Relevant bibliographies by topics / Central nervous system. eng

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Academic literature on the topic 'Central nervous system. eng'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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D'Addario, Vincenzo, and Capuano Pasquale. "Central Nervous System Malformations." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 3 (2016): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1472.

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ABSTRACT Ultrasound (US) is a useful tool to evaluate the normal morphology, the developmental changes, and the malformations of the fetal central nervous system (CNS). The development of the fetal CNS is a complex and continuous process progressing till the end of pregnancy and even after delivery. Although, a limited number of CNS anomalies may be suspected in the 1st trimester, the 2nd trimester is the best period of pregnancy to screen for CNS anomalies, but some malformations may be recognized only in the 3rd trimester or become evident only in the postnatal period. Screening for CNS anomalies relies on the use of the basic examination, which requires two simple axial planes on the fetal head (transventricular and transcerebellar). For a more detailed evaluation of brain malformations, an expanded fetal neurosonogram is needed, based on the use of multiple sagittal and coronal planes. The correct diagnosis of a CNS anomaly must be followed by an accurate counseling since the prognosis is varying widely. How to cite this article Vincenzo D, Pasquale C. Central Nervous System Malformations. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):235-255.
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Spencer, P. S., G. Román, A. Buguet, A. Guekht, and J. Reis. "COVID-19: neurological sequelae." Health Risk Analysis, no. 2 (June 2021): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.2.16.eng.

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COVID-19, the human primarily respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, commonly involves the nervous system, the effects of which may persist for many months. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 include relapsing and remitting neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms that can affect children and adults, including those who had mild acute illness. Since longer-term adverse effects on the central and peripheral nervous system of COVID-19 cannot be excluded, patient and societal health trends should be monitored going forward. Urgent present needs include not only global immunization against SARS-CoV-2 but also the reestablishment of lapsed mass vaccination programs to prevent resurgence of other viral diseases (e.g., measles, polio) that can impact the nervous system.
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de Boysson, H., and C. Pagnoux. "Catastrophic primary angiitis of the central nervous system." European Journal of Neurology 25, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): e3-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13469.

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Simon, Matthias, Daniel Franke, Michael Ludwig, Ales F. Aliashkevich, Gertraud Köster, Johannes Oldenburg, Azize Boström, Andreas Ziegler, and Johannes Schramm. "Association of a polymorphism of the ACVRL1 gene with sporadic arteriovenous malformations of the central nervous system." Journal of Neurosurgery 104, no. 6 (June 2006): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2006.104.6.945.

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Object Important central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) include arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is caused by germline mutations of two genes: ENG (HHT Type 1) and ACVRL1 (HHT Type 2). The ENG gene variations have been associated with the formation of intracranial aneurysms. The authors studied whether sequence variations in ACVRL1 or ENG are associated with the development of clinically sporadic arteriovenous dysplasias and aneurysms of the CNS. Methods The coding sequence (in 44 patients with AVMs and 27 with aneurysms) and the 5′ end and the polyA site (in 53 patients with AVMs) of the ACVRL1 gene were analyzed for sequence variations using direct sequencing and single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. One ENG and three ACVRL1 gene polymorphisms were genotyped using restriction enzyme–based analysis in 101 patients with sporadic AVMs and DAVFs of the CNS, 79 patients treated for intracranial aneurysms, and 202 control volunteers. The authors identified a statistically significant association between the IVS3 −35A/T polymorphism in intron 3 of the ACVRL1 gene and the development of AVMs and DAVFs (p = 0.004; odds ratio [OR] 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–2.51; after adjustments for age and sex), but not aneurysms (crude OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.55–1.18). Conclusions The results of this study link ACVRL1 (HHT Type 2 gene) to the formation of the clinically sporadic variants of vascular malformations of the CNS most commonly seen in patients with HHT, that is, AVMs and DAVFs.
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Giannoccaro, Maria Pia, Sarah J. Crisp, and Angela Vincent. "Antibody-mediated central nervous system diseases." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281881749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818817497.

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Antibody-mediated central nervous system diseases are a relatively new area of clinical neuroscience with growing impact. Their recognition has challenged the dogma of the blood–brain barrier preventing antibody access into the central nervous system. The antibodies discovered so far are mainly against neurotransmitter receptors (e.g. N-methyl-d-aspartate and glycine receptors) and ion channel–associated proteins (leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein 1 and contactin-associated protein 2) and are expressed on the surface of neuronal synapses and elsewhere. The disorders are reversible with immunotherapies that reduce antibody levels. Although rare, the identification of these disorders in clinical practice has made central nervous system autoimmune diseases a consideration in the differential diagnoses of many clinical presentations. There is still much to learn about the aetiology of the diseases and the mechanisms by which the antibodies act, the neuronal and glial changes that follow antibody-attack, and the compensatory changes that may be required to ensure good recovery.
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Allan, Stuart M., and Nancy J. Rothwell. "Inflammation in central nervous system injury." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1438 (August 27, 2003): 1669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1358.

