Relevant bibliographies by topics / Census of India, 1961

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Census of India, 1961'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Khan, Akhtar Hssan. "1998 Census: The Results and Implications." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (1998): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.481-493.

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The 1998 Census was the fifth nation-wide census to be held in Pakistan. The earlier censuses were held in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. It was the British colonial administrators who started the tradition of holding nation-wide decennial censuses in the year beginning with digit 1. Regular censuses were held in British India from 1881 to 1941. Pakistan continued with this tradition and conducted its national censuses in 1951 and 1961. The 1971 census was postponed due to civil war leading to the separation of East Pakistan. But it was promptly held in the following year in 1972. The 1981 census was held on time in March 1981, preceded by the Housing Census in December 1980. The present author was the Census Commissioner at that time.
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Kumar, Vikas. "Census laws and the quality of census data: The limits of punitive legislation1." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (2020): 1143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200651.

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Most discussions on data quality overlook the legal framework within which data are collected. This paper examines India’s Census Act, 1948 that provides the legal framework for conducting population censuses. The Act stipulates punishment for interfering with the process of enumeration but the punitive provisions have not been invoked to deal with cases of widespread manipulation of census. Major instances of manipulation were reported in 1951 and 2001 after the government introduced additional punitive measures in 1948 and 1994, respectively. The paper identifies the structural flaws of the Census Act, 1948 vis-à-vis manipulation. It compares the Act with other Indian laws on the collection of statistics and census laws of other common law countries. It shows that fines are very small compared to per capita income in most countries and yet violators are rarely fined. The paper uses simple games to explain why the punitive provisions might be redundant and suggests that the problem of interference with government statistics can possibly be addressed without recourse to law. The insights drawn from the games are examined in light of the experience of Nagaland and other states of India where census statistics were affected by widespread manipulation in the recent decades.
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Vartak, Kalyani, Chinmay Tumbe, and Amita Bhide. "Mass Migration from Rural India: A Restudy of Kunkeri Village in Konkan, Maharashtra, 1961–1987–2017." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 31, no. 1 (2018): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260107918776563.

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This article examines a particular village—Kunkeri—in Konkan, Maharashtra, characterized by persistent mass outmigration for over five decades, by combining a field study in 2017 with detailed ethnographic and statistical baseline data collected by the Census of India in 1961 and 1987. It documents the increase in outmigration rates, catch-up in outmigration intensities by the lowest castes to those of the upper castes, diversification of household migration strategies and outmigrants’ occupations, the lessening of single-male migration strategies, the presence of a diasporic association and the growing significance of commuting and migration for education. Yet, despite mass outmigration and a general rise in the standard of living across castes, we observe strong continuity in the distribution of castes and land ownership structures within Kunkeri. These findings point to both the transformative and status-quo preserving features of persistent mass migration from rural India. JEL: O15, J61, N35
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Alborn, Timothy L. "Age and Empire in the Indian Census, 1871–1931." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30, no. 1 (1999): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219599551912.

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The age returns in the British-administered Census of India between 1871 and 1931 were problematic. Owing to low levels of numeracy and poor records of births and deaths in India, census officials resorted to a number of technical innovations to generate useful statistical regularities out of the imperfect data. In the process, they came to realize that even so putatively a “universal” category as age might be impossible to determine accurately in a culture that lacked certain assumptions about time, and in a state that lacked the resources to tabulate when people began and ended their lives.
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Walby, Kevin, and Michael Haan. "Caste Confusion and Census Enumeration in Colonial India, 1871–1921." Histoire sociale/Social history 45, no. 90 (2012): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/his.2012.0026.

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Haque, Ziaul. "Victor S. D'Souza. Development Planning and Structural Inequalities: The Response of the Underprivileged. New Delhi: Sage Publications 1990. Pages 206 + Index. Price: Rs 180 (Hardbound)." Pakistan Development Review 30, no. 3 (1991): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i3pp.313-317.

