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Journal articles on the topic 'Central composite design (CCD)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gregor, Milan, Patrik Grznar, Stefan Mozol, and Lucia Mozolova. "Design of simulation experiments using Central Composite Design." Acta Simulatio 9, no. 2 (2023): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/asim.v9i2.99.

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In the context of research and development, it is key to achieve accurate and reliable results. However, often to obtain these results, a large number of experiments must be performed, which can significantly extend the research time and increase computational requirements. The solution to these problems may be efficient experimental planning, which allows for a reduction in the number of trials and optimization of the process. This article provides an insight into Central Composite Design (CCD) and its use in simulation experiments. We introduce various types of CCD designs, such as CCC (Cent

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E.I., Jaja, Etuk E.H., Iwundu M.P., and Amos E. "Robustness of Central Composite Design and Modified Central Composite Design to a Missing Observation for Non-Standard Models." African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 4, no. 2 (2021): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajmss-c5nkoi81.

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Missing observations in an experimental design may lead to ambiguity in decision making thereby bringing an experiment to disrepute. Robustness, therefore, enables a process, not to break down in the presence of missing observations. This work constructed a modified central composite design (MCCD) from a four-variable central composite design (CCD) augmented with four center points using the leverage of a hat-matrix. The robustness of the CCD and MCCD were assessed when a design point is missing at the factorial, axial, and center points of the experiment, for a non-standard model, using the l

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M. P., Iwundu,. "Construction of Modified Central Composite Designs for Non-standard Models." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 7, no. 5 (2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v7n5p95.

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The use of loss function in studying the reduction in determinant of information matrix due to missing observations has effectively produced designs that are robust to missing observations. Modified central composite designs are constructed for non-standard models using principles of the loss function or equivalently first compound of (I ) matrix associated with hat matrix . Although central composite designs (CCDs) are reasonably robust to model mis-specifications, efficient designs with fewer design points are more economical. By classifying the losses due to missing design points in the CCD

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Yuliwati, Erna, Nurlailah Nurlailah, and Dian Kharismadewi. "Optimisation using Central Composite Design for Adsorption of Virgin Coconut Oil." Reaktor 20, no. 4 (2020): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.20.4.192-202.

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Development of coconut-based industries in Indonesia has excellent prospects, especially Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a nutritional supplement for health. In order to produce high quality of VCO, this research developed activated carbon betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) as bio-adsorbent in adsorption process. The composition of bio-adsorbent in chromatographic column has been optimized using central composite design (CCD). Bio-adsorbent were characterised by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the average poresize of 1.59 μm was calcula

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Ugbe, Thomas Adidaumbe, Peter Akpan, Richmond Ofonodo, and Edet Bassey. "On Evaluation of Three Basic Properties of Central Composite Design." Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics 23, no. 1 (2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2023/v23i1493.

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This work aims at making a choice of selecting the best property of central composite design (CCD). The three basic properties of CCD are rotatable, orthogonal and slope-rotatable with four optimality criteria; D, E, A and T. A complete 23 factorial experiment with increase in center points and non-replication of axial point was used for the entire work. The software applications used to run the analysis are Minitab and Excel. Minitab was used to create CCD with the respective center points and axial distances to fit the quadratic response polynomial. Excel was used to evaluate all the optimal

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Karim, A. N. Mustafizul, Nor A. B. Khalid, Raja N. H. R. Ismail, Mahbubul Haque, and Shahida Begum. "Securing Superior Properties of Composite (PP+WF) through Central Composite Design." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.186.

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Due to numerous attractive properties, use of composites is in increasing trend. Efforts are being made to develop new composites securing their useful properties at optimum level for more demanding applications. The purpose of this project is to optimize the mechanical properties of composite (polypropylene + wood fiber) using Central Composite Design (CCD) technique. Accordingly experiments were conducted to develop mathematical models in terms of three process parameters - composition (percentage of PP and wood fiber), injection pressure (bar), and time (second) for functional characteristi

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7

E.I., Jaja, Iwundu M.P., and Etuk E.H. "The Comparative Study of CCD and MCCD in the Presence of a Missing Design Point." African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 4, no. 2 (2021): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajmss-jf1a1dza.

