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1
Gibson, Donna L., Samuel B. Sheps, Martin T. Schechter, Sandra Wiggins, and Andrew Q. McCormick. "Retinopathy of Prematurity: A New Epidemic?" Pediatrics 83, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.4.486.
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This study provides the first empiric evidence for the existence of a new epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity-induced blindness. Data from a population-based register of handicapping conditions in the Canadian province of British Columbia, and a birth weight-specific census of live-born infants in British Columbia, were used to determine annual, population-level incidences of retinopathy of prematurity-induced blindness during 1952 to 1983. Changes in incidence since the end of the original epidemic (1954) were determined by subdividing the 29-year period (1955 to 1983) into two intervals (1955 to 1964 and 1965 to 1983). Standardized incidence ratio analyses revealed a marginally significant increase in the overall incidence of retinopathy of prematurity-induced blindness in the later as compared with the earlier period. Infants weighing 750 to 999 g at birth had a significantly increased standardized incidence ratio of 3.07 (95% confidence interval 1.26, 11.06). No increases in risk were observed in heavier or lighter weight infants. Because ascertainment and diagnostic changes do not explain the weight-specific increases in incidence, these results provide the first population-level evidence for a new epidemic.
2
Zuñiga Arias, Ana Yolanda. "Colonización, agricultura y lluvias. Apuntes para una historia local de Rivas, Costa Rica, 1950-2000." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 5, no. 10 (July 1, 2013): 236–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v5n10.39742.
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El objetivo es mostrar cómo los procesos de apropiación y uso del suelo son factores que contribuyen a la vulnerabilidad, según el impacto de eventos naturales en el distrito de Rivas (Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica). El artículo está estructurado en tres partes: primero se describe aspectos generales del lugar. Seguidamente, se caracteriza el proceso de colonización agrícola de la región y el paisaje hacia 1955. Finalmente, se presenta la incidencia de deslizamientos e inundaciones provocadas por tormentas tropicales y huracanes. El análisis está sustentado principalmente en fuentes primarias escritas, orales y el Censo Agropecuario de 1955.Palabras claves: agricultura, colonización, inundaciones, Rivas, Costa Rica.Colonization, Farming, and Rains. Notes for a Local History of Rivas, Costa Rica, 1950-2000AbstractThe aim is to show how the processes of appropriation and use land are factors that contribute to the vulnerability, under the impact of natural events in the district of Rivas (Perez Zeledon, Costa Rica). The article is structured in three parts: the first one describes general aspects of the place. Then, It is characterized the process of the agricultural colonization of the region and the landscape around 1955. Finally, it presents the incidence of landslides, and floods induced by tropical storms and hurricanes. The analysis is based mainly on primary sources written, oral, and the Agricultural Census of 1955.Keywords: agriculture, colonization, floods, Rivas, Costa Rica.
3
Arango, Mariano. "La industria en Colombia. 1945 -1953." Lecturas de Economía, no. 12 (March 31, 2014): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n12a19005.
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Este trabajo tiene como propósito principal analizar el crecimiento industrial en Colombia entre 1945 y 1953. En primer lugar, se muestra que dicho crecimiento, entre los años 1932-1945, se caracterizó por su escasa diversificación sectorial: se desarrollaron principalmente las agrupaciones establecidas antes de la crisis de 1929. La industria pasará a desarrollar los sectores de bienes intermedios y de capital y consumo durable después de la segunda postguerra; pero hasta ahora no se ha establecido exactamente cuándo ocurrió este cambio ni bajo qué condiciones, pues en el período 1945 - 1968 hubo una fase de abundancia de divisas hasta 1954 y de escasez después de ese año y los aranceles de 1932 y 1951 no amparaban a tales sectores sino al de bienes de consumo. La comparación de los censos industriales de 1945 y 1953 pone de presente que en el período 1945-1954, de amplia capacidad para importar, la industria no se diversifica sectorialmente sino que reequipa y tecnifica las agrupaciones más dinámicas de los sectores de bienes de consumo y de bienes intermedios.
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Hinds, Dudley S., and Nicholas Ordway. "The Influence of Race on Rezoning Decisions: Equality of Treatment in Black and White Census Tracts, 1955–1980." Review of Black Political Economy 14, no. 4 (March 1986): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903791.
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As municipal zoning is political in nature, the equality of zoning protection provided among black and white neighborhoods should be expected to be sensitive to changes in relative political power over time. This article examines the rejection rates for rezoning applications over time in predominantly white and predominantly black census tracts in Atlanta, Georgia. It identifies inequality of treatment as between heavily white and heavily black tracts during a period of no black representation among elected city officials and equality of treatment during a later period when blacks were substantially represented in government.
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Benenson, Itzhak, Itzhak Omer, and Erez Hatna. "Entity-Based Modeling of Urban Residential Dynamics: The Case of Yaffo, Tel Aviv." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 29, no. 4 (August 2002): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b1287.
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The dynamics of the ethnic residential distribution in the Yaffo area of Tel Aviv, which is jointly occupied by Arab and Jewish residents, is simulated by means of an entity-based (EB) model. EB models consider householders as separate entities, whose residential behavior is defined by the properties of the surrounding infrastructure and of other householders. The power of the EB approach lies in its ability to interpret directly different forms of decisionmaker behavior in the model's terms. Several scenarios of residential interactions between members of local ethnic groups are compared on the basis of detailed georeferenced data taken from Israel's 1995 Population Census. The model simulates very closely the residential dynamics during the period 1955–95; the importance of the qualitative aspects of residential choice, as captured by the EB approach, is demonstrated by this correspondence.
6
Brock, Gregory J. "The long run industrial growth of Veracruz state, 1955-2008." Journal of Economic Studies 41, no. 6 (November 10, 2014): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2013-0020.
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Purpose – Has the Mexican inter-regional growth and convergence experience also occurred within single regions? Using the important southern region of Veracruz, the purpose of this paper is to examine this question over a 48-year period within a single Mexican state. Design/methodology/approach – Growth is examined using a standard two input stochastic production function (SPF) that creates a measure of technical efficiency. Convergence is measured using a convergence equation from the literature but which also included the results from the SPF analysis to incorporate not only initial levels of inputs but also the ability of a municipio to utilize these inputs. Data collection in Mexico and online included a long run database of 149 municipios in Veracruz from 1960 thru 2008. Findings – A stochastic Cobb-Douglas technology is found to fit the long run growth of Veracruz province well. In the 1960s, 2000s and the long run (1960-2008), weak evidence for the municipios in Veracruz appear to be converging with a relatively higher level of technical efficiency resulting in slower growth of industrial labor productivity is found. Some very recent improvement in technical efficiency may be the result of institutional as well as economic reforms finally allowing an exiting of inefficient firms that has kept the levels of municipio industrial technical efficiency stagnant for decades at about 70 percent. Research limitations/implications – Data were limited to 149 municipios because of the need to track long run trends. Data were also limited by the need to use what was available in 1960 in a direct comparison with 2008. The design of the study was to use the technical efficiency index as a proxy for much of the missing data on institutions in the historic period. Panel data were used because the economic census is not done every year plus the turmoil in the Mexican economy in the 1980s thru the end of the 1990s make imputation of missing years at the local level quite difficult. Practical implications – The paper provides a baseline to analyze the long run intra-regional economic growth of other Mexican states which have a large number of municipios. It begins the exciting possibility of looking at Mexican long run growth from the municipio level which has historically played an important role in Mexico. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine long run growth within a Mexican state at the municipio level using both the production function and convergence literature. Results suggest several avenues for further research inside Veracruz and across Mexico.