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Deveiopment planning in India, as in other developing countries, has generally been aimed at fostering an industrially-oriented policy as the engine of economic growth. This one-sided economic development, which results in capital formation, creation of urban elites, and underprivileged social classes of a modern society, has led to distortions in the social structure as a whole. On the contrary, as a result of this uneven economic development, which is narrowly measured in terms of economic growth and capital formation, the fruits of development have gone to the people according to their economic power and position in the social structure: those occupying higher positions benefiting much more than those occupying the lower ones. Thus, development planning has tended to increase inequalities and has sharpened divisive tendencies. Victor S. D'Souza, an eminent Indian sociologist, utilizing the Indian census data of 1961, 1971, and 1981, examines the problem of structural inequality with particular reference to the Indian Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the two most underprivileged sections of the present Indian society which, according to the census of 1981, comprised 15.75 percent and 7.76 percent of India's population respectively. Theoretically, he takes the concept of development in a broad sense as related to the self-fulfIlment of the individual. The transformation of the unjust social structure, the levelling down of glaring economic and social inequalities, and the concern for the development of the underprivileged are for the author the basic elements of a planned development. This is the theoretical perspective of the first chapter, "Development Planning and Social Transformation".
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Sathar, Zeba A. "Sex Differentials in Mortality: A Corollary of Son Preference?" Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (1987): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.555-568.

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The issue of sex differentials in mortality received attention as early as 1901 when the Super in tendents of Census remarked on the unusually high sex ratios found in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in the North West Census of India 1901. More thorough investigations of the phenomenon were begun in the Sixties when detailed examinations of sex ratios in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh attributed their excess to higher female mortality (Vi:iaria (1967); Rukanuddin (1967); Bangladesh Retrospective Survey of Fertility and Mortality (BRSFM) (1977)]. A partial explanation was also found in the omission of female members of households from census counts because of culturally based reluctance to give out names of female household members to enumerators who were strangers plus understating of girls' ages as some form of 'protection' of nubile daughters from the outside world. Most recently, the topic of female disadvantage in mortality at almost all ages in the South Asian subcontinent has received renewed and urgent attention both in research and in the press. The alarm is due to the fact that, despite falls in mortality levels, sex differentials in disfavor of females persist in this region. Also, this remains a peculiarity of the region: whereas females suffer higher female mortality at some ages in some countries, generally female mortality is found to be lower than that of males (lDpez and Ruzicka 1983).
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Sumita Roy and Gopa Samanta. "Informal Labours in Kolkata City: Migration from Undivided Bihar and Uttar Pradesh." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (2020): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.431.

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Migration takes place due to various social, cultural, economic or political reasons. Previous Census reports of India show that employment-induced out-migration is a common feature of several states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and other states. In the case of Kolkata, informal labours have enormous employment opportunities in big business centres and small manufacturing units of the city. With the help of D-series Census Data of the years 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011, this study focuses on the migration pattern and the reasons for migration to Kolkata. Secondary data fails to give an idea about the migration pattern of non-Bengali informal labours in the city. Through intensive field survey, the present study tries to identify the dominance of non-Bengali single (without family) male labour migration and to explore the migration streams to the informal sectors of Kolkata. With the help of both secondary data on migration over different decades and by using the primary data, the article argues that non-Bengali migrants represent the informal labour community in Kolkata especially from undivided Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and the pattern of migration is mainly occupation-induced single male labour migration.
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Brar, Kirandeep, and Bosu Seo. "Migration Pattern across the Indian States—Analysis of Census 2001 and 2011." Advances in Politics and Economics 4, no. 1 (2021): p20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v4n1p20.

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The main objective of this paper is to study the interstate migration pattern in India. The data is collected for 13 states of India classified as low, middle and high-income states. The study is conducted based on census data 2001 and 2011, and the net migration rate is computed. The research demonstrates that there is a positive relation between inward migration and development. To support this argument, the data for per capita income, literacy rate of the population age 7 years and above, and the unemployment rate for years 2001 and 2011 are collected from various sources. This paper will also highlight the four phases of demographic transition in India. The data from the World Bank is collected to identify any changes in the birth rate per thousand, the death rate per thousand, and the life expectancy at birth from 1901-2011. The age dependency ratio for 2001 and 2011 is compared for poor and rich states. The expected future consequences of changes in the age dependency ratio are also analyzed in conclusion. The paper also discusses the limitations of migration and the policies that can slow down the migration phenomenon.
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Thorvaldsen, Gunnar. "Automating Historical Source Transcription." Historical Life Course Studies 10 (March 31, 2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9568.