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The work constructed a modified central composite design from a rotatable central composite design augmented with seven center points adapted from the work of Wu and Li (2002). The comparison of the robustness of the CCD and MCCD to missing observation was investigated at various design points of factorial, axial and center points’ when the model is non-standard, using A-efficiency and the Losses associated. The results of the evaluations of the designs to missing observations are presented, and the MCCD is shown to be more A-optimal while the CCD is more robust and relatively A-efficient to a

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8

Bagchi, Tapan, and R. P. Mohanty. "A Deep Learning Prototype Tested Against 2nd Order Statistical Central Composite Design (CCD) Models." Journal of Data Analytics and Engineering Decision Making 1, no. 1 (2024): 01–10. https://doi.org/10.33140/jdaedm.01.01.01.

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This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of deep learning (DL), a burgeoning aspect of machine learning and artificial intelligence, in exploring input-response dependencies from observed data, especially when complex nonlinearities are present. DL has the potential to be at least as effective as, if not better than, traditional statistical techniques such as response surface methodology (RSM). To test this hypothesis, we developed DL models using Tensor flow and compared their predictions against those of well-established statistical models. Our DL models were hyper parameter tuned using

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9

Banerjee, Sabyasachi. "OPTIMIZATION OF SPRAY DRYING PROCESS USING CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN (CCD)." Journal of Applied Pharmacy 6 (2014): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21065/19204159.6.87.

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Spray-drying process was used for the development of drug complex with Î²-CD (Î²-cyclodextrin). The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of formulation and process variables on the resulting powder characteristics in order to optimize them. A face-centered central composite design was applied to optimize the spray drying process on a pilot scale (15 liters).

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10

Asghar, Anam, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman, and Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud. "A Comparison of Central Composite Design and Taguchi Method for Optimizing Fenton Process." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/869120.

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In the present study, a comparison of central composite design (CCD) and Taguchi method was established for Fenton oxidation.Dyeini, Dye : Fe+2, H2O2 : Fe+2, and pH were identified control variables while COD and decolorization efficiency were selected responses.L9orthogonal array and face-centered CCD were used for the experimental design. Maximum 99% decolorization and 80% COD removal efficiency were obtained under optimum conditions.Rsquared values of 0.97 and 0.95 for CCD and Taguchi method, respectively, indicate that both models are statistically significant and are in well agreement wit

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11

C.K., Venil, Rajkokila K. та Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. "Application of statistical design in medium optimization for α - amylase production by Bacillus subtilis HB04". International Journal of BioSciences and Technology (IJBST) ISSN: 0974-3987 3, № 3 (2010): 36–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1438303.

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<strong>ABSTRACT:</strong> To optimize the medium conditions for maximum production of α - amylase by <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> HB04 in submerged fermentation, statistical design: Plackett - Burman Design and Central Composite Design were employed. The results of PBD statistical factorial design showed that in the culture medium, inoculum concentration, incubation time and yeast extract were the key factors affecting α - amylase production. The optimum cultural conditions derived from CCD for α - amylase production were, inoculum concentration 3%, incubation time 33h and yea

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12

Kim, Ji-Su, Ki-Taek Kim, Ju-Hwan Park, et al. "Coacervate microcapsules of vitamin U optimized by central composite design (CCD)." Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation 49, no. 3 (2018): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40005-018-0407-3.

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13

Draman, S. F. S., S. M. Shukri, N. S. I. Ishak, A. S. A. Samad, and A. F. Pauzi. "Optimization of AB Fertilizer for Plant Growth in Fertigation Using Central Composite Design." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012010.

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Abstract A plant needs to consume sufficient essential nutrients for production speed. This study investigated the optimum condition for water spinach growth of wick technique fertigation. Fertigation is a fertilizer application process in which the drip system mixes fertilizer within the irrigation water. The fertilizer solution is uniformly distributed in the irrigation system. The chosen method is a hydroponic method and suitable in an urban area with no soil for planting. Fertigation is also an easy and cost-effective method. The water spinach height’s optimum condition was determined thro

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Draman, S. F. S., S. M. Shukri, N. S. I. Ishak, A. S. A. Samad, and A. F. Pauzi. "Optimization of AB Fertilizer for Plant Growth in Fertigation Using Central Composite Design." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012010.

