Journal articles: 'Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)'

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Gonçalves, Bruno, and Teresa Fagulha. "The Portuguese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 20, no. 4 (January 2004): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.339.

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Summary: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a depression scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The authors developed a Portuguese version of this scale. This article presents the results of the three studies carried out with this version. These results support the reliability and the validity of the scale. The CES-D proved to be sensitive to variations in the intensity of depressive symptomatology and can be used in epidemiological studies or as a screening instrument in a clinical setting. Sex does have some influence on the values of sensitivity and specificity but the educational level has a greater influence on scores: Subjects with a lower education level tend to obtain higher scores with the same level of depressive symptomatology as evaluated by the clinical interview.

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Kim, Yang Eun, and Boram Lee. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression 10-item Scale on Chinese International Students in Korea." Open Psychology Journal 14, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010185.

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Introduction: Depression has become increasingly prevalent in Chinese international students in South Korea. For this population, therefore, accurate assessment of mood disorders, particularly depression, is critically important. The 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10) is commonly used to measure depression in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Thus, this study examined the CES-D 10’s factor structure and psychometric properties in Chinese international students. Methods: Study participants were 250 Chinese international students aged 18–23, attending a four-year university in Korea; they completed the Chinese version of the CES-D 10. Based on relevant theories and empirical research, confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine the adequacy of three competing models’ factor structure. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, and test-retest reliability using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the two-factor model comprised of depressive affect/somatic retardation and positive affect had the best fit. The CES-D 10 showed satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability in Chinese international students. Conclusion: The CES-D 10 demonstrated strong psychometric properties in this Chinese international student sample, and results suggest that the CES-D scale is a useful screening tool for depressive symptoms. Therefore, the CES-D 10 could be used as a depression screen for international students at the population level and in health clinics.

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Orme, John G., Janet Reis, and Elicia J. Herz. "Factorial and discriminant validity of the center for epidemiological studies depression (CES-D) scale." Journal of Clinical Psychology 42, no. 1 (January 1986): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<28::aid-jclp2270420104>3.0.co;2-t.

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Chan, Kitty S., Maria Orlando, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Naihua Duan, and Cathy D. Sherbourne. "The Interview Mode Effect on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale." Medical Care 42, no. 3 (March 2004): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000115632.78486.1f.

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Atkins, Rahshida. "Validation of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Black Single Mothers." Journal of Nursing Measurement 22, no. 3 (2014): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.22.3.511.

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Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in a community sample of Black single mothers and to evaluate the scale’s construct validity. Methods: Principal components and exploratory factor analysis were used. The participants responded to the CES-D scale and Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Results: The final sample consisted of 208 Black single mothers aged 18–45 years. A 2-factor structure was accepted. Construct validity was confirmed via significant correlations with the anger scales. A method artifact for the 2-factor solution was ruled out. Conclusion: The CES-D scale is valid for use with Black single mothers. Additional psychometric evidence for the CES-D for Black single mothers is warranted.

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Brink, T. L., and Louise Niemeyer. "Assessment of Depression in College Students: Geriatric Depression Scale versus Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale." Psychological Reports 71, no. 1 (August 1992): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.163.

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103 college students took the Geriatric Depression Scale and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale along with five measures of life satisfaction. The correlation between scores on the first scales was .66. Both depression scales had moderate negative correlations (−.34 to −.71) with each measure of life satisfaction. However, on every measure of life satisfaction, the correlation with scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale was higher than with those on the CES-Depression Scale.

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Cheung, Chau-Kiu, and Christopher Bagley. "Validating an American Scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)." Journal of Psychology 132, no. 2 (March 1998): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157.

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Powers, Jennifer R., Anne F. Young, Anne Russell, and Nancy A. Pachana. "Implications of Non-Response of Older Women to a Short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 57, no. 1 (July 2003): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/br9y-j1cl-lm6m-jacj.

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The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is frequently used in epidemiological surveys to screen for depression, especially among older adults. This article addresses the problem of non-completion of a short form of the CES-D (CESD-10) in a mailed survey of 73- to 78-year-old women enrolled in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Completers of the CESD-10 had more education, found it easier to manage on available income and reported better physical and mental health. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores for non-completers were intermediate between those for women classified as depressed and not depressed using the CESD-10. Indicators of depression had an inverted U-shaped relationship with the number of missing CESD-10 items and were most frequent for women with two to seven items missing. Future research should pay particular attention to the level of missing data in depression scales and report its potential impact on estimates of depression.

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SCHEIN, REBECCA L., and HAROLD G. KOENIG. "THE CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES-DEPRESSION (CES-D) SCALE: ASSESSMENT OF DEPRESSION IN THE MEDICALLY ILL ELDERLY." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199704)12:4<436::aid-gps499>3.0.co;2-m.

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Posner, Samuel F., Anita L. Stewart, Gerardo Marín, and Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable. "Factor Variability of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Among Urban Latinos." Ethnicity & Health 6, no. 2 (May 2001): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557850120068469.

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Hertzog, Christopher, Judith Van Alstine, Paul D. Usala, David F. Hultsch, and et al. "Measurement properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES^D) in older populations." Psychological Assessment 2, no. 1 (1990): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.1.64.

