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1
Steckel, Richard H. "A Dreadful Childhood: The Excess Mortality of American Slaves." Social Science History 10, no. 4 (1986): 427–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015571.
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Mortality rates in early childhood are widely regarded as a sensitive index of the health and living standards of a population (United Nations, 1973: 138-139; Williamson, 1981; Haines, 1985). The debate over the health and treatment of American slaves has led scholars to investigate various data and methods to construct these measures. Early work based on plantation records placed the infant mortality rate (the proportion of live births that die within one year of birth) at 152.6 per thousand (Postell, 1951: 158). Using census data and indirect techniques, estimates of the infant mortality rate climbed from 182.7 per thousand by Evans (1962: 212) to 274 to 302 per thousand by Farley (1970: 33) and 246 to 275 per thousand by Eblen (1972; 1974). Recent work based on height data and indirect techniques places the infant mortality rate in the neighborhood of 350 per thousand and total losses before the end of the first year (stillbirths plus infant deaths) at nearly 50% (Steckel, 1986a). Thus, measurements over the past four decades have gravitated toward the judgment of southern planter Thomas Afflick (1851: 435) who wrote, “Of those born, one half die under one year.”
2
Shaikh, K., and S. Becker. "Socioeconomic status and fertility in rural Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 1 (January 1985): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015480.
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SummaryUsing a unique set of birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, for the period 1974–77, and socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census, fertility was studied in relation to occupation, size of dwelling, number of cows and number of boats owned. The total fertility rate was found to vary between 6 and 6·5 except in the famine year of 1975. There was no consistent relationship between fertility and education of women. Fertility differentials by occupation showed that the household heads who were farm labourers had relatively lower fertility compared to other occupational groups, except for the year 1977 where the families of service holders were found to have relatively lower fertility. There was a consistent direct relationship between the dwelling size and fertility for each of the years.
3
WINCKLER, ONN. "The Surprising Results of the Saudi Arabian 2004 Demographic Census." International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, no. 1 (February 2008): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380708004x.
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At first glance, in contrast to political documents, official demographic data, particularly total population figures, “look innocent.” The common tendency is to accept them “as is” because governments tend not to manipulate the declared number of their citizens. In most cases this assumption is true. Is it also true for Saudi Arabia? In the 1970s and 1990s, Saudi authorities published the results of two demographic censuses that numbered the Saudi citizenry at 6,218,361 in September 1974 and 12,310,053 in September 1992. However, many experts found these figures to be highly inflated, as shown in the table.
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Shaikh, Kashem, K. M. A. Aziz, and A. I. Chowdhury. "Differentials of fertility between polygynous and monogamous marriages in rural Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016606.
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SummaryThis paper discusses polygynous marriages in rural Bangladesh, using marital status and birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, for the period 1975–79. Of all the marriages recorded during this period about 5% were polygynous. To identify the women polygynously married, 1974 census data of the DSS area were used. The difference in age at marriage between the polygynous groom and his subsequent wife was 15 years on average. The socioeconomic indicators studied were education, occupation and area of dwelling space. In general, these indicators differentially influence polygynous marriage. The fertility differentials between women in monogamous marriages were significantly higher than between the women in polygynous unions.
5
Razzaque, Abdur. "Effect of Famine on Fertility in a, Rural Area of Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 3 (July 1988): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006623.
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SummaryThis study investigates the effects of the 1974–75 famine on differential fertility in a rural population of Bangladesh, using information on household socioeconomic status collected in the 1974 census, and registration data on births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974–77 from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Occupation of household head was taken as a measure of socioeconomic status. Total fertility rates were analysed for three periods: pre-famine, famine and post-famine. Overall fertility declined due to the famine by 34%, but this was compensated partially by a 17% increase in the post-famine period. Fertility of women of all ages and socioeconomic groups was affected by the famine, a more pronounced effect being observed among the poor. Fertility showed a higher post-famine recovery among women in the middle socioeconomic groups and in those aged 25–34 years.
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Mariano González, Luis, Javier Oria, Roberto Sánchez, Antoni Margalida, Antonio Aranda, Luis Prada, Javier Caldera, and José Ignacio Molina. "Status and habitat changes in the endangered Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti population during 1974–2004: implications for its recovery." Bird Conservation International 18, no. 3 (June 11, 2008): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000245.
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AbstractThe distribution and abundance of Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti populations between 1974 and 2004 were determined using information from national censuses. Its breeding area occupies the south-western quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and is composed of 13 nuclei and 5 subpopulations. Since 1974, population levels in all nuclei, except the one in Doñana, have expanded. The non-breeding dispersion area, according to sightings of juvenile and immature individuals in quadrants of 10 x 10 km, coincided with that of the breeding area. Bibliographical information showed that halfway through the 19th century the Spanish Imperial Eagle was considered abundant, at least locally; and most cited breeding areas were in relatively human-occupied plains. Towards the end of the 19th century the population became scarce; remaining so for most of the 20th century, with remote mountain ranges being the most cited breeding habitats. The comparison between the data from the first census, in 1974, that located 38 territorial pairs, and the 2004 census that located 198 pairs, shows that: 1) percentages of pairs in plains have increased, while those in mountains have decreased; 2) the trophic quality of the habitat, based on rabbit abundance, has decreased, and 3) numbers of nests in both protected areas and on private ground have increased significantly. The type of land ownership did not seem to affect breeding performance. Populations have increased more outside protected areas than within, despite the availability of potential habitat. In the past century, legal protection and attitude changes towards this eagle seem to have been influential in preventing its extinction. At present, habitat management seems also to be an important factor in its continuing recovery.
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Razzaque, Abdur. "Sociodemographic differentials in mortality during the 1974–75 famine in a rural area of Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017697.
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SummaryThis study investigates the socio-demographic differentials in mortality during the 1974–75 famine in a rural area of Bangladesh. It is based on household socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census and registration data on births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974–79 from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Ownership of selected household items was considered in the analysis as an indicator of household socioeconomic status. Mortality was 62% higher during the famine period and 31% higher during the post-famine period compared to the non-famine period. The mortality of both the poor and the rich increased during the famine period, by 117% and 28% respectively compared to the non-famine period. The poor suffered significantly in all age groups except 5–14 years, while the rich suffered only for ages 65 and over. Poor males suffered more than poor females except for ages 65 and over, while rich females suffered more than rich males except for ages under 1 year.
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Tonnabel, J., I. Tattersall, B. Simmen, and L. Tarnaud. "Decline and demographic changes in the population of the Near Threatened brown lemur Eulemur fulvus on Mayotte." Oryx 45, no. 4 (October 2011): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001341.
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AbstractThe population of the Near Threatened brown lemur Eulemur fulvus on the island of Mayotte was censused in 1974, 1984 and 1999. We carried out a new census in 2008, estimating individual and group densities in the three main habitat types on the island (preserved forest, anthropogenic forest and agricultural areas), and more generally evaluating population trends. Data included sex ratios and the number of young < 1 year-old per female. The census was at the end of the dry season, along 14 transect lines of 0.5 or 1 km length. Counts of groups and individuals were repeated three times between 07.00 and 10.00 and between 15.00 and 18.00. The densities of groups and individuals were calculated using Distance. By 2008 group and individual densities had significantly decreased in preserved forest, and there was also a decrease in group size in all habitat types. The 2008 census also showed that the overall population of E. fulvus on Mayotte has decreased by about half since 1999. We suggest that these changes reflect environmental stress associated with a decrease in available food resources. Urgent action to preserve forest habitat is necessary for the long-term survival of this lemur.
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Hajdu, Gábor, and Tamás Hajdu. "The long-term impact of restricted access to abortion on children’s socioeconomic outcomes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): e0248638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248638.
