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1
Das, Chandan Kumar, and Jayanta Kumar Nayak. "Prevalence of obesity among adults of Koraput district, Odisha: An anthropological study." International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3, no. 2 (2018): 300–305. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4678411.
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<strong>Introduction:</strong> Health of adult is the greatest challenge in the 21st century. People from rural as well as urban settings are now prone to more health risks which decreases the individual output, earning capacity, mental illness and quality of life due to overweight and obesity. Koraput is the southern district of Odisha comes under KBK region which is always a focal point for development and healthcare issues. <strong>Objectives: </strong>The main objectives of the study were to quantify obesity among the adults of Koraput and to correlate the age with height, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, Body Mass Index, Rohrer Index, waist-hip ratio, and Conicity index. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in three different villages of Koraput district. Both adult males and females (18 years and above) were selected randomly. Revised Body Mass Index (BMI) cut off values for Asian Indians, waist-hip ratio, Rohrer Index, and Conicity Index were taken into consideration for quantifying obesity. Proper measurements like height, body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference with standardised instruments were also taken with minimum clothing. <strong>Results: </strong>According to BMI and Rohrer Index, males are more obese (21.73% and 42.03%) than females (11.39%, and 37.98%). But concerning the central obesity indices like waist-hip ratio, and Conicity Index, the prevalence of obesity is higher in females (46.84%, and 98.10%) than males (20.29%, and 86.96%). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Females are dominatingly obese than males as per central obesity indices. Larger family size, hand to mouth economy striving for more work burden leading to unbalanced and improper dietary pattern is being the root cause of obesity. Challenging socioeconomic factors as well as transforming life style has raised obesity among the adults of Koraput district.
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Chen, Xinwei, Ruiying Li, Xiaoyu Hou, et al. "Mediation Effect of Platelet Traits on Associations of Central Obesity with Aging Biomarkers in Rural Adults of Henan, China." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (2022): 3597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173597.
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Background: To assess the associations of platelet traits and obesity indices with aging biomarkers (telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN)). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among 5091 rural Chinese adults. Obesity indices (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)) and platelet traits (plateletcrit (PCT), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW)) were collected by physical examination. The aging biomarkers were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Generalized linear regression models and mediation analysis were applied to explore the relationships between platelet traits, obesity indices, and aging biomarkers. Results: The mean age of the participants was 56 years (range: 18–79). Each one-unit increment in WC, WHR and WHtR were related to a 0.316 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.437, −0.196), 0.323 (95% CI: −0.513, −0.134) and 0.277 (95% CI: −0.400, −0.153) decrease in relative TL; or a 0.102 (95% CI: −0.197, −0.007), 0.109 (95% CI: −0.258, −0.041) and 0.101 (95% CI: −0.199, −0.004) decrease in relative mtDNA-CN. The proportions of obesity indices with aging biomarkers mediated by platelet indices ranged from 2.85% to 10.10%. Conclusions: Increased central obesity indices in relation to shortened relative TL or decreased mtDNA-CN were mediated by platelet traits, indicating that obesity in association with the accelerated aging process may be partially attributable to abnormal platelet activity.
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Kerkadi, Abdelhamid, Reem Mohsen Ali, Alaa A. H. Shehada, et al. "Association between central obesity indices and iron status indicators among Qatari adults." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250759.
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Co-existence of iron deficiency and obesity in adults has been reported in many countries. However, little is known on the association between obesity and iron deficiency in Qatar. This study aimed to investigate the link between abdominal obesity indices and iron status among adults in Qatar. A random sample of 1000 healthy Qatari adults, aged 20–50 years, was obtained from Qatar Biobank study. Body weight, waist circumference, dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) parameters and iron status indicators were measured using standard techniques. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the associations. The prevalence of iron deficiency and anaemia were 35.4 and 25%, respectively. Of the participants with a large waist circumference, 31.7% had anaemia. Ferritin significantly increased with the increase in the android fat to gynoid fat ratio and visceral fat in both genders. Serum iron and transferring saturation decreased significantly with the increase in waist circumference in women. In both genders, C-reactive protein increased with the increase in all obesity indices. Standardized values of waist circumference, android fat, gynoid fat ratio and visceral fat were significantly associated with log transformed ferritin in men and women. Waist circumference was inversely related to serum iron (β:-0.95, 95% CI:-1.50,-0.39) and transferrin saturation (β:-1.45, 95%CI:-2.46, -0.43) in women. In men, waist circumference was positively associated with haemoglobin level (β: 0.16, 95% CI:0.04, 0.29). Central obesity coexists with anaemia among the study population. Elevated central obesity indices were associated with an increase in ferritin concentration. The increased ferritin concentration may be attributed to the increase in inflammatory status as a result of an increase in c-reactive protein concentration associated with central obesity.
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Farhangi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad, and Mahdi Vajdi. "The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of central obesity in adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 90, no. 5-6 (2020): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000648.
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Abstract. Backgrounds: Central obesity, as a pivotal component of metabolic syndrome is associated with numerous co-morbidities. Dietary factors influence central obesity by increased inflammatory status. However, recent studies didn’t evaluate the association between central obesity and dietary inflammation index (DII®) that give score to dietary factors according to their inflammatory potential. In the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarized the studies that investigated the association between DII® with central obesity indices in the general populations. Methods: In a systematic search from PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences and Cochrane electronic databases, we collected relevant studies written in English and published until 30 October 2019. The population of included studies were apparently healthy subjects or individuals with obesity or obesity-related diseases. Observational studies that evaluated the association between DII® and indices of central obesity including WC or WHR were included. Results: Totally thirty-two studies were included; thirty studies were cross-sectional and two were cohort studies with 103071 participants. Meta-analysis of observational studies showed that higher DII® scores were associated with 1.81 cm increase in WC (Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.813; CI: 0.785–2.841; p = 0.001). Also, a non-significant increase in the odds of having higher WC (OR = 1.162; CI: 0.95–1.43; p = 0.154) in the highest DII category was also observed. In subgroup analysis, the continent, dietary assessment tool and gender were the heterogeneity sources. Conclusion: The findings proposed that adherence to diets with high DII® scores was associated with increased WC. Further studies with interventional designs are necessary to elucidate the causality inference between DII® and central obesity indices.
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K., Divya Krishnan, Shyna K. P., Urmila K. V., and Anand K. V. "A study on correlation of waist indices with body mass index among school children in North Kerala." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, no. 1 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20205428.
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Background: Childhood obesity is a serious problem worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) has been the widely used tool to detect obesity. Central adiposity detected by waist indices is a better predictor of obesity related complications like metabolic syndrome. Objective of this study was to analyze the correlation of waist indices with BMI as indicators of overweight (OW)/obesity in school going children.Methods: This study was done in 880 adolescents from two schools in Kerala. Anthropometric measurements including waist circumference (WC) were taken according to guidelines and BMI, waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR) calculated. We categorized children as normal, OW/obese according to BMI charts by centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). A cutoff 70th centile in WC charts by Khadilkar et al, WHR of more than 0.85 in girls and 0.9 in boys, WHtR >0.5 were taken as central obesity.Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI >85th centile) was estimated to be 26.3%. Prevalence of central obesity was 12.3% when measured by WC, 22.8% measured by WHR, 14.8% measured by WHtR. All three waist indices showed statistically significant correlation with OW/obesity and BMI (p<0.001). Multivariate regression showed association of OW/obesity with urban school, acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, WHtR (p<0.001) and with WC (p=0.004).Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is alarmingly high in adolescent children. Waist height ratio was best correlated with Body mass index and overweight/obesity, followed by Waist circumference. We recommend waist height ratio as a screening tool to predict obesity in school going children.
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Abbasi, Vahid, Shervin Tabrizian Namin, and Anahita Zakeri. "Survey of anthropometric indices among medical university girls in Ardabil, Iran, 2017." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 3 (2018): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20181498.
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Background: Evaluation anthropometric used as a clinical instrument for design and determine the health policy in community. This study aimed to investigate the anthropometric indices in medical university students in Ardabil.Methods: In this cross-sectional study height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. BMI was used to assess the overweight and obesity and WHR was used for central obesity. Data analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS.19.Results: The mean age of students was 20.4±1.3 years. 28% of students were in age 20. According to BMI, 7% of all students had overweight and 1.5% had obesity. According to the WHR, 78 (39%) had central obesity (WHR >0.8) which were in unhealthy high-risk group.Conclusions: Results showed that the rate of overweight and obesity in medical university girls in Ardabil was lower than many studies in country. So, programming for rising their knowledge about obesity related factors and increasing their physical activity and modify feeding behavior is essential in future.