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Quiñones, Ana R., Stephen M. Thielke, Michael E. Clark, Kristin M. Phillips, Christine Elnitsky, and Elena M. Andresen. "Validity of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in a sample of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans." SAGE Open Medicine 4 (January 1, 2016): 205031211664390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312116643906.

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Objectives: Optimal depression screening necessitates measurement tools that are valid across varied populations and in the presence of comorbidities. Methods: This study assessed the test properties of two versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale against psychiatric diagnoses established by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview among a clinical sample of US Veterans deployed during Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and New Dawn. Participants (N = 359) recruited from two Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals completed a clinical interview, structured diagnostic interview, and self-reported measures. Results: Based on diagnostic interview and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition criteria, 29.5% of the sample met diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder and 26.5% met diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Both Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 scales performed well and almost identically against the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-major depressive disorder in identifying Veterans with major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve 91%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 area under the ROC curve 90%). Overall, higher cut points for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales performed better in correctly identifying true positives and true negatives for major depressive disorder (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-20 cut point 18+ sensitivity 92% specificity 72%; Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-10 cut point 10+ sensitivity 92% specificity 69%). Conclusions: The specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scales was poor among Veterans with co-occurring post-traumatic stress disorder (13% and 16%). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder who have a positive depression screen should have a more thorough assessment of mental health symptoms and comorbidities, rather than immediate diagnosis of and treatment for depression.

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Kazarian, Shahe S., and Dana Taher. "Validation of the Arabic Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in a Lebanese Community Sample." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26, no. 1 (January 2010): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000010.

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The factor structure of the 20-items Arabic Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (Arabic CES-D) and its relationship to theoretically grounded psychosocial and sociodemographic risk factors were examined in a community sample of Lebanese adults (n = 435). Two factors, Depressed Affect and Lack of Positive Affect, were empirically derived, correlating r = .35 with each other and r = .96 and r = .59, respectively, with Arabic CES-D global scores. Depressed Affect scores but not Lack of Positive Affect scores were associated with level of education and marital status but not with gender. Also, Depressed Affect scores in the collectivist Lebanese context were more strongly correlated with avoidant attachment scores than anxious attachment scores (r = .47 and r = .24, respectively; z = 3.68, p < .0001), whereas Lack of Positive Affect scores were not significantly higher in their correlation with avoidant and anxious attachment scores (r = .29 and r = .18, respectively; z = 1.62, ns). In addition, Depressed Affect scores correlated more strongly than Lack of Positive Affect scores with avoidant attachment scores but not with anxious attachment scores. These findings suggest that the Arabic CES-D scale likely taps two distinct aspects of mental health, namely, depression and well-being, such that their correlates need to be identified separately, and that the Lebanese depressed mind is undifferentiated with respect to psychological, somatic, and interpersonal expressions of depression. Finally, we discuss the implications of the findings for the use of the Arabic CES-D in the Arab world and for the universality of the Arab depressed mind.

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Parikh, Rajesh M., Dianne T. Eden, Thomas R. Price, and Robert G. Robinson. "The Sensitivity and Specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in Screening for Post-Stroke Depression." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 1989): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/bh75-euya-4fm1-j7qa.

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The present study examines the sensitivity and specificity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for post-stroke depression. Eighty stroke patients were evaluated by a research nurse over a two-year period using the CES-D and also by a trained psychiatrist using a standardized interview for affective, cognitive, physical and social functioning. CES-D scores correlated significantly with DSM-III diagnoses of depression in-hospital and at three months, six months, and one year follow-up but not at two years follow-up, reflecting the natural course of these depressions, as well as the predictive validity of the CES-D. Furthermore, at a cut-off point of 16, the CES-D was found to have a specificity of 90 percent, a sensitivity of 86 percent and a positive predictive value of 80 percent and thus may be a potentially useful screening instrument for post-stroke depression.

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Kneebone, Ian I., Chris Fife-Schaw, Lawrence T. Lam, and Roshan das Nair. "The factor structure of the Center for Epidemiological Study - Depression Scale in people with multiple sclerosis." F1000Research 9 (August 25, 2020): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25129.1.

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Background: Depression is common in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, its assessment is complicated by biological processes. In this context it is important to consider the performance of depression screening measures including that their factor structure is consistent with expectation. This study sought to identify the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiological Study - Depression Scale (CES-D) in people with MS (PwMS). Methods: Participants (N = 493) were those who had consented to take part in a large three-phase longitudinal study of depression in PwMS. CES-D questionnaires completed at phase 1 of the study were utilised. An error in the questionnaire meant it was most appropriate to consider data for 19 of the 20 CES-D questionnaire items. The data was split into two samples by a random selection process to create an exploratory, model development sample and a validation sample. The first sample was subject to confirmatory factor analysis. Following examination of model fit and specification errors, the original model was modified. The revised model was tested in the confirmation sample to assess reproducibility. Results: The analysis results supported the original four factor solution for the CES-D, that is: Depressed Affect, Positive Affect, Somatic Complaints/Activity Inhibition, and Interpersonal Difficulties. Conclusions: The CES-D appears to have a coherent structure with which to examine depression in PwMS.