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We examine the long-term consequences of restricted access to abortion following a change in the Hungarian abortion law in 1974. Due to a change that restricted access to legal abortions, the number of induced abortions decreased from 169,650 to 102,022 between 1973 and 1974, whereas the number of live births increased from 156,224 to 186,288. We analyze the effects on the adult outcomes of the affected cohort of newborns (educational attainment, labor market participation, teen fertility). We use matched large-scale, individual-level administrative datasets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (population census 2011; live birth register), and we estimate the effects by comparing children born within a short timespan around the time the law change came into effect. We apply a difference-in-differences approach, building on the special rules of the new law that, despite the severe restriction, still made abortion permissible for selected groups of women. We control for the compositional change in the population of parents, rule out the effect of (unobserved) time trends and other potential behavioral responses to the law change, and draw causal inferences. We find that restricted access to abortion had, on average, a negative impact on the socioeconomic outcomes of the affected cohort of children. Children born after the law change have had worse educational outcomes, a greater likelihood of being unemployed at age 37, and a higher probability of being a teen parent.
10
Aaronson, Daniel, Daniel Hartley, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Martha Stinson. "The Long-Run Effects of the 1930s Redlining Maps on Children." Journal of Economic Literature 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221702.
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We estimate the long-run effects of the 1930s Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining maps by linking children in the full count 1940 census to 1) the universe of Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax data in 1974 and 1979 and 2) the long form 2000 census. We use two identification strategies to estimate the potential long-run effects of differential access to credit along HOLC boundaries. The first strategy compares cross-boundary differences along HOLC boundaries to a comparison group of boundaries that had statistically similar preexisting differences as the actual boundaries. A second approach only uses boundaries that were least likely to have been chosen by the HOLC based on our statistical model. We find that children living on the lower-graded side of HOLC boundaries had significantly lower levels of educational attainment, reduced income in adulthood, and lived in neighborhoods during adulthood characterized by lower educational attainment, higher poverty rates, and higher rates of single-parent households. (JEL G21, I26, I32, J13, N32, R23, R31)
11
Goulding, William, Alvaro Salazar Perez, Patrick Moss, and Clive McAlpine. "Subsistence lifestyles and insular forest loss in the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua New Guinea: an endemic hotspot." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 2 (2019): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17047.
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Insular areas of the south-west Pacific support high levels of global biodiversity and are undergoing rapid change. The Louisiade Archipelago of Papua New Guinea is a poorly known location with high levels of endemism. The largest island, Sudest Island, supports single-island endemic species and has the largest tract of forest remaining in this island group. The islands still support traditional subsistence lifestyles. This study investigated the patterns of forest loss since 1974 and predicted future forest loss to identify areas of conservation concern. We collected village population census data to assess population growth from 1979–2011. Historical vegetation mapping from 1974 was compared with Global Forest Change data from 2000–14. The geospatial drivers of forest loss were investigated using a generalised linear mixed model. Projected forest cover loss patterns in the islands were modelled in GEOMOD to the year 2030. Resident populations grew rapidly (6.0% per year, 1979–2011) but only a low rate of forest loss (e.g. −0.035% per year, Sudest Island) was observed between 1974 and 2014, restricted to low elevations near villages. Future modelling showed varied impacts on the remaining forest extents of the larger islands. The study offers a rare contemporary example of a biodiverse hotspot that has remained relatively secure. We concluded that local cultural and environmental settings of islands in the south-west Pacific can strongly determine the patterns and processes of forest cover change, and need to be considered in programs to conserve endemic diversity.
12
Velázquez, Guillermo A., and Adela Tisnés. "Calidad de vida en la Argentina a lo largo de los períodos censales 1869 a 2010." Boletín de Estudios Geográficos, no. 120 (December 22, 2023): 155–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.40.035.
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En este trabajo se propone la compilación de los resultados del procesamiento de las variables que permitieron en cada operativo Censal, elaborar un Índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV) para el territorio argentino. Los 10 primeros Censos Nacionales, se llevaron adelante durante los siguientes años: 1869, 1895, 1914, 1947, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2001 y 2010. Se seleccionaron variables poblacionales referidas a la salud y la educación de la población y a variables habitacionales y medioambientales. Se analiza la evolución del indicador a lo largo de los años y de la diferente configuración espacial del país.
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KITOV, Ivan. "ESTIMATES OF INCOME INEQUALITY ARE BIASED OR MISINTERPRETED." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v5.2(10).02.
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We considerdefinitions and measuring procedures of personal income used by three U.S. agencies as well as the evolution of household size distribution and reveal major quantitative inconsistencies in the reported figures of personal and household inequality. The problem with the inequality estimates reported by the Internal Revenue Service consists in the changing proportion of people with lower incomes. The increasing proportion of low-income population is misinterpreted as the growth in income inequality. The Census Bureau provides personal income distributions scaled from a small subset of households to the whole population. Surprisingly, the Gini coefficient estimated from the Census Bureau data for people with income does not depend on the dramatic change in income definition in 1977, when the share of working age population with (likely low) incomes increased by 10%. When corrected to the population without income, the Gini coefficient demonstrates a significant decrease in 1978. The changing composition of households in the U.S. is the effect explaining the reported increase in Gini coefficientfor households since 1967. When corrected for actual decrease in the average household size the relevant Gini coefficient returns to that of personal incomes. According to the Census Bureau, the latter coefficient has been hovering in a very narrow range between 0.50 and 0.51 since 1974. Evaluating the evolution of labour and capital shares of the U.S. personal incomereported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis we found that the increasing share of income of the top 1% households does not affect the labour share income. The growth in the income share of richest families is related to the increasing share of the consumption of fixed capital which is converted into private money though the reduction in taxes on production and imports.
14
Foster, Edward. "Real Earnings of Full-Time Workers by Education, Age Group and Sex, 1974–2012." Journal of Forensic Economics 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/0898-5510-25.2.221.
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Abstract This note rearranges the data from Census Bureau Personal Income (PINC) tables 32–35 showing earnings of full-time, year-round workers from 1974 to 2012 to display the 39-year time series for average real earnings by education, age group, and sex. Aggregated data show strong upward trends for all males and all females combined, for males and females with a bachelor's degree or more and for those with less than a bachelor's degree. However, all trends have flattened or become negative since 2000. Shifts in the composition of the work force over time mean that trends in aggregated earnings incorporate those shifts, so may not be useful for projecting earnings growth for any individual plaintiff of a specific age and educational background. The note addresses that problem in two ways: First it re-weights the aggregate statistics to remove some effects of shifts in composition of the workforce. Second it gives summary statistics for log-linear regressions of real earnings on time for all education-age-sex combinations for the period 1974–1999 and for 2000–2012. Growth for the latter period is negative for most of those combinations. Supplemental material for a Microsoft Excel workbook contains the underlying data and several figures and is accessible from the Journal of Forensic Economics website.
15
IQBAL, KAZI, and PARITOSH K. ROY. "CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURE AND MIGRATION: EVIDENCE FROM BANGLADESH." Climate Change Economics 06, no. 02 (May 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007815500062.
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Changes in climatic variables influence households' decision regarding livelihood options and strategies to mitigate income shocks. Migration is one of the most frequently adopted coping strategies that affected people use. This paper studies how the changes in climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall impact migration through agriculture. Using district level data (64 districts) for three inter-census periods (1974–1980, 1981–1990 and 1991–2000), fixed effect (FE) and IV results show that uncertainty about changes in temperature and rainfall impacts migration through agricultural productivity. We found that a one standard deviation decrease in real per capita revenue increases net out-migration rates by 1.4% to 2.4%. The results suggest a predicted increase in rainfall uncertainty would increase net out-migration rates by 20% in 2030 relative to 1990, assuming that there will be no behavioral response from the farmers.
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Perveen, Azra. "Inter-Provincial Migration in Pakistan 1971-1981." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (December 1, 1993): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.725-735.
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The process of international and internal migration involving Pakistan is not a new phenomena as observed in many third world countries. Helbock (1975) studied life-time migrants in the 12 largest cities of Pakistan in 1961. He found that on average, about 15 percent of the residents of these cities had come originally from other districts, the highest rates in these cities showed 30 percent life-time migrants, while the lowest showed 5 percent indicating a wide variation in city growth rate. Irfan (1979) pointed out that internal migration is becoming increasingly long distance and rural urban in orientation in Pakistan. Many other scholars have made valuable contributions to the literature on migration. Details of such studies are found elsewhere [Farooqui and Rukanuddin (1987); Hussain, Afzal and Syed (1965); Ahmad and Abbasi (1981); Shah (1986); Naveed-i-Rahat (1981); Usami (1978); Selier and Nientied (1986); Van Pinxteren (1974)]. Most of the studies (cited above) on internal migration in Pakistan based on census data concentrated on volume and direction and some studies based on sample surveys devoted to patterns and causes of mobility in the country. Although all of these studies provide useful estimates, none of them gives a broad analysis of provincial level figures by age and sex characteristics of the migrants during the intercensal period, which could be used by the planners, policy-makers and administrators.