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Inflammation is a key component of host defence responses to peripheral inflammation and injury, but it is now also recognized as a major contributor to diverse, acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Expression of inflammatory mediators including complement, adhesion molecules, cyclooxygenase enzymes and their products and cytokines is increased in experimental and clinical neurodegenerative disease, and intervention studies in experimental animals suggest that several of these factors contribute directly to neuronal injury. Most notably, specific cytokines, such as interleukin–1 (IL–1), have been implicated heavily in acute neurodegeneration, such as stroke and head injury. In spite of their diverse presentation, common inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to many neurodegenerative disorders and in some (e.g. multiple sclerosis) inflammatory modulators are in clinical use. Inflammation may have beneficial as well as detrimental actions in the CNS, particularly in repair and recovery. Nevertheless, several anti–inflammatory targets have been identified as putative treatments for CNS disorders, initially in acute conditions, but which may also be appropriate to chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
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Zaitseva, N. V., M. A. Zemlyanova, V. N. Zvezdin, Т. I. Akafyeva, D. L. Mazunina, and А. А. Dovbish. "Effects of subchronic exposure manganese oxide nanoparticles on the central nervous system, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (April 2014): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2014.4.09.eng.

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Gonçalves, Fabrício Guimarães, and Lázaro Luis Faria do Amaral. "Constructive Interference in Steady State Imaging in the Central Nervous System." European Neurological Review 6, no. 2 (2011): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2011.06.02.138.

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Constructive interference in steady state (CISS) is a fully refocused fast-gradient echo sequence that is mainly used in the assessment of the central nervous system. The most important advantages of steady-state imaging are short acquisition times, high signal-to-noise ratio, and better contrast-to-noise ratio. Owing to its cisternographic effect, CISS is useful in the assessment of the cranial nerves, and can also be used when studying cysts, cystic masses, and neurocysticercosis and in hydrocephalus cases. CISS has been shown to be useful in spinal imaging, epecially in cases of arteriovenous malformation and when it is helpful to better characterise intra- and extramedullary cystic abnormalities.
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Hoffmann, Christine, Ute Ziegler, Anne Buschmann, Artur Weber, Leila Kupfer, Anja Oelschlegel, Baerbel Hammerschmidt, and Martin H. Groschup. "Prions spread via the autonomic nervous system from the gut to the central nervous system in cattle incubating bovine spongiform encephalopathy." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 1048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82186-0.

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To elucidate the still-unknown pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), an oral BSE challenge and sequential kill study was carried out on 56 calves. Relevant tissues belonging to the peripheral and central nervous system, as well as to the lymphoreticular tract, from necropsied animals were analysed by highly sensitive immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques to reveal the presence of BSE-associated pathological prion protein (PrPSc) depositions. Our results demonstrate two routes involving the autonomic nervous system through which BSE prions spread by anterograde pathways from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the central nervous system (CNS): (i) via the coeliac and mesenteric ganglion complex, splanchnic nerves and the lumbal/caudal thoracic spinal cord (representing the sympathetic GIT innervation); and (ii) via the Nervus vagus (parasympathetic GIT innervation). The dorsal root ganglia seem to be subsequently affected, so it is likely that BSE prion invasion of the non-autonomic peripheral nervous system (e.g. sciatic nerve) is a secondary retrograde event following prion replication in the CNS. Moreover, BSE-associated PrPSc was already detected in the brainstem of an animal 24 months post-infection, which is 8 months earlier than reported previously. These findings are important for the understanding of BSE pathogenesis and for the development of new diagnostic strategies for this infectious disease.
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Cojocaru, Inimioara, Manole Cojocaru, Isabela Silosi, and Camelia Vrabie. "Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic Diseases." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-010-0014-y.

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Central Nervous System Manifestations in Rheumatic DiseasesPatients with multi-system rheumatic conditions may have a disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Central nervous system manifestations vary according to the location of the lesion and range from focal findings (e.g., stroke-like presentations), although serious neurological complications in rheumatic disease appear to be rare. The most prominent features of neurological involvement in rheumatic diseases include cerebral ischaemia and psychiatric symptoms. Little information is available on the prevalence of neurological disease in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis. Involvement of the CNS may be a striking early or presenting feature with a wide variety of manifestations. There is more clarity about the CNS syndromes attributable to systemic lupus erythematosus and new insights into the central mechanisms involved in the manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Severe CNS involvement is associated with poor prognosis, and high mortality rate. We review the spectrum of neurological diseases in patients with a rheumatological diagnosis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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Miguel, Tarciso Tadeu. "Papel dos mecanismos mediados pelo fator de liberação de corticotrofina e pelo complexo receptor N-Metil-D-Aspartato-Óxido Nítrico nas reações associadas a estímulos aversivos /." São Carlos, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104040.