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Górkiewicz, Maciej, and Izabela Chmiel. "The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D): Is It Suitable for Use with Older Adults?" Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 43, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0052.

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Abstract With the aim of verifying the suitability of the CES-D scale for use in long-term care institutions for older adults, the CES-D questionnaire was used to collect patient-reported assessments, and two well-known psychometric instruments – the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Barthel Index of Abilities of Daily Living – were used to collect nurse-reported assessments, based on observations of patients’ behaviours. With regard to possible frequent cases of cognitive impairment and/or insufficient motivation to give sensible responses to CES-D questions, the patient-reported responses were collected from patients during one-on-one sessions with a nurse. The reliability, concurrent validity, and the trustworthiness of the obtained data were supported with proper values of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, 0.70 < alpha < 0.85, with significant correlation between CES-D and HADS-Depression, R = 0.50, p < 0.001, and with significant correlation between scores of particular CES-D items vs. final CES-D evaluations of depression, proved by significance p < 0.001 for 18 of 20 CES-D items. These findings supported the effectiveness of the one-on-one session methodology in questionnaire surveys for older adults. The postulation that cases of self-reported depression included somewhat different information about the patient than nurse-reported depression concerning the same patient was supported with the evidence that, in spite of the significant correlation between the Barthel Index and HADS-Depression, R = −0.17, p = 0.016, and in spite of the significant correlation between CES-D and HADS-Depression, the correlation between the Barthel Index and CES-D, equal to R = −0.08 was insignificant at p = 0.244. The findings of this study, considered jointly, support the valuableness of the CES-D scale for use in one-on-one surveys for older adults.

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Kim, Miyong, Hae-Ra Han, and Linda Phillips. "Metric Equivalence Assessment in Cross-Cultural Research: Using an Example of the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale." Journal of Nursing Measurement 11, no. 1 (March 2003): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnum.11.1.5.52061.

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Metric equivalence is a quantitative way to assess cross-cultural equivalences of translated instruments by examining the patterns of psychometric properties based on cross-cultural data derived from both versions of the instrument. Metric equivalence checks at item and instrument levels can be used as a valuable tool to refine cross-cultural instruments. Korean and English versions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES–D) were administered to 154 Korean Americans and 151 Anglo Americans to illustrate approaches to assessing their metric equivalence. Inter-item and item-total correlations, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and factor analysis were used for metric equivalence checks. The alpha coefficient for the Korean-American sample was 0.85 and 0.92 for the Anglo American sample. Although all items of the CES–D surpassed the desirable minimum of 0.30 in the Anglo American sample, four items did not meet the standard in the Korean American sample. Differences in average inter-item correlations were also noted between the two groups (0.25 for Korean Americans and 0.37 for Anglo Americans). Factor analysis identified two factors for both groups, and factor loadings showed similar patterns and congruence coefficients. Results of the item analysis procedures suggest the possibility of bias in certain items that may influence the sensitivity of the Korean version of the CES–D. These item biases also provide a possible explanation for the alpha differences. Although factor loadings showed similar patterns for the Korean and English versions of the CES–D, factorial similarity alone is not sufficient for testing the universality of the structure underlying an instrument.

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CHO, MAENG JE, and KYE HEE KIM. "Use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in Korea." Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 186, no. 5 (May 1998): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199805000-00007.

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Stansbury, James P., L. Douglas Ried, and Craig A. Velozo. "Unidimensionality and Bandwidth in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES–D) Scale." Journal of Personality Assessment 86, no. 1 (February 2006): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8601_03.

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Cosco, Theodore D., Matthew Prina, Brendon Stubbs, and Yu-Tzu Wu. "Reliability and Validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in a Population-Based Cohort of Middle-Aged U.S. Adults." Journal of Nursing Measurement 25, no. 3 (2017): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.25.3.476.

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Background and Purpose: Globally, depressive symptoms are a leading contributor to years lived with disability. The Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale has been used extensively to quantify depression; yet, its psychometric properties remain contentious. This study examined the reliability and factor structure of the CES-D in the MacArthur Foundation’s Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS), a nationally representative cohort study of noninstitutionalized, English-speaking adults aged 24–74 years. Methods: Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to examine the reliability and factor structure of the CES-D. Results: There were 1,233 participants who were included in the analysis (mean age = 57.3 years [SD = 11.5], 56.7% female). Cronbach’s alpha of .90 was observed. The 4-factor model had the best model fit. Conclusions: High internal consistency was demonstrated alongside a replication of the original 4-factor structure. Continued use of the CES-D in noninstitutionalized populations is warranted.

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Mogos, Mulubrhan F., Jason W. Beckstead, Kevin E. Kip, Mary E. Evans, Roger A. Boothroyd, Aryan N. Aiyer, and Steven E. Reis. "Assessing Longitudinal Invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults." Journal of Nursing Measurement 23, no. 2 (2015): 302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.23.2.302.