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Maslauskaitė, Aušra, Dalia Leinartė, and Irma Dirsytė. "Families of the Past: Was the North-Western European Household System Prevalent in the 19th Century Lithuania?" Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 2, no. 49 (August 22, 2022): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2021.2.33.
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The paper analyzes family and household types in the mid. 19th century Vilnius and Kaunas gubernijy. The research is based on the large-scale dataset composed of the archival census-like listings of individuals by family units and defined as inventories. The dataset covers the inventories from 1847 and it includes around 20 thousand individuals. Based on the Hammel and Laslett (1974) methodology the research identifies nuclear, extended, and multiple-family households. The research is guided by Hajnal’s (1982) theory on the North-Western and Eastern European household systems. The former could be characterized by the dominance of the nuclear family households. Empirical analysis proves that around 40 percent of all households were nuclear family households. On the other hand, multiple-family households were not dominant. Thus, the main findings corroborate the idea that there was a transitional zone between the Eastern and North-Western household systems in the western part of the tsarist Russian empire.
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Bauleo, Lisa, Stefania Massari, Claudio Gariazzo, Paola Michelozzi, Luca Dei Bardi, Nicolas Zengarini, Sara Maio, et al. "Sector of Employment and Mortality: A Cohort Based on Different Administrative Archives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 5767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105767.
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Administrative data can be precious in connecting information from different sectors. For the first time, we used data from the National Social Insurance Agency (INPS) to investigate the association between the occupational sectors and both non-accidental and accidental mortality. We retrieved information on occupational sectors from 1974 to 2011 for private sector workers included in the 2011 census cohort of Rome. We classified the occupational sectors into 25 categories and analyzed occupational exposure as ever/never have been employed in a sector or as the lifetime prevalent sector. We followed the subjects from the census reference day (9 October 2011) to 31 December 2019. We calculated age-standardized mortality rates for each occupational sector, separately in men and women. We used Cox regression to investigate the association between the occupational sectors and mortality, producing hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). We analyzed 910,559 30+-year-olds (53% males) followed for 7 million person-years. During the follow-up, 59,200 and 2560 died for non-accidental and accidental causes, respectively. Several occupational sectors showed high mortality risks in men in age-adjusted models: food and tobacco production with HR = 1.16 (95%CI: 1.09–8.22), metal processing (HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.21–11.8), footwear and wood (HR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.11–1.28), construction (HR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.12–1.18), hotels, camping, bars, and restaurants (HR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.11–1.21) and cleaning (HR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.33–1.52). In women, the sectors that showed higher mortality than the others were hotels, camping, bars, and restaurants (HR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.10–1.25) and cleaning services (HR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.17–1.30). Metal processing and construction sectors showed elevated accidental mortality risks in men. Social Insurance Agency data have the potential to characterize high-risk sectors and identify susceptible groups in the population.
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Msimang, Veerle, Peter N. Thompson, Petrus Jansen van Vuren, Stefano Tempia, Claudia Cordel, Joe Kgaladi, Jimmy Khosa, et al. "Rift Valley Fever Virus Exposure amongst Farmers, Farm Workers, and Veterinary Professionals in Central South Africa." Viruses 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020140.
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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a re-emerging arboviral disease of public health and veterinary importance in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Major RVF epidemics were documented in South Africa in 1950–1951, 1974–1975, and 2010–2011. The number of individuals infected during these outbreaks has, however, not been accurately estimated. A total of 823 people in close occupational contact with livestock were interviewed and sampled over a six-month period in 2015–2016 within a 40,000 km2 study area encompassing parts of the Free State and Northern Cape provinces that were affected during the 2010–2011 outbreak. Seroprevalence of RVF virus (RVFV) was 9.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI95%): 7.2–11.5%) in people working or residing on livestock or game farms and 8.0% in veterinary professionals. The highest seroprevalence (SP = 15.4%; CI95%: 11.4–20.3%) was detected in older age groups (≥40 years old) that had experienced more than one known large epidemic compared to the younger participants (SP = 4.3%; CI95%: 2.6–7.3%). The highest seroprevalence was in addition found in people who injected animals, collected blood samples (Odds ratio (OR) = 2.3; CI95%: 1.0–5.3), slaughtered animals (OR = 3.9; CI95%: 1.2–12.9) and consumed meat from an animal found dead (OR = 3.1; CI95%: 1.5–6.6), or worked on farms with dams for water storage (OR = 2.7; CI95%: 1.0–6.9). We estimated the number of historical RVFV infections of farm staff in the study area to be most likely 3849 and 95% credible interval between 2635 and 5374 based on seroprevalence of 9.1% and national census data. We conclude that human RVF cases were highly underdiagnosed and heterogeneously distributed. Improving precautions during injection, sample collection, slaughtering, and meat processing for consumption, and using personal protective equipment during outbreaks, could lower the risk of RVFV infection.
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Warami, Hugo, and Elisabeth Lenny Marit. "Characteristics, Fertility, And Mortality Of The Population In Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua Province." International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 17, 2022): 728–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v3i2.340.
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This article aims to reveal the characteristics, fertility, and mortality of the population in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua Province. This study applies two approaches, namely (1) a theoretical approach and (2) a methodological approach. The theoretical approach is an exploration of the sociological theory of fertility (Davis and Blake, 1974) and the economic theory of fertility (Becker, 1976), while the methodological approach is a descriptive approach with an explanative dimension. Based on a demographic perspective, this research applies scientific principles to population data, as well as adapts the steps of scientific studies in other fields of science. This study follows the procedures of (1) providing data, (2) analyzing data, and (3) presenting the results of data analysis. The data used in this study are derived from primary data and secondary data. Primary data are in the form of data derived from the results of the Census of Indigenous Papuans (OAP) of Teluk Bintuni Regency, which was conducted by the author in 2019, and secondary data, which are derived from the data published by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of West Papua Province and Teluk Bintuni Region. This article focuses on the efforts to reveal the “Characteristics, Fertility, and Mortality of the Population in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua Province”.
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Khan, Akhtar Hssan. "1998 Census: The Results and Implications." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.481-493.
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The 1998 Census was the fifth nation-wide census to be held in Pakistan. The earlier censuses were held in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. It was the British colonial administrators who started the tradition of holding nation-wide decennial censuses in the year beginning with digit 1. Regular censuses were held in British India from 1881 to 1941. Pakistan continued with this tradition and conducted its national censuses in 1951 and 1961. The 1971 census was postponed due to civil war leading to the separation of East Pakistan. But it was promptly held in the following year in 1972. The 1981 census was held on time in March 1981, preceded by the Housing Census in December 1980. The present author was the Census Commissioner at that time.
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Seliverstov, Vyacheslav. "Scientist, mentor, teacher (for the 90th anniversary of Aleksandr Solomonovich Mikhlin’s birth) [16.02.1930–30.10.2007]." International penitentiary journal 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33463/2712-7737.2019.01(1-3).3.212-219.