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Resumo: Os confrontos dos animais com situações que induzem medo e ansiedade resultam em uma série de respostas comportamentais defensivas (ex. luta, fuga, imobilidade, vocalização, etc.), ativação neurovegetativa (ex. taquicardia, hipertensão, defecação, etc.), antinocicepção, além de influenciar o comportamento agressivo e aumentar a vulnerabilidade à dependência e recaída ao uso de drogas. Com base no potencial efeito ansiogênico dos neurotransmissores glutamato (via ativação do complexo receptor NMDA-óxido nítrico) e fator liberador de corticotrofina (via receptores CRF1 e CRF2), este estudo investigou o papel desses mediadores, através de injeções sistêmicas, na matéria cinzenta periaquedutal (MCP) ou no núcleo dorsal da rafe (NDR), nas respostas apontadas acima. Os seguintes modelos foram utilizados: labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE, ansiedade), injeção de formalina a 2,5% (nocicepção), conflito intruso-residente (agressão) e estresse de derrota social (dependência à cocaína). Os resultados indicaram: a) o efeito ansiogênico do agonista de receptores NMDA (N-metil-D-aspartato; NMDA) na MCP foi antagonizado pela inibição da enzima de síntese de NO, b) os efeitos ansiogênico e antinociceptivo do CRF na MCP foram via ativação de receptores CRF1 (mas não CRF2) e independentes de NO, c) os efeitos aversivo e antinociceptivo do NO (via administração de um doador de NO) na MCP mostraram-se sensíveis ao bloqueio de receptores CRF1, d) a ativação de receptores CRF2 intra-NDR reduziu o comportamento agressivo induzido pelo conflito intruso-residente, e) o tratamento sistêmico com antagonista CRF1 bloqueou a sensibilização comportamental à cocaína e atenuou o aumento do consumo da mesma induzidos pelo estresse da derrota social
Abstract: Animal confrontation against fear/anxiety-induced situations results in a repertory of behavioral defensive responses (e.g., fight, flight, immobility, vocalization), neurovegetative activation (e.g., tachycardia, hypertension, defecation), antinociception, as well as affects aggressive behavior and increases animals vulnerability to addiction and relapse to drug take. Based on the potential anxiogenic effect elicited by glutamate (via activation of NMDA-nitric oxide receptor complex) and corticotropin releasing factor (via CRF1 and CRF2 receptors), this study investigated the effect of systemic, intra-periaqueductal gray (PAG) or intradorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) injections of these mediators on the above described responses. The following animal models were used: elevated plus maze (EPM, anxiety test), formalin 2.5% injection (nociceptive test), resident-intruder conflict (aggression test) and social defeat stress (to induce cocaine addiction). Results indicated that: a) the anxiogenic effect elicited by intra-PAG injection of glutamate NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate; NMDA) receptor agonist was antagonized by prior local infusion an NO synthase inhibitor, b) the anxiogenic and antinociceptive effects elicited by intra-PAG CRF were mediated by CRF1 (but not CRF2) receptor activation and did not depend on NO synthesis, c) the aversive and antinociceptive effects of NO production (induced by intra-PAG injection of a NO donor) were sensitive to CRF1 blockade, d) activation of the CRF2 receptor within the DRN attenuated aggressive behavior elicited by resident-intruder conflict, e) systemic treatment with CRF1 receptor antagonist inhibited cocaine behavioral sensitization and social-defeat stress-induced cocaine consumption
Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Nunes de Souza
Coorientador: Klaus A. Miczek
Banca: Cleopatra da Silva Planeta
Banca: Fabrício Moreira
Banca: Hélio Zangrossi Júnior
Banca: Marcus Lira Brandão
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Gama, Fernanda Gomes Velasque. "Comparação de atividades de enzimas liquóricas com achados histopatológicos do sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite por cinomose /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101256.

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Orientador: Áureo Evangelista Santana
Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi
Banca: Marileda Bonafim Carvalho
Banca: Márcia Ferreira da Rosa Sobreira
Banca: Maria Angélica Dias
Resumo: A análise do líquido cerebrospinal demonstra ser uma ferramenta complementar viável e eficaz ao exame clínico-patológico do sistema nervoso, especialmente auxiliando no diagnóstico e prognóstico das suas inúmeras enfermidades. Porém, as variáveis apreciadas ao exame de rotina do liquor, nem sempre propiciam a detecção de anormalidades sutis frente a algumas situações neuropatológicas agudas, como por exemplo, nas viroses. Sendo assim, se faz necessário o aprofundamento do estudo do liquor com o escopo de se buscar técnicas mais sensíveis à identificação de alterações estruturais do tecido nervoso, bem como à avaliação do prognóstico do quadro clínico. E, recentemente, tem sido utilizada com sucesso em humanos a avaliação de marcadores bioquímicos, dentre os quais as atividades enzimáticas liquóricas da creatina quinase, lactato desidrogenase e aspartato aminotransferase. Sendo assim, idealizou-se o projeto de pesquisa, em tela, com o objetivo de se avaliar amostras liquóricas de cães acometidos por cinomose, com atenção especial às atividades enzimáticas, e sua correlação com achados histopatológicos do sistema nervoso central. Para tanto, foram colhidas amostras de LCR de 10 cães neurologicamente sadios e de 20 cães na fase neurológica da cinomose, as quais foram analisadas segundo a coloração, o aspecto, o pH, a densidade, a taxa de proteínas liquóricas totais e as atividades enzimáticas da lactato desidrogenase, da aspartato aminotransferase e da creatina quinase total e sua isoenzima CK-BB. Ademais fragmentos do encéfalo e medula espinhal também foram colhidos para posterior avaliação histopatológica. Os resultados obtidos foram capazes de demonstrar, principalmente a origem neurológica do aumento das atividades enzimáticas liquóricas, principalmente da CK e, ainda, a correlação entre o grau... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid is an important and efficient tool in the clinical-pathologic examination of the central nervous system, helping in the diagnosis and prognosis of several disorders. However, the variables presented in the cerebrospinal fluid not always allow the detection of acute neuropathology, such as viruses. It is necessary more studies with the purpose to obtain more sensitive techniques to identify structural changes in the nervous system, as well as the evaluation and prognosis of clinical signs. Recently, the evaluation of biochemical ma rkers , such as cerebrospinal enzyme activity, lactate dehidrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase, has been used in humans. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate cerebrospinal samples of dogs with canine distemper, with focus on enzymatic activity and its correlation with histopathological finding of the central nervous system. For that purpose, samples of the CSF were collected from 10 dogs clinically healthy and 20 dos presenting neurological signs of canine distemper. The samples were evaluated for color, aspect, pH, density, total protein in CSF and enzyme activities (Iactate dehidrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and total creatine kinase and its isoenzyme CK-BB). Moreover, fragments of the brain and spinal marrow were collected for histopathological evaluation. The results were capable to demonstrate the neurological origin of the increase in CSF enzyme activities, especially of CK and also the correlation between the degree of enzyme activities and the extent of desmielinizing injury found in the central nervous system.
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Papanikolaou, Maria. "Expression and function of Kir7.1 in the murine central nervous system." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/expression-and-function-of-kir71-in-the-murine-central-nervous-system(5d95b958-7bcc-4ae5-8f8b-3f90a34d1c3f).html.