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Background and Purpose: The longitudinal invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale among middle-aged and older adults is unknown. This study examined the factorial invariance of the CES-D scale in a large cohort of community-based adults longitudinally. Methods: 1,204 participants completed the 20-item CES-D scale at 4 time points 1 year apart. Structural equation modeling was used to identify best fitting model using longitudinal data at baseline and at 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up. Results: The 4-factor model showed partial invariance over 3 years. Two of the 6 noninvariant items were consistently noninvariant at the 3 follow-up points. Conclusion: Special consideration should be given to these 2 items when using the CES-D scale in healthy adults (45–75 years old).

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Zarrouq, B., A. El Asri, A. El Ammari, M. El Amine Ragala, K. Halim, H. Slali, B. Lyoussi, K. El Rhazi, and C. Nejjari. "Adaptation transculturelle et validation d’une version arabe dialectale de « center for epidemiological studies depression scale » (CES-D)." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 65 (May 2017): S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.03.086.

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Sharif Nia, Hamid, Maryam Rezapour, Kelly A. Allen, Saeed Pahlevan Sharif, Azar Jafari, Hojjat Torkmandi, and Amir Hossein Goudarzian. "The Psychometric Properties of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for Iranian Cancer Patients." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 20, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 2803–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.9.2803.

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Kazarian, Shahe S. "Validation of the Armenian Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (Ces-D) Among Ethnic Armenians in Lebanon." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 55, no. 5 (August 21, 2009): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764008100548.

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Gay, Caryl L., Anders Kottorp, Anners Lerdal, and Kathryn A. Lee. "Psychometric Limitations of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale for Assessing Depressive Symptoms among Adults with HIV/AIDS: A Rasch Analysis." Depression Research and Treatment 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2824595.

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The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale is a widely used measure of depressive symptoms, but its psychometric properties have not been adequately evaluated among adults with HIV/AIDS. This study used an item response theory approach (Rasch analysis) to evaluate the CES-D’s validity and reliability in relation to key demographic and clinical variables in adults with HIV/AIDS. A convenience sample of 347 adults with HIV/AIDS (231 males, 93 females, and 23 transgenders; age range 22–77 years) completed the CES-D. A Rasch model application was used to analyze the CES-D’s rating scale functioning, internal scale validity, person-response validity, person-separation validity, internal consistency, differential item functioning (DIF), and differential test functioning. CES-D scores were generally high and associated with several demographic and clinical variables. The CES-D distinguished 3 distinct levels of depression and had acceptable internal consistency but lacked unidimensionality, five items demonstrated poor fit to the model, 15% of the respondents demonstrated poor fit, and eight items demonstrated DIF related to gender, race, or AIDS diagnosis. Removal of misfitting items resulted in minimal improvement in the CES-D’s substantive and structural validity. CES-D scores should be interpreted with caution in adults with HIV/AIDS, particularly when comparing scores across gender and racial groups.

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Mueses-Marín, Héctor, David Montaño, Jaime Galindo, Beatriz Alvarado-Llano, and Jorge Martínez-Cajas. "Psychometric properties and validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a population attending an HIV clinic in Cali, Colombia." Biomédica 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.3843.

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Introduction: Depression in people living with HIV/AIDS is associated with poor health outcomes. Despite this, assessment of depressive symptoms is not a routine clinical practice in the care of people with HIV in Colombia. One reason could be the lack of validated depression screening scales for this population.Objective: To test the reliability and construct validity of the 20- and 10-item-Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in patients attending an HIV clinic in Cali, Colombia.Materials and methods: A non-random sample of 105 adults was enrolled. The 20 item-CES-D (CES-D-20) scale was administered twice: At baseline and 2-4 weeks later. We calculated the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. In addition, we used an exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis, as well as the item response theory to assess the validity of the scale.Results: Most participants were men (73%), with a mean age of 40 years, 53% of whom had not completed high school. Cronbach’s coefficients were 0.92 and 0.94 at baseline and at the second interview, respectively. The intraclass correlation was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72-0.88). Although all 20 items loaded distinctly in 4 factors, 5 items did not load as expected. The structure factor of the CES-D-20 was not confirmed, as 4 items had poor goodness of fit. The CES-D-10 appeared to perform better in this population. Conclusions: These results support the reliability and validity of the CES-D-10 instrument to screen for depressive symptoms in people living with HIV in Colombia.

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Gatz, Margaret, Boo Johansson, Nancy Pedersen, Stig Berg, and Chandra Reynolds. "A Cross-National Self-Report Measure of Depressive Symptomatology." International Psychogeriatrics 5, no. 2 (September 1993): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610293001486.

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The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was administered in Swedish to two representative samples, one aged 84 to 90 (mean = 87), the second aged 29 to 95 (mean = 61). There were both linear and quadratic differences with age: the oldest individuals were highest on depressive symptoms, but younger adults were higher than middle-aged. Dimensions or subscales identified by previous studies were generally replicated, including a sadness and depressed mood factor, a psychomotor retardation and loss of energy factor, and a well-being factor (on which items are reverse-scored to indicate depression). The findings support cross-national use of the CES-D to assess self-reported symptoms of depression in adults and older adults.

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Yary, Teymoor. "The Association between Dietary Intake of Folate and Physical Activity with Psychological Dimensions of Depressive Symptoms among Students from Iran." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/582693.