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Abstract A plant needs to consume sufficient essential nutrients for production speed. This study investigated the optimum condition for water spinach growth of wick technique fertigation. Fertigation is a fertilizer application process in which the drip system mixes fertilizer within the irrigation water. The fertilizer solution is uniformly distributed in the irrigation system. The chosen method is a hydroponic method and suitable in an urban area with no soil for planting. Fertigation is also an easy and cost-effective method. The water spinach height’s optimum condition was determined thro

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15

Suphirat, Chawanee, and Wasinee Pradubsri. "Comparison of the Three Types of Central Composite Designs Over Subsets of Reduced Models by Design Optimality Criteria." Trends in Sciences 21, no. 11 (2024): 8193. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.8193.

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The purpose of this article is to compare the 3 important types of central composite designs (CCDs) consisting of central composite circumscribed design (CCCD), central composite inscribed design (CCID), and central composite face-centroid design (CCFD) in response surface methodology (RSM). The difference among these designs is the distance from the center design to the axial points. The comparison was performed across the full second-order response surface model and across a set of reduced models for 3, 4, and 5 design factors ( 3, 4, and 5) including 1, 3, and 5 center runs ( 1, 3, and 5).

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Ferdosian, Fatemeh, Zhongshun Yuan, Mark Anderson, and Chunbao (Charles) Xu. "Synthesis of lignin-based epoxy resins: optimization of reaction parameters using response surface methodology." RSC Adv. 4, no. 60 (2014): 31745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03978e.

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17

Gul, Samiha, Fakhar N. Memon, and Shahabuddin Memon. "Optimization of toxic metal adsorption on DEA-calix[4]arene appended silica resin using a central composite design." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 7 (2022): 3448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj05669g.

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18

Azari, Ali, Alireza Mesdaghinia, Ghader Ghanizadeh, et al. "Which is better for optimizing the biosorption process of lead – central composite design or the Taguchi technique?" Water Science and Technology 74, no. 6 (2016): 1446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.318.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate central composite design (CCD) and the Taguchi technique in the adsorption process. Contact time, initial concentration, and pH were selected as the variables, and the removal efficiency of Pb was chosen for the designated response. In addition, face-centered CCD and the L9 orthogonal array were used for the experimental design. The result indicated that, at optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of Pb was 80%. However, the value of R2 was greater than 0.95 for both the CCD and Taguchi techniques, which revealed that both techniques were suitable and in

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19

Çetin, Ali Emrah, D. Şimşek, M. Çiftçioğlu, Yelda Akdeniz, Filiz Özmıhçı, and Arzu Aykut Yetkiner. "Investigation of HA Cement Preparation and Properties by Using Central Composite Design." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.381.

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The goal of the present work was to investigate the effects of several cement preparation parameters on setting and hardening reaction mechanisms and hydroxyapatite (HA) cement properties. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was conducted by choosing particle size, solid to liquid ratio, pH, seed concentration and buffer concentration as design parameters along with compressive strength and setting time being the responses. Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) powders were prepared by heat treatment of calcium and phosphate source mixtures in the 1200-1400°C temperature range followed by qu

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20

Araujo, Thalita Fonseca, and Luciano Paulino Silva. "The Utilization of Central Composite Design for the Production of Hydrogel Blends for 3D Printing." Coatings 14, no. 10 (2024): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14101324.

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Central composite design (CCD) is a statistical experimental design technique that utilizes a combination of factorial and axial points to study the effects of multiple variables on a response. This study focused on optimizing hydrogel formulations for 3D printing using CCD. Three biopolymers were selected: sodium alginate (SA), gelatin (GEL), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The maximum and minimum concentrations of each polymer were established using a Google Scholar search, and CCD was employed to generate various combinations for hydrogel preparation. The hydrogels were characterized in

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21

Shi, Wen Ying, Hong Bin Li, and Rong Zhou. "A Novel SPES/PES Catalytic Membrane for Production Biodiesel: Optimization by Central Composite Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (September 2014): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.338.