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This article is dedicated to the memory of ScD (Law), Professor, Honored scientist of the RSFSR Aleksandr Solomonovich Mikhlin and to the 90th anniversary of his birth. Aleksandr Solomonovich Mikhlin was born in Moscow on February 16, 1930. In 1951, he graduated from the Moscow law Institute, after which he worked as a legal adviser in the system of the Ministry of Railways. In 1954, he entered the full-time postgraduate course of the All-Union Institute of Legal Sciences of the Ministry of Justice of the USSR. In 1959, he defended his PhD thesis on the topic “Consequences of crime in Soviet criminal law” (under the scientific supervision of a well-known scientist in the field of criminal and correctional labor law, ScD (Law), Professor B. S. Utevskiy). After the defense, he worked for some time as a legal adviser, and in 1962–1965 as a scientific Secretary of the Research Institute of Technology and Chemistry. In 1965 he joined the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of public order protection at the Ministry of public order of the RSFSR, which later was reorganized into All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the MIA of the USSR (all-Russian Research Institute of the MIA of Russia), where he worked the rest of his life. Since the end of the 60s (with the participation and also under the leadership of A. S. Mikhlin) for 30 years (in 1970, 1975, 1979, 1989, 1994, 1999) the work to prepare and conduct special censuses of convicts was carried out. A huge amount of unique information was obtained on persons sentenced to various punishments, as well as on suspects and accused for committing crimes in custody. Based on the materials of a special census in the late 60s, A. S. Mikhlin began working on his ScD thesis, which was defended in 1974 on the topic “The Identity of convicts sentenced to imprisonment and the problems of their correction and re-education”. After 1997 A. S. Mikhlin became involved in interpretation and explanation of newly adopted legal acts. Under his scientific supervision and direct participation, scientific and practical comments of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Penal Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal law on detention of suspects and accused for committing crimes, and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation were prepared and published. Thematic judicial collections of current decisions of the Plenums of the Supreme Courts of the USSR, the RSFSR, and the Russian Federation, as well as textbooks on criminal law, penal law, and criminal procedure, were very popular. Three editions of the monograph on the death penalty were also published (in Moscow in 1997 and 2000, and in London in 1999, in English). In total, Professor A. S. Mikhlin published more than 550 scientific papers, more than 1000 printed pages, including more than 100 monographs, textbooks, commentaries, manuals on criminal and correctional labor (penal) law in various publications in Russia, the former Soviet Union Republics, as well as in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Germany, and Bulgaria.
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Aritra Chakraborty, Chandra Shekhar Sarkar,. "Comparative Study of Male Female Disparity in Literacy of Purulia and North 24 Parganas District in West Bengal." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1055.
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The present article focuses on a comparative study of the male-female disparity in literacy of two districts Purulia and North 24 Parganas in West Bengal, India. The Census data of 2011 has been used in this regard. The literacy rate has been calculated for the population above six-year, and Sopher’s Disparity index (1974) has been applied to measure the male-female disparity in literacy. The study examines the block-level male-female disparity in literacy among non-Schedule Caste (none-SC ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The study highlights that North 24 Parganas is far ahead in terms of literacy than Purulia district. However, there is wide variation in block-level male-female disparity in literacy among the three-caste groups in both the districts. In block-level, the Bundwan block of Purulia district and Barasat-I and Deganga block of North 24 Parganas district occupies a remarkable place in terms of the male-female disparity in literacy among each three-caste group. Conversely, Jhalda-II block in Purulia and Hingalganj block of North 24 Parganas is the most backward block in terms of the male-female disparity in literacy among the all-caste groups. Although the Central and the State Government have taken various schemes to enhance literacy rates and eliminated the male-female disparity in education, more suitable steps need to be followed to implement appropriate measures towards education, especially for the women and other marginalised sections of the society.
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Pimentel, Thiago Duarte, Mariana Pereira Chaves Pimentel, and Fabíola Cristina Costa de Carvalho. "Sociology of Education in Tourism: an Analysis of the Educational Offer Programs in Tourism in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico by the Lens of the Knowledge Sociology." Revista Rosa dos Ventos - Turismo e Hospitalidade 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 926–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/21789061.v12i4p926.
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This article analyses postgraduate Tourism programs [masters and doctorate] in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. The research is theoretically based on the sociology of knowledge, area that deals with the material conditions of production of scientific knowledge (Merton, 1974). In particular, the objective was to analyse the distribution of the educational offer in Tourism, at the postgraduate level, from its collective structures [university, bureaucracy, research groups], its characteristics and its functions, in order to identify which conditions these structures provide the scientific knowledge production process, based on the analysis of the subsystems of higher education in Tourism in each country. Methodologically, the research followed the mixed method, being quantitative and qualitative, conducted through a census of educational offer in tourism at postgraduate level in locus, from which derived a quantitative analysis on the structure and configuration [thematic areas, objectives, study plans, faculty, alumni profile, and research groups/projects] of these systems, followed by a qualitative analysis of course content [syllabus] itself. The results show to be recent creation of such an offer - the majority of programs have less than 10 years of existence. There is also a significant disproportionation in all countries in relation to the offer of graduation; besides being heterogeneous and its incipient knowledge production. Therefore, there are significant differences in education systems, policy orientations, and the objectives of educational institutions to define postgraduate Tourism education offerings differently in these countries.
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Ellis, Mark, and Richard Wright. "When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting Arrivals of the Foreign Born Using the U.S. Census." International Migration Review 32, no. 1 (March 1998): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200106.
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This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985–1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 censue reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975–1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975–1980 and 1985–1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975–1980 and 1985–1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born.
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Мір Фарук Агамад, Гаснаїн Імтіаз, and Хан Азизуддин. "Kashmiri: A Phonological Sketch." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2018.5.2.mir.
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Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India and in some parts of Pakistan. Some phonological and morphological features of this language make it peculiar among Indo-Aryan languages. This write-up provides a phonological sketch of Kashmiri. The description of Vowels and Consonants is given in order to build a general idea of the phonological system of the language. The process of nasalization is phonemic in Kashmiri. The aim of this write-up is to describe and show all the phonological features of the language, particularly those that are uniquely found in this language. In addition, an attempt has been made to describe and explain the various phonological processes such as Palatalization, Epenthesis and Elision, which occur in Kashmiri. All such processes are described with appropriate examples and the data comprising of lexemes and sounds for examples is primary data used by the author who is a native speaker of the language. Given to the peculiar features of this language, the process of homonymy, which is homographic in nature, is described with appropriate examples.
References
Bhaskararao, P., Hassan, S., Naikoo, I. A., Wani, N. H., T. A., & Ganai, P. A. (2009). A Phonetic Study of Kashmiri Palatalization. In M. e. Minegishi, Field Research, Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Informatics (pp. 1-17). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Bhat, R. N. (2008). Palatalization : a note on Kashmiri morphophonology. Retrieved 11 14, 2018, from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/6383970/Palatalization_A_Note_on_ Kashmiri_Morphophonology
Chomsky, N., & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row .
Crowley, T. (1997). An introduction to historical linguistics. Oxford: oxford University Press.
Fussman, G. (1972). Atlas linguistique des pariers Dardes et Kafirs. Paris: Ecole Francaise d'Etreme-Orient.
Grierson, G. A. (1973). A standard manual of Kashmiri language (Vol. 2). Rohtak: Light and Life Publishers. Grierson, G. A. (1919). Linguistic Survey of India. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing.
Kachru, B. B. (1969). Kashmiri and other Dardic languages. (T. A. Sebeok, Ed.) Current Trends in Linguistics, 5, 284-306.
Kak, A. A. (2002). Languange maintenance and language shift in Srinagar. New delhi: Unpublished Phd dissertation, University of Delhi.
Kak, A. A., & O. F. (2009). Nasality of Kashmiri vowels in Optimality theory. Nepalese Linguistics, 4, 61-68.
Koul, O. N. (1996). On the standardization of Kashmiri script. In S. I. Hasnain (Ed.), Standardization and Modernization: Dynamics of Language Planning (pp. 269-278). New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Koul, O. N., & Wali, K. (2006). Modern Kashmiri grammar. Springfield: Dunwoody Press.
Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the worls's languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
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Mir, F. A. (2014). Acquisition of deixis among Kashmiri speaking children of 4-5 years of age. Department of Linguistics Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Aligarh: Unpublished M.Phil Thesis.
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Shakil, M. (2012). Academia. Retrieved 11 15, 2018, from Languages of erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir: a preliminary study: https://www.academia.edu/6485567/Languages_of_ Erstwhile_State_of_Jammu_Kashmir_A_Preliminary_Study_?auto=download
Wheeler, M. W. (2005). Cluster reduction: Deletion or Coalescence? Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 4, 57-82. Retrieved 11 2018, from https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Catalan Journal/article/view/39481
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Simpson, Ludi, Tom Wilson, and Fiona Shalley. "The Shelf Life of Official Sub-National Population Forecasts in England." Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 13, no. 3 (November 21, 2019): 715–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09325-3.