7
Burmatov, A. A. "The Birth Rate of the Rural Population of Western Siberia in 1950–1959." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 43 (2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2023.43.61.
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The article aims to trace the dynamics of the birth rate of the rural population in the regions of Western Siberia in the 1950s. Western Siberia is considered within the boundaries of the territories that make up the West Siberian Economic Region according to the All-Union Population Census of 1959.
8
Hidayati, Hidayati, and Desrita Desrita. "The phenotype characteristics and decline population of Sawang duck in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 32, no. 41 (April 1, 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2021.031.01.05.
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Sawang duck is one of Indonesia's local dual-purpose type ducks due to the offspring of Tsaiya ducks originating from Taiwan. Tsaiya ducks enter the Sawangarea, brought by residents from Singapore around 1955 and subsequently bred in the Sawang Village, adapting to the environment and the local farming. This research was conducted in August-December 2018. Primary data on the qualitative, morphometric, and potential feed were taken in Sawang Village, Karimun Regency, Riau Islands Province. Currently, Sawang duck is only found in Sawang Village, maintained by two farmers. Secondary data of potential areas and poultry populations were obtained from the Department of Food and Agriculture of Karimun Regency, and proximate analysis was carried out at the Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University. The research method was conducted by survey with census sampling techniques. The Sawang duck has a diversity of colors for feather, skin, beak, and shank. The morphometric decrease was indicated by bodyweight of 1,450 ± 119.52 grams, femur length of 7.41 ± 1.62 cm, tibia length of 9.94 ± 0.51 cm, length of shank 4.38 ± 0.25 cm, third finger length 6.36 ± 0.90 cm, maxilla length 5.21 ± 0.16 cm, backbone length 20.13 ± 1.13 cm, wing bone length 26.65 ± 1.70 cm, bone length chest 10.63 ± 0.80 cm, and shank circumference 1.24 ± 0.10 cm. Efforts to preserve ducks Sawangneed to be considered so that their existence is not destroyed by exploiting the existing area's potential.
9
Luo, Liying, Emma Zang, and Jiahui Xu. "Regional differences in intercohort and intracohort trends in obesity in the USA: evidence from the National Health Interview Survey, 1982–2018." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e060469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060469.
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ObjectivesObesity in the USA is more prevalent in younger cohorts than older cohorts and also more prevalent in the South and the Midwest than other regions. However, little research has examined the intersection of cohort patterns and regional differences in obesity. We address the knowledge gap by investigating net of age and period trends, how intercohort and intracohort patterns in obesity may depend on Census regions for black and white men and women.Design, setting and participantsA total of 1 020 412 non-Hispanic black and white respondents aged 20–69 were included from the 1982–2018 National Health Interview Survey.Outcome measuresObesity is defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 based on participant self-reported weight and height. Obesity ORs were calculated to estimate region-specific age, period and cohort patterns for each demographic group.ResultsAlthough age and period trends in obesity were similar across regions for all demographic groups, cohort patterns depended on region of residence for white women. Specifically, for the white women cohorts born in 1955 or later, living in the South and the Midwest implied higher likelihood of obesity than their peers in other regions even after accounting for average regional differences. These cohorts’ disadvantage seemed to persist and/or accumulate over the life course. Socioeconomic factors explained little average regional differences or region-specific cohort variation.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the interdependence of the temporal and geographical processes in shaping obesity disparities.
10
Abelentsev, Vasyl, and Leonid Hirenko. "Methods of census of rodents." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 13 (March 1, 2022): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1351.
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This is a republication of the methodological review originally published in 1957, which has been important for the organization of local and regional studies of the mammal fauna, particularly in the identification of species composition and estimates of the relative abundance of small (mouse-like) rodents. The present publication is accompanied by an editorial foreword and contains seven chapters. The first three are titled ‘Rodents as objects of census and monitoring,’ ‘Census of rodents and its components,’ and ‘Census of rodents in the field with attention to relative and absolute census.’ The section on relative census includes such topics as ‘Census by biological indicators,’ ‘Census by analysis of pellets and excrements of predators of mice,’ ‘Census by counting burrows (holes),’ and ‘Cenus on trap lines.’ The section on absolute census includes parts such as ‘Census by complete excavation of burrows and complete capture of their population’ and ‘Census of rodents in various kinds of haystack.’ The other sections are ‘Census of forest-dwelling rodents,’ ‘Census of rats and mice in human settlements’ (includes three parts: the method of dusty areas, the method of trial bait, and the method of almost complete capture), ‘Methods of combating certain species of harmful rodents’ (abridged), ‘Controlling methods of some species of harmful rodents’ (abridged), and ‘Collection and transfer to specialists of rodent materials for scientific purposes.’
11
Ghosh, Soumen, and Biswaranjan Mistri. "Spatio-temporal Change of Drainage Network at Human-Nature Interface and Its Future Implication to the Estuarine Environment in Gosaba Island, Sundarban, India." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-63.
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Gosaba C.D. Block is an active tidal island of the Indian Sundarban. In this island, human-induced modification of the natural drainage system poses serious threats to the estuarine environment. It was started during the British colonial period through the construction of embankment to protect the reclaimed coastal land from saline water ingression. The rapid growth of population over the last few decades has triggered the changes in the drainage network and also altered the land use land cover of the study area. The human encroachment on the drainage area has hampered the sedimentation process as well as water circulation in the delta. As a result, the island is gradually transforming into saucer-shaped form, which aggravates various coastal threats like flood inundation, waterlogging and embankment breaching during extreme environmental events. To study the spatio-temporal change of the drainage network pattern from 1955 to 2018, different multi-temporal satellite images, US Army Toposheet, Census of India Report (2001 and 2011) and Human Development Report (2014) have been used as a source of secondary data for the analysis in ArcGIS environment. In addition to this, instrumental surveying has been done to measure the slope direction in relation to land use land cover and a questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the livelihood status of people influenced by various coastal threats and risks due to the drainage congestion. The study reveals that population density has gradually increased in recent decades and is negatively correlated with the drainage density on the island. The choking of the surface drainage canals has increased the problem of waterlogging in agricultural fields, which affected their productivity. Therefore, a strategy for management of the drainage network needs to be urgently implemented in order to protect the life and livelihood of rural people from various coastal threats.