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Prerna, Agarwal. "Relationship of Anthropometric Adiposity Indices with Blood Pressure in urban community of Ahmedabad." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 1, no. 1 (2012): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4468660.
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Background and objectives: Hypertension is a leading cause of the global burden of disease. Obesity and weight gain are strong independent risk factors for hypertension. The prevalence of both hypertension and obesity is increasing rapidly. The present study was done to assess the relationship of anthropometric indices of adiposity and BP in people of urban community of Ahmedabad. Material and method: Data about BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR), and blood pressure in terms of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was obtained by cross sectional survey of 85 people aged 40- 79 years by simple random sampling. Results & Discussion: The prevalence of hypertension was 58.82% and of obesity was 40% according to WHR but only 15.29% according to BMI. Obesity was more prevalent among hypertensives (48%) than non hypertensives (42.86%). Significant difference was seen among hypertensives and non hypertensives with regard to BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR (p<0.05). These findings are comparable to the results of earlier studies by A. Ramchandran et al in 2002 (hypertension), R. Gupta et al in various studies in early 2000s (obesity) and P. R. Deshmukh et al in 2005(WHR better marker) Conclusion: Obesity and hypertension are both widely prevalent. WHR, marker of central obesity is a better determinant of raised blood pressure than BMI. Substantial reduction in blood pressure can, therefore, be obtained by decreasing central obesity.
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Nida Nowreen, Manmeet Kour. "Neck Circumference as a Novel Measure of Central Obesity in Young Adults: Correlation with other Anthropometric Indices." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 4 (2019): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijop.v7i4.81.
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Background
 Obesity is an important yet the most neglected public health problem that has assumed epidemic proportions even in developing countries. Many simple anthropometric indices, including the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) are being widely used as markers to reflect obesity. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the utility of neck circumference (NC) in identifying people with obesity. This new index of upper body adiposity is quite easy to determine, does not require much body exposure, and is believed to correlate with other obesity indices.
 Objectives
 This study was undertaken with the purpose to find out the relationship of neck circumference (NC) with other anthropometrical indices.
 Materials and Method
 This cross sectional study was carried out over a period of six months among 192 medical students. The participants were examined for various anthropometric parameters such as height, weight, and NC. BMI was calculated. The correlation between NC and other indices (BMI, weight WC) was assessed by calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and P > 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
 Results
 Neck circumference (NC) positively correlated with BMI, weight and WC. The correlation was statistically significant (P < 0.001).
 Conclusion
 Our study revealed a positive and significant correlation between neck circumference (NC)and other anthropometric indices like BMI, weight and waist circumference (WC) in young medical students, indicating an increase in BMI, weight and waist circumference (WC) with an increase in neck circumference (NC) or vice versa
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Farag, Noha H., Scott C. Matthews, Eva Brzezinski, Richard A. Nelesen, and Paul J. Mills. "Relationship between central obesity and cardiovascular hemodynamic indices in postmenopausal women." Fertility and Sterility 81, no. 2 (2004): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.08.007.
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Wosu, Adaeze C., Juan Carlos Vélez, Clarita Barbosa, et al. "The Relationship between High Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and General and Central Obesity: Findings from a Sample of Chilean College Students." ISRN Obesity 2014 (April 14, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/871681.
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This cross-sectional study evaluates the prevalence and extent to which high risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with general obesity and central obesity among college students in Punta Arenas, Chile. Risk for OSA was assessed using the Berlin Questionnaire and trained research nurses measured anthropometric indices. Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) of 25–29.9 kg/m2 and general obesity was defined as BMI≥30 kg/m2. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 centimeters (cm) for males and ≥80 cm for females. Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to obtain adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Prevalence of high risk for OSA, general obesity, and central obesity were 7.8%, 12.8%, and 42.7%, respectively. Students at high risk for OSA had greater odds of general obesity (OR 9.96; 95% CI: 4.42–22.45) and central obesity (OR 2.78; 95% CI 1.43–5.40). Findings support a strong positive association of high risk for OSA with obesity.
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Mya, Thanda Sein, Swe Latt Tint, and Ohnmar. "Association of waist circumference with atherogenic cardiovascular risks in centrally obese Myanmar male subjects." International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology 2, no. 1 (2015): 46–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872839.
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Central obesity is a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular (CV) risks. Severalatherogenic indices had been derived from lipid profiles for predicting the risk of CV disease. The present study assessedatherogenic indices as CV risk in centrally obese men.
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Sarvottam, Kumar, Prabhat Ranjan, and Umashree Yadav. "Age group and gender-wise comparison of obesity indices in subjects of Varanasi." Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64 (July 31, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_103_2020.
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Objectives: Deposition of body fat may differ in different age groups and gender-wise differences are also likely. The present study aims to evaluate age- and gender-wise differences in obesity parameters in healthy subjects of both genders of Varanasi. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurements were performed in 346 subjects reported in health check-up camp. Parameters were compared between each age group for males and females separately as well as gender-wise comparison for each age group was also performed. Regression analysis was performed to observe the relationship of age with obesity parameters and body mass index (BMI) with other parameters of obesity. Results: Both males and females had central obesity with males having higher waist circumference (WC) than females (P = 0.002) while females had higher body fat (fat %) (P = 0.000). Obesity indices of males of age group of 18–29 years were lesser as compared to other age groups. Obesity indices of female subjects were comparable in 18–39 years of age. Age group of 30–39 and 50–59 years males had higher WC than females (P = 0.002, 0.016, respectively) while fat % of females in each age group were significantly higher than males of corresponding age groups. Positive correlation of age with obesity parameters and BMI with WC and fat % was observed. Conclusion: Gender-wise differences in BMI, WC, WHtR and fat % tend to increase with age, indicative of increase in adiposity and central obesity with progressing age. Males in general have higher WC than females but lesser fat %. Gender differences in obesity may show age group specific variations. Findings of the study may be useful for identifying age specific distribution of obesity indices in males and females.
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Jung, Hae Woon, Hwa Young Kim, Ji Young Kim, et al. "Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is associated with hypothalamic damage in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0246789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246789.
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Background Autonomic nervous system dysfunction is implicated in the development of hypothalamic obesity. We investigated the relationship between hypothalamic involvement (HI), central obesity, and cardiac autonomic dysfunction by assessing heart rate variability (HRV) indices in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma. Methods A cross-sectional study of 48 patients (28 males, 10–30 years old) with hypothalamic damage after childhood-onset craniopharyngioma was performed. Postoperative HI was graded as mild (n = 19) or extensive (n = 29) on magnetic resonance imaging. Anthropometry, body composition and HRV indices including the standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals (SDNN) and total power (TP) as overall variability markers, root-mean square differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) and high frequency (HF) as parasympathetic modulation markers, and low frequency (LF) as a sympathetic/sympathovagal modulation marker were measured. Results Patients with extensive HI had increased means of body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass than those with mild HI (P < 0.05, for all). Centrally obese patients had a lower mean HF, a parasympathetic modulation marker, than centrally non-obese patients (P < 0.05). The extensive HI group had lower means of overall variability (SDNN and TP), parasympathetic modulation (HF), and sympathetic/sympathovagal modulation (LF) than the mild HI group (P < 0.05, for all). The interaction effect of HI and central obesity on HRV indices was not significant. In models adjusted for age, sex, and family history of cardiometabolic disease, the means of the overall variability indices (P < 0.05 for both SDNN and TP) and a sympathetic/sympathovagal modulation index (P < 0.05 for LF) were lower with extensive HI, without differences according to central obesity. Conclusions The reduced HRV indices with extensive HI suggests that hypothalamic damage may contribute to cardiac autonomic dysfunction, underscoring the importance of minimizing hypothalamic damage in patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma.
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Farajian, Paul, Efthimia Renti, and Yannis Manios. "Obesity indices in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among young adult female students." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 4 (2007): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450783741x.