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Transcribing the 1950 Norwegian census with 3.3 million person records and linking it to the Central Population Register (CPR) provides longitudinal information about significant population groups during the understudied period of the mid-20th century. Since this source is closed to the public, we receive no help from genealogists and rather use machine learning techniques to semi-automate the transcription. First the scanned manuscripts are split into individual cells and multiple names are divided. After the birthdates were transcribed manually in India, a lookup routine searches for families with matching sets of birthdates in the 1960 census and the CPR. After manual checks with GUI routines, the names are copied to the text version of the 1950 census, also storing the links to the CPR. Other fields like occupations or gender contain numeric or letter codes and are transcribed wholesale with routines interpreting the layout of the graphical images. Work employing these methods has also started on the 1930 census, which is the last of the Norwegian censuses to be transcribed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Rayala, Shobadevi. "Female employment in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India and its two most urbanized districts (Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad): a 1991 census analysis." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1998. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2547.

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This research examined the relationship of female employment with three major contributing factors: ecological, motivational, and personal ability factors, in the state of Andhra Pradesh and its two highly urbanized districts (Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad). The 1991 census data were utilized as a major source. Specifically, the study tested the following six hypotheses: 1. Female work force participation rates vary by rural-urban residence, industrial categories, and National Industrial Classification (NIC). 2. Differential female work force participation rates can be observed by class of worker and occupational type. 3. Female workers vary by their educational attainment, age, and marital status. 4. The growth rate of female work force participation is significantly effected by change in industrial structure, time-period, and rural-urban residence over a period of time. 5. Female employment, especially in non-agricultural and non-household sectors, is significantly effected by education and urbanization, independently as well as combined. 6. The structure of female employment is the same between the state of Andhra Pradesh and its districts, Ranga Reddy and Hyderabad, but the size of participation may vary. The results of the data analysis confirmed all hypotheses.
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Ethell, Bernard Dale. "Portugal and Portuguese India, 1870-1961." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415015.

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Very little has been written on the history of Goa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries prior to the annexation of the territory by the Indian Union in 1961. This study therefore focuses on the period from the 1870's to the end of Portuguese rule, using sources in Portuguese and English. It addresses the following topics in particular: 1) Portuguese perceptions of the colony in the period, the character of Portuguese rule, and (to a lesser extent) the responses of Goan society. 2) Since the colony was not economically valuable to Portugal, the steps taken to improve its situation, especially through the AngloPortuguese Commercial Treaty of 1878, and the story of its failure. 3) The major investment by British capital in the Goa railway, and the issues it faced in its history. 4) Other problems resulting from Goa's position as a dependant enclave of British India, such as contraband and issues of security for British India in the Second World war. 5) The differing British attitudes to Goa, and Britain's role as a reluctant intermediary between Portugal and India. 6) The contrast between the evident Portuguese sentiment and feeling of attachment to its foothold in Asia, and the lack of serious commitment to its preservation. 7) The attitude of the Salazar government and its diplomatic struggle with India to justify Portugal's retention of the territory as part of the Portuguese family. The thesis shows that, despite the special nature of the Goan culture, influenced over centuries of Portuguese rule, and by the Catholic religion, a pattern of attitude and policy was set over decades in Goa, in India, in Portugal and in Britain which helps explain the absorption of Goa by India.
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Haan, Michael D. "The population of India as a colonial category, the British censuses of 1872-1911." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ62218.pdf.

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Poole, Alice. "The effect of village education committees on school inputs in rural India." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6798.

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Wexler, Adam. "Social franchising and the efficiency of sexual and reproductive health care in India." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6998.

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Miller, Sheila. "Determinants of parental attitudes regarding girls' education in rural India." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4155.

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Gupta, Vaibhav. "Reproductive and child health service delivery and utilization in India." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4164.

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Gupta, Ritija. "Inequality among neighbors understanding foreign direct investment as a function of regional determinism within India /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3703.

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DiPetta, Joselyn. "Women's autonomy in India the demographic and contextual determinants of domestic violence /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4251.

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Watmough, Gary R. "Exploring the spatial associations between census based socioeconomic conditions and remotely sensed environmental metrics in Assam northeast India." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/340010/.