12
CAFTANZOGLOU, ROXANE. "Shepherds, innkeepers, and census-takers: the 1905 census in two villages in Epirus." Continuity and Change 12, no. 3 (December 1997): 403–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841609700297x.
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The origins of joint family households in the Balkans remain an issue of interest to many scholars of family history. This article focuses on the joint family household pattern recorded in the 1905 Ottoman census in two communities in Epirus. Related issues will also be discussed, such as the variations in household-formation behaviour within a community regarded as ‘ethnically’ homogeneous, the extent to which joint family households should be viewed as an intrinsic trait of the culture and economy of the Vlachs, and the problems that arise from relying exclusively on quantitative data for understanding household and family life.The 1905 census, the last one undertaken by the Ottoman authorities, was intended to provide information on the Empire's ethnic composition, in a context of increasing unrest and tension caused by rising nationalist movements. The 1905 population listings of the two villages discussed in this article, the Vlach village of Syrrako and the Greek one of Aristi (or Artsista, the older version of the village's name, used before the trend to ‘Hellenicize’ Slav-sounding place names), are among the few such documents relating to Epirus to have been preserved. A relatively large body of literature on Epirus communities, produced by travellers, local historians, and geographers, furnishes additional information.
13
Bravo, María Celia, and Julieta Bustelo. "Las pequeñas explotaciones cañeras tucumanas entre el Laudo Alvear y la política azucarera del primer peronismo." Avances del Cesor 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2016): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/ac.v13i14.591.
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Desde sus inicios, la agroindustria azucarera tucumana se consolidó con la preponderante participación de cañeros, plantadores de caña que vendían su materia prima a los ingenios. Las relaciones entre cañeros e industriales resultaron conflictivas producto de los desacuerdos sobre el precio de la caña que marcaba la distribución del ingreso azucarero. El Laudo Alvear de 1928 fue la primera regulación que intentó normalizar las relaciones entre ambos sectores. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la evolución de la estructura agraria cañera desde la aplicación del Laudo Alvear hasta el primer peronismo para examinar los efectos de las regulaciones azucareras en la estructura agraria cañera. Para alcanzar este objetivo se analiza la información estadística disponible (los censos cañeros de 1929, 1937 y 1945, además de los censos agropecuarios de 1947 y 1960) y la política azucarera desarrollada entre 1928 y 1955.
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Stone, Clarence N. "Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough." PS: Political Science & Politics 19, no. 03 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096500018187.
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Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
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Stone, Clarence N. "Atlanta: Protest and Elections Are Not Enough." PS 19, no. 3 (1986): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030826900626334.
Full textAbstract:
Blacks hold governmental power in Atlanta. They have a two-to-one majority on the city council, and Andrew Young is in his second term as the city's second black mayor. Moreover, blacks are a substantial presence in the civic life of Atlanta. They have held the presidency of the Chamber of Commerce, and are to be found among the membership of every important board and commission in the public life of the community. The political incorporation of blacks in Atlanta is now strong enough for Mayor Young to entertain the possibility of city-county consolidation. Even with such a move, blacks presumably would remain at the center of public life in Atlanta.How such a seemingly strong form of political incorporation came about is in part a familiar story. Key facts in the city's political history are widely known:1. In 1946, Georgia's white primary was invalidated. A voter-registration drive in the black community brought nearly 20,000 new voters onto the rolls, making the black community more than a quarter of the city's electorate (Bacote, 1955).2. Atlanta's mayor at the time, William B. Hartsfield, recognized the potential for taking on Atlanta's black community as junior partners in a coalition built around the mutually reinforcing themes of economic growth and racial moderation. He and his successor, Ivan Allen, Jr., profited electorally from that coalition over the next twenty years (see Jennings and Zeigler, 1966).3. Atlanta's black community entered a new and more assertive phase in 1960 as direct-action protests signalled the end of the era of quiet accommodation between established black and white leaders (Walker, 1963).4. The 1970 census reports show that Atlanta's population balance had tilted to a black majority, and, in 1973, Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta's first black mayor. Jackson was reelected by a comfortable margin in 1977, and he has been followed by Atlanta's second black mayor, Andrew Young. Mayor Young was reelected in a landslide in 1985.
16
Burmatov, Alexander А. "Requests to Statistical Directorates: Potential for Historical and Demographic Research (1950–70)." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2023): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-565-575.
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The article considers the possibility of using official requests of scientists to territorial state agencies for statistics in Western Siberia to study the demographic history of the region. The history of the population of the Soviet Union remains poorly studied, despite huge number of works devoted to the topic. During the Soviet period, entire eras were not covered in statistics and science. The authorities hid negative consequences of the modernization and huge losses following wars, famine, and repression. In addition to direct concealment of statistical information, data falsification was widely practiced. The first postwar fifteen years are a typical example of Soviet statistics. There was no published information on the population until 1957. The first post-war estimates dated back to April 1956 and were not confirmed by the 1959 census. After the next census, statistical agencies recalculated the dynamics of the population and all indicators of its natural movement. In the USSR, there was an underestimation of demographic events. This is especially true for the mortality. Statistical agencies collected, rechecked, and clarified the collected data; the information was not only corrected, but also subjected to a comprehensive analysis. Dynamic series on the population and its natural movement by regions and edges were never published. The transfer of statistical materials to the state archives has not yet been conducted in full; the available materials contain large data gaps. Sometimes the data was distorted intentionally or accidentally. Publications of the Central Statistical Administration (TsSU) and statistical directorates for regions and territories sometimes differ. The author has made requests directly to the territorial bodies of state statistics of the regions of Western Siberia. The official responses contained information collected and calculated by the same procedure. Chronological period is 1950–70. The decade of 1950–59 was a period when population data was virtually not published. For the period of 1959–70 there were some fragmentary publications, but they did not give a complete picture. Materials contain data on the population (including urban and rural), absolute number of births, deaths (including children under 1 year old). All materials on urban and rural population are given for the whole region. The responses contain indicators of natural movement, including infant mortality. The peculiarity of the information provided is that all data on absolute numbers and indicators of natural movement are recalculated on the basis of the 1970 census. This makes it possible to compare it with previously published data, especially in collections “for official use.” Thus, the responses of statistical agencies allow us to fill the gaps in the demographic history of the regions of Western Siberia. Western Siberia is considered within the borders of the eponymous economic region at the time of the 1959 census: the Altai Krai, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Tomsk regions.
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Khan, Akhtar Hssan. "1998 Census: The Results and Implications." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.481-493.
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The 1998 Census was the fifth nation-wide census to be held in Pakistan. The earlier censuses were held in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. It was the British colonial administrators who started the tradition of holding nation-wide decennial censuses in the year beginning with digit 1. Regular censuses were held in British India from 1881 to 1941. Pakistan continued with this tradition and conducted its national censuses in 1951 and 1961. The 1971 census was postponed due to civil war leading to the separation of East Pakistan. But it was promptly held in the following year in 1972. The 1981 census was held on time in March 1981, preceded by the Housing Census in December 1980. The present author was the Census Commissioner at that time.