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AbstractWe measure the empirical distribution of the accuracy of projected population in sub-national areas of England, developing the concept of ‘shelf life’: the furthest horizon for which the subsequent best estimate of population is within 10% of the forecast, for at least 80% of areas projected. Since local government reorganisation in 1974, the official statistics agency has projected the population of each local government area in England: for 108 areas in nine forecasts up to the 1993-based, and for over 300 areas in 10 forecasts from the 1996-based to the 2014-based forecasts. By comparing the published forecast (we use this term rather than projection) with the post-census population estimates, the empirical distribution of errors has been described. It is particularly dependent on the forecast horizon and the type of local authority. For 10-year forecasts the median absolute percentage error has been 7% for London Boroughs and 3% for Shire Districts. Users of forecasts tend to have in mind a horizon and a required accuracy that is of relevance to their application. A shelf life of 10 years is not sufficient if the user required that accuracy of a forecast 15 years ahead. The relevant effective shelf life deducts the user’s horizon. We explore the empirical performance of official sub-national forecasts in this light. A five-year forecast for London Boroughs requiring 10% accuracy is already beyond its effective shelf life by the time it is published. Collaboration between forecasters and users of forecasts can develop information on uncertainty that is useful to planning.
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Nilsson, Leif. "Changes in numbers and habitat utilization of wintering Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus in Sweden 1964—1977." Ornis Svecica 7, no. 3–4 (October 1, 1997): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v7.22966.
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A country-wide survey of wintering Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus was undertaken in south Sweden in January 1995 as part of an international census of the species. The paper reports on this census and analyses Whooper Swan counts from earlier International Waterfowl Census data to elucidate changes in numbers and habitat utilization of the swans. A marked increase in the number of Whooper Swans was found between the first country-wide surveys in the early 1970s and 1995, when the winter population was estimated to be at least 8,000. The increase is not reflected in the midwinter indices, calculated from the International Waterfowl Census data, due to an increasing tendency of the Whooper Swans to feed on land in the southernmost part of the country. In January 1995, nearly 60% of the Whooper Swans in Scania were found on fields, mainly rape and winter wheat, whereas in the other parts of the country the majority of swans still utilised water areas. Earlier in the season the Whooper Swans in Scania also used sugar beet spill for feeding. The field-feeding habit started in the 1970s.
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Grundy, Emily. "Retirement Migration and its Consequences in England and Wales." Ageing and Society 7, no. 1 (March 1987): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00012290.
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ABSTRACTAnalyses are presented of data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) Longitudinal Study; a record linkage study in which one per cent of the 1971 Census population has been followed up using routinely collected demographic data. The data set includes the 1981 Census records of sample members. The results show that between 1970–1 and 1980–1 there was a fall in migration in the retirement age groups. In both periods there were differentials in rates of migration, particularly between counties, according to variables such as tenure, economic position and Social Class. Tenure, marital status and economic position were together good predictors of male retirement migration 1970–1 but not of 1980–1 migration. The drop in migration rates between the two periods was greatest among the younger retired and owner occupiers.
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Ohlsen, Timothy James Daeeun, David R. Doody, Arti D. Desai, Beth A. Mueller, and Eric Jessen Chow. "Population-based impact of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage on pediatric cancer mortality in Washington State." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 6537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.6537.
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6537 Background: Emerging evidence suggests mortality among children with cancer differs based on socioeconomic factors. The effects of residential location in relation to these factors are not well-characterized. We examined associations of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic (SE) disadvantage with mortality in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Washington State (WA) Cancer Registry data (1992-2013) linked to state birth (1974-2013) and death records (1992-2013) to identify all children born in WA diagnosed with cancer < 20 years. We defined rural residence as patient addresses within 2010 census tract level rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes of ≥4.0 at diagnosis. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage was determined using 2010 census block-group level Area Deprivation Index (ADI) quintiles normalized to WA. Patient addresses within the highest ADI quintile were categorized as having SE disadvantage. children in four mutually exclusive groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis, pairwise log rank testing, and Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR): non-rural with SE disadvantage, rural without SE disadvantage, rural with SE disadvantage, and non-rural without SE disadvantage (). Models were adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis, birth year, and cancer type. Results: We identified 4,417 children for analysis. Median length of follow up among survivors was 5.0 years (inter-quartile range: 1.0-11.5). SE disadvantaged and 13% were rural. Pairwise log rank tests showed mortality differences among children living in rural, SE disadvantaged, or rural and SE disadvantaged neighborhoods when compared with children without either factor (individual p-values all < 0.005); no other differences were noted. Relative to children in non-rural areas without SE disadvantage, the mortality HR for those in non-rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.68 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.37-2.07). The HR for children in rural areas without SE disadvantage was 1.59 (95% CI 1.19-2.12). The HR for children in rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.56 (95% CI 1.20-2.03). In sub-analyses, associations for rurality and SE disadvantage remained significant for leukemia mortality, but CNS and solid tumor mortality was only associated with SE disadvantage (but not rural) status. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia mortality was associated with rural (but not SE disadvantage) status. Conclusions: Children with cancer living in socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or rural neighborhoods at diagnosis had higher mortality relative to those in non-rural areas with lower neighborhood deprivation. Associations varied by disease type. The individual effects of SE disadvantage and rurality suggest that interventions should be designed to target both factors.
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Ohlsen, Timothy James Daeeun, David R. Doody, Arti D. Desai, Beth A. Mueller, and Eric Jessen Chow. "Population-based impact of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage on pediatric cancer mortality in Washington State." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 6537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.6537.
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6537 Background: Emerging evidence suggests mortality among children with cancer differs based on socioeconomic factors. The effects of residential location in relation to these factors are not well-characterized. We examined associations of rurality and neighborhood-level socioeconomic (SE) disadvantage with mortality in pediatric patients with cancer. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Washington State (WA) Cancer Registry data (1992-2013) linked to state birth (1974-2013) and death records (1992-2013) to identify all children born in WA diagnosed with cancer < 20 years. We defined rural residence as patient addresses within 2010 census tract level rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes of ≥4.0 at diagnosis. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage was determined using 2010 census block-group level Area Deprivation Index (ADI) quintiles normalized to WA. Patient addresses within the highest ADI quintile were categorized as having SE disadvantage. children in four mutually exclusive groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis, pairwise log rank testing, and Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR): non-rural with SE disadvantage, rural without SE disadvantage, rural with SE disadvantage, and non-rural without SE disadvantage (). Models were adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis, birth year, and cancer type. Results: We identified 4,417 children for analysis. Median length of follow up among survivors was 5.0 years (inter-quartile range: 1.0-11.5). SE disadvantaged and 13% were rural. Pairwise log rank tests showed mortality differences among children living in rural, SE disadvantaged, or rural and SE disadvantaged neighborhoods when compared with children without either factor (individual p-values all < 0.005); no other differences were noted. Relative to children in non-rural areas without SE disadvantage, the mortality HR for those in non-rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.68 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.37-2.07). The HR for children in rural areas without SE disadvantage was 1.59 (95% CI 1.19-2.12). The HR for children in rural areas with SE disadvantage was 1.56 (95% CI 1.20-2.03). In sub-analyses, associations for rurality and SE disadvantage remained significant for leukemia mortality, but CNS and solid tumor mortality was only associated with SE disadvantage (but not rural) status. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia mortality was associated with rural (but not SE disadvantage) status. Conclusions: Children with cancer living in socioeconomically disadvantaged and/or rural neighborhoods at diagnosis had higher mortality relative to those in non-rural areas with lower neighborhood deprivation. Associations varied by disease type. The individual effects of SE disadvantage and rurality suggest that interventions should be designed to target both factors.
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Ohlsen, Timothy James Daeeun, David Doody, David H. Noyd, Arti D. Desai, Wendy M. Leisenring, Beth A. Mueller, and Eric Jessen Chow. "Inpatient healthcare utilization in the first year following a childhood cancer diagnosis: A population-based analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): 11138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.11138.