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A sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES)/polyethersulfone (PES) blend catalytic membrane was prepared and used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol for producing biodiesel. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the three important reaction variables methanol/oleic acid mass ratio, catalytic membrane loading and reaction time for the esterification by SPES/PES blend catalytic membrane. The optimum condition for the esterification was as follows: methanol/oleic acid mass ratio 1:1, catalytic membrane l

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22

Song, Byeong Uk, Tae Il Seo, and Youn Seung Jeong. "A Study about Wind Stresses of 4-Dish Parabolic Solar Collector System by Using FEM and Response Surface Method." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.209.

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This paper presented a study about maximum stresses acting on the 4-dish solar collector system, which caused by excessive wind. For this, Central Composite Design and Response Surface Method were used on the basis of maximum stresses calculated by Finite Element Method. VisualDOC was used for CCD (Central Composite Design) and RSM (Response Surface Method), and Ansys was used for FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis. 9 cases of CCD points were selected and FEM analyses were conducted at these points. Based on these results, response surface function was constructed to model maximum stresses a

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23

Gupta, Aparna, Vijay Sharma, and Lalit Singh. "Process variable studies for preparation of optimized system for bupropion hydrochloride using CCD." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2-s (2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2513.

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Aim of present work is to develop optimized sustained release dosage form of Bupropion hydrochloride using Formulation by Design (FbD) approach. Development and optimization of formulation batches was done by design experiment using Central Composite Design (CCD). Tablets were formulated by direct compression technique and evaluated. The impact of independent variables like concentration of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC K4M) and Carbopol (CP 934P) were observed on dependent variable like hardness of tablet, drug release in 12 h (Q12h) and the time for fifty percent release of drug (T50%

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Venkata Ravikumar B and Victorbabu B. Re. "Second type second order slope rotatable designs utilizing symmetrical unequal block arrangements with two unequal block sizes." International Journal of Scientific Research Updates 8, no. 1 (2024): 054–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53430/ijsru.2024.8.1.0047.

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Kim and Ko developed second order slope rotatable designs (SOSRD) of second type utilizing central composite designs (CCD), in which two numbers are used to represent the positions of star points. In this paper, we suggest second type SOSRD utilizing symmetrical unequal block arrangements (SUBA) with two unequal block sizes. In some cases, the suggested method may develop designs containing fewer design points than second type SOSRD obtained utilizing CCD, pairwise balanced designs (PBD) and balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD). The first order partial derivative's for estimated second ord

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Azhar, Muhammad Fitri, Muhammad Salahuddin Haris, Izzuddin Mohamad, et al. "Optimisation of alginate-pectin bead formulation using central composite design guided electrospray technique." International Food Research Journal 28, no. 4 (2021): 860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.28.4.22.

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Alginate-pectin beads act as a carrier in improving the oral bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Electrospray technique facilitates the production of uniform size and shape of alginate-pectin beads. Interaction between key electrospray process parameters affects the size and shape of the beads. A proper model should be employed to establish these correlating interactions. In the present work, the electrospray technique was guided with a central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). One quadratic and one linear model were obtained for size and sphericity coefficient

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Anahas, Antonyraj Matharasi Perianaika, and Gangatharan Muralitharan. "Central composite design (CCD) optimization of phytohormones supplementation for enhanced cyanobacterial biodiesel production." Renewable Energy 130 (January 2019): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.110.

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Akmal, Tubagus, and Dinda Rahmanda Priatna. "Optimasi Formula Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Lavender (Lavandula officinalis) Menggunakan Central Composite Design (CCD)." Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Pharmacy 3, no. 1 (2025): 28–37. https://doi.org/10.61329/pscp.v3i1.40.

