influence of natural zeolites obtained from ashes of the Ubinas volcano, as synergistic agents in a flame-retardant system, has been studied. Four different zeolites were synthesized from volcanic ash, including calcined and not calcined ashes, being placed in an alkaline solution at three synthesis temperatures. Zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method) and scanning electron microscopy. Polypropylene polymer blends were prepared with ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and the zeolites at 1, 5 and 9% (by wt.). Their thermal stability and fire resistance were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, ULV-94 vertical flammability test and cone calorimetry. Their morphological structure was tested by scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that the synthesis temperature and the use of calcined and non-calcined volcanic ashes has an influence on the characteristics of zeolites and on their synergistic action with flame retardants and therefore, on their flame-retardant properties
Michaud-Dubuy, Audrey. "Dynamique des éruptions pliniennes : réévaluation de l'aléa volcanique en Martinique." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7019.
Full textVolcanic plumes produced by explosive eruptions represent a major threat in areas located near volcanoes. Physical models have been developed over the past forty years with an aim of better understanding these eruptions and assessing associated hazards. To test these models, we need robust and detailed field data from past and historical eruptions at active volcanoes. In this PhD work, we revisit the Plinian eruptive history of the Mount Pelée volcano in Martinique (Lesser Antilles) for the last 24,000 years. Our results combining new extensive field studies and carbon-dating measurements allow us to establish a new chronology of past eruptions, consistent with volcanic deposits identified in a deep-sea sediment core. We then reconstruct the dynamical evolution of the newly discovered eruptions of Bellefontaine (13,516 years cal BP), Balisier (14,072 cal BP), Carbet (18,711 cal BP) and Étoile (21,450 cal BP), whose great interest stems from their unusual southward dispersal axis encompassing areas that are considered to be safe in current hazard maps. The strong similarities observed between all documented Plinian eruptions of Mount Pelée volcano allow us to draw an accurate picture of the Plinian eruptive scenario most likely to occur in the future. This scenario may include a column collapse and the production of deadly pyroclastic density currents; we thus upgrade a 1D physical model of volcanic plume in order to improve its predictions. We first study the impact of the total grain-size distribution on the transition from a stable Plinian plume to a collapsing fountain. The effect of wind is then taken into account using laboratory experiments simulating turbulent jets rising in a windy environment. This new theoretical model, validated by laboratory experiments, is consistent with field data from several major historical Plinian eruptions. We then study the southward dispersal axis of the Bellefontaine and Balisier eruptions using a 2D physical model, in order to better understand this unusual dispersion towards Fort-de-France, capital of Martinique. Our results allow identifying peculiar atmospheric circulations associated to a modification of the subtropical jet-stream path, thus producing northerly winds over Martinique and spreading tephra towards the most populated areas of the island. This integrated approach, combining field studies, theoretical predictions and laboratory experiments, allows us to build a new volcanic hazard map for Martinique by taking into account for the first time the Plinian eruptions of the Mount Pelée volcano of the last 24,000 years, together with monthly variability of atmospheric winds
Gouhier, Mathieu. "Application du radar Doppler (VOLDORAD) à l'étude de la dynamique des éruptions Stromboliennes de l'Etna." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00731252.
Full textDUPART, YOAN. "Impact de la chimie des poussières minérales sur la photochimie atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942848.
Full textMiallaret, Sophie. "Dynamic Monitoring Measures." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC091.
Full textThe measures are daily actions, they give us a lot of information and allow us to make decisions. The analysis of measures can allow us to learn more about our environment, but the error of a measure can have important consequences in certain areas. In a first part, we propose, thanks to the study of blood test measurements carried out at the CHU of Clermont-Ferrand, a procedure for detecting deviations from medical biology laboratory analyzers based on patient analysis measurements. After a descriptive analysis of the data, the method put in place, using methods of detection of breaks of time series, is tested for simulations of breaks representing offsets, imprecision or drifts of machine for different measured biological parameters. The method is adapted for two scenarios: when the patient's hospital service is known or not. The study is supplemented by an analysis of the impact of measurement uncertainty on patient analyses. In a second part we study measurements of volcanic ash forms made at “Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans” of the Clermont Auvergne University, in order to determine a link between the collection locations and the forms of the particles. After showing the dependence between these parameters, we propose, using a classification method, a grouping of particles representing different populations depending on the distance between the collection locations and the volcano crater
Thivet, Simon. "Les dynamismes éruptifs et mécanismes associés en contexte basaltique : étude du Piton de la Fournaise, île de La Réunion, France." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC046.