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The objective of the present study was to compare the percentage of body fat (%BF), BMI, and central fat distribution anthropometric measures as indices of obesity and to assess the respective associations with cardiovascular risk factors in young female students. Subjects were 220 healthy Greek female students. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate %BF, anthropometric measurements were obtained and blood samples were analysed for CVD risk factors. Results showed that 48·6 % of students had increased adiposity, while a considerable proportion was characterised by central fat distribution irrespective of the anthropometric index used. The proportion of subjects with at least one metabolic risk factor present was 60·4 %. Although %BF was not associated with any of the CVD risk factors, waist circumference, waist:hip ratio and waist:height ratio were all associated with CVD risk factors. Higher levels of these anthropometric variables demonstrated higher prevalence of CVD risk factors. The lack of association between %BF and CVD risk factors could be attributed to the fact that females with undesirable adiposity had a tendency for the gynaecoid type of obesity. In contrast, the present results suggest that central body fat distribution in young women may reflect increased risk due to high visceral and particularly intra-abdominal fat levels. Recent epidemiological data from Greece show a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults. Therefore, assessing the risk for the presence of CVD risk factors is of particular importance. Central obesity anthropometric indices seem to be valuable screening tools for young women.
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Jurczewska, Justyna, Joanna Ostrowska, Magdalena Chełchowska, et al. "Abdominal Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Relationship with Diet, Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 15, no. 16 (2023): 3652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15163652.
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Abdominal obesity is a common feature of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and it is known to exacerbate insulin resistance (IR). Improper dietary and physical activity patterns are crucial environmental factors involved in the development of obesity, and they can significantly influence the central deposition of adipose tissue. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between abdominal adiposity (measured by VAT (visceral adipose tissue), SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue), VAT/SAT ratio (visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio), and WHR (waist-to-hip ratio)) and the prevalence and odds ratios of IR (measured by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the homeostatic model assessment-adiponectin (HOMA-AD) and leptin to adiponectin ratio (L/A ratio)) in 56 PCOS women. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between these abdominal obesity indices and diet and physical activity. An original food frequency questionnaire and Actigraph GT3X-BT were used to assess adherence to the diet recommended in IR and the level of physical activity, respectively. We observed a higher prevalence of IR among women with higher VAT, VAT/SAT, and WHR values compared to women with normal values of those abdominal obesity indices. Moreover, VAT/SAT seemed to be the best predictor of IR measured by HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD. However, VAT appeared to be the best and strongest predictor of IR measured by the L/A ratio. We also observed that higher adherence to the diet recommended in IR and higher levels of vigorous physical activity were associated with lower values of central fat accumulation indices and a greater chance of their normal values. Our findings indicate that central obesity increases the odds of IR and supports the beneficial role of diet and physical activity in the management of abdominal obesity in PCOS women.
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Zhang, Xiao-Xue, Ya-Hui Ma, He-Ying Hu, Ling-Zhi Ma, Lan Tan, and Jin-Tai Yu. "Late-Life Obesity Associated with Tau Pathology in Cognitively Normal Individuals: The CABLE Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 85, no. 2 (2022): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-215351.
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Background: Existed evidence suggests that midlife obesity increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while there is an inverse association between AD and obesity in late life. However, the underlying metabolic changes of AD pathological proteins attributed to obesity in two life stages were not clear. Objective: To investigate the associations of obesity types and obesity indices with AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in different life stages. Methods: We recruited 1,051 cognitively normal individuals (61.94±10.29 years, 59.66%male) from the Chinese Alzheimer’s Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study with CSF detections for amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total-tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). We utilized body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and metabolic risk factors to determine human obesity types. Multiple linear models and interaction analyses were run to assess the impacts of obesity on AD biomarkers. Results: The metabolically unhealthy obesity or healthy obesity might exert a reduced tau pathology burden (p < 0.05). Individuals with overweight, general obesity, and central obesity presented lower levels of tau-related proteins in CSF than normal controls (p < 0.05). Specially, for late-life individuals, higher levels of obesity indices were associated with a lower load of tau pathology as measured by CSF T-tau and T-tau/Aβ42 (p < 0.05). No similar significant associations were observed in midlife. Conclusion: Collectively, late-life general and central obesity seems to be associated with the reduced load of tau pathology, which further consolidates the favorable influence of obesity in specific life courses for AD prevention.
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Maxwell Ubanagu Odumeh, Chike Ikechukwu Patrick Anibeze, Elizabeth Finbarrs-Bello, et al. "Correlation of obesity indices with metabolic syndrome among Igbos in Enugu and their optimal cut-off points." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (2024): 464–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2024.20.1.0796.
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Background: Metabolic syndrome also known as insulin resistance syndrome or Syndrome X, represents an association of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its central diagnostic criteria include obesity, impaired fasting glucose, low HDL-cholesterol; elevated triglycerides levels and high blood pressure. Insulin resistance is believed to be the main cause of Metabolic Syndrome and is connected to the level of visceral or intra-abdominal adipose tissue, which could be assessed either by calculating body mass index or by measuring waist circumference. Objectives: This study aimed at determining the correlation of indices of obesity with metabolic syndrome among Igbos in Enugu and their optimal cut-off points. Method: This was a cross-sectional community-based descriptive survey carried out in Enugu Metropolis involving 469 apparently healthy adult volunteers age range 18-75 screened for metabolic syndrome using the Joint Interim Statement definition. Stratified random sampling technique was used in the selection of participants. The data obtained were coded and analyzed into percentages, mean and standard deviation using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23. t-test was used to compare continuous variables for associations, while Youden index and Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis were used to determine optimal cut-off point of the obesity indices that best balances sensitivity and specificity of the obesity indices. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine correlation between obesity indices and cardiovascular risks. Statistical significance is set at p< 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Result: The study revealed that all indices of obesity showed positive correlation with metabolic syndrome. BMI showed the least strength of correlation while WC is the best discriminator for predicting Metabolic Syndrome however, the optimal cut-off point of the obesity indices differ from the standard cut-off points. Conclusion: All the obesity indices used in the study showed positive correlation with metabolic syndrome however, WC is to be preferred in screening for metabolic syndrome. The optimal cut-off point obtained can be applied specifically for Igbos in Enugu
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Sánchez, Marta, Enric Sánchez, Marta Hernández, et al. "Dissimilar Impact of a Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity on Anthropometric Indices: A Cross-Sectional Study from the ILERVAS Project." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (2019): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061359.
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There is a close relationship between lifestyle behaviors and excess adiposity. Although body mass index (BMI) is the most used approach to estimate excess weight, other anthropometric indices have been developed to measure total body and abdominal adiposity. However, little is known about the impact of physical activity and adherence to a Mediterranean diet on these indices. Here we report the results of a cross-sectional study with 6672 middle-aged subjects with low to moderate cardiovascular risk from the Ilerda Vascular (ILERVAS) project. The participants’ adherence to physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form) and MedDiet (Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener) was evaluated. Measures of total adiposity (BMI, Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), and Deurenberg’s formula), central adiposity (waist and neck circumferences, conicity index, waist to height ratio, Bonora’s equation, A body adiposity index, and body roundness index), and lean body mass (Hume formula) were assessed. Irrespective of sex, lower indices of physical activity were associated with higher values of total body fat and central adiposity. This result was constant regardless of the indices used to estimate adiposity. However, the association between MedDiet and obesity indices was much less marked and more dependent on sex than that observed for physical activity. Lean body mass was influenced by neither physical activity nor MedDiet adherence. No joint effect between physical activity and MedDiet to lower estimated total or central adiposity indices was shown. In conclusion, physical activity is related to lower obesity indices in a large cohort of middle-aged subjects. MedDiet showed a slight impact on estimated anthropometric indices, with no joint effect when considering both lifestyle variables. ClinTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03228459.
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El-Kassas, Germine, and Fouad Ziade. "Exploration of the Risk Factors of Generalized and Central Obesity among Adolescents in North Lebanon." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2879075.
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Adolescents’ obesity is an emerging public health problem globally and in the Arab countries. Alarming rates of overweight/obesity have been rising progressively in Lebanon. However, the risk factors for the development of adolescents’ obesity have not yet been thoroughly explored in North Lebanon. To determine the dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with generalized and central obesity among adolescents living in Tripoli, a cross-sectional survey was conducted including a representative sample of 311 students aged 11–16 years from both sexes chosen from public and private schools in Tripoli. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire to determine sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Body mass index (BMI) was evaluated using the Center for Disease Control BMI for age percentiles. Central obesity was assessed using both waist-to-height ratio and gender-specific waist circumference for age indices. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that skipping breakfast and physical inactivity were the most significant independent risk factors associated with both generalized and central obesity. In addition, higher screen time and male gender were associated with increased risk for generalized and central obesity, respectively. Intervention strategies to prevent the development of obesity should be implemented among adolescent students to encourage regular breakfast intake and adopting healthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors.