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Glia express a variety of ion channels, but the precise subtypes expressed by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes has not been fully elucidated. The Kir7.1 subtype of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir) is highly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium and has been demonstrated in Purkinje neurons of the adult rat cerebellum and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but it has not previously been identified in glia. Using quantitative real time PCR, an ion channel profile for the developing mouse optic nerve was constructed and Kir7.1 was identified as one of the major ion channels present. Immunostaining revealed widespread expression of Kir7.1 in glia and neurons in the mouse brain with the highest expression found in optic nerve oligodendrocytes. A major function of Kir is to maintain the membrane potential of glia in the face of large ionic shifts associated with normal neuronal function and pathology. Oligodendrocytes are particularly susceptible to ischemia so the role of Kir7.1 in maintaining oligodendrocyte integrity during oxygen and glucose deprivation (ODG) in the isolated intact mouse optic nerve was examined, using the Kir7.1 channel blocker VU590. Blockade of Kir7.1 resulted in increased cell death of optic nerve oligodendrocytes in normoxic conditions by activating caspase -dependent apoptotic pathways and significantly augmented cell death induced by OGD. Moreover, intracellular calcium fluctuations dependent on store operated calcium entry in optic nerve glia were identified as a potential mechanism for the cellular stress induced by Kir7.1 inhibition. The results presented within this thesis demonstrate functional expression of Kir7.1 in glial cells, and indicate they are important in maintaining oligodendrocytic integrity in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Al-Sulaiman, Abdulrahman. "Serological array for the diagnosis of viral infection of the central nervous system." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/serological-array-for-the-diagnosis-of-viral-infection-of-the-central-nervous-system(5c23bcf7-0679-437a-9617-342fc53e96d7).html.

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Encephalitis caused by the alphaherpes viruses HSV 1, HSV 2 and VZV can be devastating and rapid, accurate diagnosis is required. Whilst existing molecular techniques are invaluable in diagnosing acute disease, detection of antibody is needed to confirm infection and to make a diagnosis after the acute stage or during post-infectious encephalitis. Current immunoassays are limited by the volume of sample required. The aim of this project was to develop a rapid, accurate, low sample volume assay to improve diagnosis using Luminex technology.The immunodominant proteins of HSV and VZV, glycoprotein D (gD) and glycoprotein E (gE), were expressed in insect cells using a baculovirus expression vector. Expressed proteins were purified, characterised and used to develop in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect HSV and VZV type-specific antibodies. The performance of each newly developed in-house ELISA was compared with commercial ELISA assays using well characterised serum panels. An excellent correlation between the in-house ELISAs and the commercial ELISA assays (100% for HSV gD and 99% for VZV gE) was observed. To differentiate between HSV-1 and HSV-2 a new commercial ELISA assay (Omega) utilising a branched chain peptide (peptide 55 which provides immune selection of HSV-2 specific antibody) was evaluated against two commercially available HSV-2 ELISA assays. The Omega assay showed an overall agreement of 97.6% with Western blot and other ELISA assays. The two expressed proteins, together with peptide 55, were used to develop a triplex fluorescent microbead immunoassay for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of anti-viral antibody in human sera. Initially a monoplex assay for each analyte was developed and optimised individually and then the three assays were mixed together in a triplex assay. Results for HSV-1 gD and VZV gE obtained from the triplex assay showed a 100% agreement with HSV-1 and VZV in-house ELISA results. In the case of peptide 55, the triplex assay results showed better sensitivity than the Omega ELISA assay with an overall agreement with Western blot and other assays of 98.4%. In addition, in order to facilitate the diagnosis of alphaherpesviruses CNS infections the triplex assay was joined together with a biplex fluorescent microbead immunoassay designed for detecting and measuring human IgG and albumin in CSF and serum samples. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the resultant five-analyte multiplex immunoassay and the previous triplex assays were compared and found to have equivalent sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and minimal sample requirements of the new assay suggests that it will be a powerful tool for the diagnosis and study of both acute and post-infectious viral encephalitis.
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Bentham, Lucy Claudine. "The use of in vitro unbound drug fraction and permeability in predicting central nervous system drug penetration." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-use-of-in-vitro-unbound-drug-fraction-and-permeability-in-predicting-central-nervous-system-drug-penetration(1a826372-0843-4562-a6f3-14655ae9d8dc).html.