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Chowdhury, Probal Roy. "Community Profile of Primary Education in Madras Presidency in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: Part II: 1885–1935." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 1 (June 2019): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617747993.
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In the second part of this article, we discuss the changing community profile of boys studying in primary schools in Madras Presidency during the period 1885–1935. From the annual reports of the Department of Public Instruction in Madras Presidency (RDPI), we compile the community profile of boys under instruction in the Presidency of Madras for the years 1889–90, 1895–96, 1899–1900, 1905–06, 1920–21 and 1934–35, and compare these trends with the community profile of boys studying under the indigenous education system in ca. 1825 and also under the governmental education system during the nineteenth century. Since the reports of the DPI provide us only with the aggregate data on the levels of enrolment of Vaisyas and Sudras as also of the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), a nuanced understanding of the educational deprivations suffered by various communities can be arrived at only from the Census data on literacy. For this purpose, we also present a detailed analysis of the data on the literacy of selected communities as reported in the Census of 1921.
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Aguilar Rodríguez, Sandra. "La mesa está servida: comida y vida cotidiana en el México de mediados del siglo XX." Revista de Historia Iberoamericana 2, no. 2 (2009): 52–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3232/rhi.2009.v2.n2.04.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los valores y significados que tanto productores como consumidores le daban a ciertos alimentos, además de los cambios en las prácticas culinarias en las décadas de 1940 y 1950 en México. Para ello realizo un análisis basado en las historias de vida de mujeres nacidas entre 1917 y 1945 que vivieron la mayor parte de su vida en las ciudades de México y Guanajuato. Si bien los hábitos de consumo de las mujeres capitalinas y guanajuatenses variaron debido a diferencias culturales y geográficas, este trabajo muestra que las prácticas culinarias y la experiencia del proceso de modernización fueron determinadas en mayor medida por la clase social. Las historias de vida son complementadas con el análisis de imágenes publicitarias, discursos médicos y una encuesta de consumo basada en los censos de 1950 y 1960.
20
Goldin, Claudia, and Lawrence F. Katz. "Education and Income in the Early Twentieth Century: Evidence from the Prairies." Journal of Economic History 60, no. 3 (September 2000): 782–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025766.
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We present the first estimates of the returns to years of schooling before 1940 using a large sample of individuals (from the 1915 Iowa State Census). The returns to a year of high school or college were substantial in 1915—about 11 percent for all males and in excess of 12 percent for young males. Education enabled individuals to enter lucrative white-collar jobs, but sizable educational wage differentials also existed within occupational groups. Returns were substantial even for those in farming. We find, using U.S. census data, that returns to education decreased between 1915 and 1940 and again during the 1940s.
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Gorbachev, Oleg V. "Materials of the 1959 All-Union Population Census as a Source on the History of Urban Family." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2022): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-121-136.
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Using census materials for studying social history of Russia in the 20th century has serious restrictions determined by the census form and by selective publication of the obtained results. Using census forms themselves, fragmentary preserved in local archives, partially solves this problem. The researcher has to turn to the census materials for studying some topics, which are not directly reflected in the census forms, due to limited social statistics on the Soviet society. The article is to clarify the possibility of using primary materials of the 1959 census, stored in the fond of the Regional Statistical Office from the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, alongside with the published data, for studying urban family in Sverdlovsk. The study of the Russian urban family in the second half of the 20th century is important for assessing the consequences of demographic transition of the 1930s – 1980s and the degree of population structure deformation following the Great Patriotic War. Studying the Ural family is significant, as urbanization processes in the region during the said period proceeded extremely intensively. To systematize the information on the census forms, a database “Family of the city of Sverdlovsk, 1959” has been created, combining principles of individual and family registration. The database includes information from 1,200 forms for the Oktyabrsky district. Nearly 17 000 apartment census forms for other urban settlements of the region fall outside the scope of this analysis. Comparison with published data proves that the sample is representative in its most significant indicators. Significant deviations are recorded in the social composition of the population, reflecting specifics of a central district of a large city (dominance of employees, significant number of single-parent families, presumably recent migrants). Among other things, it has been established that most commonly families consisted of two and three persons; in a significant number of cases, the households were headed by young women. The obtained information permits to characterize the Sverdlovsk urban family in terms of the so-called second demographic transition, which significantly influenced family size, distribution of intra-familial roles, and strategies of matrimonial behavior. Given the undoubted scientific value of the primary census materials, discovery of other similar documentary complexes in the Russian archives should be an important direction of research.
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Kumar, Vikas. "Census laws and the quality of census data: The limits of punitive legislation1." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 1143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200651.
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Most discussions on data quality overlook the legal framework within which data are collected. This paper examines India’s Census Act, 1948 that provides the legal framework for conducting population censuses. The Act stipulates punishment for interfering with the process of enumeration but the punitive provisions have not been invoked to deal with cases of widespread manipulation of census. Major instances of manipulation were reported in 1951 and 2001 after the government introduced additional punitive measures in 1948 and 1994, respectively. The paper identifies the structural flaws of the Census Act, 1948 vis-à-vis manipulation. It compares the Act with other Indian laws on the collection of statistics and census laws of other common law countries. It shows that fines are very small compared to per capita income in most countries and yet violators are rarely fined. The paper uses simple games to explain why the punitive provisions might be redundant and suggests that the problem of interference with government statistics can possibly be addressed without recourse to law. The insights drawn from the games are examined in light of the experience of Nagaland and other states of India where census statistics were affected by widespread manipulation in the recent decades.
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Zhou, Yun. "Question of ethnic group formulation in the Chinese census." China Population and Development Studies 3, no. 1 (October 2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42379-019-00034-5.
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Abstract In conjunction with official government information and existing research literature, this article discusses ethnic group formulation in the censuses of China since 1953. Followed by an examination of concept of “ethnicity”, the research explores the purpose of the question included in the census, ways to answer the census question, and changes in number of official ethnic groups finalized until 1980s in China. To make a good study on ethnicity by census statistics, we have to understand the system of census taking on ethnicity in different countries. As a country with different minority groups, China is undergoing a social transformation and improving its census-taking. Ethnicity-related information collected in the census will play a more important role in the development of Chinese society.
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Ansari, Sarah. "Pakistan's 1951 Census: State-Building in Post-Partition Sindh." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 39, no. 4 (September 13, 2016): 820–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2016.1218679.
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Oniewski, Rose M. "Population information in twentieth century census volumes, 1950–1980." Government Publications Review 16, no. 4 (July 1989): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9390(89)90014-9.
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Michael Davern, Steven Ruggles, Tami Swenson, J. Trent Alexander, and J. Michael Oakes. "Drawing Statistical Inferences from Historical Census Data, 1850–1950." Demography 46, no. 3 (2009): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0062.