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Penuaan kulit merupakan proses alami yang dapat dipercepat oleh faktor eksternal seperti paparan sinar UV, yang menyebabkan stres oksidatif dan kerusakan struktur kulit. Penggunaan bahan alami dengan sifat antioksidan, seperti ekstrak lavender (Lavandula officinalis), menawarkan solusi potensial dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan formulasi krim berbasis ekstrak lavender menggunakan metode Central Composite Design (CCD), dengan fokus pada parameter viskositas dan pH sebagai indikator kualitas formulasi. Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan memvariasikan konse

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O. Ngonadi, Lilian, and Francis C. Eze. "Some Optimality Variations of Central Composite Designs." Academic Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, no. 54 (April 15, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajams.54.32.42.

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Some variations of central composite designs (CCD) under complete and partial replications of cube, axial and center points are studied using A, D and G optimality criteria. The results obtained suggest that complete replication of the cube, axial and center points are better than the partial replication of cube, axial and center points under the A and D optimality criteria studied while it varies under G optimality criterion. The partial replication of the cube, axial and center point for all the CCDs studied, the partial replicated cube point is D optimal but varies under A and G optimality

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O. Ngonadi, Lilian, and Francis C. Eze. "Some Optimality Variations of Central Composite Designs." Academic Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, no. 54 (April 15, 2019): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajams.54.32.42.

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Some variations of central composite designs (CCD) under complete and partial replications of cube, axial and center points are studied using A, D and G optimality criteria. The results obtained suggest that complete replication of the cube, axial and center points are better than the partial replication of cube, axial and center points under the A and D optimality criteria studied while it varies under G optimality criterion. The partial replication of the cube, axial and center point for all the CCDs studied, the partial replicated cube point is D optimal but varies under A and G optimality

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Arsana, Muafa Purwa, Dita Monita, Sudarman Rahman, et al. "Optimasi Ekstraksi Sisik Naga (Drymoglossum Piloselloides) Tumbuhan Epifit Gambut Kalimantan Menggunakan Central Composite Design untuk Aktivitas Antioksidan." Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia 7, no. 1 (2024): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol7no1p112-117.

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Daun sisik naga (Drymoglossum piloselloides) merupakan tanaman yang mengandung metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Tanaman ini dikenal dengan sifatnya yang mudah tumbuh dan memiliki sebaran habitat yang luas. Metode ekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut aseton telah terbukti efektif dalam mengekstrak metabolit sekunder dari tanaman ini. Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan optimasi dengan menggunakan metode Central Composite Design (CCD). Metode CCD melibatkan tiga faktor utama dalam percobaan ekstraksi, yaitu konsentrasi pelarut, wak

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Shah, Abdul Rauf, and Hajira Tahir. "Optimization of Sono-Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Dye Using Central Composite Design." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 2 (2019): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1902.14.

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Sono-electrocaogulation process was successfully applied for the removal of RR120 (Reactive Red 120) in the presence of activated carbon. For this purpose, the process variables were optimized using CCD (Central Composite Design). The operational parameters of the technology were the amount of activated charcoal (0.2-2.0g), amount of NaCl electrolyte (1-10g), sonication time (30-120 min) and RR120 dye concentration (40-120 mg/L), respectively. Consequently, the 100% dye removal was determined at the optimal conditions for the process obtained by CCD. In addition, the sonication time, amount of

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Hanapi, Nur Hanis Mohamad, Sharifah Hanis Yasmin Sayid Abdullah, Azimah Ismail, and Hafizan Juahir. "Central Composite Design: a Response Surface Methodology Approach in Biodegradation of Textile Dye Wastewater." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 6 (2021): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.6.461.

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Objectives : This study evaluated and identified the removal of colors and chemocal oxygen demands from thextile dye effluents by Bacillus cereus isolated from the local textile wastewater treatment plant.Methods : Central composite design (CCD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in order to achieve the optimized treatment process condition for the textile dyes wastewater degradation. Two-level of three process parameters with six center points resulted a total of twenty runs of experiments were performed. Bacterial inoculum (-1,+1) (%, v/v), agitation (-1, +1) (rpm), and pH (

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Fegousse, Ahlam, Abdelali El Gaidoumi, Youssef Miyah, Rabea El Mountassir, and Anissa Lahrichi. "Pineapple Bark Performance in Dyes Adsorption: Optimization by the Central Composite Design." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (February 14, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3017163.