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Wang, Zhihui, Huimin Yu, Kai Wang, Junming Han, and Yongfeng Song. "Association between thyroid hormone resistance and obesity: a cross‐sectional study and mouse stimulation test." Obesity 32, no. 8 (2024): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.24084.
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AbstractObjectiveThyroid hormone influences key metabolic pathways, and reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone is considered a new risk factor for adverse metabolic outcomes. However, the association between thyroid hormone resistance and obesity in euthyroid individuals is still unknown.MethodsWe enrolled 8021 euthyroid individuals, calculated thyroid hormone resistance indices, and analyzed the association between thyroid hormone resistance and obesity by regression analysis. Furthermore, we conducted the thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation test in both control and obese mice (n = 5) to demonstrate the association.ResultsThe euthyroid adults with overweight and obesity had increased thyroid hormone resistance indices (all p < 0.05). BMI and prevalence of overweight and obesity increased (odds ratio of thyroid feedback quantile‐based index [ORTFQI] = 1.164, p = 0.036; OR of free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine [ORFT3/FT4] = 1.508, p < 0.001) following the elevation of thyroid hormone resistance indices. Mediation analysis indicated a complete mediation effect (beta coefficient of indirect effect [βInd]= 6.838, p < 0.001) of metabolic disorders in the relationship. Furthermore, in the mice with obesity, the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation (68.33–90.89 pg/mL) was comparatively blunted (p = 0.029).ConclusionsEuthyroid individuals with obesity exhibit both central and peripheral thyroid hormone resistance, a phenomenon that is more pronounced in individuals with metabolic abnormalities. Thyroid hormone resistance is associated with an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity mediated by metabolic disorders.
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Salawu, Abdulkareem, Samson Ojedokun, Joel Akande, and Taiwo Oloyede. "Is Waist to Height Ratio Better than Other Indices of Obesity in Determining Cardiovascular Risk?" International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review 33, no. 5 (2024): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijbcrr/2024/v33i5872.
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Background: The indices of obesity (measured by Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and weight-to-height ratio) have been observed to be strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of general obesity while waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to measure central obesity, with the latter suggested to be the indicator for the prediction of cardiovascular risks. This study aimed to determine the advantage of WHtR for cardiovascular risk over the use of other indices of obesity. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design carried out among 441 participants at the Metabolic Research Laboratory LTH Ogbomoso excluding pregnant or breastfeeding mothers, thyroid disease, those diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia, those on blood-pressure, blood-glucose or lipid-lowering medications; those on weight-control medications or supplements. A structured self-administer questionnaire was distributed to obtain socio-demographic data of participants. Physical examination was done with anthropometry measurements. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood glucose and lipid profiles. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Results: The study included 441 subjects with male to female ratio of 1:1.47 mean age of 37.92±11.80 and 34.72±12.16 respectively. Blood pressure, pulse rate, height and other obesity indices except waist circumference were all statistically significantly higher in the males than in the females p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in the BMI between the sexes for all categories with the majority of female subjects having abnormal BMI and waist circumference. There was a statistically significant relationship between all the obesity indices (BMI, WHtR & WC) and the cardiovascular risk factors excluding TG and HDLC P <0.05. Conclusion: It was observed that all indices of obesity measured in this study were sensitive and significant in determining cardiovascular risk. It could be concluded that WHtR does not have a special or greater advantage over BMI and WC as all indices showed a significant association with cardiovascular risks. Also, the level of statistical significance suggested that either of these obesity indices could be used independently as a predictor of cardiovascular risk.
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Aruna, R., Niveatha Santhanakrishnan, and Jeneth Berlin Raj. "Anthropometric Indices as a Predictive Screening Tool for Hypertension among Young Indian Adults." Indian Journal of Public Health 68, no. 4 (2024): 513–19. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_250_23.
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Abstract Background: High blood pressure (BP) is increasing at an alarming rate in India and is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Increasing obesity is one of the risk factors for the increasing trend in hypertension among young adults. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the comparative abilities of anthropometric indices of general and central obesity in predicting hypertension among apparently healthy young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 493 healthy young adults aged 18 and 25 years. Height, weight, waist, and hip circumference were measured, and anthropometric indices were calculated. BP was measured using an automated BP monitor. Statistical methods such as independent t-test, linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were employed. Results: The prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension in males was 15.2% and 17.9%, whereas in females, it was 13% and 14.3%. All anthropometric indices positively correlated with systolic BP and diastolic BP, with the highest being waist circumference (WC). The area under ROC curves (AUC) of the anthropometric indices for predicting hypertension showed that WC had the largest AUCs for systolic and diastolic hypertension, respectively. In males and females, WC had the highest sensitivities of 85.4% and 90.3% for systolic and 84.3% and 88.6% for diastolic hypertension. Conclusion: Anthropometric indices of central adiposity were more significant predictors of hypertension.
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Parfenteva, O. I., A. E. Pravednikova, E. V. Aiyzhy, et al. "Central obesity in the adult populations of the Altai Republic and the Republic of Tuva. Anthropological and genetic aspects." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(60) (March 15, 2023): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-60-1-11.
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In the present study, we identified the factors affected central obesity prevalence in the adult Altains, Russians and Tuvans permanently residing in the Altai and the Tuva Republics. The data was collected in 2018–2020. The examination program included anthropometrical examination and the genetic testing of females and males, aged 18–35 years. Anthropometrical examination was carried out in accordance with the guidelines accepted in the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology. Body composition was analyzed by bioelectrical impedance analyzer. The SNPs rs1800592 UCP1, rs660339 UCP2 and rs1800849 UCP3 were assessed. The prevalence analyses of underweight, overweight and general obesity in the groups of female and males were conducted. The anthropometric indices were used to estimate the prevalence of central obesity. General obesity occurred more often in the group of Altai people, whereas in the Tuva people the central obesity is more pronounced. The Altai and Tuva people are alike in the total body measurements, whereas Russians were significantly higher. All studied groups demonstrated the sexual dimorphism of the body composition and waist to hip ratio. No significant differences in waist to height ratio between males and females were identified in the studied groups. No association between genetic variants and the obesity-related traits, which reflect the body fat and its distribution, was revealed. All factors included in the model are able to predict 8 % of the variability of the central obesity-related traits. Ethnic background contributes the most to the variability of the central obesity index.
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Gwarzo, Mukhtar Isyaku, and Zainab Muhammad Musa. "Relationship of anthropometric indices of obesity with the Big Five personality traits and cognition among undergraduate students." Advances in Biomedical and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (2024): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/abhs.abhs_57_24.
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Background: Obesity is associated with personality and cognition. The association remains to be investigated in the African population. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the relationship between anthropometric indices of obesity, personality traits, and cognition among undergraduate students in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-five (males = 94 and females = 161) undergraduates (17–30 years old) were recruited for the study. Anthropometric indices were measured according to the STEPwise protocol of the World Health Organization. Personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Personality Inventory, whereas cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool. Results: The mean age of the patients was 23 years. The prevalence rates of central obesity and general obesity were 26.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.14, P = 0.025) and hip circumference (HC) (r = 0.126, P = 0.045) were positively correlated with neuroticism. However, WC (r = −0.138, P = 0.028), HC (r = −0.138, P = 0.028), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (r = −0.156, P = 0.011) were negatively correlated with naming (a component of MoCA) while WHtR was negatively correlated with MoCA (r = −0.126, P = 0.044). After adjusting for age, sex, and marital status, WC (odds ratio [OR] = 0.679 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.456–1.011]; P = 0.050), HC (OR = 1.414 [95% CI: 1.007–1.986]; P = 0.045), and waist-to-hip ratio (OR = 1357 [95% CI: 6.524–28248]; P = 0.039) were significant predictors of low MoCA score. Conclusion: The prevalence of central obesity among our participants was high and associated with neuroticism and poor cognition.
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Goswami, Vaidehi, and Shivani Chandel. "The Burden of Obesity and Hypertension Among a Vegetarian Ethnic Minority Community: A Study Among Jain's of Madhya Pradesh, India." International Journal of Kinanthropometry 3, no. 2 (2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijk2325.