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The permeation of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a prerequisite for central nervous system (CNS) drug penetration. The BBB, possessing efflux transporters and tight junctions, limits drug penetration to the brain. Consequently, the discovery of novel drugs to treat CNS diseases remains problematic and is lagging behind other therapeutic areas. In vitro assays have progressed understanding of the factors that govern brain penetration. Central nervous system drug penetration is now thought to be modulated by three main processes, namely BBB permeability, active transport at the BBB and drug binding in blood and brain tissue. A more integrated approach to CNS drug discovery programmes is emerging which encompasses these processes in order to examine the rate and extent of drug brain penetration across species and improve predictions in human.A primary porcine in vitro BBB model was developed and characterised for the prediction of CNS drug permeability in vivo. Characterisation confirmed that the model exhibited physiologically realistic cell architecture, the formation of tight junction protein complexes, transcellular electrical resistance consistently >2000 Ω.cm2, functional expression the P-gp efflux transporter and ?-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities.Transport of 12 centrally acting test drugs was investigated across four in vitro BBB models in order make comparisons between models and to generate in vitro permeability and efflux measurements. Blood-brain barrier permeability and active efflux processes are two major influences on the rate of drug penetration across the BBB. Species differences in fublood and fubrain, two prime influences on the extent of drug penetration, were investigated using equilibrium dialysis. Fraction unbound in brain was shown to be comparable across species suggesting that species differences in brain penetration could be due to variation in fublood for drugs that cross the BBB by passive diffusion, and/or species differences in transporter characteristics for drugs that are subject to active transport processes at the BBB. An in-house hybrid-PBPK rat CNS model was used to predict calculated rat Kp,uu using in vitro permeability, efflux, fublood and fubrain parameters generated during this work. The predicted Kp,uu generated using the rat CNS hybrid-PBPK model were within 3-fold of calculated Kp,uu. The rat CNS hybrid-PBPK model has potential use, as a tool for drug discovery scientists to aid the prediction of the extent of drug penetration in the early stages of drug discovery.This work has demonstrated that in vitro permeability and unbound drug fraction can be used to predict CNS drug penetration.
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Kim, Dongwook. "Genetic mechanisms regulating neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in the central nervous system of Drosophila." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/genetic-mechanisms-regulating-neural-stem-cell-selfrenewal-and-differentiation-in-the-central-nervous-system-of-drosophila(9a4bf7d2-1338-4c7f-98e7-be9baa9441c4).html.

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Asymmetric cell division plays a fundamental role in maintaining a balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. A failure of this balance results in over-proliferation of stem cells, which could eventually lead to neoplastic over-growth and mestasis, i.e. tumourigenesis. Key components of this genetic machinery in Drosophila CNS involves unequal segregation of differentiation factors such as brain tumour (Brat) and prospero (Pros), with their adaptor protein miranda (Mira). Using post-embryonic neuroblasts (NBs) as a model, I demonstrate basal co-localisation of Mira/Brat/Pros during late metaphase. RNAi-mediated knockdown of Brat or Pros result in excess stem cell self-renewal at the expense of neuronal differentiation, leading to over-proliferation of NBs These data suggest Mira/Brat/Pros are likely to form a complex during post-embryonic NB division. However, how these cell fate determinants complexes are basally targeted remain unknown. Previous studies in the embryonic CNS implied a role of actin-myosin based transport in basal targeting. To investigate whether this is true for post-embryonic NBs, I conducted pharmacological interference experiments. Application of 2, 3-Butanedione monoximine (BDM), a non-muscle myosin inhibitor, or Latrunculin B, an actin polymerisation inhibitor to larval CNS demonstrated a failure in asymmetric segregation of Mira, indicating that both actin and myosin are required for basal targeting of cell fate determinants during NB division. To identify which Drosophila myosin motor(s) are involved, I studied the function of non-muscle myosin II, myosin V and myosin VI, that were previously implicated in basal targeting of the cell fate determinants by RNAi targeted knockdown. Mitotic spindle defects were observed in myosin V and myosin VI knockdown, suggesting a common functional pathway for the two myosin motors. Double knockdown of both myosin V and VI appeared to exacerbate the mitotic spindle defect and affected neural stem cell self-renewal, causing a mild over-proliferation phenotype in the larval central brain, but did not result in tumourigenesis. My data suggest that synergistic activity of myosin V and myosin VI regulate neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation decision in the post-embryonic central nervous system of Drosophila by regulating mitotic spindle orientation.
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Kamaly-Asl, Ian. "Molecular, genetic, patient and surgical factors involved in the development and outcome of central nervous system tumours." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/molecular-genetic-patient-and-surgical-factors-involved-in-the-development-and-outcome-of-central-nervous-system-tumours(3e42d00e-b543-452e-bd71-ff53e194d944).html.

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Prognostic factors come in a variety of forms and may be patient, tumour or environmental related. This thesis examines the interaction of prognostic factors for a variety of tumour types. It particularly focuses on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene. The first section on meningiomas describes the frequency of sex steroid receptors in meningiomas. In this study, absence of progesterone receptors is associated with high tumour grade and male gender. Tumours that are progesterone receptor negative have an odds ratio for recurrence of 5.Choroid plexus carcinomas are aggressive malignant tumours generally occurring in young children. Gross total surgical resection has been shown to be a highly significant factor in tumour recurrence and survival. This study describes a treatment paradigm of neoadjuvant ICE chemotherapy in these children which decreases the vascularity and increase the chance of a complete removal. The operative blood loss with this regimen is reduced to 0.22 blood volumes from 1.11 blood volumes without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The VEGF gene is highly polymorphic and SNPs of the region have previously been shown to influence VEGF protein expression. This study looks at cohorts of both adult gliomas and a variety of paediatric brain tumours; comparing them to controls. There are several associations described between the development of certain tumours and specific SNP genotypes. In addition to this, certain genotypes and haplotypes have an influence on survival of adult grade 2 astrocytomas and paediatric medulloblastomas and ependymomas. There are consistent themes to the prognostic genotypes throughout both the adult and the paediatric tumours.Prognostic factors come in a variety forms as described in this thesis. It is vital to understand the complex interaction between factors to best utilise them for the benefit of patients.
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Jacob, Cynthia Renata de Oliveira. "Efeitos do inseticida fipronil sobre os corpos pedunculados de operárias de Scaptotrigona postica (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87720.