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Demo, Teresa L. "Population information in twentieth century census volumes: 1950–1980." Government Information Quarterly 6, no. 4 (January 1989): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(89)90012-9.
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Thorvaldsen, Gunnar. "Automating Historical Source Transcription." Historical Life Course Studies 10 (March 31, 2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9568.
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Transcribing the 1950 Norwegian census with 3.3 million person records and linking it to the Central Population Register (CPR) provides longitudinal information about significant population groups during the understudied period of the mid-20th century. Since this source is closed to the public, we receive no help from genealogists and rather use machine learning techniques to semi-automate the transcription. First the scanned manuscripts are split into individual cells and multiple names are divided. After the birthdates were transcribed manually in India, a lookup routine searches for families with matching sets of birthdates in the 1960 census and the CPR. After manual checks with GUI routines, the names are copied to the text version of the 1950 census, also storing the links to the CPR. Other fields like occupations or gender contain numeric or letter codes and are transcribed wholesale with routines interpreting the layout of the graphical images. Work employing these methods has also started on the 1930 census, which is the last of the Norwegian censuses to be transcribed.
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Miller, Larisa. "Counting Context: C. E. Kelsey's 1906 Census of Nonreservation Indians in Northern California." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.38.2.l62h2r5280246383.
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C. E. Kelsey's census of nonreservation Indians in Northern California in 1905 to 1906 was the first enumeration of its kind. It counted 11,755 Indians that were not supported by the US government, which was far more than were thought to exist. Intended as the blueprint for implementing Kelsey's proposed policy of providing federal relief through land purchases, the census was later used for population studies. The census lacks explanatory documentation and scholars have introduced errors to the population totals. Using archival sources, this article explores the context and purpose of the census and identifies those subsequent errors.
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Gerhard, Peter, and W. Michael Mathes. "Peregrinations of the Baja California Mission Registers." Americas 52, no. 1 (July 1995): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008085.
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Unique sources of historical, demographic, toponymic, and linguistic information, the mission registers (baptisms, matrimonial inquiries, marriages, burials, and census) of Baja California have been used in varying degrees to good effect by Carl Sauer, Peveril Meigs, Sherburne Cook, Homer Aschmann, and Pablo L. Martínez, among others. What is, alas, not so unique, but true of many parochial archives in Mexico, is the fact that until quite recently they were often left exposed to the elements, rodents, insects, and looters. Gerhard attempted to make an inventory of the known surviving registers in 1952-1953, when he found some of them totally unguarded and uncared-for. This work was followed by Woodrow Borah in the 1970s, and since 1971 Mathes has brought this calendar upto-date, and has obtained or personally produced microfilm of the entire corpus, including certain folios which have since disappeared. Here we shall summarize the tortuous history of the dispersal of these documents.
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Ruggles, Steven. "Collaborations between IPUMS and genealogical organizations, 1999-2022." Historical Life Course Studies 13 (January 5, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs12920.
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From 1999 to 2019, IPUMS collaborated with genealogical organizations to develop massive individual-level census datasets spanning the 1790 through 1940 period, and we are currently working on the 1950 census. This research note describes how our genealogical collaborations came about. We focus on our collaborations with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Family and Church History Department (later known as FamilySearch) and the private genealogical companies HeritageQuest and Ancestry.com.
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Iwanaga, Masako, Yoshito Koga, Midori Soda, Naoko Inokuchi, Daisuke Sasaki, Hiroo Hasegawa, Katsunori Yanagihara, Kazunari Yamaguchi, Shimeru Kamihira, and Yasuaki Yamada. "Trends in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Prevalence and the Incidence of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL) in Nagasaki, Japan: A Hospital-Based and Population-Based Study." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1920.1920.
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Abstract Abstract 1920 Poster Board I-943 Introduction: The prevalence of HTLV-1 is mostly evaluated by the age-specific seroprevalence in blood donors, and the results have been conventionally used to estimate the age-specific incidence of ATL in Japan. However, the results may be underestimated due to an age limit (16-69 yr) for donation, a healthy donor effect, and a birth cohort effect. Data concerning the birth-year specific incidence of ATL among HTLV-1 carriers other than blood donors are scarce. Methods: The study evaluated data of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody testing of 10,261 patients (males: 5,523, females: 4,737) who visited the Nagasaki University Hospital during 2000-2007 and data of 360 ATL cases (males: 188, females: 172) who were diagnosed in Nagasaki City (an endemic area in Japan) in a population-based Nagasaki Prefectural Cancer Registry (NPCR). To estimate birth-year specific incidence rates of ATL in population-based HTLV-1 carriers, we used the 2006 census population for Nagasaki City by applying the hospital-based seroprevalence data. Results: Of 10,261 patients, 1,392 (males: 653, females: 739) were HTLV-1 antibody positive. The overall HTLV-1 seroprevalence was 13.57% (95%CI: 12.90-14.23%). The seroprevalence was significantly higher in females than in males (15.60% vs. 11.82%, P<0.0001). The birth-year specific seroprevalence was 18.69% (before 1926), 17.83% (1927-1936), 15.91% (1937-1946), 13.80% (1947-1956), 9.19% (1957-1966), 4.07% (1967-1976), 2.07% (1977-1986), and 0% (after 1987) (a significantly declining trend: P <0.0001). The estimated annual number of HTLV-1 carriers by birth-year in Nagasaki city was 5257, 8093, 8151, 8083, 4434, 2180, 785, and 0, respectively. Finally, we estimated the annual incidence rate of ATLL per 100,000 HTLV-1 carriers by birth-year; 171 (before 1926), 86 (1927-1936), 41 (1937-1946), 32 (1947-1956), 11 (1957-1966), and 0 (after 1967). The crude lifetime risk of developing ATLL in HTLV-1 carriers was estimated to be 7.29% for males and 3.78% for females. Conclusions: The birth-year specific HTLV-1 seroprevalnces in the present study were approximately 50% higher than those previously reported in blood donors1 (for example: 6.22% in those born before 1950). Although it is possible that our results are over-estimated2, the present study suggests that there is still a large pool of elderly HTLV-1 carriers in this endemic area. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism of the development of ATL among HTLV-1 carriers for preventing the development. Reference: 1) Iwanaga M et al. Int J Hematol, 2009. 2) Arisawa K et al. Int J Cancer, 2000. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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SONG, SHIGE. "DOES FAMINE HAVE A LONG-TERM EFFECT ON COHORT MORTALITY? EVIDENCE FROM THE 1959–1961 GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAMINE IN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 4 (March 23, 2009): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932009003332.
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SummaryUsing retrospective individual mortality records of three cohorts of newborns (1954–1958, 1959–1962 and 1963–1967) from a large national fertility survey conducted in 1988 in China, this paper examines the effect of being conceived or born during the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine on postnatal mortality. The results show strong evidence of a short-term (period) effect of the famine, caused directly by starvation or severe malnutrition during the period of the famine. After controlling for period mortality fluctuation, however, the famine-born cohort does not show higher mortality than either the pre-famine or the post-famine cohort. Aggregate-level cross-temporal comparisons using published cohort population counts from China's 1982 Census, 1990 Census, 1995 micro-Census, 2000 Census and 2005 micro-Census lead to the same conclusion. The relevance of these new findings for the ‘fetal origins’ hypothesis and the selection effect hypothesis is discussed.