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Introduction: The prevalence of obesity is increasing among children and adults worldwide. Obesity is one of the major risk factors for hypertension. Thus, the study aimed to document the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and their association with each other among the Jain community of Khurai town, Sagar District (Madhya Pradesh), India. Methods: Data was collected on 175 participants belonging to the age group of 20-59 years. Anthropometric measurements were taken and indices were calculated such as Body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio to assess general and abdominal obesity. Blood pressure was recorded using a sphygmomanometer. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found 25.71 percent and 9.71 percent. Whereas, 54.28 percent and 48.14 percent of participants were at risk for central obesity. The prevalence of hypertension was 41.14 percent. Obesity and hypertension were more prevalent among males, females were more overweight. Hypertension had a significant (p-value <0.01) positive correlation with anthropometric indices. Body Mass Index imposed highest significant increase risk (p-value <0.05) on hypertension. Conclusion: Jain adults had a high prevalence of overweight/obesity and hypertension despite of being vegetarian community. Therefore, more attention should be directed towards this community for the prevention, management, and treatment of non-communicable diseases.
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Perikleous, Evanthia P., Sotirios Fouzas, Magdalena Michailidou, et al. "Association between History of Prolonged Exclusive Breast-Feeding and the Lung Function Indices in Childhood." Children 9, no. 11 (2022): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9111708.
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Although the propitious effects of breastfeeding on children’s health are indisputable, the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on the lung function later in life remains controversial. Our objective was to explore the possible associations between breastfeeding and the lung function of children who were exclusively breastfed for an extensive period of time. This was a cross-sectional study of children who were exclusively breastfed for more than 12 months. Demographics and anthropometric data were collected; the body mass index (BMI), % body fat, and % central obesity were calculated; and all the participants underwent standard spirometry with reversibility testing. The relationship between breastfeeding duration and spirometric parameters was assessed by Spearman’s correlation and multivariable regression, after adjustment for other confounders. Forty-six children (21 boys), aged 9.2 ± 2.4 years, with a reported breastfeeding duration of 27.5 ± 12.5 months (range 12–60 months) were included; 13% were overweight (none were obese) and 21.7% had central obesity. The average FEV1 was 104.7 ± 10.4% and the average FEF25-75 was 107.9 ± 13.3%. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was positively correlated with FEF25-75% (r = 0.422, p = 0.003). Multivariable linear regression analysis confirmed the above finding (beta coefficient 0.478, p = 0.002), independently of age, overweight, and central obesity. No correlation was noted between the duration of breastfeeding and other spirometric parameters. In addition to its favorable impact on the metabolic profile, prolonged exclusive breastfeeding seems to exert a propitious effect on the function of smaller airways throughout childhood.
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Petek, Tjaša Hertiš, Evgenija Homšak, Mateja Svetej, and Nataša Marčun Varda. "Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Childhood Obesity: Sex Differences in Adiposity Indices and Cardiovascular Risk." Biomedicines 13, no. 1 (2024): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010058.
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Background: Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are fundamental contributors to the onset of conditions related to childhood obesity, such as cardiovascular (CV) diseases. We aimed to assess CV risk in childhood obesity by examining sex differences in adiposity indices, cardiometabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarkers. We also aimed to assess the potential of the interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11) as a novel biomarker. Methods: Eighty children (36 girls) aged 5–18 years with overweight, obesity, or normal weight were analyzed. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocytes, myeloperoxidase (MPO), adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, superoxide dismutase-1, I-TAC/CXCL11, and a comprehensive cardiometabolic profile, including glucose, lipid, renal, liver, and thyroid function markers. Adiposity indices were determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometric measures, including BMI, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, and visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness. Blood pressure (BP) and pulse wave velocity were also evaluated. Results: Girls had less central obesity and fewer CV risk factors than boys, despite having similar total fat mass. Both girls and boys with overweight or obesity showed higher CRP levels. Girls with excess weight had increased leukocyte counts, while boys had elevated MPO levels, which correlated positively with adiposity indices, systolic BP, and homocysteine, and negatively with HDL. I-TAC/CXCL11 levels were similar across groups. Conclusions: Adiposity indices are essential for evaluating CV risk in children and adolescents, with sex differences underscoring the need for tailored approaches. MPO correlated significantly with CV risk markers, supporting its inclusion in routine assessments. I-TAC/CXCL11 warrants further study in childhood obesity.
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Alirezaei, Toktam, Hamid Soori, Rana Irilouzadian, and Hadis Najafimehr. "Novel Anthropometric Indices as Screening Tools for Obesity: A Study on Healthy Iranians." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2023 (October 3, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6612411.
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Background and Aims. Upper body fat distribution is more related to cardiometabolic diseases than central obesity. Neck circumference (NC) and neck-to-height ratio (NHtR) are two indicators of upper body obesity that are affordable, easy to obtain, highly reproducible, and more practical in the crowded health centers than the classic anthropometric indices. Methods. 18–65-year-old individuals with no past medical history were included. After obtaining written informed consent, they were screened for hypertension, high blood glucose, and other abnormal laboratory results. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Mann–Whitney U test, Chi square test, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, and ROC curve. Results. In our 2,812 participants, NC had the lowest area under the curve (AUC) in both male and female obese and overweight subjects. NHtR and hip circumference (HC) had the highest AUC in men and women with obesity, respectively. The highest sensitivity for overweight men and women belonged to waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), respectively, and for both males and females with obesity, NHtR had the highest sensitivity. The cutoff point of NHtR had the same value for males and females. HC and NHtR had the highest positive likelihood ratio (PLR) for obesity in men. In addition, HC and WC had the highest PLR for obesity in women. Conclusion. In this study, we revealed that NC had the lowest and NHtR and HC had the highest predictive value for obesity. Furthermore, for both males and females with obesity, NHtR had the highest sensitivity. HC had the highest PLR for obesity in both genders. Our results warrant prospective studies to evaluate the role of NHtR and other novel anthropometric indices in the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Radmard, Amir Reza, Hossein Poustchi, Amir Pejman Hashemi Taheri, et al. "Central Obesity and Liver Iron Content: A Noninvasive Assessment in General Population by Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 69, no. 3-4 (2016): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000453111.
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Background/Aim: Existing evidence points to an altered status of iron metabolism in obesity. We aimed to investigate whether central obesity is independently associated with estimated liver iron content (liver T2* value) in general population that used the noninvasive assessment method by MRI. Methods: The study was carried out on 200 subjects randomly selected from the Golestan Cohort Study who underwent abdominal MRI. Quantitative T2* maps of entire cross-sectional area of liver were calculated using a semi-automated software for estimating the levels of iron content. Segmentation and calculation of visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were also performed. Results: There was no significant difference in mean liver T2* values between obese (body mass index, BMI >30 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI ≤30 kg/m2) subjects. After controlling for other covariates, no statistically significant association was detected between liver T2* values and VFA, SFA and VFA/SFA ratio. The drop in the relative signal intensity as an indicator of steatosis and serum ferritin predicted liver T2* values that almost had the same strength (standardized β of -0.41 and -0.41, respectively). Conclusions: Central obesity indices are not correlated with estimated liver iron content by MRI. Hepatic steatosis and serum ferritin seem to be the best predictors of hepatic T2* value. Since central obesity indices were not direct predictors of hepatic T2* value after the adjustment for confounding factors, it is possible that lipid accumulation in the liver locally, but not systematically, influences hepatic iron metabolism.
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Wells, J. C. K., and C. G. Victora. "Indices of whole-body and central adiposity for evaluating the metabolic load of obesity." International Journal of Obesity 29, no. 5 (2005): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802899.
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Ozgu-Erdinc, A., N. Yilmaz, E. Isci Bostanci, C. Gulerman, and Y. Ustun. "Effects of anthropometric indices of central obesity and metabolic syndrome on IVF/ICSI outcome." Fertility and Sterility 108, no. 3 (2017): e251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.07.754.
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Bora, Kaustubh, Mauchumi Saikia Pathak, Probodh Borah, and Dulmoni Das. "Association of Decreased High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) With Obesity and Risk Estimates for Decreased HDL-C Attributable to Obesity." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 8, no. 1 (2016): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916664706.