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This thesis explores and quantifies the associations between socioeconomic variables and environmental metrics. Remotely sensed satellite data is often used to monitor environmental conditions. However, it is less frequently used for socioeconomic purposes. Several studies have attempted to use remotely sensed data to monitor socioeconomic conditions in urban areas. Non-causal associations between poverty and development and environmental conditions are frequently found in the scientific literature for rural areas of developing countries. This research uses environmental metrics derived from remotely sensed imagery from an Earth observation satellite to explore if associations, similar to those in the literature, can be found for extensive spatial areas. If non-causal associations can be found between census-based socioeconomic variables and remotely sensed environmental metrics it may be possible to use remotely sensed imagery as a limited, but valuable source of information regarding socioeconomic conditions of rural communities. Socioeconomic data is collected in national census datasets at the household level. However, this fine spatial resolution means that it is an expensive process and is typically only conducted once every 10 years. This coarse temporal resolution limits the relevance of census data for planning resource allocation by governments and targeting development assistance, especially in rapidly changing economies. Therefore, the increased temporal resolution that remotely sensed imagery offers over the traditional ground survey methods may provide a way of increasing the understanding of information available to policy makers for monitoring socioeconomic conditions. An extensive area of Assam in northeast India was used as a case study to explore the associations between socioeconomic variables derived from the Indian national census and remotely sensed environmental metrics derived from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. Field work first identified; (i) two socioeconomic variables that appeared to be associated with poverty which were female literacy and participation in economic alternatives to agricultural work, and; (ii) a series of land cover types that appeared to be associated with broad level socioeconomic conditions. Cloud and transparent cloud cover were removed from satellite data prior to an object-based land cover classification which defined nine land cover types identified as having potential associations with poverty in the literature and a field work study. Socioeconomic and environmental data were integrated at the village level prior to statistical analysis. No village boundary information was available and therefore, research aimed to identify the most appropriate method of approximating the village boundary using Thiessen polygons and several radial buffer zones. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore; (i) the associations between female literacy and economic alternatives to agricultural work and several environmental metrics, and; (ii) which village boundary approximation provided the lowest AIC model fit statistic. Logistic regression and generalised autoregressive error models explored the associations between socioeconomic conditions and environmental metrics on a global level. Geographically weighted logistic regression was also used to explore the spatial variation in the associations. Findings indicated that significant associations exist between female literacy and economic alternatives to agricultural work and remotely sensed environmental metrics. Many of the associations identified could be interpreted meaningfully in relation to both the understanding gained from field observations and in relation to generally accepted associations in the literature. Thus, the quantitative findings of the research were in keeping with expectations and research hypotheses, lending credibility to the associations observed by other researchers. The methods used here could be developed further and the increased temporal resolution that remotely sensed imagery offers over the traditional ground survey methods may, in the future, increase the relevance and understanding of information available to policy makers for monitoring socioeconomic conditions.
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Books on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Sinha, Sunil Kumar. Internal migration in India, 1961-1981: An analysis. Office of the Registrar General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 1988.

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India, census ethnography, 1901-1931. Usha Publications, 1987.

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Khan, M. Firoz. Human fertility in northern India. Manak Publications, 1991.

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Suri, K. C. Analysis of work force in India. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, 1988.

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K, Biswas A. Sectoral distribution of the work force in India: Trends and projections. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, 1989.

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Bose, Ashish. Population of India: 1991 census results and methodology. B.R. Pub. Corp., 1991.

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Srivastava, Shyam Chandra. Demographic profile of north east India. Mittal Publications, 1987.

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Aggarwal, J. C. Census of India, 1991: Historical and world perspective. S. Chand & Co., 1991.

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Cole, B. L. Census of India: 1911, 1921 and 1931. Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1992.

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Census of India, 1991. s.n., 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Raghavan, Srinath. "China 1961–1962." In War and Peace in Modern India. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277519_9.

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Pradhan, Kanhu Charan. "Unacknowledged Urbanisation: The New Census Towns in India." In Exploring Urban Change in South Asia. Springer India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3616-0_2.

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Gulati, Ashok, Shweta Saini, and Ranjana Roy. "Going Beyond Agricultural GDP to Farmers’ Incomes." In India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9335-2_10.

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Barakat, Bilal. "Education Trends in India: Recent Census Results in Context." In Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_11.

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Zhao, Litao. "Educational Expansion in China: Evidence from the 2010 Census." In Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_10.