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This work is concerned with the study of the adsorption in aqueous medium of a three-dye mixture which contains Methylene Blue, Brilliant Green, and Congo Red on the pineapple bark. This adsorbent material has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The experimental design methodology, based on the response surface methodology (RSM) by the central composite design (CCD), has been applied for the optimization of the parameters, namely, the temperature, dose of the adsorbent, and pH. The yield reached 98.91% under optimal condi

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Hamed, J. O., O. O. Ogunleye, and C. A. Osheku. "Optimal design of a composite propellant formulation using response surface methodology." Advances in Materials Science 17, no. 1 (2017): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0004.

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Abstract There is a continuous demand for high performance composite propellant formulations to meet mission requirements. The performance of composite propellant formulations can be enhanced by optimizing propellant formulation. However, the main objective of this study is to formulate a composition for composite propellant by optimizing the specific impulse which is the measure of propellant performance. A central composite design (ccd) consisting five ingredients (ammonium nitrate, powdered aluminum, polyester resin, ammonium dichromate and powdered charcoal) at five levels was used to form

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Matin, Taheri, and Ramazani Ali. "Design and Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Reduced-Graphene Oxide- Loaded Cement." Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application 2, no. 3 (2018): 159–64. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2018.92049.

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Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphite-based product. GO prepare a new distance to interact with cement matrix. GO due to the high specific surface area, high intrinsic mobility and high Young’s modulus leads to a remarkable enhancement in mechanical properties of cementitious material matrix. In the present study, the effect of reduced-graphene oxide (r-GO) on the mechanical properties of Portland cement paste was investigated. Response surface methodology based on central composite design (CCD) was used to predict the interaction effects of curing time (7-21 days) and GO amount (0.02-0.1%)

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Nury, Dennis Farina, Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi, Muhammad Erwin Cahyo Nugroho, and Yeni Variyana. "OPTIMASI PROSES EKSTRAKSI ULTRASONIKASI DAUN BINAHONG MENGGUNAKAN CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA MINERAL 3, no. 2 (2024): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.61844/jtkm.v3i2.935.

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Daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia) telah lama dikenal memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan, terutama dalam pengobatan tradisional. Daun ini mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, saponin, dan polifenol yang berfungsi sebagai anti mikroba, antioksidan, dan antiinflamasi. Ekstraksi adalah langkah penting yang harus dilakukan untuk memaksimalkan manfaat senyawa bioaktif yang terkandung dalam daun binahong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan proses ekstraksi ultrasonikasi daun binahong menggunakan metode central composite design (CCD) pada response surface methodology (RSM). Fak

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Adedeji, Jeremiah A., Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Gloria Amo-Duodu, Edward Kwaku Armah, Sudesh Rathilal, and Maggie Chetty. "Central Composite Design Optimisation of Banana Peels/Magnetite for Anaerobic Biogas Production from Wastewater." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (2022): 12037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312037.

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Biogas production from wastewater as a function to curb waste and provide energy security has gained worldwide attention. Ensuring the stability of anaerobic digestion (AD) of physiochemical and biological complexity necessitates optimization. In this study, a central composite design (CCD) from a response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate and optimize the effects of bio-stimulation of banana peels coupled with magnetite on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater to produce biogas. An experimental matrix of 14 runs using the CCD, with two factors (nanoparticle and biochar load)

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Shahawy, Abeer El, Inas A. Ahmed, Mahmoud Nasr, Ahmed H. Ragab, Saedah R. Al-Mhyawi, and Khalda M. A. Elamin. "Organic Pollutants Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process via Central Composite Design (CCD)." Water 13, no. 24 (2021): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243522.