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Background: Obesity is an important risk factor for decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, which predisposes to cardiovascular diseases. But, the relative contribution of obesity toward decreased HDL-C and the risk estimates of decreased HDL-C attributable to obesity are unavailable. Such measures will help in understanding the extent by which the burden of decreased HDL-C can be reduced by tackling obesity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to ( a) determine the association between decreased HDL-C and obesity and ( b) estimate the attributable risk proportion (ARP) and population attributable risk proportion (PARP) for decreased HDL-C due to obesity. Methods: Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured as indices of overweight (or generalized obesity) and central obesity, respectively in 190 subjects (95 cases with low HDL-C and 95 healthy controls with normal HDL-C) from Guwahati city. Crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated along with the risk estimates (ARP and PARP). Results: People with overweight or generlized obesity (adjusted OR = 4.90, 95% CI = 3.59-6.68), and people with central obesity (adjusted OR = 3.33, 95% CI = 2.39-4.64) had significantly greater odds of developing decreased HDL-C. Among the exposed, 79.8% of the decreased HDL-C cases could be attributed to overweight (or generalized obesity), while 72.8% cases could be attributed to central obesity. In the overall population, the corresponding figures were 57.1% and 36%, respectively. Conclusion: Decreased HDL-C is strongly associated with and largely attributable to obesity.
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Jeffery, Robert W. "Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease?" Annals of Behavioral Medicine 14, no. 2 (1992): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/14.2.109.
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Abstract This article reviews research on the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity. A preponderance of evidence strongly suggests that obesity is causally related to elevated blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and glucose intolerance, all of which are primary risk factors for CVD. Nevertheless, data linking obesity to CVD itself are less consistent. While some studies show a positive and graded relationship between obesity and CVD incidence and mortality, others show no effect or even an inverse relationship. Possible reasons for these conflicting findings are discussed. These include heterogeneity of obesities, particularly central versus peripheral obesity; misclassification of individuals due to use of inaccurate obesity indices; analytic difficulties in estimating the contributions of obesity as a single variable in a complex chain of causation; and the presence of confounders such as cigarette smoking that lower weight, but are themselves a cause of CVD.
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Umar, G. Adamu, Abdulahi A., Z. Aliyu M., et al. "Prevalence of Obesity and Its Effect on Blood Pressure Control in Bida, North-Central Nigeria: A Hospital Based Cross-sectional Study." British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research 22, no. 2 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2017/33832.
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<strong>Background: </strong>Obesity is one of the commonest cardiovascular risk factor that affects blood pressure control, but there is lack of data regarding the prevalence of overweight and obesity in hypertensives and their relationship. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity and its impact on blood pressure control amongst hypertensives in a rural hospital setting in North-Central Nigeria. <strong>Study Design:</strong> Cross-sectional, hospital-based study. <strong>Place and Duration of Study: </strong>Cardiology clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Northcentral Nigeria, between June and October 2013. <strong>Methodology: </strong>We recruited 414 hypertensives (204 men, 210 women; age range 21-84 years) adults with arterial hypertension. The blood pressure was measured and data on anthropometric indices were collected using a questionnaire. The weight and height was measured, used to calculate the body mass index and to classify the participants into obese and nonobese. <strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the hypertensives was 53.09 ± 12.30 years. Out of the 414 participants, obesity occurred in 183 (44.2%) of the participants and more in those in the 45-54 years age range. Out of these, 93 (50.82%) had class I obesity, 55 (30.05%) class II obesity and class III obesity was found in 35 (19.13%) of the hypertensives. Blood pressure control was poor in 105 (57.4%) and 82 (35.5%) of hypertensives with and without obesity respectively. The BMI correlated with age r=-0.375 p=0.000, systolic blood pressure -0.181 p=0.014 and diastolic blood pressure r=0.439 p= 0.000. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of obesity is high in hypertensive individuals even in a rural hospital setting and blood pressure control is poor in those who are obese. Public health measures aimed at reducing obesity should be incorporated in the overall management of arterial hypertension.
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Murakami, Kentaro, Tracy A. McCaffrey, and M. Barbara E. Livingstone. "Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and indices of body fatness in British children and adolescents." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 8 (2013): 1512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451300072x.
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The diversity of the associations of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with dietary intake and body fatness observed in epidemiological studies may be partly due to the differences in underlying dietary intake patterns. We examined the cross-sectional associations of dietary GI and GL with food and nutrient intakes and indices of body fatness in 818 children aged 4–10 years and 818 adolescents aged 11–18 years in Britain, based on the data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using a 7 d weighed dietary record. Overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile of the age- and sex-specific British growth reference data. Central obesity was defined as waist:height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0·5 (adolescents only). Breads, breakfast cereals and potatoes were the positive predictive food groups for dietary GI, while dairy products, fruit juice, other cereals and fruit were the negative predictors. Dietary GL was closely correlated with carbohydrate intake. Dietary GI showed no associations with overweight or central obesity. Conversely, dietary GL showed an independent association with a higher risk of overweight in children and a higher risk of central obesity (but not overweight) in adolescents. However, dietary GI and GL were not associated with BMI z-score in children and adolescents or WHtR in adolescents. In conclusion, the present study showed that dietary GL was independently associated with overweight in children and with central obesity in adolescents. Nevertheless, given no associations when body fatness measures were treated as continuous variables, the results must be interpreted cautiously.
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Teixeira da Cunha França, Ana Karina, Alcione Miranda Dos Santos, João Victor Salgado, et al. "Usefulness of visceral adipose tissue estimation in the prevention of chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients in primary health care." Nutrición Hospitalaria 35, no. 4 (2018): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/nh.1534.
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Background: studies have shown an association between obesity and a reduction in estimated glomerular fi ltration rate (eGFR). However, little is known regarding whether this association is related to total fat or, more specifi cally, to central or visceral fat.Objective: this study evaluated the correlations among the nutritional indices that measure total, central and visceral obesity with eGFR.Methods: a cross-sectional study, involving 288 hypertensive patients. Kidney function was estimated by GFR, using the Modifi cation of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Explanatory variables included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist stature ratio (WSR), estimated visceral adipose tissue (eVAT) and body fat percentage (BF%).Results: the mean BMI was 27.8 ± 4.7 kg/m². Most of the patients (68.1%) were in the normal range of BF%, but regarding WC and eVAT, they were at very high risk (58.3% and 64.6%, respectively). In men, there were no correlations between nutritional indices and eGFR. In women, only eVAT remained negatively correlated with eGFR, estimated by MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, independent of BMI, smoking, physical inactivity, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, LDL and HDL cholesterol, uric acid and microalbuminuria.Conclusions: the majority of obesity indices were not associated with eGFR. Only eVAT was negatively associated with eGFR by MDRD and CKDEPI equations in hypertensive women. In primary health care, visceral adipose tissue estimation could support the identifi cation of hypertensive women at increased risk for developing chronic kidney disease.
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Oumer, Abdu, Ahmed Ale, Zerihun Tariku, Aragaw Hamza, Legesse Abera, and Ashenafi Seifu. "Waist-to-hip circumference and waist-to-height ratio could strongly predict glycemic control than body mass index among adult patients with diabetes in Ethiopia: ROC analysis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0273786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273786.
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Background Poorly controlled blood glucose is prevalent and contributes to the huge burden of diabetes related morbidity, and central obesity has a great role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its adverse complications, which could predict such risks, yet evidence is lacking. Hence, this paper is to evaluate the predictive performance of central obesity indices for glycemic control among adult patients with diabetes in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A survey of 432 randomly chosen patients with diabetes was conducted using a pretested questionnaire supplemented by chart review, anthropometrics, and biomarkers by trained data collectors. The poor glycemic control was assessed using a fasting blood glucose (FBS) level of above 130 and/or an HgA1c level above 7%. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured under standard procedures and we calculated waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The receiver operating characteristics curve was used to assess the predictive performance of obesity indices for glycemic control using area under the curve (AUC) and corresponding validity measures. Results A total of 432 (92%) patients with diabetes were enrolled with a mean age of 49.6 (±12.4) years. The mean fasting blood glucose level was 189 (±72) mg dl-1 where 330 (76.4%) (95% CI: 74.4–78.4%) and 93.3% of them had poor glycemic control based on FBS and HgA1c, respectively. WC (AUC = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85–0.95), WHR (AUC = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43–0.84), and WHtR (AUC = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.83–0.94) have a higher predictive performance for poor glycemic control at cut-off points above 100 cm, 0.95, and 0.62, respectively. However, obesity indices showed a lower predictive performance for poor glycemic control based on FBS. Body mass index (BMI) had a poor predictive performance for poor glycemic control (AUC = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.13–0.40). Conclusions Poor glycemic control is a public health concern and obesity indicators, typically WC, WHR, and WHtR, have a better predictive performance for poor glycemic control than BMI.
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Duan, Leizhen, Ling Han, Qin Liu, Yili Zhao, Lei Wang, and Yan Wang. "Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Central Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Apparently Healthy Populations." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 76, no. 3 (2020): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507418.