Full textBasaltic eruptions are increasingly studied in a lot of active volcanoes around the world. Yet, their pre- and syn-eruptive processes are not fully understood. In order to characterize and understand the set of mechanisms occurring from the shallow magmatic system to the surface, this thesis is focused on the study of the eruptive products of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island, France), which is one of the most active volcano in the world. Integrated textural and chemical analysis on tephra and lava are performed to identify some key parameters which can be related to major magmatic processes, eruptive dynamics and fragmentation processes. When it is available and relevant, these interpretations are integrated with pre- and syn-eruptive monitoring measurements acquired by ground-based and remote sensing observation systems.The first objective of this integrated study is to gain insight on the magmatic overpressure, conduit and eruptive dynamics during basaltic dyke eruptions. During the June 2014 eruption, eruptive triggers and syn-eruptive transitions from Hawaiian-style to mild Strombolian-style activities, associated with a decreasing of the lava flux, have been related to a second boiling mechanism and a pre-eruptive pressurization which was indirectly evidenced by golden pumice emission (highly vesicular and glassy tephra). On the contrary, the July 2015 eruption (relatively scarce golden pumice emission) was triggered by a shallow magmatic input that was tracked in the textural and chemical features of the eruptive products.On year later, another short-lived eruption occurred on September 2016, which emitted a lot of golden pumice. However, this eruption, dominated by Hawaiian fountaining, behaved atypically with an increase in lava flux associated with uncommon ash emission the last day of the eruptive activity. Thus, the second objective of the thesis is to improve our comprehension on the transition from Hawaiian-style (associated with golden pumice and fluidal scoria) to more explosive activities (associated with dense, crystal-rich opaque scoria and ash emission). The integrated study on this eruption supports the hypothesis that the opaque scoria and ash were inherited from the sub-surface cooling and degassing of the golden pumice material. This suggests the formation of a low-permeable plug, which modulated overpressure pulses at shallow levels and transient explosive activity under the late input of a relatively undegassed and ascending magma. It is commonly accepted that effusive activity represents the main emitted magmatic volume in basaltic shield volcanoes. However, the September 2016 eruption reminded us that basaltic eruptions can sometime produce hazards related to ash-dominated events. Therefore, the third purpose of the thesis is to bring together a comprehensive sampling of tephra from major historical and recent eruptions at Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala (Ngazidja Island, Comoros) volcanoes. The study of these different deposits reveals very different textural characteristics reflecting different fragmentation processes, as ductile fragmentation, brittle fragmentation (triggered by syn-eruptive crystallization of the juvenile magma), interactions between magma and external fluids, high magma ascent velocities and shear-induced fragmentation mechanisms during caldera collapse events.All these insights expose a lot of different magmatic and fragmentation processes which highlight the complexity of the mechanisms driving such basaltic eruptions. This thesis only represent a part of the research possibilities on basaltic eruptions. In the future, many additional laboratory studies and real-time monitoring of the eruptive activity can be performed in order to even better understand and better predict the change in eruptive activity than can represent unexpected threats to the environing populations
Freret-Lorgeril, Valentin. "Le terme source des panaches de téphras : applications radars aux volcans Etna et Stromboli (Italie)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC057/document.