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Houghton, Frank, Sharon Houghton, and Lisa Scott. "Caution – Census Data Being Used: exploring and understanding errors and falsification in the Irish census." Irish Geography 47, no. 2 (October 4, 2015): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2014.507.
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There are currently 23 bridges over the Liffey westwards from Lucan but only five of them were built east of O’Connell Bridge since 1850 and one is a pedestrian only bridge. This was despite a pressing need for a better system of traffic circulation that was obvious from the middle of the nineteenth century as the city and its docklands continued their eastwards expansion. That need was recognised by the civic authorities but the complex system of local governance with overlapping responsibilities ensured that satisfactory solutions were difficult to achieve. There were issues of power, of funding and of taxation as well as competing needs. Even the naming of bridges could not be easily accomplished. This paper examines the issue of bridge provision from 1880, the year that the widened Carlisle Bridge was reopened as O’Connell Bridge. The main focus of attention will be the initial building of Butt Bridge, its subsequent rebuilding and the intractable problem of building a bridge to the east of Butt Bridge. A novel solution in the form of a transporter bridge was proposed, which would have added a distinctive element to the city’s streetscape but nothing was accomplished in the thirty years to 1960.The city of Dublin during the period 1930-1950 has not been widely studied. Using a variety of sources, newspapers, civic minutes, Oireachtas debates, maps, photographs and graphics, this paper aims to shed light on one important aspect of civic governance and to show how the city might have been transformed had matters been handled in a different way.
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Gray, Edith, and Ester Lazzari. "The continuing decline in cohort fertility and mixed evidence of narrowing educational differences." Australian Population Studies 7, no. 1 (December 5, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v7i1.112.
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Background Typically, women with higher levels of education have had fewer children and were more likely to be childless compared to those with lower levels of education. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of fertility convergence between education levels in several high-income countries, including Australia. New data are needed to determine whether this trend has continued and fertility remains educationally stratified among Australian women.
Aims Using the latest available data from the 2021 Australian Census, the aim of this study is to compare the average completed fertility and number of children ever born of women born between 1952 and 1981, with a specific focus on how these metrics vary by education level.
Data and methods Data on the number of children ever born are sourced from the 2021 Australian Census to compute population statistics (completed cohort fertility, proportion of women by parity, and parity progression ratios) for six educational categories (postgraduate, graduate, bachelor, diploma, year 12, year 11 and below) and six cohort groups (1952-56, 1957-61, 1962-66, 1967-71, 1972-76, 1977-81). These statistics are used to describe trends in fertility patterns over time and by education.
Results Completed cohort fertility has continued to decline slowly, from 2.22 for the1952-56 birth cohorts to 1.89 for the 1977-81 birth cohorts, mostly due to an increase in childlessness and a decrease in larger families with more than two children. There has been more divergence than convergence by education level, with those with bachelor's or diploma qualifications experiencing greater declines in fertility than any other education group. Although childlessness rates by education level have converged, women with lower education have also become increasingly likely to have larger families.
Conclusions While there is evidence of convergence in childlessness rates across different levels of education, the gap in fertility rates between education groups continue to increase in Australia.
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Turczak, Anna. "Population of Szczecin province in the light of the 1950 general census results." Przegląd Zachodniopomorski 38 (2023): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/pz.2023.38-14.
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Po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej przeprowadzono w Polsce sumaryczny spis ludności cywilnej. Odbył się on w 1946 roku, czyli w czasie, gdy po zmianie granic państwa trwały jeszcze liczne ruchy przesiedleńcze ludności. Dopiero w 1950 roku sytuacja demograficzna stała się na tyle stabilna, że możliwe było wiarygodne ustalenie struktury, liczebności i przestrzennego rozmieszczenia mieszkańców kraju. Dzięki spisowi powszechnemu określono też skalę wojennych strat ludnościowych. Według stanu na 3 grudnia 1950 roku liczba mieszkańców Polski wynosiła 24 613 684. Ludność miejska stanowiła 39,0%, a ludność wiejska – 61,0%. W województwie szczecińskim mieszkało 529 295 osób, przy czym 55,9% w miastach i 44,1% na wsi. Najwięcej ludzi osiedliło się w mieście Szczecin (33,8% mieszkańców województwa), w Stargardzie Szczecińskim (9,1%), w Nowogardzie (6,9%), w Pyrzycach (6,8%) i w Chojnie (6,7%). Według wyników spisu 17,0% populacji województwa szczecińskiego stanowiły dzieci do lat 4. W wieku do 9 lat była co czwarta jednostka, a ponad połowa mieszkańców miała najwyżej 24 lata. W rozpatrywanym województwie najwięcej pracujących zajmowało się rolnictwem (45,1%). W działach „przemysł”, „transport i łączność”, „handel” oraz „budownictwo” pracowało 38,6% czynnych zawodowo. Pozostałe działy zaabsorbowały 16,2% aktywnych.
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Stevanovic, Radoslav. "Urban settlements in the Republic of Serbia in population censuses from 1948 to 2002." Stanovnistvo 42, no. 1-4 (2004): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0404109s.
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In population censuses from 1948 to 2002, two criteria for differentiation of settlements, namely division of settlements into urban and those that are not (mixed and villages, namely other) were used by statistical office. One being the administrative criteria, by which the settlements are declared urban by legal regulations (census 1948 and censuses from 1981), and the other a combined (demographically-statistically) criteria based on the combination of the two characteristics: population size of the settlement and percentage portion of non-agricultural population, used in population censuses from 1953 to 1971. Proceeding from the adopted criteria, a total number of 243 independent settlements had the status of urban settlements in Serbia, which is a considerably greater number of total numbers of urban settlements in any population census. This practically means that certain settlements, from censuses to censuses, gained and lost such a status. The loss of the status is exclusively a characteristic of the period when the demographic-statistical criteria were applied for separating urban settlements in the population censuses from 1953 to 1971, namely the transfer from these criteria to the administrative-legal criteria in the population census of 1981. The number of urban settlements as well as the changes in the number and systematic list of urban settlements, not only within the Republic, but in certain macro entities (for Kosovo and Metohia up to 1991) are shown in table and schematic forms according to successive population censuses, starting from the 1948 census.
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Sacco, Nicolás, and Lucía Andreozzi. "Proyecciones y retroproyecciones probabilísticas de las tasas de fecundidad por edad (1895-2040)." Revista Latinoamericana de Población 11, no. 20 (December 23, 2017): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2017.v11.i1.n20.4.