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Background: The obesity pandemic has been paralleled by a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). There is growing epidemiological evidence linking low vitamin D status with obesity events. In addition, observational studies also show that obesity may increase the risk of VDD. However, there is insufficient knowledge to understand whether there is a causality between the two. Moreover, the impact of vitamin D supplementation on obesity indices has shown inconsistent outcomes. Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation modified general and central obesity indices in apparently healthy populations. Methods: A systematic retrieval of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was undertaken using Pubmed, Embase, Web of Knowledge and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the changes in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) from baseline. Results: Twenty RCTs involving 3,153 participants reporting either BMI, WC, WHR or 25(OH)D met the inclusion criteria. When compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation had no significant decreases in BMI (WMD = –0.09 kg/m2, 95% CI –0.19 to 0.01, p = 0.08), WC (WMD = –0.71 cm, 95% CI –1.58 to 0.16, p = 0.112) or WHR (WMD = 0.00, 95% CI –0.01 to 0.01, p = 0.749). However, in the subgroups of females, Asia region studies and intervention duration ≥6 months, a beneficial and significant reduction in BMI and WC was noted (all p < 0.026). On the other hand, pooled results showed that there was a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels (WMD = 13.20 ng/mL, 95% CI 9.83–16.58, p < 0.001) after vitamin D intervention. No publication bias was found in our study. Conclusions: Overall, supplementation with vitamin D produced no significant effect on the BMI, WC or WHR of healthy adults.
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Hadi, Said, Mehrnaz Momenan, Kasra Cheraghpour, et al. "Abdominal volume index: a predictive measure in relationship between depression/anxiety and obesity." African Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (2020): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.31.
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Background: Obesity is a risk factor for mood disorder (such as depression and anxiety). We aimed to assess application of A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and abdominal volume index (AVI), as new indices of obesity to evaluate the relationship between obesity and depression/anxiety.
 Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 307 overweight and obese women (249 females, 58 males) 20-60 years in Iran in 2017-2018. The anthropometric measures including weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat and derived values of body mass index, waist–hip ratio, AVI and ABSI were evaluated. HADS questionnaire for depression and anxiety completed.
 Results: Prevalence of depression was 36.1% in women; men 24.1%; overweight 28.1%; obese 36.5 % and central obesity 33.7%. Anxiety was apparent in 27.1% of overweight 30.3 % obese and 29.6% central obesity. People with depression and anxiety had higher WC, BF and AVI. ABSI had no significant correlation with depression/anxiety. The odds of depression (1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12) and anxiety (1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) were elevated with increase AVI.
 Conclusion: Our results suggested that AVI as an indirect measure of abdominal obesity along with WC and BF could be useful in predicting the relationship between obesity and depression/anxiety.
 Keywords: Abdominal volume index; anxiety; depression.
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Ugbenyen, Anthony Moses, and Olulope Olufemi Ajayi. "Studying the Anthropometric Indices of University Students at a Nigerian University." Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine 6, no. 4 (2023): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_148_22.
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Background: Measurement of an individual’s anthropometric indices is one of the many methods for determining physical health status. This study was designed to test the reliability of some anthropometric indices in predicting central obesity among undergraduate students in Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Random sampling was used in recruiting 843 undergraduate students aged 15–31 years old from Edo State University, Uzairue, Edo State, into this cross-sectional study. Traditional and new Anthropometric indices were determined by standard methods, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney test, and correlations were determined and were deemed statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results: The majority of males (52.5%) and females (50.7%) were aged 19–22 years. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were significantly higher in males than females (P < 0.05). Conversely, body mass index (BMI), body roundness index (BRI), and body adiposity index (BAI) were significantly higher in females compared to males (P < 0.05). The female participants had significantly higher pulse rates, oxygen saturation, and pulse pressure than the males (P < 0.05). The AUC constructed showed WC and Waist–height ratio predicted central obesity in both genders (AUC ≥ 0.9). A significant positive correlation of WHtRatio with MUAC was observed in female participants, while a significant inverse correlation was observed between BAI and a body shape index in male participants in this study. Conclusion: Determining cutoff values for these indices, particularly in adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, is imperative.
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Abulmeaty, M. M. A., A. M. Almajwal, S. B. Ali, et al. "MON-P206: Prediction of Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk by Central Obesity Indices Among Fertile Women." Clinical Nutrition 35 (September 2016): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(16)30840-8.
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Al-Odat, Areej Zaal, Mousa Numan Ahmad, and Fares Halim Haddad. "References of anthropometric indices of central obesity and metabolic syndrome in Jordanian men and women." Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 6, no. 1 (2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2012.05.012.
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Mahapatra, Biswajit. "New Anthropometric Adiposity I Indices and Their Associations With Hypertension in Ex-criminal Tribe of Gonda District, Uttar Pradesh, India." Collegium antropologicum 47, no. 3 (2023): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5671/ca.47.3.1.
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The best adiposity index for predicting hypertension is still being debated. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the performance of different adiposity indices as associates and potential predictors of risk of hypertension in the ex-criminal tribe of Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Also, in this paper, attempted to construct some new indices of adiposity, relative to obesity. The present study was undertaken among 310 rural adults (154 males; 156 females) aged 20-59 years. The ANOVA and Chi-square tests, correlation analysis was performed to test for significant differences and associations between variables. The odds ratio and receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) were used to identify the risk factors for hypertension. The sex combined prevalence of combined general obesity, combined central obesity, and overall combined obesity is 34.9%, 69.8%, and 75.6%, respectively. The frequency of all AAIs increased from the normal stage to the hypertension stage in all cases. The SBP, DBP, and MAP had highly significant positive correlations with all adiposity measures (p &lt;0.01). Using the Odds Ratio, obese people with BMI, WHtR, and FM-FFM ratio were found to be more than four times more likely to be hypertensive than those in the non-obese category. Finally, ROC analysis tells us that in both sexes PBFand FM-FFM ratio was the most sensitive and specific indicator for determined the optimal adiposity indices for hypertension risk in the study population.
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Joshi, Bishal, Laxmi Shrestha, Kushal Bhattarai, Nilu Manandhar, and Narayan Bahadur Mahotra. "Comparison of Central Obesity with Overall Obesity in Predicting the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (2019): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v7i1.24680.
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INTRODUCTION: Many studies have shown the association of waist circumference, waist hip ratio and body mass index with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Waist circumference and waist hip ratio have been used as measures of central obesity and body mass index has been used as a measure of general obesity. Objective of this study is to find out which type of obesity is better for prediction of risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS:Total 100 participants with confirmed diagnosis of type 2 DM with age group 35-80 years were selected for the study. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference were measured and body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for correlating the parameters with type 2 diabetes mellitus in both male and female patients.
 RESULTS: Area under ROC curve, a measure of performance of the indices in predicting diabetes in total subjects, was found to be highest for waist hip ratio (0.840) followed by waist circumference (0.688) and BMI (0.608). Similarly, area under ROC curve was found maximum for waist hip ratio followed by waist circumference and body mass index in case of male and female patients.
 CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that anthropometric indicators of central obesity (WHR and WC) are more predictive for type 2 DM than anthropometric indicator of general obesity (BMI).
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Milisic, Lejla, Sandra Vegar-Zubovic, Amina Valjevac, and Suada Hasanovic-Vučković. "Bone Mineral Density Assessment by DXA vs. QCT in Postmenopausal Females with Central Obesity." Current Aging Science 13, no. 2 (2020): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666190912155525.
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Objectives: Although Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis, several reports have shown discordant T-score values measured by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) and DXA especially in obese subjects, but it is still not clear whether BMD measurement by two modalities is affected by overall obesity or central obesity in postmenopausal females. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare BMD and T-scores by DXA and QCT and to evaluate whether these two osteoporosis assessment modalities yield different T-score values in postmenopausal females with obesity and central obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 44 postmenopausal females, referred for osteoporosis screening. Anthropometric indices (BMI-body mass index, WC-waist circumference and ICOindex of central obesity) were measured and females underwent an assessment of bone mineral density by DXA and QCT. Results: Lumbar Spine (LS) T-score values were observed to be significantly lower by DXA compared to qCT in females with BMI >25 kg/m2, (-1.9±1.5 vs. -2.3±1.2; p=0.039), in females with WC>88 cm(-1.9±1.5 vs. -2.4±1.2; p=0.008) and in females with ICO>0.5(-1.96±1.4 vs. -2.5±1.2; p=0.004). However, in normal-weight females and in those without central obesity, LS T-scores by DXA were not different than qCT. DXA at lumbar spine and proximal femur revealed osteoporosis in 47.7% and 11.4% respectively, while QCT detected osteoporosis in 61.4% of females (p<0.001). Measures of central obesity; ICO and WC were not associated with QCT bone mineral density (BMD) (r=0.14 and r=0.21, respectively), but were positively associated with both DXALS BMD (r=0.29 and r=0.31; p<0.05) and DXA proximal femur BMD (r=0.41 and r=0.44; p<0.01). Conclusion: Our results suggest that obesity is associated with lower T-scores by DXA compared to QCT. Caution is needed when assessing osteoporosis status in obese postmenopausal females. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm the findings.