Full textVolcanic tephra plumes are one of the major volcanic hazards. To forecast their dispersion and the impact zones of their fallout, the numerical models used in operational monitoring are based on eruptive parameters, called the source term, characterizing the plume emission. Source term parameters are challenging to measure in real time. This is why dispersion models are often based on past eruptive scenarios and use empirical laws that relate plume heights to source mass fluxes. However, the model outputs are not well constrained, averaged over the eruption duration, and suffer from large uncertainties. In this topic, Doppler radars are capable of probing the interior of eruptive columns and plumes at high space-time resolution and can provide crucial constraints on the source term in real time. This thesis deals with applications in operational monitoring of dedicated volcanological radars, potentially transposable to most common meteorological radars, to provide eruptive parameters at the source of tephra plumes but also to constrain the dynamics and internal mass load of eruptive columns, volcanic plumes and their fallout.A measurement campaign at Stromboli volcano has shown the capabilities of an innovative coupling between an optical disdrometer (Parsivel2) and a new 3-mm wave Doppler radar (Mini-BASTA). Owing to its high spatio-temporal resolution (12.5 m and 1 s), intermittent sedimentation patterns were observed in the fallout of dilute transient plumes typical of normal strombolian activity. These features, also recorded with the disdrometer, measuring the particle settling speeds and sizes, were reproduced in the laboratory using an analog model. A conceptual model for the formation of reversed sedimentation thermals is proposed to explain these features. It implies that processes leading to irregular sedimentation typical of sustained concentrated strong plumes can be applied to dilute weak plumes, including those formed by normal transient Strombolian activity. Then, a physical characterization of a large number of ash particles sampled at Stromboli allowed the validation of particle size and terminal velocity measurements by the disdrometer in the field and in the laboratory, arguing in favor of its operational use. Then, a physical characterization of a large number of ash particles sampled at Stromboli allowed to validate the measurements of size and terminal velocity of falls by disdrometer in the field and in laboratory, justifying also its operational use. From these constraints, a law relating ash concentrations with calculated reflectivity factors was found and compared to in situ radar measurements inside ash plumes and fallout. The modal and maximum internal concentrations of Strombolian plumes are at about 1 × 10-5 kg m-3 and 7.5 × 10-4 kg m-3 respectively, well above the threshold for aviation safety. Ash concentrations in the fallout range from 1.9× 10-8 to 2.4 × 10-6 kg m-3 with a mode at about 4 × 10-7 kg m-3.Finally, this thesis work shows operational applications of the UHF VOLDORAD 2B radar for the monitoring of explosive activity at Etna. A methodology, applicable to any Doppler radar, has been developed to obtain tephra mass eruption rates in real time from a mass proxy, based only on measured ejection velocities and power, and calibrated with an eruptive column model taking crosswinds into account. Tephra mass fluxes found for 47 paroxysms between 2011 and 2015 range from 3 × 104 to over 3 × 106 kg s-1. Then, tephra plumes heights of four Etna paroxysms were simulated using the eruptive column model Plume-MoM from the radar-derived mass eruption rates and were found consistent with real-time observations made by visible imagery and by X-band radar. This last part demonstrates the capabilities of VOLDORAD 2B to provide quantitative input parameters for dispersion models in the case of future Etna paroxysms. (...)
Bombrun, Maxime. "Characterisation of volcanic emissions through thermal vision." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22600/document.
Full textIn April 2010, the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) threw volcanic ash across northwest Europe for six days which led to air travel disruption. This recent crisis spotlighted the necessity to parameterise plume dynamics through emission, dispersion and fall out as to better model, track and forecast cloud motions. This eruption was labeled as a Strombolian-to-Sub-Plinian eruption type. Strombolian eruptions are coupled with a large range of volcanic event types (Lava flows, paroxysms) and eruption styles (Hawaiian, Sub-plinian) and offer a partial precursory-indicator of more dangerous eruptions. In addition, strombolian eruptions are small enough to allow observations from within few hundred meters with relative safety, for both operators and material. Since 2001, thermal cameras have been increasingly used to track, parameterise and understand dynamic volcanic events. However, analyses, modelling and post-processing of thermal data are still not fully automated. In this thesis, I focus on the different components of strombolian eruptions at the full range of remote sensing spatial scales. These range from millimeters for particles to kilometers for the entire features via satellite images. Overall, I aim to characterise volcanic emissions through thermal vision
Dupart, Yoan. "Impact de la chimie des poussières minérales sur la photochimie atmosphérique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10292/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the heterogeneous processes of mineral dust surfacesunder UV-A radiation. It is know that mineral dust containing metal oxides which can absorbsolar radiation and therefore activate a different chemistry compared to that observed in thedark. In order to avoid measurement artifacts related to the nature of macroscopic films, anaerosol flow tube was developed during this work and applied to study the interactions ofSO2, NO2 and O3 with real mineral dust.An unexpected formation of new particles in the presence of SO2 was observed. In order toexplain this phenomenon, we suggest the desorption of OH radicals from the mineral dustsurface to the gas phase. This mechanism has also been supported by field campaigns.Using real samples of volcanic ash from the last eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland (2010)allowed us study capture of SO2 on macroscopic ashes films with uptake coefficient around10-7. Associated kinetic experiments combined with chemical analysis allowed us to propose areaction mechanism explaining the formation of iron sulfate on the surface of ashes.Finally, we investigated the photochemical interactions of O3 and NO2 with minerals dustaerosols in the flow tube reactor showing a good agreement with previous data obtained onmacroscopic surfaces
Ivaneev, Aleksandr. "Utilisation complémentaire des techniques de fractionnement flux-force asymétrique et en colonne tournante pour la caractérisation d'échantillons environnementaux de particules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3035.