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Depression in students is a major public health problem. Although several risk factors associated with depression have been identified, the cause of depression is still not clear. Several studies have demonstrated that physical activity and nutrient intake, such as increased levels of B vitamins in serum, decrease symptoms of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity and dietary intake of vitamins B6, B9, and B12and symptoms of depression among postgraduate students. The results of this study suggest that intake of vitamin B9may modulate the total score of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and two subscales of the CES-D including depressive affect and interpersonal difficulties. This study also showed that moderate/high levels of physical activity were inversely and significantly associated with symptoms of depression (total scores) and three subscales of the CES-D including depressive affect, positive affect, and somatic complaints.

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Frain, Judy, Horng-Shiuann Wu, and Ling Chen. "Depression as a Comorbid Condition: A Descriptive Comparative Study." Western Journal of Nursing Research 42, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 1097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945920937450.

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Studies analyzing depressive symptoms across chronic disease populations are limited. Our descriptive comparison investigation included two studies on life-limiting conditions: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and breast cancer. In both, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We found a mean depression score of 18.1 (± 11.8) overall ( N = 243). Over half (54%) reported clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16); 26% reported severe depressive symptoms (CES-D > 24). Disease and years of education were predictors of depressive symptoms. Persons living with breast cancer showed significantly worse depressive symptoms than persons living with HIV (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for disease, fewer years of education predicted worse depressive symptoms (p < 0.0001). This study demonstrated common determinants of depressive symptoms in both disease populations, suggesting that underlying conditions known to be predictors of depression could be assessed to identify those at higher risk for depression.

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Kato, Tsukasa. "Measurement Invariance in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale among English-Speaking Whites and Asians." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105298.

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The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale has been widely used to measure depressive symptoms. This study compared the measurement invariances for one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models of the CES-D across English-speaking Whites and Asians: White Americans, White Australians, Indians, Filipinos, and Singaporeans. White Americans and Australians, Indians, Filipinos, and Singaporeans English speakers (782 men and 824 women) whose ages ranged from 20 to 79 years, completed the CES-D. They were recruited from the data pool of the 2013 and 2014 Coping and Health Survey. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the original four-factor model showed the best fit, compared to the other models. Mean and covariance structure analyses showed that the factor means of the CES-D subscales among Whites were significantly lower than were those among Asians; the score gap was particularly high between Whites and Indians. Additionally, Indians scored the highest on all subscales of the CES-D compared to all other countries. Overall, CES-D scores among Whites were lower than those among Asians.

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Demirkan, A., J. Lahti, N. Direk, A. Viktorin, K. L. Lunetta, A. Terracciano, M. A. Nalls, et al. "Somatic, positive and negative domains of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 8 (March 21, 2016): 1613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002081.

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BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is moderately heritable, however genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for MDD, as well as for related continuous outcomes, have not shown consistent results. Attempts to elucidate the genetic basis of MDD may be hindered by heterogeneity in diagnosis. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale provides a widely used tool for measuring depressive symptoms clustered in four different domains which can be combined together into a total score but also can be analysed as separate symptom domains.MethodWe performed a meta-analysis of GWAS of the CES-D symptom clusters. We recruited 12 cohorts with the 20- or 10-item CES-D scale (32 528 persons).ResultsOne single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs713224, located near the brain-expressed melatonin receptor (MTNR1A) gene, was associated with the somatic complaints domain of depression symptoms, with borderline genome-wide significance (pdiscovery = 3.82 × 10−8). The SNP was analysed in an additional five cohorts comprising the replication sample (6813 persons). However, the association was not consistent among the replication sample (pdiscovery+replication = 1.10 × 10−6) with evidence of heterogeneity.ConclusionsDespite the effort to harmonize the phenotypes across cohorts and participants, our study is still underpowered to detect consistent association for depression, even by means of symptom classification. On the contrary, the SNP-based heritability and co-heritability estimation results suggest that a very minor part of the variation could be captured by GWAS, explaining the reason of sparse findings.

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Herniman, Sarah E., Kelly A. Allott, Eóin Killackey, Robert Hester, and Sue M. Cotton. "The psychometric validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale (CES-D) in first episode schizophrenia spectrum." Psychiatry Research 252 (June 2017): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.023.

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Kliem, Sören, Johannes Beller, Ana N. Tibubos, Markus Zenger, Bjarne Schmalbach, and Elmar Brähler. "A reanalysis of the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D) using non-parametric item response theory." Psychiatry Research 290 (August 2020): 113132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113132.

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Caracciolo, Barbara, and Salvatore Giaquinto. "Criterion Validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in a Sample of Rehabilitation Inpatients." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 34, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/165019702760279215.

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Arbona, Consuelo, Andrea Burridge, and Norma Olvera. "The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D): Measurement equivalence across gender groups in Hispanic college students." Journal of Affective Disorders 219 (September 2017): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.024.

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Tsuboi, Hirohito, Yui Takakura, Hiromasa Tsujiguchi, Sakae Miyagi, Keita Suzuki, Thao Thi Thu Nguyen, Kim Oanh Pham, et al. "Validation of the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—Revised: A Preliminary Analysis." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11080107.