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Resumo: Recentemente as abelhas têm sido devidamente valorizadas como importantes polinizadoras de flores silvestres e cultivadas. A densidade populacional de muitos polinizadores tem diminuído devido, principalmente, à intensificação agrícola e ao uso de pesticidas, prejudicando os serviços de polinização. A metodologia clássica para estimar a toxicidade dos produtos químicos para insetos é determinar a dose letal média (DL50) ou a concentração letal média (CL50), podendo então estabelecer doses que sejam mais seguras aos organismos não-alvo ou benéficos. Além dos efeitos de toxicidade aguda, levando a morte das abelhas, doses subletais dos inseticidas podem provocar alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas nos indivíduos, que ao longo do tempo acarretarão em sérios prejuízos na manutenção da colônia. Um dos inseticidas amplamente utilizado é o fipronil, este atua ligando-se aos receptores do ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA), interrompendo os canais de cloro, resultando na perda de sinalização inibitória neural. Na literatura pode-se encontrar diversos trabalhos que utilizam como modelo principal a abelha Apis mellifera, porém, é importante ressaltar a diversidade existente entre as abelhas nativas no Brasil, os meliponíneos, e sua participação na conservação da biodiversidade, assim como na polinização de áreas de cultivo, o que torna extremamente importante estudos com essa abelha. Com a finalidade de entender como o fipronil interfere morfo e fisiologicamente em abelhas sem ferrão, a região de interesse deste estudo foram os corpos pedunculados, já que estes são centros cerebrais complexos e tidos como local de convergência multisensorial. Para auxiliar no mapeamento metabólico, utilizou-se como marcador a enzima citocromo oxidase e a enzima caspase-3, técnicas utilizadas na observação de atividade neural... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A few decades the bees are considered an important indicator of high environmental sensitivity, and appreciated as important pollinators of wildflowers and cultivated. The population density of many pollinators have declined to harmful levels to pollination services manly due to agricultural intensification and the use of pesticides. The classic methodology of estimating the effects of chemicals for insects is to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) or median lethal concentration (LC50) that can then establish doses that do not harm non-target organisms or beneficial. Besides the effects of acute toxicity, leading to death bees, sublethal doses of insecticides can cause physiological and behavior changes of individuals over time, resulting in serious harm to maintain the colony. One of the widely used insecticides is fipronil, its acts by binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) disrupting chloride channels, resulting in loss of inhibitory neural signaling. In the literature one can find several works using as main bee model Apis mellifera, however, it is important to highlight the diversity of Brazilian native bees, the stingless bees, and their participation in biodiversity conversation, as well as in the pollination of cultivated land. In order to understand how fipronil affect morpho and physiologically the stingless bee S. postica, the region of interest in this study were the mushroom bodies, since these are complex brain centers and used as a place of multisensory convergence. This work established the contact LD50 and Ingestion LC50 to the fipronil insecticide for foragers workers stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica in 0.54ng/bee and 0.24ng/μL of the food after 24 hours, respectively, confirming the high toxicity of this phenylpyrazole, in the groups submitted to contact contamination, were identify morphological... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Osmar Malaspina
Coorientador: Roberta Cornélio Ferreira Nocelli
Banca: Elaine Cristina Mathias da Silva Zacarin
Banca: Thaisa Cristina Roat
Mestre
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Koskinen, M. (Miika). "Automatic assessment of functional suppression of the central nervous system due to propofol anesthetic infusion:from EEG phenomena to a quantitative index." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514281756.

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Abstract The rationale for automatically monitoring anesthetic drug effects on the central nervous system (CNS) is to improve possibilities to gain objective information on a patient's state and to adjust the medication individually. Although monitors have shown their usefulness in practice, there are still a number of unclear issues, especially with respect to the scientific foundations and validity of CNS monitoring techniques, and in monitoring the light hypnotic levels. Current monitors are, for example, often based on heuristics and ad hoc solutions. However, a quantitative index for anesthetic drug effect should have a sound relationship with observations and with the selected control variable. The research objectives are: (1) to explore propofol anesthetic related neurophysiological phenomena that can be applied in the automatic assessment of CNS suppression; (2) to develop a valid control variable for this purpose; (3) by means of digital signal processing and mathematical modeling, to design and to evaluate the performance of an index that correlates with the control variable. This dissertation introduces potentially useful neurophysiological phenomena, such as changes in phase synchronization between different EEG channels due to anesthesia, and painful stimulus evoked responses during the burst suppression. Furthermore, it refines the progression of the time-frequency patterns during the induction of anesthesia and shows their relation to the instant of unresponsiveness. The presented spontaneous and evoked EEG phenomena provide complementary information about the CNS functional suppression. Most significantly, the dissertation proposes a continuous and observation based control variable (r scale) and the means to predict its values by using EEG data. The definition of the scale provides a basis for anticipating the instant of the loss of consciousness. Additionally, the phase synchronization index as an indicator of drug effect is introduced. The approximate entropy descriptor performance is evaluated and optimised with a non-stationary signal recorded during the induction of anesthesia. The results open up opportunities to improve the preciseness, scientific validity and the interpretation of information on the anesthetic effects on CNS, and therefore, to increase the reliability of the anesthesia monitoring. Further work is needed to extend and verify the results in deep anesthesia.
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Rizzetti, Danize Aparecida. "Efeito do consumo de hidrolisado de clara de ovo sobre as alterações neurológicas, reprodutivas e cardiovasculares promovidas pela exposição crônica ao cloreto de mercúrio (HgCl2) em ratos." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2016. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/1658.