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11138 Background: Children with cancer may require substantial healthcare resources during treatment, including inpatient care. Hospital utilization patterns at the population level, and factors associated with higher utilization, are not well-described. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of Washington State (WA) cancer registry data (1992-2013) linked to state birth (1974-2013), death (1992-2013), and hospital discharge (1992-2013) records to identify all WA children diagnosed with cancer <20 years. We examined hospitalization frequency and total inpatient bed days in the year after cancer diagnosis. To evaluate factors associated with outcomes of interest, we constructed multivariable negative binomial regression models of children with ≥1 inpatient admission, calculating incidence rate ratios (IRR). Covariates included rural residence (binary; census tract rural-urban commuting area codes), high neighborhood deprivation (binary; state-normative census block group Area Deprivation Index [ADI]), sex, race/ethnicity, diagnosis age, birth year, and cancer type (per International Classification of Childhood Cancer). Due to differences in utilization by cancer type, we also examined children in subanalyses with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphomas, and solid (including central nervous system [CNS]) tumors. Results: 2,231 children (mean diagnosis age 7.2 years; 68% diagnosed since 2000) had 12,833 inpatient encounters. In the year after diagnosis, children had a median of 4 (IQR 2-8) hospitalizations/year at-risk, and 21 (IQR 8-54) inpatient days (median length of stay 4 days [IQR 2-6]). In multivariable analysis, high ADI (IRR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.21), but not rural residence (IRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.85-1.05), was associated with greater hospitalization frequency. Female sex was associated with lower frequency (IRR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88-1.00). In analysis of total inpatient days, high ADI (IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.29) and Hispanic ethnicity (IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13-1.51) were independently associated with greater inpatient days. In subanalysis of patients with ALL (N=497), associations between inpatient days and ADI (IRR 1.18, 95% CI 0.99-1.40) and Hispanic ethnicity (IRR 1.01, 0.84-1.23) were no longer significant. For lymphoma (N=259), associations were similar but also no longer significant (ADI IRR 1.14, 95% CI 0.78-1.71; Hispanic IRR 1.26, 95% CI 0.79-2.10). Among patients with solid/CNS tumors (N=1,151), associations with Hispanic ethnicity remained significant (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.19-1.80), but not ADI (IRR 1.11, 95% CI 0.95-1.30). Conclusions: Children with cancer spend considerable time inpatient during the year after diagnosis. Disparities in hospital utilization mirror some known disparities in childhood cancer survival. Initiatives to alleviate systemic disadvantages may reduce inpatient utilization for some groups.
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Carvalheiro, Clarisse D. G., and Amábile R. X. Manço. "Mortalidade feminina no período reprodutivo em localidade urbana da região sudeste do Brasil: evolução nos últimos 20 Anos." Revista de Saúde Pública 26, no. 4 (August 1992): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101992000400005.
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Estudou-se o comportamento da mortalidade na mulher de 15 a 49 anos, no período 1985 a 1989 comparando-o a 1970 a 1974, no Município de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil). Os dados de óbitos foram obtidos nos Cartórios de Registro Civil e os de população estimados a partir dos 2 últimos censos. Analisou-se a mortalidade segundo procedência, estado civil, 7 grupos etários qüinqüenais e causas, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (9ª Revisão, 1975). Ocorreram 1.471 óbitos no período, sendo 705 os de residentes. As 4 principais causas de morte em ordem decrescente, foram: doenças do aparelho circulatório, neoplasmas, lesões e envenenamentos e doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. Os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade segundo grupos etários qüinqüenais, aumentam de modo geral com o avançar da idade, porém com valores menores que os da década anterior, particularmente aqueles codificados no Capítulo I. Os indicadores estudados mostram tendência ao declínio das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias e aumento concomitante das doenças crônico-degenerativas, ou seja, a ocorrência de uma transição epidemiológica vinculada às contradições inerentes ao estado atual de desenvolvimento do país.
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Waldenström, Jonas, Patrik Rhönnstad, and Dennis Hasselquist. "Habitat preferences and population trends in the Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria in the Ottenby area, southeast Sweden." Ornis Svecica 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v14.22791.
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We performed a detailed census of the breeding population of Barred Warblers Sylvia nisoria in the Ottenby area on the southernmost part of the island Öland, SE Sweden, in the years 1999 and 2000. The number of territories in the study area was similar to the census conducted in 1971—1975, although the distribution of territories had changed. In 1999—2000 most territories were located in the grazed Alvar habitat (a limestone rich steppe found on some island in the southern Baltic Sea) in the north part of the study area, whereas areas in which grazing had ceased since 1971—1975 had been more or less abandoned. Data from the standardized trappings at Ottenby Bird Observatory showed no significant changes in the annual number of trapped juvenile Barred Warblers, also suggesting a stable population size. We investigated the vegetation (species composition and spatial structure) in occupied territories and compared these with randomly distributed plots in the same habitats. Occupied territories were overall more spatially varied, with a large proportion of the vegetation consisting of low and middle-sized bushes. We also use these habitat preference data to outline management advice for this rather uncommon species with fragmented distribution pattern.
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Bergerud, Arthur T., W. J. Dalton, H. Butler, L. Camps, and R. Ferguson. "Woodland caribou persistence and extirpation in relic populations on Lake Superior." Rangifer 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.27.4.321.
Full textAbstract:
Extended: The hypothesis was proposed that woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in North America had declined due to wolf predation and over-hunting rather than from a shortage of winter lichens (Bergerud, 1974). In 1974, two study areas were selected for testing: for the lichen hypothesis, we selected the Slate Islands in Lake Superior (36 km2), a closed canopy forest without terrestrial lichens, wolves, bears, or moose; for the predation hypothesis, we selected the nearby Pukaskwa National Park (PNP) where terrestrial lichens, wolves, bears, and moose were present. Both areas were monitored from 1974 to 2003 (30 years). The living and dead caribou on the Slates were estimated by the ‘King census’ strip transect (mean length 108±9.3 km, extremes 22-190, total 3026 km) and the Lincoln Index (mean tagged 45±3.6, extremes 15-78). The mean annual population on the Slate Islands based on the strip transects was 262±22 animals (extremes 104-606), or 7.3/km2 (29 years) and from the Lincoln Index 303±64 (extremes 181-482), or 8.4/km2 (23 years). These are the highest densities in North America and have persisted at least since 1949 (56 years). Mountain maple (Acer spicatum) interacted with caribou density creating a record in its age structure which corroborates persistence at relatively high density from c. 1930. The mean percentage of calves was 14.8±0.34% (20 years) in the fall and 14.1±1.95% (19 years) in late winter. The Slate Islands herd was regulated by the density dependent abundance of summer green foods and fall physical condition rather than density independent arboreal lichen availability and snow depths. Two wolves (1 wolf/150 caribou) crossed to the islands in 1993-94 and reduced two calf cohorts (3 and 4.9 per cent calves) while female adult survival declined from a mean of 82% to 71% and the population declined ≈100 animals. In PNP, caribou/moose/wolf populations were estimated by aerial surveys (in some years assisted by telemetry). The caribou population estimates ranged from 31 in 1979 to 9 in 2003 (Y=1267 - 0.628X, r=-0.783, n=21, P<0.01) and extirpation is forecast in 2018. Animals lived within 3 km of Lake Superior (Bergerud, 1985) with an original density of 0.06/km2, similar to many other woodland herds coexisting with wolves (Bergerud, 1992), and 100 times less than the density found on the Slate Islands. The mean moose population was 0.25±0.016/km2 and the wolf population averaged 8.5±0.65/1000 km2. Late winter calf percentages in PNP averaged 16.2±1.89 (25 years); the population was gradually reduced by winter wolf predation (Bergerud, 1989; 1996). The refuge habitat available is apparently insufficient for persistence in an area where the continuous distribution of woodland caribou is fragmented due to moose exceeding 0.10/km2 and thereby supporting wolf densities ≥6.5/1000 km2. A second experimental study was to introduce Slate Island caribou to areas with and without wolves. A release to Bowman Island, where wolves and moose were present, failed due to predation. Bowman Island is adjacent to St. Ignace Island where caribou had persisted into the late 1940s. A second release in 1989 to the mainland in Lake Superior Provincial Park of 39 animals has persisted (<10 animals) because the animals utilize off-shore islands but numbers are also declining. A third release to Montréal Island in 1984 doubled in numbers (up to 20 animals) until Lake Superior froze in 1994 and wolves reached the island. A fourth release was to Michipicoten Island (188 km2) in 1982 where wolves were absent and few lichens were available. This herd increased at λ= 1.18 (8 to ±200, 160 seen 2001) in 19 years. This was the island envisioned for the crucial test of the lichen/predation hypotheses (Bergerud, 1974: p.769). These studies strongly support the idea that ecosystems without predators are limited bottom–up by food and those with wolves top-down by predation; however the proposed crucial test which has been initiated on Michipicoten Island remains to be completed and there is a limited window of opportunity for unequivocal results.