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Hoda, Anwarul, Ashok Gulati, Harsh Wardhan, and Pallavi Rajkhowa. "Drivers of Agricultural Growth in Odisha." In India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9335-2_9.

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AbstractOdisha is the ninth largest state in India with a share of 4.7% of India’s total landmass. In terms of population, it is the eleventh largest comprising 3.47% of India’s total population, of which more than 83% is rural (Census 2011).
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Kundu, Amitabh. "Identification of Urban Centres for Conducting Population Census; Need for Combining GIS with Socio-economic Data." In India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4830-1_4.

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Tirodkar, Vivek, and Sonali Patil. "Proposed Infrastructure for Census Enumeration and Internet Voting Application in Digital India with Multichain Blockchain." In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3242-9_22.

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Rao, Mohan, and Vina Mazumdar. "Census of India (1911)." In The Lineaments of Population Policy in India. Routledge India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351238762-6.

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Rao, Mohan, and Vina Mazumdar. "Census of India, 1931." In The Lineaments of Population Policy in India. Routledge India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351238762-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Bandyopadhyay, Sumahan, та Doyel Chatterjee. "A Salvage Linguistic Anthropological Study of the Endangered Māṅgtā Language of West Bengal, India". У GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.15-2.

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The present paper is a salvage Linguistic Anthropology, in which attempt has been made to document a nearly-extinct language known as māṅgtā bhāsā, and to suggest appropriate measures for saving it from complete extinction. The word māṅgtā is said to have been derived from māṅā, which means ‘to ask for’ or ‘to beg’. The language is spoken by a few groups of the Bedia, which is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in India with a population of 88,772 as per Census of India, 2011(Risley [1891]1981; Bandyopadhyay 2012, 2016, 2017). Bedia is a generic name for a number of vagrant gypsy like groups which Risley has divided into seven types. They live by a number of professions such as snake-charming, selling of medicinal herbs, showing chameleon art or multi-forming. Almost all of them have become speakers of more than one language for interacting with speakers of different languages in the neighbourhood for the sake of their survival. Even the present generation has almost forgotten their native speech, and their unawareness of the language becoming extinct is of concern to us. Elders still remember it and use it sometimes in conversations with the fellow members of their community. The ability to speak this language is construed with regard to the origin of this particular group of Bedia. In fact, the language had given them the identity of a separate tribal community while they demanded the status of ST in the recent past. Thus, socio-historically, the māṅgtā language has a special significance. In spite of being a distinct speech, there has been almost no study conducted on this language. This is one of the major motives for taking up the present endeavour. This project conducts morphological, phonological, syntactical and semantic studies on the māṅgtā language. Sociolinguistic aspects of this language have also been considered. The language has its roots in the Indo-European language family with affinity to the Austro-Asiatic family. The paper interrogates whether māṅgtā can be called language or speech. The study required ethnographic field work, audio-visual archiving, and revitalization, along with sustainable livelihood protection of speakers of the language.
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Manjunath, Matam, Anudevi Samuel, Vighnesh Birodkar, and Mirza Omar Beg. "A novel proposal for Electrical Load Online Census (ELOC)." In 2013 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indcon.2013.6726003.

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Wakhariya, Jigar, Prakhar Gangrade, and Amitkumar Manekar. "Mahaganana: An Approach to a Smart Census in India." In 2019 International Conference on Innovative Trends and Advances in Engineering and Technology (ICITAET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitaet47105.2019.9170251.

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Goswami, Dibyajyoti, Shyam Bihari Tripathi, Sansiddh Jain, Shivam Pathak, and Aaditeshwar Seth. "Towards building a district development model for india using census data." In the 2nd ACM SIGCAS Conference. ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3314344.3332491.

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Nischal, K. N., Radhika Radhakrishnan, Sanket Mehta, and Sumit Chandani. "Correlating night-time satellite images with poverty and other census data of India and estimating future trends." In the Second ACM IKDD Conference. ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2732587.2732597.

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Ghosh, Aditi. "Representations of the Self and the Others in a Multilingual City: Hindi Speakers in Kolkata." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-4.