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Books on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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Rehabilitation nursing for the neurological patient. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1992.

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Central nervous system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Central nervous system angiitis. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

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Central nervous system infections. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier, 2013.

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Emerich, Dwaine F., Reginald L. Dean, and Paul R. Sanberg, eds. Central Nervous System Diseases. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-691-1.

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Ahluwalia, Manmeet, Philippe Metellus, and Riccardo Soffietti, eds. Central Nervous System Metastases. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23417-1.

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Ramakrishna, Rohan, Rajiv S. Magge, Ali A. Baaj, and Jonathan P. S. Knisely, eds. Central Nervous System Metastases. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42958-4.

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Kryzhanovsky, G. N. Central Nervous System Pathology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7870-9.

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Allen, Deborah Hutchinson, and Laurie L. Rice. Central nervous system cancers. Pittsburgh, Pa: Oncology Nursing Society, 2010.

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1933-, Voogd J., and Huijzen Chr van, eds. The human central nervous system. 4th ed. New York: Springer, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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Colombo, C., O. Gambini, F. Macciardi, M. Locatelli, G. Calabrese, and S. Scarone. "EEG patterns in schizophrenia: a familial study." In Plasticity and Morphology of the Central Nervous System, 117–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0851-2_12.

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Bloom, M. J. "The Use of Processed EEG in the Operating Room." In Central Nervous System Monitoring in Anesthesia and Intensive Care, 56–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78441-5_5.

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Bischoff, P., E. Kochs, and J. Schulte am Esch. "“Paradoxical Arousal” During Isoflurane/Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia: Quantitative Topographical EEG Analysis." In Central Nervous System Monitoring in Anesthesia and Intensive Care, 91–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78441-5_8.

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Ghosh, Dipak, Shukla Samanta, and Sayantan Chakraborty. "Multifractal Study of EEG Signal of Subjects with Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s." In Multifractals and Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System, 47–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3552-5_2.

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Matherly, Scott C., and Jasmohan S. Bajaj. "Central Nervous System and Pulmonary Complications of End-Stage Liver Disease." In Yamada' s Textbook of Gastroenterology, 2107–28. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118512074.ch107.

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Ghosh, Dipak, Shukla Samanta, and Sayantan Chakraborty. "Multifractal Approach for Quantification of Autonomic Deregulation Due to Epileptic Seizure with ECG Data." In Multifractals and Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System, 79–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3552-5_3.

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Ghosh, Dipak, Shukla Samanta, and Sayantan Chakraborty. "Multifractal Correlation Study Between Posture and Autonomic Deregulation Using ECG and Blood Pressure Data." In Multifractals and Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System, 149–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3552-5_6.

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Timperley, W. R., J. M. MacKenzie, and S. F. D. Robinson. "Central nervous system." In Reporting Histopathology Sections, 366–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7132-6_23.

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Schulz, Volker, Rudolf Hänsel, and Varro E. Tyler. "Central Nervous System." In Rational Phytotherapy, 37–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97704-6_2.

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Noggle, Chad A., and Jennifer N. Hall. "Central Nervous System." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 319–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_488.

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Conference papers on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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Barminko, Jeffrey, Jean Pierre Dolle, Rene Schloss, Martin Grumet, and Martin L. Yarmush. "Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Central Nervous System Repair." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19712.

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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have long been regarded as a cell source with the potential to provide therapies for various different tissue pathologies. They were originally identified for their ability to adhere to tissue culture plastic and gained favor due to their tremendous ability to propagate[1]. It was this finding as well as their ability to differentiate into lineages of mesoderm which have long made MSC a potential tool for autologous cellular replacement therapies [2, 3]. More recently, their cyto-protective role has been realized and been implicated in the benefit achieved in treating various different tissue pathologies. MSC have been found to secrete several different cytokines and growth factors in vitro. Furthermore, these factors can be modulated based on the environment MSC are exposed to. MSC have shown therapeutic benefits in models of GVHD, myocardial infarction, fulminant hepatic failure, central nervous system trauma and others, without any apparent cellular replacement. These advances propelled MSC to the fore front of potential cellular therapies and many are seeking to take advantage of their tissue protective properties. However, several draw backs in current methods of MSC implantation limit the ability to carry out safe and controlled clinical trials. Limitation with current MSC implantation approaches include; 1) directly transplanted MSCs exposed to the complex injury environment may be affected themselves early in the treatment processes, 2) MSC may also migrate to undesired tissue locations and 3) may differentiate into undesired end stage cells. These issues severally limit the translatability of MSC treatments in clinical settings; they make controlling experiments very difficult. There becomes a need to develop engineered methods for delivering these cells in a controlled manner. In order to circumvent these potential problems, we propose to use an alginate microencapsulation system as a vehicle for MSC delivery taking advantage of the soluble factors MSC provide.
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Cloutier, Aimee, and James Yang. "Control of Hand Prostheses: A Literature Review." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13349.