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To make the Japanese version of the CESD-R—a revised version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale (CES-D)—in the assessment of depressive symptoms in a general population. The English version of CESD-R was translated into Japanese, and back-translated into English by three native speakers of Japanese and English; then, we selected the version most completely consistent with the original items. The CESD-R was applied to 398 community-dwelling people (191 men: 48.0%, and 207 women: 52.0%) who were over 40 years old. The Japanese version of the CES-D was also carried out in the same population. Factor analysis was performed. Additionally, the correlations between the CESD-R and CES-D results were identified. The CESD-R scores showed a significantly positive correlation with CES-D scores (r = 0.74, p < 0.0005). Analysis of the CESD-R yielded a Cronbach’s alpha result of 0.90. Factor analysis revealed one principal factor in the CESD-R, whereas the original CES-D had two factors because of reversed items. The Japanese version of the CESD-R appears to have the reliability to be applicable for assessing depressive symptoms in population-based samples. However, because the Japanese expressions for some items might be unusual, our study population was also limited; further studies on other populations and on incorporating improved Japanese terminology will be needed.

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Turvey, Carolyn L., Robert B. Wallace, and Regula Herzog. "A Revised CES-D Measure of Depressive Symptoms and a DSM-Based Measure of Major Depressive Episodes in the Elderly." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 2 (June 1999): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610299005694.

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This study examines the psychometric properties of two new abbreviated versions of standard measures of depression, a revised eight-item Center for Epidemiological Studies--Depression Scale (CES-D) and a short-form Composite International Diagnostic Interview (short-form CIDI). A sample of 6,133 elders, age 70 years or older, completed both measures as part of the Asset and Health Dynamics Study of the Oldest Old. The revised CES-D had an internal consistency and factor structure comparable to that of prior versions of the CES-D. The sources of discordance between the two measures were examined and the two measures were compared on self-report of four clinical variables: medical illness, physician diagnosis, psychiatric treatment, and antidepressant or tranquilizer use. Both measures were associated with self-report of physician diagnosis and psychiatric treatment. Respondents positive for depression on the CES-D reported higher rates of antidepressant use. Respondents positive on the short-form CIDI only did not report more antidepressant use than nondepressed respondents.

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Taussig, I. M., M. Dick, E. Teng, D. S. Davis, and D. Kempler. "Screening for depression in four ethnic groups: Comparisons between the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Scale (CES-D)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/14.1.66a.

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Widiana, Herlina Siwi, Katrina Simpson, and Lenore Manderson. "Cultural expressions of depression and the development of the Indonesian Depression Checklist." Transcultural Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (April 10, 2018): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518764491.

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Depression may manifest differently across cultural settings, suggesting the value of an assessment tool that is sensitive enough to capture these variations. The study reported in this article aimed to develop a depression screening tool for Indonesians derived from ethnographic interviews with 20 people who had been diagnosed as having depression by clinical psychologists at primary health centers. The tool, which we have termed the Indonesian Depression Checklist (IDC), consists of 40 items. The tool was administered to 125 people assessed to have depression by 40 clinical psychologists in primary health centers. The data were analyzed with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (IBM SPSS AMOS Software). CFA identified a five-factor hierarchical model ( χ 2 = 168.157, p = .091; CFI = .963; TLI = .957; RMSEA = .036). A 19-item inventory of the IDC, with five factors – Physical Symptoms, Affect, Cognition, Social Engagement and Religiosity – was identified. There was a strong correlation between the total score of the IDC and total score of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (revised version CES-D), a standard tool for assessing symptoms of depression. The IDC accommodates culturally distinctive aspects of depression among Indonesians that are not included in the CES-D.

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Getnet, Berhanie, and Atalay Alem. "Validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in Eritrean refugees living in Ethiopia." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e026129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026129.

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BackgroundDepression is among the top mental health problems with a major contribution to the global burden of disease. This study aimed at identifying the latent factor structure and construct validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale.Participants and settingA cross-sectional survey of 562 adults aged 18 years and above who were randomly selected from the Eritrean refugee community living in the Mai-Aini refugee camp, Ethiopia.MeasuresThe CES-D Scale, Primary Care PTSD (PC-PTSD) screener, premigration and postmigration living difficulties checklist, Oslo Social Support Scale (OSS-3), Sense of Coherence Scale (SoC-13), Coping Style Scale and fast alcohol screening test (FAST) were administered concurrently. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test prespecified factor structures of CES-D.ResultFirst-order two factors with second-order common factor structure of CES-D (correlated error terms) yielded the best fit to the data (Comparative Fit Index =0.975; root mean square error of approximation=0.040 [90% CI 0.032 to 0.047]). The 16 items defining depressive affect were internally consistent (Cronbach’s α=0.932) and internal consistency of the 4 items defining positive affect was relatively weak (Cronbach’s α=0.703). These two latent factors have a weaker standardised covariance estimate of 33% (24% for women and 40% for men), demonstrating evidence of discriminant validity. CES-D is significantly associated with measures of adversities, specifically, premigration living difficulties (r=0.545, p<0.001) and postmigration living difficulties (r=0.47, p<0.001), PC-PTSD (r=0.538, p<0.001), FAST (r=0.197, p<0.001) and emotion-oriented coping (r=0.096, p˂0.05) providing evidence of its convergent validity. It also demonstrated inverse association with measures of resilience factors, specifically, SoC-13 (r=−0.597, p<0.001) and OSS-3 (r=−0.319, p<0.001). The two correlated factors model of CES-D demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, error variance and structural covariance invariances (p>0.05) for both men and women.ConclusionsUnlike previous findings among Eritreans living in USA, second-order two factors structure of CES-D best fitted the data for Eritrean refugees living in Ethiopia; this implies that it is important to address culture for the assessment and intervention of depression.