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This study examines the attitudes and representations of a select group of Hindi mother tongue speakers residing in Kolkata. Hindi is one of the two official languages of India and Hindi mother tongue speakers are the numerically dominant language community in India, as per census. Further, due to historical, political and socio-cultural reasons, enormous importance is attached to the language, to the extent that there is a wide spread misrepresentation of the language as the national language of India. In this way, speakers of Hindi by no means form a minority in Indian contexts. However, as India is an extremely multilingual and diverse country, in many areas of the country other language speakers outnumber Hindi speakers, and in different states other languages have prestige, greater functional value and locally official status as well. Kolkata is one of such places, as the capital of West Bengal, a state where Bengali is the official language, and where Bengali is the most widely spoken mother tongue. Hindi mother tongue speakers, therefore, are not the dominant majority here, however, their language still carries the symbolic load of a representative language of India. In this context, this study examines the opinions and attitudes of a section of long term residents of Kolkata whose mother tongue is Hindi. The data used in this paper is derived from a large scale survey conducted in Kolkata which included 153 Hindi speakers. The objective of the study is to elicit, through a structured interview, their attitudes towards their own language and community, and towards the other languages and communities in Kolkata, and to examine how they represent and construct the various communities in their responses. The study adopts qualitative methods of analysis. The analysis shows that though there is largely an overt representation of harmony, there are indications of how the socio-cultural symbolic values attached to different languages are also extended to its speakers creating subtle social distances among language communities.
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McCartney, Patrick. "Sustainably–Speaking Yoga: Comparing Sanskrit in the 2001 and 2011 Indian Censuses." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-5.

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Sanskrit is considered by many devout Hindus and global consumers of yoga alike to be an inspirational, divine, ‘language of the gods’. For 2000 years, at least, this middle Indo-Aryan language has endured in a post-vernacular state, due, principally, to its symbolic capital as a liturgical language. This presentation focuses on my almost decade-long research into the theo-political implications of reviving Sanskrit, and includes an explication of data derived from fieldwork in ‘Sanskrit-speaking’ communities in India, as well as analyses of the language sections of the 2011 census; these were only released in July 2018. While the census data is unreliable, for many reasons, but due mainly to the fact that the results are self reported, the towns, villages, and districts most enamored by Sanskrit will be shown. The hegemony of the Brahminical orthodoxy quite often obfuscates the structural inequalities inherent in the hierarchical varṇa-jātī system of Hinduism. While the Indian constitution provides the opportunity for groups to speak, read/write, and to teach the language of their choice, even though Sanskrit is afforded status as a scheduled (i.e. recognised language that is offered various state-sponsored benefits) language, the imposition of Sanskrit learning on groups historically excluded from access to the Sanskrit episteme urges us to consider how the issue of linguistic human rights and glottophagy impact on less prestigious and unscheduled languages within India’s complex linguistic ecological area where the state imposes Sanskrit learning. The politics of representation are complicated by the intimate relationship between consumers of global yoga and Hindu supremacy. Global yogis become ensconced in a quite often ahistorical, Sanskrit-inspired thought-world. Through appeals to purity, tradition, affect, and authority, the unique way in which the Indian state reconfigures the logic of neoliberalism is to promote cultural ideals, like Sanskrit and yoga, as two pillars that can possibly create a better world via a moral and cultural renaissance. However, at the core of this political theology is the necessity to speak a ‘pure’ form of Sanskrit. Yet, the Sanskrit spoken today, even with its high and low registers, is, ultimately, various forms of hybrids influenced by the substratum first languages of the speakers. This leads us to appreciate that the socio-political components of reviving Sanskrit are certainly much more complicated than simply getting people to speak, for instance, a Sanskritised register of Hindi.
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Fontana, Maria Pia, and Miguel Mayorga. "Le Corbusier. Arquitectura urbana: Millowners Association Building y Carpenter Center." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.972.