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El objetivo del presente trabajo es modelar y pronosticar tasas de fecundidad por edad de la madre en Argentina para períodos sindatos, con base en estadísticas vitales (1980-2014), estimaciones previas disponibles para el lapso 1955-1980, censos y proyecciones de población. Para ello, a partir de modelos de series de tiempo funcionales se proyectaron y retropoyectaron las tasas de fecundidad por edad para los períodos 1895-1955 y 2015-2040 para todo el país. Los datos obtenidos permitieron construir probables escenarios pasados y futuros de la fecundidad por edad y se revelaron relativamente coherentes con la información y las tendencias sociodemográficas generales, lo que permitió reabrir preguntas acerca del proceso de transición de la fecundidad.
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Bartels Villanueva, Jorge, and Ricardo Martínez Esquivel. "El desarrollo de la agricultura en la Región Pacífico Central de Costa Rica (1909-1955)." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 9 (January 20, 2008): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v9i0.31339.
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La presente investigación analiza el desenvolvimiento de la actividad agrícola entre losaños de 1909 a 1955 en la Región Pacífico Central de Costa Rica. La fuente primaria utilizada eneste trabajo son los censos agrícolas de 1909, 1914, del periodo 1923-1927 y el de 1955; siendoel primero y el último censo, los que delimitan el periodo en estudio. Con respecto al periodo delos años 1923 a 1927, hemos decidido realizar un promedio de estos, lo cual vendría a menguarla dificultad que presentan algunos de estos censos al no poseer los datos completos.La Región Pacífico Central de Costa Rica la constituyen los cantones de la provinciade Puntarenas: Puntarenas, Esparza, Montes de Oro, Garabito y Parrita; y los cantones de laprovincia de Alajuela: San Mateo y Orotina. Por otra parte, vale señalar que estos cantonesno siempre existieron como tales o incluso del todo, por lo que en la primera parte de estainvestigación explicaremos la evolución histórica de la región. En una segunda parte de estetrabajo analizaremos los cambios y permanencias en la explotación agrícola del suelo en la región,relacionando dicho proceso con el acontecer del mercado interno del país y la participación deCosta Rica en el mercado internacional.
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Collins, William J., and Robert A. Margo. "The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values." Journal of Economic History 67, no. 4 (December 2007): 849–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050707000423.
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In the 1960s many American cities experienced violent, race-related civil disturbances. This article examines census data from 1950 to 1980 to measure the riots' impact on the value of central-city residential property, and especially on black-owned property. Both OLS and IV estimates indicate that the riots depressed the median value of black-owned property between 1960 and 1970, with little or no rebound in the 1970s. Census tract data for a small number of cities suggest relative losses of population and property value in tracts that were directly affected by riots compared to other tracts in the same cities.
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Thapa, Surya Bahadur. "The Educational Kuznets Curve: A Case of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26399.
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Education is among the basic human needs and one of the components of well being in the modern world. Equal distribution of education is of great interest in public policy analysis. Spending in education represents substantial share of government revenue. The inequality in educational distribution represents large welfare loss. The purposes of this article are three folds. First, it calculates average years of schooling. Second, it estimates educational inequality in terms of standard deviation of schooling. Third, it examines the Educational Kuznets Curve in case of Nepal and answers the question: does it fit? This is quantitative study based on the secondary data collected and published by Central Bureau of Statistics. The study finds that the average years of schooling are increasing over the census years. It stood at 0.125 years in 1952 for all population and 0.245 and 0.019 respectively for males and females. The same data for all population, males and females for the year 2001are 4.385, 5.119, and3.083 years respectively. The data on standard deviation of schooling show that they are all in increasing trend from the census year 1952 to Census Year 2001.With the help of econometric test of both linear and nonlinear quadratic equations, this study concludes that the Educational Kuznets Curves does not exist in Nepal due to very low average years of schooling.
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Ruppert, Evelyn S. "‘I Is; Therefore I Am’: The Census as Practice of Double Identification." Sociological Research Online 13, no. 4 (July 2008): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1778.
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I examine practices of modern census making with a specific focus on Canadian censuses of population from 1911-1951. My analysis builds on the work of two recent and related streams of research in the social sciences. One draws from Foucault's writings on biopower and post-Foucauldian governmentality studies. It examines the census as a political technology that produces a specific knowledge or political arithmetic (statistics) of the population, so that its forces and strengths can be acted upon by various state authorities. The census is thus understood as a field for the administration of the state. The other focuses on how censuses are socially constructed, on the ‘making’ of censuses as opposed to the ‘taking’ of censuses and the use of census data as ‘evidence’. These studies document how the interests and political influence of various actors shape census making. The census is thus understood as a particular way of defining, collecting and organising social observations about individuals and not a simple reflection of an empirically existing reality. While the two streams of research have usefully challenged the facticity of census data, they have tended to reinforce a division between the real and the constructed. For if census data is not ‘real’ but a particular construction then what exactly does it represent? I contend that censuses are part of myriad identification practices that have come to produce subjects who are able to recognise and identify themselves in relation to the categories constructed and circulated by the census. It is through processes of double identification (state-citizen) that census categories come into existence, become facts and can then in turn not only be measured, analysed and assembled (objectification) but also be identified with (subjectification). The presence of such double identification makes an ostensible division between facticity and representation artificial.
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Sugaipova, Roza Abybakarovna, and Aslan Magomedovich Yanadamov. "Dynamics of the Number of Chechens and Ingush on the Basis of the First General Population Census of 1897." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 2 (February 2023): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.2.38925.
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The subject of the study is the dynamics of the number of Chechen Ingush in the late XIX-early XX century. The source on which the author of the article relies are the materials of the first General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 and the reports of the ataman of the Tersk region for the years 1900-1905. The methodological basis of the research is a set of theoretical and methodological principles and approaches: objectivity and historicism. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the issues of demographic and ethnic development of the North Caucasus have been in the focus of attention of researchers for many years and are of interest not only to historians, but also to representatives of other specialties. The relevance is also determined by the fact that from the end of the XIX century to the present, the ethnic map has undergone certain changes, but at the same time, the area of compact residence of the peoples of the region has remained without significant changes. The materials of the first General Population Census of the Russian Empire are unique, they make up a huge layer of statistical data and their qualified analysis can help in studying many issues related not only to the number and language, but also to the economy. The scientific novelty of the reviewed article is manifested in the introduction into scientific circulation of the reports of the Ataman of the Tersk region for the years 1900-1905 and the analysis of the materials of the first General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The territorial scope of the study covers the Tersk region. The purpose of the article emerges from the content of the article – to show the dynamics of changes in the number of Chechens and Ingush in the late XIX- early XX century. Based on the materials of the first General Population Census of 1897 and the reports of the Ataman of the Tersk region for 1900-1905, as well as the districts in which Chechens and Ingush lived, the number of urban population, etc. The article is an overview based on the conclusions made earlier by other authors.
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Joshi, Dinesh Raj. "Urbanization Trend in Nepal." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 6, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v6i1.55367.