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Medeiros, Lucas Pereira Jorge de, Monica Kayo, Renata Barboza Vianna Medeiros, Mario Barreto Correa Lima, and Carlos Eduardo Brandão Mello Mello. "Interferon-induced depression in patients with hepatitis C: an epidemiologic study." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 60, no. 1 (February 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.60.01.009.

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Objective To assess the incidence rate and severity of depressive symptoms in different time points (12, 24 and 48 weeks) in Brazilian patients with HCV treated with PEG IFN plus ribavirin. Methods We conducted an observational prospective study using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results Fifty patients were included. The assessments with either scale showed the highest score of depressive symptoms in the 24th week of treatment; the mean BDI score before treatment was 6.5 ± 5.3 and the mean CES-D was 10.9 ± 7.8. After 24 weeks, the mean BDI was 16.1 ± 10.2 and mean CES-D was 18.6 ± 13.0; 46% were diagnosed with depression according to combined BDI and CES-D scores. The somatic/psychomotor subscales were highly correlated with overall scale scores . Subjects with history of substance and alcohol abuse had higher risk for IFN-induced depression. Conclusion Treatment with PEG IFN was associated with a high incidence rate of depressive symptoms in this sample of Brazilian patients, as measured by CES-D and BDI. Alcohol and substance abuse increase the risk of PEG IFN-induced depression.

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Tai, Shu-Yu, Tzu-Chiao Ma, Ling-Chun Wang, and Yuan-Han Yang. "A Community-Based Walk-In Screening of Depression in Taiwan." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/184018.

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Depression is a crucial public health problem because of its relatively high association with suicidal attempts, prolonged social isolation, poor physical health, and dementia. However, the available data and study on the prevalence of depression in Taiwan were mostly completed within the previous 1 to 2 decades, and these studies were limited to certain areas or populations. Little is known regarding the current status of depression in Taiwan. We used a brief tool, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), to screen depression in 4 areas among the general and aged population. The results showed a higher CES-D score in the southern area among general (mean ± SD: 7.8 ± 8.4) or aged participants (mean ± SD: 7.2 ± 8.0) compared with other areas. The ratio of suspected depression patients was 16.4% of all recruited participants and 13.3% of aged participants. These results may provide information for this public health issue.

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Shudo, Yusuke, Tatsuya Yamamoto, and Makoto Sakai. "Longitudinal Predictions of Depression Symptoms Using the Activation and Avoidance Subscales of the Japanese Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form." Psychological Reports 120, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294116680794.

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The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale-Short Form (BADS-SF) is a questionnaire containing two subscales: Activation and Avoidance and was developed to measure changes in client behavior over the course of behavioral activation therapy. This study examines whether the subscales of the Japanese BADS-SF predict the future development of depression. Japanese university students ( N = 129) completed the BADS-SF and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at the baseline and second test conducted eight weeks later, with no intervention in between. Multiple regression analyses revealed that baseline avoidance scores predicted the scores of CES-D during the second test, after controlling for baseline CES-D and the other BADS-SF subscale scores, but the relationship of the Activation subscale with the CES-D scores was not significant. Therefore, the results indicate that the avoidance scale predicts the occurrence of symptoms of depression.

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Boisvert, Jennifer A., Donald R. McCreary, Kristi D. Wright, and Gordon J. G. Asmundson. "Factorial validity of the center for epidemiologic studies-depression (CES-D) scale in military peacekeepers." Depression and Anxiety 17, no. 1 (2003): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.10080.

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Batistoni, Samila Sathler Tavares, Anita Liberalesso Néri, and Ana Paula Cupertino. "Validade e confiabilidade da versão Brasileira da Center for Epidemiological Scale - Depression (CES-D) em idosos Brasileiros." Psico-USF 15, no. 1 (April 2010): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-82712010000100003.

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Foram identificados indicadores de validade de construto e de confiabilidade interna para a Center for Epidemiological Scale-Depression (CES-D) aplicada a idosos recrutados na comunidade, em um estudo que envolveu duas medidas sucessivas. A amostra foi composta de 347 idosos (73% mulheres) com idade média de 71,96 anos (DP=8,45), os quais foram submetidos à versão brasileira da CES-D em duas ocasiões, com um tempo médio de 15,7 meses (DP=4,57) entre as medidas. Os dados da segunda medida da CES-D foram submetidos à análise fatorial confirmatória, que revelou adequação do ajuste do modelo anterior com três fatores ("afetos negativos", "dificuldades de iniciar comportamentos", "afetos positivos"). O índice de consistência interna foi 0,82 para a escala, 0,77 para o fator 1, 0,59 para o fator 2 e 0,47 para o fator 3. A prevalência de depressão foi a mesma nas duas medidas (34%).