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Resumen: La obra de Le Corbusier es una amplia exploración de soluciones urbanas y arquitectónicas que plantean relaciones de continuidad entre edificio y ciudad, arquitectura y entorno, espacio interior y espacio exterior: rampas, cuerpos bajos, entrantes y salientes, plantas libres y fachadas con espesor, son algunos de los elementos de integración y/o de mediación utilizados por el maestro suizo. El Millowners Association Building de 1954 ubicado en la ciudad de Almedabad en la India, y el Carpenter Center for Visual Arts de la Graduate School of Design of Harvard de 1961-1964 en la ciudad de Cambridge, en Estados Unidos, son dos edificios que presentan rasgos característicos en común: una volumetría básica, uso del hormigón armado visto, uso de similares elementos de fachada y una rampa que sobresale del edificio y que confiere a ambos un carácter reconocible y peculiar. Los dos edificios ya han sido puestos en relación por diferentes críticos como Giedion 1967, o Frampton 1975, e incluso se ha considerado uno como antecedente del otro. Sin embargo, un análisis comparativo permite verificar que aunque la rampa es el elemento común más evidente, éste juega un papel muy diferente en la definición de las relaciones urbanas de cada uno de los edificios con su entorno inmediato y con la ciudad. Y además que también, en la relación del edificio con la ciudad entran en juego otros elementos y soluciones arquitectónicas, que de manera solidaria, son determinantes definidores de su relación con el entorno y su carácter urbano. Abstract: The work of Le Corbusier is a comprehensive exploration of urban and architectural solutions which show continuity relationships between city and building, architecture and environment, interior and exterior space throughout elements of integration and / or mediation used by the Swiss master like ramps, lower volumes, incoming and outgoing, open floor plans and thick facades. The Association Millowners Building (1954) located in the city of Almedabad in India, and the Carpenter Center for Visual Arts at the Graduate School of Design of Harvard (1961 to 1964) located in the city of Cambridge, in the United States, are two buildings that have some characteristics in common, like a basic volume, use of reinforced concrete, using similar facade elements and a projected ramp gives a recognizable and distinctive character of both buildings. Different authors compared the two buildings as Giedion 1967 or 1975 Frampton, and have stated that one has been based on the other. However, a comparative analysis verifies that although the ramp is the most obvious common element, it plays a very different role in the definition of urban relationships of each of the buildings with their immediate environment and the city. Moreover other elements configure crucial aspects in the relationship between the buildings and the urban space creating architectural solutions and interesting relations that are crucial for the definition of the relationship with the environment and the urban character of every building. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, Millowners Association Building, Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Urban Architecture. Keywords: Le Corbusier, Millowners Association Building, Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Arquitectura Urbana. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.972
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Reports on the topic "Census of India, 1961"

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Mehrotra, Santosh. Monitoring India’s National Sanitation Campaign (2014–2020). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.011.

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In 2011, India had more phone users (around 54 per cent of households) and television access (33 per cent) in rural areas than people with access to tap water (31 per cent) and toilet facilities (31 per cent), according to Census 2011. This clearly indicates the failure of government programmes to change the centuries-old practice of defecation in the open. This neglect of safe sanitation has had catastrophic outcomes in terms of human well-being. This case study is an analysis of the latest central government Swachch Bharat Mission - Gramin (Clean India Mission - Rural) (or SBM-G), which has achieved much greater success than any hitherto government effort in providing access to and use of toilets, especially in rural areas where the need is greatest. However, any conception of achieving ODF status, or free of open defecation, in a village (or any limited geography) is more than merely building toilets. The Sanitation Learning Hub commissioned case studies of sanitation campaigns in both India and Nepal, drawing out the lessons learnt for other countries wishing to implement similar initiatives. Both case studies focus on how target setting and feedback and reporting mechanisms can be used to increase the quality of campaigns.
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Patterns and implications of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Karnataka, India. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1004.

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Karnataka is one of the high HIV prevalence states in India. Results from the National Family Health Survey indicate that 0.69 percent of adults aged 15–49 were infected with HIV in 2005–06. According to sentinel surveillance system data, HIV prevalence among pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) in Karnataka was 1.3 percent. Further, 18 of the state's 27 districts have recorded HIV prevalence of more than 1 percent among pregnant women receiving ANC in sentinel sites. Strong male migration patterns are evident in some of the state’s high HIV prevalence districts. According to the 2001 census, Karnataka ranks fourth in terms of total in-migration, with 2.2 million men on the move from 1991 to 2001. These northern districts are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. To inform HIV prevention efforts, the Population Council studied patterns and motivations related to migration of male laborers and their links with HIV risk. As part of this study, the Council conducted a systematic analysis of 2001 census data on migration and district-level sentinel surveillance data on HIV prevalence. The purpose of the research was to document patterns of male migration and determine whether there was a relationship between migration and HIV prevalence.
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