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Though urbanization is a symbol of modernization which brings changes in economy, division of labour, production of goods, availability of modern urban amenities, urban regions in Nepal are like rural in nature. This study has been carried out to analyze the trend of urbanization from the first scientific census 1952/054 to the latest one in 2021. This study is descriptive type and based on secondary data. Periodic census, CBS publications, Nepal urban development strategy 2017, world urbanization prospect 2018 and other scholarly articles have been used to prepare this paper. Data have been presented in tables, trend line graph, and bar graph. The 1952/054 census reveals that 2.9 percent population resides in 10 urban areas. After 50 years in 2001, urban population reached up to 13.9% with 6.65 percent urban growth rate during the year. Political decision and reclassification of urban areas increased urban population 27.2% by the year 2014; and 66.2% by the year 2021 with 293 urban areas. This dramatic change in the size of urban population lacks urban amenities set by local government operation act 2017. The urbanization level of Nepal is very low by all standards but growth has been rapid in recent years. Urban area of Nepal are facing deficiencies of basic urban infrastructures and facilities such as drinking water, solid waste management, sanitation, environmental pollution, housing, transportation facilities and shortage of energy. Further research might be conducted on this area focusing on the comparative study on urbanization and existing urban pre-requisites of urbanization as per the standard norms. This area attracts further research on providing urban amenities to rural areas as an alternative model of urbanization. This research reveals increasing urbanization trends of Nepal including recent census data and urban amenities which is different from other similar previous research studies.
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Ishikawa, Kazuki, and Daichi Nakayama. "Estimation of Origin-Destination Flows of Passenger Cars in 1925 in Old Tokyo City, Japan." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110472.
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In recent years, surveys of personal travel behavior have been conducted around the world and these surveys have been used for understanding the characteristics of people flow. However, it is impossible to acquire people and traffic flows for the modern era (1868–1945). In modern era Japan, some traffic surveys were conducted, and that records still persist. The purpose of this study was to estimate origin-destination (OD) flows in old Tokyo in 1925 based on the historical traffic census record. In this study, OD flows were estimated using an absorbing Markov chain model, which is a simple model based on traffic generation and transition probabilities. Transition probabilities in unobserved nodes were estimated using genetic algorithms (GA). The result of OD distributions is clearly different in the eastern part of Tokyo City, the Shitamachi area, from the western part, the Yamanote area. The traffic was very busy in Shitamachi, an area which included terminal stations and a central business district. In Yamanote, major traffic generation and absorption points were distributed along the main streets to the Shinjuku or Shibuya areas. These results are affected by the distribution of main roads and the locations of residences or workplaces of car owners.
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Schiffman, Harold. "Roland J.-L. Breton, Atlas of the languages and ethnic communities of South Asia. Walnut Creek, London & New Delhi: Altamira Press, 1997. Pp. 231. Hb $65.00." Language in Society 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450141205x.
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This is an English version of the author's French work, Atlas géographique des langues et des ethnies de l'Inde et du Subcontinent, (Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1976.) Since it was originally based on data from the 1971 (or even earlier) censuses of India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (and since Bangladesh was part of Pakistan in 1971, and Bhutan data were not reliable earlier), it has been updated to include data from various regional census sources, mostly those conducted in 1981 and 1991. One notes that there are various censuses of Nepal (1952/54, 1971, 1981, 1991) cited, but that Sri Lanka does not seem to have done one since 1953. The cartographic techniques have also benefited from this updating, with new methods of representation not previously available. This makes it possible to compare various increases of speakers and languages in various parts of the subcontinent, in tables added for this purpose. This version also includes a very useful bibliography of sources – not only various censuses, but also other studies of language distribution, language classification, ethnicity, and language issues. There are also a language classification and plate index, a subject and author index, and material on the diffusion of South Asian languages and scripts outside the subcontinent proper.
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Levanon, A., P. England, and P. Allison. "Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data." Social Forces 88, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 865–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0264.
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Liu, Maggie, Yogita Shamdasani, and Vis Taraz. "Climate Change and Labor Reallocation: Evidence from Six Decades of the Indian Census." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 395–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210129.
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How do rising temperatures affect long-term labor reallocation in developing economies? In this paper we examine how increases in temperature impact structural transformation and urbanization within Indian districts between 1951 and 2011. We find that rising temperatures are associated with lower shares of workers in nonagricultural sectors, with effects intensifying over a longer time frame. Supporting evidence suggests that local demand effects play an important role: declining agricultural productivity under higher temperatures reduces the demand for nonagricultural goods and services, which subsequently lowers nonagricultural labor demand. Our results illustrate that rising temperatures limit sectoral and rural-urban mobility for isolated households. (JEL J61, N35, O13, O15, O18, Q54, R23)
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Bjelajac, Mile. "Migrations of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo 1938-1950." Balcanica, no. 38 (2007): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0738219b.
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The Kosovo crisis and the dissolution of the SFR of Yugoslavia provoked the scholarly community to respond in many and varied ways. This paper seeks to show how difficult it was for many to 'navigate' between the 'rocks' of hard fact and pure propaganda, and in what ways that open-ended situation echoes in the present. A more important goal, however, is to put forward the results of my research regarding the reliability of the Yugoslav census data of 1931 which may shed clarifying light on the vastly discrepant demographic figures that are currently in use. The 1931 census data for non-Slav minorities were highly classified and intended only for internal government use in response to the needs of external defense or internal order. Migrations of the ethnic Albanians and other ethnic groups in the Kosovo region during the first half of the twentieth century led to significant shifts in ethnic proportions. It is almost impossible to form a clear fact-based picture of what had happened during the First World War and why the Orthodox Christian Serbian population dropped to 21.1% in 1921, almost twice as low as their number in 1911. On the other hand, it is debatable how many ethnic Albanians or Turks permanently emigrated or went in exile in 1918-21. According to various Yugoslav data sources, some 65,000 settlers and state officials came to Kosovo, while some 24,000 Muslims from all parts of Yugoslavia emigrated to Turkey or Albania. The Second World War brought about another significant population shift. Some 10,000 Serbs were killed in 1941, while almost all Christian Orthodox settler families (about 60,000 people) were expelled. The expulsion was followed by an inflow of Albanians from Albania proper. Only two thirds of the expelled were permitted to return after 1945. The provisional Yugoslav census of 1948 registered a significant increase for Albanians and a decrease for Serbs and Montenegrins or, expressed in percentage terms, Serbs dropped from 33.1% to 27.5% and Albanians rose from 54.4% to 68.5% of the total population in the region. The Tito-Stalin split in 1948 and strained relations with Albania led to another wave of immigrants from that country Yugoslav historians had evidence for at least 30,000 and indications, yet to be proven, for some 75,000.
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Dashinamzhilov, Odon B. "All union census and current population statistics (1959-1970s) as statistical resources of ethnical demographic researches." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, no. 73 (October 1, 2021): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988613/73/19.
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