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Electrocoagulation (EC) was studied in this study as a potential alternative approach for treating Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW). Aluminum plates were utilized as anode and cathode to evaluate the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from OMW and the aluminum electrode’s weight loss. Central Composite Experimental Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology were used to optimize its performance. Anodes were weighed before and after each electrocoagulation experiment, to compare the experimental and the theoretical dissolved aluminum weights calculated using Faraday’s law. We discovered the

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Agarwal, Abhishek, and Linda Mthembu. "Numerical Modelling and Multi Objective Optimization Analysis of Heavy Vehicle Chassis." Processes 9, no. 11 (2021): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112028.

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The primary supporting structure of an automobile and its other vital systems is the chassis. The chassis structure is required to bear high shock, stresses, and vibration, and therefore it should possess adequate strength. The objective of current research is to analyze a heavy motor vehicle chassis using numerical and experimental methods. The CAD design and FE analysis is conducted using the ANSYS software. The design of the chassis is then optimized using Taguchi design of Experiments (DOE); the optimization techniques used are the central composite design (CCD) scheme and optimal space fi

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Liu, Zhuang, Lin Zhu, Jing Lin, and Zhi Hui Sun. "Optimization of Deposition Conditions for Preparing Silica Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.230.

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Currently, single factor experiments are used in most of the traditional materials preparation without considering the interaction of the various process factors. Plackett-Burman (PB) design and central composite design (CCD) were applied to optimize eight factors for the silica (SiOx) films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The results show that the three key factors, RF power density, work pressure and target sample distance are significant to prepare (SiOx) films using PB design, in which the deposition rate is regarded as the target response. By CCD design and response surface analysis

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Abdullah, Rozaini, Jumat Salimon, and Anis Atikah Ahmad. "Optimization of Linoleic Acid Monoepoxidation Condition from Malaysian Jatropha curcas Using Central Composite Design (CCD)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 1107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.1107.

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The aim of this study was to optimize the monoepoxidation process of linoleic acid obtained from Malaysian Jatropha curcas oil using central composite design (CCD). There were four independent variable factors had been studied which involved reaction temperature (X1), reaction time (X2), catalyst loading (X3) and H2O2 concentration (X4). Thirty experiments were carried out based on the experimental design responses obtained. The results showed that the optimum condition was obtained at catalyst loading of 0.11% (w/w) methyltrioxorhernium (VII) (MTO), H2O2 mole of 99%, reaction temperature of 5

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Tarrsini, M., Q. H. Ng, Y. P. Teoh, et al. "Optimization of On-Site Xylanase Production from Aspergillus niger via Central Composite Design (CCD)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 855 (May 28, 2020): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/855/1/012005.

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Mohamed, Radin, Adel Al-Gheethi, Adeleke Abdulrahman, Muhammad Shabery bin Sainudin, Siti Asmah Bakar, and Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. "Optimization of ceramic waste filter for bathroom greywater treatment using central composite design (CCD)." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (2018): 1578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.02.006.

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O, P, Esievo,, Awodiji, C.T.G, and Sule, S. "Optimising Durability Performance of Dehydroxylated Kaolin Geopolymer Concrete Using Central Composite Design." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 27, no. 7 (2025): 328–46. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2025/v27i71576.

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Geopolymer concrete has emerged as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete due to its lower carbon emissions and the potential for incorporating industrial waste materials. This environmentally friendly binder system significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, primarily CO₂, associated with the production of traditional cement. This study investigates the durability of dehydroxylated kaolin (DHK) geopolymer concrete (DHKGPC) in terms of water absorption capacity, utilising the central composite design (CCD) method. The research focused on f

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Ruiz-Aguilar, Graciela M. L., Juan H. Martínez-Martínez, Rogelio Costilla-Salazar, and Sarai Camarena-Martínez. "Using Central Composite Design to Improve Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Tomato Plant Waste." Energies 16, no. 14 (2023): 5412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145412.