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Otero, Hernán. "Representaciones estadísticas de la vejez. Argentina, 1869-1947." Revista Latinoamericana de Población 7, no. 13 (December 20, 2013): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31406/relap2013.v7.i2.n13.1.
Full textAbstract:
El texto estudia las representaciones estadísticas de la vejez presentes en los cuatro primeros censos nacionales de población de la Argentina (1869, 1895, 1914 y 1947). Para ello, indaga las clasificaciones propuestas para definir y segmentar las etapas de la vida humana (desde la niñez hasta la vejez), los debates en torno a la edad de inicio de la vejez y las percepciones positivas o negativas sobre esa etapa. La exégesis de los mecanismos de construcción del discurso censal (preguntas en el terreno, elaboración de cuadros, construcción de clasificaciones y comentarios) permite percibir las influencias teóricas internacionales y la progresiva emergencia del envejecimiento demográfico en tanto problema científico y político. Por último, se reflexiona sobre algunos de los límites de la teoría del envejecimiento (en particular, la asociación entre vejez y niveles de actividad laboral) a partir de su inscripción en la tradición histórica de larga data sobre clases de edad.
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Rapado, José R. "Migraciones regionales y evolución de la ocupación en España." Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, no. 22 (March 14, 2024): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.22.77.
Full textAbstract:
Se utilizan los datos de los censos de 1960, 1970 y 1981 para analizar las tendencias migratorias en España en 1975. Para empezar, se hacen una serie de consideraciones generales para cada provincia en términos de ganancias y pérdidas netas. Después se hace un estudio detallado para cada provincia, relacionando las tendencias migratorias con los cambios experimentados en la estructura ocupacional. Sin insistir en una relación unívoca entre migración y empleo, se evidencia que la crisis económica ha modificado sustancialmente algunos modelos de flujos migratorios. Finalmente se aborda el tema de la emigración interprovincial. En general, Extremadura continúa siendo el lugar de emigración más fuerte, seguida de las dos Castillas, siendo Madrid el mercado de trabajo más atrayente. También se observa que la interrupción de la emigración hacia Europa en 1973 no significó un amuento de la emigración interregional, ya que la crisis económica también afectó a las principales zonas receptoras de emigración en España.
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Hainer, Peter. "Census Definitions and the Politics of Census Information." Practicing Anthropology 7, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.7.3.3l6424085573563q.
Full textAbstract:
Some years ago Paul Bohannan, writing about colonialism in Africa (Africa and Africans, 1964), coined the phrase "working misunderstanding" to characterize the kind of interaction and communication between dominant and encapsulated groups. He argued that the two groups never share "the major elements of their culture[s]," but rather develop "complementary", evaluations of each other's situation, which while allowing for cooperation in certain endeavors are nevertheless marked by mistrust and suspicion; Bohannan argued that communication between groups was therefore "faulty not merely incomplete." This "working misunderstanding" has, consequences not only for the groups involved but for the social scientist trying to determine the nature of the relationships between groups.
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Grundy, Emily. "Migration and fertility behaviour in England and Wales: a record linkage study." Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 4 (October 1986): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000016436.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryRelationships between migration and fertility are examined, using data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study of England and Wales, including linked information from the 1971 and 1981 Censuses and birth registration data for the period 1971–80. The results showed that the proportion moving between the 1971 Census and the first subsequent birth was higher among tenants than owner occupiers, particularly for women in shared accommodation in 1971. The association between tenure and moving was more consistent than the relationship between moving and the husband's social class. Differences in the proportions moving between the censuses were positively associated with fertility in the same period particularly for women in potentially crowded accommodation in 1971. Moving in 1970–71 was not associated with differences in parity progression ratios 1971–81. There were, however, differences in the timing of births, suggesting that long distance migration was associated with a postponement of the first or second child, probably because both longer distance migration and fertility behaviour are associated with other characteristics such as education.
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McDonald, Michael P., and Samuel L. Popkin. "The Myth of the Vanishing Voter." American Political Science Review 95, no. 4 (December 2001): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055400400134.
Full textAbstract:
The apparent decline in voter participation in national elections since 1972 is an illusion created by using the Bureau of the Census estimate of the voting-age population as the denominator of the turnout rate. We construct a more accurate estimate of those eligible to vote, from 1948–2000, using government statistical series to adjust for ineligible but included groups, such as noncitizens and felons, and eligible but excluded groups, such as overseas citizens. We show that the ineligible population, not the nonvoting, has been increasing since 1972. During the 1960s the turnout rate trended downward both nationally and outside the South. Although the average turnout rates for presidential and congressional elections are lower since 1972 than during 1948–70, the only pattern since 1972 is an increased turnout rate in southern congressional elections. While the voting age was lowered to 18 in 1971, the lower turnout rate of young voters accounts for less than one-fourth of reduced voter participation.
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Nilsson, Leif, and Fredrik Haas. "Distribution and numbers of wintering waterbirds in Sweden in 2015 and changes during the last fifty years." Ornis Svecica 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 3–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v26.21854.
Full textAbstract:
The International Waterfowl Census started in Europe in 1967, in Sweden already in 1966. In Sweden, country-wide surveys of the inshore coastal areas were undertaken in 1971–1973, 2004 and 2015 in addition to the annual sample counts. In 2015, the entire coast between the Norwegian border and the northern part of the Stockholm archipelago was covered. The total estimate was 616,000 (excluding seaducks such as Long-tailed duck and scoters), a slight increase since 2004 and a large increase since 1971–1973. Long-term significant increase or little change was recorded for all species but the Longtailed Duck which decreased significantly. The distribution showed marked changes for several species, with larger proportions being found in the Baltic archipelagos in later years. In all EU the seaducks declined whereas most other species were stable or increased. In four diving ducks an increases in Sweden and other northern areas was balanced by decreasing numbers for countries to the south and southwest. Thus population changes in Sweden could be related to milder winters in the northern part of the wintering area.
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DeBats, Donald A. "Hide and Seek: The Historian and Nineteenth-Century Social Accounting." Social Science History 15, no. 4 (1991): 545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021295.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of census undercounts, a familiar political issue for modern groups or instrumentalities that consider themselves underrepresented in the Census Bureau statistics, has only recently attracted attention from historians. While the modern “miss rate” is potentially high among some groups (the reason for the emphasis on the homeless in the 1990 census), the general rate of underenumeration appears to have diminished in recent censuses. The bureau acknowledges a net undercount of 5.6% of the population in 1940; the error declined gradually to an estimated 1.4% in 1980 (Burnham 1986; Anderson 1988; Edmondson 1988).Nineteenth-century censuses no doubt contained more serious errors. Although he did not have underenumeration specifically in mind, the administrator for the 1870 census said that “the censuses of 1850, 1860, and of 1870 are loaded with bad statistics. There are statistics in the census of 1870,I am sorry to say, where some of the results are false to the extent of one-half. They had to be published then, because the law called for it; but I took the liberty of branding them as untrustworthy and in some cases giving the reasons therefore at some length” (quoted in Sharpless and Shortridge 1975: 411). Strikingly modern quarrels surrounded the accuracy of the 1840 Boston and New Orleans censuses, while the errors in the 1870 enumeration of New York City and Philadelphia were sufficient to cause recounts of both cities (ibid. ; Knights 1971: 145).
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Margo, Robert A. "Race, Educational Attainment, and the 1940 Census." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 1 (March 1986): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700045575.