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Payel, Banerjee, and Pramanik Purushottam. "Body composition and somatic indices: determinants of timing of menarche." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 15, no. 3 (2023): 059–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10704696.
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Menarche is the signal of initiation of reproductive age of girls. Age at menarche is associated with health outcome at adulthood. Body fat mass and BMI influence menarcheal age. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of body composition and body fat distribution with age at menarche. This was a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among school girls having age limit 10-14 years who experienced menarche not more than previous three months. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. Quantitative data were presented as percentage and/or mean <u>+</u> standard deviation. T-test was done to determine significance of difference between physical characteristics of females early age at menarche and reference age at menarche. T-test, chi square test and logistic regression analysis were done. We also evaluated correlation between age at menarche and physical parameters. The significance levels of the tests were considered at a significance level of 0.05. About one-four of study population acquired menarche at age below 12 years and remaining three-fourth acquired menarche at 12-14 years. Significant negative correlation was noted between age at menarche and body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, Waste circumference, Hip circumference, waist – hip ratio and waist- height ratio. Significant positive correlation was obtained between age at menarche and neck circumference. Significant association was observed between menarcheal age and study parameters. Logistic regression analysis suggests that body fat percentage, BMI, body weight, body fat distribution may be considered as risk factors for early menarche. Age at menarche is negatively correlate with BMI, body fat percentage, Waste circumference, Hip circumference, waist – hip ratio and waist- height ratio. Thus BMI, Body fat% and central obesity markers are considered as determinant of age at menarche.
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Azadbakht, Mirmiran, Shiva, and Azizi. "General Obesity and Central Adiposity in a Representative Sample of Tehranian Adults: Prevalence and Determinants." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 4 (2005): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.75.4.297.
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Aims: To determine the prevalence and associations of general and central obesity in adults residing in district 13 of Tehran and to examine the associations of obesity with certain factors. Design: Population-based cross sectional study. Setting: Tehran, the capital of Iran. Subjects: A total of 9984 subjects (4164 men and 5820 women) aged 20–70 years. Methods: Demographic data were collected and anthropometric indices including weight, height, and waist and hip circumference were measured, according to standard protocols. Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recall forms. To determine the prevalence and association of general and central obesity, the suggested cut-off for Tehranian people, adjusted for their age group, was used. A body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 24 for men and ≥ 25 for women was used to determine the characteristic of obesity . Central obesity was determined as a waist-hip ratio (WHR) of > 0.86 for men and WHR ≥ 0.78 for women. To determine the associations between general and central obesity and other factors, logistic regression was used. Results: The means of BMI, waist circumference (WC), and WHR were 25.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2, 88.3 ± 11.4 cm, and 0.91 ± 0.07 in men and 27.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2, 87.5 ± 12.9 cm, and 0.83 ± 0.08 in women, respectively. Obesity and central obesity were higher in women than in men; 67% vs. 29% for obesity and 93% vs. 74.1% for central obesity, respectively. Illiteracy (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.13–2.41 in men; OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.59–2.21 in women), marriage (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 3.63–4.29 in men; OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 3.63–4.19 in women), and very low physical activity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.09–1.53 in men; OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10–1.76 in women) were factors associated with obesity. The risk of being centrally obese for men in the fourth quartile of legumes intake was lower than men in other quartiles (p < 0.05). Women in the first quartile of dairy consumption had the highest risk of being generally and centrally obese (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.72–2.48 for general obesity and OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 2.36-3.67 for central obesity). The risk of obesity for women in the fourth quartile of energy and saturated fatty acid consumption was higher than for those in the first quartile (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.39–3.11 for energy and OR = 1.36, 95% CI= 1.10–1.64 for saturated fatty acids). The risk of being centrally obese was higher for women in the first quartile of protein intake compared with women in the fourth quartile (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.02–2.32). Conclusions: The results from this national population-based study in Iran show high prevalence of obesity in Tehranian adults. The strong associations between obesity and certain life style factors confirm the necessity of multifactorial intervention.
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Shi, Shaomin, Lihua Ni, Yuan Tian, et al. "Association of Obesity Indices with Diabetic Kidney Disease and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World Study." Journal of Diabetes Research 2023 (April 15, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3819830.
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Background. Diabetic microvascular complications mainly include diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Obesity was recognized as a risk factor for DKD, while the reported relationship between obesity and DR was inconsistent. Moreover, whether the associations can be attributed to C-peptide levels is unknown. Methods. Data from 1142 sequential inpatients with T2DM at Xiangyang Central Hospital between June 2019 and March 2022 were extracted retrospectively from the electronic medical record system. The associations between four obesity indices (body mass index (BMI), waist-hip circumference ratio (WHR), visceral fat tissue area (VFA), and subcutaneous fat tissue area (SFA)) and DKD and DR were evaluated. Whether the associations can be attributed to C-peptide levels was also explored. Results. Obesity was a risk factor for DKD after adjusting for sex, HbA1c, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, smoking history, education, duration of diabetes, and insulin use (obesity indices: BMI (OR 1.050: 95% CI: 1.008-1.094; P = 0.020 ); WHR (OR 10.97; 95% CI: 1.250-92.267; P = 0.031 ); VFA (OR 1.005; 95% CI: 1.001-1.008; P = 0.008 )), but it became insignificant after further adjusting for fasting C-peptide. The associations between BMI, WHR, VFA, and DKD might be U-shaped. Obesity and FCP tended to protect against DR; however, they became insignificant after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. C2/C0 (the ratio of the postprandial serum C-peptide to fasting C-peptide) was a protective factor for both DKD (OR 0.894, 95% CI: 0.833-0.959, P < 0.05 ) and DR (OR 0.851, 95% CI: 0.787-0.919; P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. Obesity was a risk factor for DKD, and the effect may be attributable to C-peptide, which represents insulin resistance. The protective effect of obesity or C-peptide on DR was not independent and could be confounded by multiple factors. Higher C2/C0 was associated with both decreased DKD and DR.
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Dursunoglu, Duygu. "Is a Large Neck Circumference a Predictive Factor for Poor Semen Quality in the Turkish Population?" Reproductive Sciences, March 26, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-025-01850-6.
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Abstract Currently, the potential role of obesity on semen quality remains unclear. In recent years, alternative anthropometric indices to body mass index (BMI), which can precisely distinguish body fat distribution, have been described to estimate central adiposity. However, the role of neck circumference (NC), a novel index of central adiposity, on semen quality is unknown. This study aims to reveal the potentials of adiposity indices, including NC, in predicting poor semen quality. A total of 4739 male participants between the ages of 17–55 were included in this cross-sectional study. Semen parameters, including sperm concentration, total count, total, progressive and rapid progressive motility and vitality, were divided into two categories according to the WHO classification for male infertility. As anthropometric measurements of obesity, BMI and central obesity indices including waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and NC were examined. The predictive potentials of obesity indices for low semen parameters were evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. The associations of obesity indices with semen parameters were analyzed by binary logistic regression analyze after adjusting potential confounding factors. Patients with lower semen parameters had higher obesity indices than those with normal parameters. All obesity indices have the predictive potentials for low semen parameters. After adjustment for confounders, the strongest associations were found between HC with sperm count parameters, WC and WHtR with sperm vitality and motility parameters and WHpR and NC with rapid progressive motility. Obesity plays an important role in male infertility. Body fat distribution appears to have specific roles on sperm functionality, which may influence different infertility markers. NC is a strong predictor for sperm rapid progressive motility, suggesting a role for male infertility.
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Cai, Qunying, Shu Shi, Hong Shen, Baoying Ye, and Weiwei Cheng. "Combined general and central obesity indices to predict gestational diabetes." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 36, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2023.2183765.
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