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Tomato plant waste (TPW) is a significant agricultural byproduct that has been often underutilized. Recent studies have shown that its use to obtain methane in an anaerobic digestion (AD) process is viable. However, there is not much information available on studies to improve methane production from this substrate using statistical methods for optimization processes such as central composite design (CCD). For this investigation, CCD was adopted to analyze the effect of S/I ratio (substrate/inoculum ratio) (0.32–1.12), temperature (27–43 °C), and inoculum concentration (10.35–20.95 g VS/L) on

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Hernanda, Rasikha Alifah, Muhammad Fakhri Izzul Haq, Suprapto Suprapto, and Yatim Lailun Ni'mah. "Optimization of Fe Leaching Method for Indonesia Laterite Rocks using Experiment Design Central Composite Design (CCD)-Response Surface Methodology (RSM)." IJCA (Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis) 8, no. 1 (2025): 50–61. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijca.vol8.iss1.art5.

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This study's goal is to maximize the soil's iron revocation process by exploiting the CCD (Central Composite Design) and RSM (Response Surface Method) experimental designs. Kendari, Kolaka, and Southeast Sulawesi are the laterite rocks used in this study. XRF testing is used to identify the mineral components contained in laterite rocks. The iron content of the laterite rocks is 68.90% according to XRF analysis, and the remaining metal content needs to be separated by leaching. Variations in the S/L ratio, leaching time, and leaching temperature were used in the leaching process, and these cha

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Yakubu, Y., Z. Q. Aliyu, A. Usman, and O. Evans. "Split-plot Central Composite Experimental Design Method for Optimization of Cake Height to Achieve desired Texture." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 28, no. 1 (2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v28i1.5.

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In many industrial experimental situations, the levels of certain factors under investigation are much harder to change than others due to time and/or cost constraints. An appropriate approach to such situations is to restrict the randomization of the hard-to-change (HTC) factors, which leads to a split-plot structure. This work designs and conducts a split-plot central composite experiment for optimizing cake height using oven temperature(Factor A) as the HTC factor, amount of flour (B), baking powder (C), and amount of milk (D) as the easy-to-change (ETC) factors. A second-order split-plot c

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Victorbabu, B. Re, and B. Venkata Ravikumar. "Second Order Slope Rotatable Designs of Second Type Utilizing Balanced Incomplete Block Designs." Asian Research Journal of Mathematics 21, no. 3 (2025): 94–105. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjom/2025/v21i3902.

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Kim (2002) proposed second order rotatable designs (SORD) of second type utilizing Central composite design (CCD), wherein the two digits denotes the position of star points. Kim and Ko (2004) introduced second order slope rotatable designs (SOSRD) of second type utilizing CCD, wherein the two digits denotes the position of star points. In this study, we propose SOSRD of second type utilizing balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD) for 3≤v≤16 (v-stands for number of factors). In specific cases, the recommended procedure results in fewer number of design points than SOSRD of second type acquir

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Dwiastuti, Rini, and Ni Kadek Dwi Putri Kusuma Dewi. "APLIKASI METODE OPTIMASI CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN DALAM FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL NANOPARTIKEL LIPID DENGAN BAHAN AKTIF 4-n-BUTILRESORCINOL." Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 8, no. 1 (2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v8i1.490.

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Lipid nanoparticle is one of the nanoparticle dosage forms that have a particle size of 1-100 nm. Lipid nanoparticle systems aggregation causes an increase in particle size with storage time so that a carrier is needed that can reduce the aggregation. The lipid nanoparticle system formulated in gel preparations can add to the matrix thereby reducing the aggregation. Central Composite Design (CCD) is one part of the experimental design of Response Surface Methodology that can be used to determine the optimization of gelling agents and humectants in the formulation of lipid nanoparticle gel prep

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Naureen, Faiza, Yasar Shah, Sayyed Ibrahim Shah, et al. "Formulation Development of Mirtazapine Liquisolid Compacts: Optimization Using Central Composite Design." Molecules 27, no. 13 (2022): 4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134005.

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Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic anti-depressant with poor water solubility. The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of mirtazapine by delivering the drug as a liquisolid compact. Central composite design (CCD) was employed for the preparation of mirtazapine liquisolid compacts. In this, the impacts of two independent factors, i.e., excipient ratio (carrier:coating) and different drug concentration on the response of liquisolid system were optimized. Liquisolid compacts were prepared using propylene glycol as a solvent, microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier, and silicon dioxide

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