Full textAbstract:
Decreases in the racial schooling gap have been shown to account for one-third of the increase in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970. But the usual measure of the gap, based on census educational attainment data, is flawed. Data on school enrollment rates and months of school attended reveal that schooling levels of blacks born in the late nineteeth century were far lower than census data indicate. With the corrections proposed, the narrowing of the racial schooling gap explains two-thirds of the rise in the black-white income ratio from 1930 to 1970.
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Flores Treviña, María Eugenia, and Brenda Araceli Bustos García. "Descripción diacrónica de la construcción discursiva de discapacidad: los Censos en México / Diachronic description of the discursive construction of “disability”: The Census in Mexico." Pragmática Sociocultural / Sociocultural Pragmatics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soprag-2013-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Resumen Nombrar implica ejercer el poder sobre lo nombrado, involucra coacción y coerción social. La atribución de nombres, adjetivos, designaciones, favorece la taxonomía cognitiva, pero también socio-ideológico-cultural. Cuando una Institución al servicio del Estado nomina, esas denominaciones tienen consecuencias en los sujetos nombrados. En México, a través de las prácticas semiótico- discursivas (Haidar, 1996, 1998, 2006) se llevó a cabo esta edificación del concepto de discapacidad con importantes implicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la construcción discursiva, a través de la historia de la nominación de la discapacidad (Valdés, 1948) para vincular este hecho con el imaginario social de México y revisar las implicaciones socio-ideológicas resultantes (Bourdieu, 2003; Pechêux, 1970; Foucault 1970, 2003; Goffman 1963, 1986). Para efectuar un primer acercamiento, estudiamos los términos con que se designa la discapacidad en los Censos de población y vivienda (Lerner, 2001) realizados por el organismo responsable y sustentamos la exposición del proceso a partir de las propuestas de Lyons (1980) y Serrano (1992) sobre las implicaciones semánticas vinculadas con la designación; de Thiebaut (1990) respecto a la articulación semántica del nombre con la pragmática del texto, y con apoyo en Koike (2002) para la co-construcción del significado.
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Souto, Thales Silveira, and Meri Lourdes Bezzi. "AS METAMORFOSES SOCIOESPACIAIS RESULTANTES DO INCREMENTO DA PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE: UMA ANÁLISE DESTA ATIVIDADE NO MUNICÍPIO DE ITUIUTABA/MG NO PERÍODO DE 1960 A 2013." Sociedade & Natureza 28, no. 2 (August 2016): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-451320160204.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO: A pecuária leiteira obteve considerável crescimento em Ituiutaba/MG a partir da implantação de uma uni dade multinacional processadora de leite no ano de 1974, como também, devido a existência da demanda de outras agroindústrias leiteiras, aumentando a produção de leite em 325.3% no período de 1975 a 2013 (IBGE, 2013). Nesta perspectiva, objetivou-se analisar as transformações socioespaciais resultantes da expansão da produção leiteira em Ituiutaba, no período de 1960 a 2013. Especificamente, buscou-se (a) compreender os entraves referentes ao desenvolvimento deste setor no cenário agropecuário brasileiro; (b) verificar a importância da implantação das unidades industriais processadoras de leite em Ituiutaba para a manutenção e/ou crescimento deste setor produtivo; (c) conhecer a realidade vivenciada pelo produtor leiteiro em Ituiutaba. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em etapas. Na primeira etapa, fez-se o levantamento bibliográfico. Posteriormente, coletou-se dados secundários da produção agropecuária de Ituiutaba na escala temporal de 1960 a 2013, por meio dos Censos Agrícola de 1960 e Agropecuários de 1970, 1980, 1996 e 2006 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE e em demais bancos de dados disponíveis no site do IBGE. A terceira fase relacionou-se ao desenvolvimento do trabalho de campo. Nesta houve a realização de entrevistas com os sujeitos da pesquisa. Na última etapa, analisou-se e interpretou-se as informações coletadas, resultando a compreensão das transformações procedidas do incremento produtivo leiteiro em Ituiutaba.
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Шарма Сушіл Кумар. "The Tower of Babble: Mother Tongue and Multilingualism in India." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.1.sha.
Full textAbstract:
Since ancient times India has been a multilingual society and languages in India have thrived though at times many races and religions came into conflict. The states in modern India were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956 yet in contrast to the European notion of one language one nation, majority of the states have more than one official language. The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) conducted by Grierson between 1866 and 1927 identified 179 languages and 544 dialects. The first post-independence Indian census after (1951) listed 845 languages including dialects. The 1991 Census identified 216 mother tongues were identified while in 2001 their number was 234. The three-language formula devised to maintain the multilingual character of the nation and paying due attention to the importance of mother tongue is widely accepted in the country in imparting the education at primary and secondary levels. However, higher education system in India impedes multilingualism. According the Constitution it is imperative on the “Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India … by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.” However, the books translated into Hindi mainly from English have found favour with neither the students nor the teachers. On the other hand the predominance of English in various competitive examinations has caused social discontent leading to mass protests and cases have been filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court against linguistic imperialism of English and Hindi. The governments may channelize the languages but in a democratic set up it is ultimately the will of the people that prevails. Some languages are bound to suffer a heavy casualty both in the short and long runs in the process.
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Patterson, K. J. "OFF-FARM EMPLOYMENT OF FARM OPERATORS: 1971 CENSUS." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 19, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1971.tb01155.x.
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Queirolo, Graciela. "Muchas pero invisibles: un recorrido por las interpretaciones estadísticas del trabajo femenino en la Argentina, 1914-1960." Anuario del Instituto de Historia Argentina 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): e087. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/2314257xe087.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo se propone revisar el aporte que las estadísticas estatales propusieron para el examen del trabajo femenino asalariado, en especial, se detendrá en el análisis de los censos nacionales de población de 1914, 1947 y 1960. Para ello, recorre críticamente los análisis que presentaron la hipótesis de la curva en U; continúa con análisis que discutieron dicha hipótesis; propone una lectura alternativa de los materiales censales y avanza con una interpretación que pondera las posibilidades y los límites que las fuentes estadísticas aportan para la reconstrucción del pasado.
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Haberman, S., and D. S. F. Bloomfield. "Social class differences in mortality in Great Britain around 1981." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 115, no. 3 (September 1988): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042785.
Full textAbstract:
The Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality published in 1978 commented on mortality differences between the social classes (Chapter 8) using data from the 1971 Census and the deaths in the period 1970–72. The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated. It is proposed here to repeat this exercise using the data for males recently published in microfiche form by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys—OPCS. This time, the Decennial Supplement has omitted to provide an analysis and commentary and we propose to make some attempt to remedy this deficiency. In our analysis, the Decennial Supplement data have been supplemented by data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study.
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Rizzo, Alexandra E., Wagner F. Magalhães, and Cinthya S. G. Santos. "Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914 (Polychaeta) in the South Atlantic: morphology, three new species and five new records." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 6 (September 15, 2015): 1265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415001381.
Full textAbstract:
LacydoniaMarion & Bobretzky in Marion, 1874 is the only known genus in Lacydoniidae Bergström, 1914, which is composed of small polychaetes scarcely sampled. Studies on the biology and ecology of this group are rare and most species descriptions are based on one or a few specimens. There are 13 nominal species from different parts of the world. We revise herein the morphological characters used for species description on the basis of a lacydoniid assemblage collected in Campos Basin, Southern Brazil. Material was obtained in two sampling campaigns during the Project Habitats/Petrobras – Heterogeneidade Ambiental da Bacia de Campos, coordinated by CENPES/Petrobras. Lacydoniids were collected from the continental shelf, canyons and slope, at depths from 25 to 2500 m. This polychaete family is recorded for the first time in Brazilian waters, three new species are described and all others are new records to the South Atlantic. The new species areLacydonia anapaulaesp. nov.,L. brasiliensissp. nov. andL. jackisp. nov. Newly recorded species areL. cirrata(Hartman & Fauchald, 1971),L. laureciLaubier, 1975,L. mirandaMarion & Bobretzky in Marion, 1874,L. oculata(Hartman, 1967) andL. cf.papillataUschakov, 1958. An updated key to all described species ofLacydoniais included.