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BEEKMAN, A. T. F., D. J. H. DEEG, J. VAN LIMBEEK, A. W. BRAAM, M. Z. DE VRIES, and W. VAN TILBURG. "BRIEF COMMUNICATION." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796003510.

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The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) has been widely used in studies of late-life depression. Psychometric properties are generally favourable, but data on the criterion validity of the CES-D in elderly community-based samples are lacking. In a sample of older (55–85 years) inhabitants of the Netherlands, 487 subjects were selected to study criterion validity of the CES-D. Using the 1-month prevalence of major depression derived from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as criterion, the weighted sensitivity of the CES-D was 100%; specificity 88%; and positive predictive value 13·2%. False positives were not more likely among elderly with physical illness, cognitive decline or anxiety. We conclude that the criterion validity of the CES-D for major depression was very satisfactory in this sample of older adults.

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Pretorius, T. Brian. "Cross-Cultural Application of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: A Study of Black South African Students." Psychological Reports 69, no. 3_suppl (December 1991): 1179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1179.

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This article reports normative and psychometric data for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale when used with black South African students. Subjects were 450 undergraduate students in psychology. The reliability, validity, and factor structure of the scale were consistent with previously reported findings. The correlations of CES-Depression Scale scores with certain demographic variables are also reported.

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Matschinger, Herbert, Astrid Schork, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, and Matthias C. Angermeyer. "Zur Anwendung der CES-D bei älteren Menschen: Dimensionsstruktur und Meßartefakte." Diagnostica 46, no. 1 (January 2000): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0012-1924.46.1.29.

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Zusammenfassung. Beim Einsatz der Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) stellt sich das Problem der Dimensionalität des Instruments, dessen Lösung durch die Konfundierung eines Teilkonstruktes (“Wohlbefinden”) mit Besonderheiten der Itemformulierung Schwierigkeiten bereitet, da Antwortartefakte zu erwarten sind. Dimensionsstruktur und Eignung der CES-D zur Erfassung der Depression bei älteren Menschen wurden an einer Stichprobe von 663 über 75-jährigen Teilnehmern der “Leipziger Langzeitstudie in der Altenbevölkerung” untersucht. Da sich die Annahme der Gültigkeit eines partial-credit-Rasch-Modells sowohl für die Gesamtstichprobe als auch für eine Teilpopulation als zu restriktiv erwies, wurde ein 3- bzw. 4-Klassen-latent-class-Modell für geordnete Kategorien berechnet und die 4-Klassen-Lösung als den Daten angemessen interpretiert: Drei Klassen zeigten sich im Sinne des Konstrukts “Depression” geordnet, eine Klasse enthielt jene Respondenten, deren Antwortmuster auf ein Antwortartefakt hinwiesen. In dieser Befragtenklasse wird der Depressionsgrad offensichtlich überschätzt. Zusammenhänge mit Alter und Mini-Mental-State-Examination-Score werden dargestellt. Nach unseren Ergebnissen muß die CES-D in einer Altenbevölkerung mit Vorsicht eingesetzt werden, der Summenscore sollte nicht verwendet werden.

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Kliem, Sören, Johannes Beller, Ana Nanette Tibubos, and Elmar Brähler. "Normierung und Evaluation der Messinvarianz der 8-Item-Kurzform der Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D-8)." Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie 66, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2020.66.3.259.

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Ilic, Irena, Goran Babic, Aleksandra Dimitrijevic, Milena Ilic, and Sandra Sipetic Grujicic. "Reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale in Serbian women with abnormal Papanicolaou smear results." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 6 (June 14, 2019): 996–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000219.

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ObjectivesCervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among women in Serbia. Organized screening for detection of cervical cancer was introduced in Serbia in 2013 and provided free of charge in all state health facilities. Studies have shown that depression frequently follows the notification of abnormal findings on the Papanicolaou (Pap) screening test. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale among women in Serbia receiving a report of abnormal cytology.MethodsThis population-based study used cross-sectional, self-reported data involving 198 consecutive women attending cervical cancer screening who had received abnormal Pap smear results. All participants completed the socio-demographic questionnaire and CES-D scale. Reliability of the CES-D scale was assessed by internal consistency reliability (measured with standardized Cronbach’s coefficient α). Exploratory factor analysis was done using Promax rotation.ResultsThe overall Cronbach’s α coefficient of the CES-D scale was 0.865, while the Cronbach’s α coefficients for the subscales Depressed affect, Somatic complaints, Positive affect, and Interpersonal relationship were 0.885, 0.802, 0.851, and 0.593, respectively. Principal component analysis with Oblimin rotation indicated four main components that explained 62.0% of variance. Over one-quarter (28.8%) of the participants scored above the cut point (≥16) on the CES-D scale. The mean score for depressive symptoms was 13.0 for the study sample.ConclusionsThe Serbian version of the CES-D scale proved to be a valid and reliable instrument for identifying patients with depressive symptoms among women with abnormal Pap smear results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D)'

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