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In recent years, there has been a steep rise in the quality of prostheses for patients with upper limb amputations. One common control method, using electromyographic (EMG) signals generated by muscle contractions, has allowed for an increase in the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of hand designs and a larger number of available grip patterns with little added complexity for the wearer. However, it provides little sensory feedback and requires non-natural control which must be learned by the user. Another recent improvement in prosthetic hand design instead employs electroneurographic (ENG) signals, requiring an interface directly with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or the central nervous system (CNS) to control a prosthetic hand. While ENG methods are more invasive than using surface EMG for control, an interface with the PNS has the potential to provide more natural control and creates an avenue for both efferent and afferent sensory feedback. Despite the recent progress in design and control strategies, however, prosthetic hands are still far more limited than the actual human hand. This review outlines the recent progress in the development of EMG and ENG controlled prosthetic hands, discussing advancements in the areas of sensory feedback and control. The potential benefits and limitations of both control strategies, in terms of signal classification, invasiveness, and sensory feedback, are examined. A brief overview of interfaces with the CNS is provided, and potential future developments for these control methods are discussed.
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Tieu, Christina, James R. Cerhan, and Brian Patrick O'Neill. "Abstract 1926: The changing incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in the United States (US): A surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) study." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-1926.

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Tanishita, Kazuo, Kazuto Masamoto, Iwao Kanno, and Hirosuke Kobayashi. "Biotransport to the Cerebral Tissues Related to the Vascular Diseases." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192501.

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Brain is a highly oxidative organ and its consumption rate of oxygen accounts for 20 percent of that of the whole body. This large consumption rate must be met by continuous supply of oxygen, because lack of oxygen rapidly causes irreversible damage to central nervous system. Acute hypoxic episodes cause a certain pattern of regional damage. Cerebral cortex (e.g., layers III, V, and VI) is one of the most susceptible regions to hypoxia, and damage to sensorimotor function is particularly severe in humans that survive hypoxic/ischemic episodes. However, little is known about whether oxygen transport in intracortical regions relates to such selective vulnerability to hypoxia.
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Yang, Shengyuan, Scott Siechen, Jie Sun, Akira Chiba, and Taher Saif. "Learning by Tension." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176719.

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Memory and learning in animals is mediated by neurotransmission at the synaptic junctions (end point of axons). Neurotransmitters are carried by synaptic vesicles which cluster at the junctions, ready to be dispatched for transmission. The more a synapse is used, higher is the clustering, and higher is the neurotransmission efficiency (plasticity), i.e., the junction “remembers” its use in the near past, and modifies accordingly. This usage dependent plasticity offers the basic mechanism of memory and learning. A central dogma in neuroscience is that, clustering is the result of a complex biochemical signaling process. We show, using MEMS sensors and fruit fly (Drosophila) embryo nervous system, that mechanical tension in axons is essential for clustering. Without tension, clustering disappears, but reappears with application of tension. Nature maintains a rest tension of 1nN in axons of Drosophila for learning and memory.
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Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, A., Gabriele Simonini, Eleonora Fusco, Ilaria Maccora, Anna Rosati, Rolando Cimaz, and Teresa Giani. "AB1015 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULITIS PRECEDING." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.4663.

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Guck, Jochen R. "Optomechanical insights into the central nervous system." In Optical Elastography and Tissue Biomechanics VIII, edited by Kirill V. Larin and Giuliano Scarcelli. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2578567.

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Barač, Anja, Ivona Jerković, and Petra Nimac Kozina. "Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS)." In NEURI 2015, 5th Student Congress of Neuroscience. Gyrus JournalStudent Society for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17486/gyr.3.2223.

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Hartwell, Peter. "CeNSE: A central nervous system for the earth." In 2011 IEEE Technology Time Machine (TTM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ttm.2011.6005162.

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Shahidi, Ghavam G. "CeNSE: A central nervous system for the earth." In 2011 IEEE Technology Time Machine (TTM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ttm.2011.6005165.

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Reports on the topic "Central nervous system. eng"

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Ridgway, Sam H. The Cetacean Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381704.

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Albquerque, Edson X. Molecular Targets for Organophosphates in the Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426356.

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Rowland, Vernon, and Henry Gluck. Attention and Preparatory Processes in the Central Nervous System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171316.

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Butler, F. K., and Jr. Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity in Closed-Circuit Scuba Divers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada170879.

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Clark, J. M., and C. J. Lambertsen. Extension of Central Nervous and Visual System Oxygen Tolerance in Physical Work. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239160.

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Mery, Laura, Matthew Wayner, John McQuade, and Erica Anderson. Characterization of the Effects of Fatigue on the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Drug Therapies. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada489794.

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Catlin, Kristen M. Role of Cytokines and Neurotrophins in the Central Nervous System in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Pathogenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012369.

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Li, Yanming, Zhigang Zhao, and Yuanbo Liu. Combined chemotherapy in new diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma: a systematic review and network meta‑analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.9.0084.

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Carpenter, A. V., W. D. Flanders, E. L. Frome, D. J. Crawford-Brown, and S. A. Fry. Radiation exposure and central nervous system cancers: A case-control study among workers at two nuclear facilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6646019.

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Qu, Chunrun, Yu Chen, Yuzhen Ouyang, Ruoyu Lu, Yu Zeng, and Zhixiong Liu. Metagenomics Next Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.2.0002.

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