Full textEnvironmental particles, especially nanoparticles (NPs), have a potential risk for human health and ecosystems due to their ubiquity, specific characteristics and properties (extremely high mobility in the environment, abilities of accumulation of toxic elements and penetration in living organisms) and, hence, should be scrutinized. The study of environmental NPs remains a challenge for analytical chemistry. In fact, NPs in a polydisperse environmental sample may represent only one thousandth or less of the bulk sample. Consequently, a considerable sample weight must be handled to separate amount of NP fraction sufficient for their dimensional and quantitative characterization. The group of field-flow fractionation (FFF) techniques can serve as a relevant basis for the development of methodology applicable to the study of environmental NPs.This doctoral thesis focuses on the use of asymmetrical flow and coiled tube field-flow fractionation techniques (A4F and CTFFF, respectively) in the investigation of environmental particulate samples. The results obtained demonstrate the advantages of these techniques applied to the study of volcanic ash nanoparticles. It should be highlighted that CTFFF technique has an increased separation capacity as compared to A4F, while A4F has an increased resolution. CTFFF was applied to the separation of NPs from environmental samples and a new coiled tube field-flow fractionation procedure was proposed. Dimensional and elemental characterization was carried out using A4F coupled to laser light scattering and ICP-MS. Furthermore, the results related to the investigation of stability of environmental nanoparticles are also given
Orkun, Ersoy. "Analyse morphologique quantitative des cendres des dépôts pyroclastiques d'origine hydrovolcanique et magmatique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718234.
Full textBasile, Isabelle. "Origine des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10170.
Full textBasile, Isabelle. "Origine des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756041.
Full textHidalgo-Moreno, Claudia. "Étude d'horizons indurés à comportement de fragipan, appelés tepetates, de la vallée de Mexico : contribution à la connaissance de leurs caractères et de leur formation." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10181.
Full textRandazzo, Loredana Antonella. "The behaviour of trace elements during the volcanic ash-liquid interaction : example of marine and human systems." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10051.
Full textThe solid-liquid interaction processes regulate the mechanisms governing the availability of trace elements in liquid phase. In this paper, these processes have been studied through the use of the Rare Earth Elements (REE) since they are excellent tracers of geochemical processes. The purpose of the first part of this work was to study the reactivity of volcanic particulates during the interaction with synthetic seawater. The results show that apart from the dissolution, which is the main process, a surface adsorption process also occurs, probably on the surface of newly formed crystals. The supposed presence of these minerals is suggested by the temporal variation of the Y/Ho ratio, by SEM observations and XRD analysis. Finally the addition of ligand species to dissolved media does not increase dissolution rate of volcanic particles but modify the YLn distribution in liquid phase. In the second part of this work, the Rare Earth study was applied to a human system. These elements were used, in fact, to investigate the effects due to the interactions between the inhaled atmospheric particulate matter and the lung fluids (BAL), in people exposed to fallout of volcanic ash. The results suggest that YLn-phosphate co-precipitation occurs in lungs as a consequence of inhalation of volcanic particles and their interactions with lung fluids. This process is confirmed by thermodynamic and kinetic simulations indicating that crystallisation of YLn-phosphates and other authigenic phases occurs as a consequence of the soluble ash fraction dissolution. The combination of YLn fractionation in bronchial fluids can represent a potential tracer of exposure to atmospheric fallout