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1
Dawson, Jeffery Wayne. A neurophysiological description of the central pattern generator underlying sound production in two species of tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.
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Cinquegrani, Alessandro, Francesca Pangallo, and Federico Rigamonti. Romance e Shoah Pratiche di narrazione sulla tragedia indicibile. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-492-9.
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Over the last 70 years, Holocaust representations increased significantly as cultural objects distributed on a large scale: fictional books, museum sites, artworks, documentaries, and films are only a few samples of those echoes the Holocaust produced in contemporary Western culture. There are some specific patterns in the way the Holocaust has been represented that, however, contrast with the survivors’ account of the same event: for example, the dichotomy between bad and good characters so essential within Holocaust-based media – especially on television and film - does not really match with the testimony’s experience. While storytelling strategies may help to involve the public by emotionally engaging with the story, the risks of altering the real meaning of the Holocaust are quite high: what we often label as a “story” is actually been an outrageous, documented mass-genocide. Furthermore, as the age gap between the present and the past generation progresses, also the collective awareness of Nazi crimes as a real fact gets compromised. This volume explores selected Holocaust narrations by contextualizing the historical, literary, and social influences those texts had in their unique points of view. Starting with some recent examples of Holocaust exploitation through social media, the first chapter explores the paradigm shift when the Holocaust became a cultural, fictional trend rather than a historical massacre. In the second chapter, the analysis examines postmodern representations of Holocaust and Nazi semantics through relevant examples taken from both American and European literature. The third chapter analyses Europe Central by William T. Vollman, as all the narratological and cultural issues considered in the previous two chapters are well outlined in this articulated novel, where the relationship between reality and its representation after the postmodernist period is largely investigated. In chapter four, an account is given of the connections and differences between the narratological category romance, as understood by Northrop Frye, and Holocaust narration features. In chapter five, those elements are used to consider the work of Italian Holocaust survivor and Jewish writer Primo Levi, as his narration around Auschwitz adopts some fictional tools and still refuses undemanding storytelling mechanisms. The sixth and final chapter examines the relevant novel Les Benviellants by Jonathan Littell, considering its Nazi genocide account through the antagonist’s perspective.
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Facciponte, Giovanni. Characterization of a novel central pattern generator in Locusta and modulation of its motor targets. 1995.
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Junna, Mithri R., Bernardo J. Selim, and Timothy I. Morgenthaler. Central sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndromes. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0018.
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Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) may occur in a variety of ways. While obstructive sleep apnea is the most common of these, this chapter reviews the most common types of SDB that occur independently of upper airway obstruction. In many cases, there is concurrent upper airway obstruction and neurological respiratory dysregulation. Thus, along with attempts to correct the underlying etiologies (when present), stabilization of the upper airway is most often combined with flow generators (noninvasive positive pressure ventilation devices) that modulate the inadequate ventilatory pattern. Among these devices, when continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) alone does not allow correction of SDB, adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is increasingly used for non-hypercapnic types of central sleep apnea (CSA), while bilevel PAP in spontaneous-timed mode (BPAP-ST) is more often reserved for hypercapnic CSA/alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. Coordination of care among neurologists, cardiologists, and sleep specialists will often benefit such patients.
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Bhopal, Raj S. What is epidemiology? The nature, scope, variables, principal measures, and designs of a biological, clinical, social, and ecological science. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0001.
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Populations, as with individuals, have unique patterns of disease. The science of epidemiology, which straddles biology, clinical medicine, social sciences, and ecology, seeks to describe, understand, and utilize these patterns to improve population health. Epidemiology’s central paradigm is that analysis of population patterns of disease, particularly by linking these to exposure variables (risk factors), provides understanding of their causes. Epidemiology is useful in other ways, including preventing and controlling disease in populations and guiding health and health-care policy and planning. Epidemiology can help clinicians to manage the health care of individuals. Epidemiology has a large toolbox. At its core lies the measurement of the prevalence and incidence of risk factors and outcomes. These measurements are generated by study types (designs) that serve the various purposes of epidemiology. Of the many kinds of studies available, the most important are case series (register studies), cross-sectional, case–control, cohort, and intervention (trials) studies.
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Queixalós, Francesc. What being a Syntactically Ergative Language means for Katukina-Kanamari. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.42.
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The structure of the basic clause in Katukina-Kanamari is, to a significant extent, conditioned by the internal structure of the verb phrase, which is starkly parallel to that of noun and adposition phrases. Depending on its internal make up, the verb phrase generates, for the same verbs, two patterns of transitive clauses, ergative and accusative, neither of which is synchronically derived from the other, but the latter appears as highly restricted in distribution. It also yields two patterns of intransitive clauses, one primary, the other resulting from an intransitivizing voice process. Since the basic transitive clause shows a clear syntactic hierarchy between its two arguments, intransitivizing voice is seen as of primary formal motivation: promoting the agent participant to subject status, a far more central need in this language than the functional motivation for relegating the patient participant to either adjunct status or no expression at all.
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Mason, Peggy. Reflexes and Gait. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0022.
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The importance of proprioception to motor function is revealed by the dramatic story of Ian Waterman, a man who lost function in all proprioceptive and tactile spinal afferents. The circuitry of the stretch reflex, termed the deep tendon reflex in clinical circles, is described in detail. In this context, the student is introduced to load, muscle spindles, Ia afferents, α- and γ- motoneurons, and α- γ coactivation. The concept of physiological extensors and flexors is useful for understanding the role of reflexes in normal and abnormal postures. The logic and utility of reflex testing is fully explained and the Ib and nociceptive withdrawal reflexes briefly introduced. Primitive reflexes and their modulation across development and in response to stroke or disease are presented. In a final segment, movements produced by central pattern generators and refined by reflexes are illustrated by a close examination of human gait across the life cycle.
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Spirou, Costas, and Larry Bennett. Metropolitan Chicago’s Geography of Inequality. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040597.003.0003.
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The contemporary Chicago region is a space of striking racial and social class segregation. Even as the City of Chicago’s population has stabilized over recent decades, metropolitan Chicago has expanded geographically and in terms of population. At present, there is a striking pattern of exurban municipal development aimed at capturing prosperous residents and buttressing local tax bases. Nor has Chicago’s physical development occurred independent of broader trends in the economy and public policy. The City of Chicago’s neighborhood structure has been profoundly affected by the demolition and mixed-income redevelopment of former public housing neighborhoods, central city gentrification, and following the Great Recession of 2008, the foreclosure crisis that particularly struck local communities of color. Contemporary Chicago’s geography of inequality is thus a palimpsest of recently generated neoliberal processes overlaying an older geography forged by industrial era urbanization and suburbanization.
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Brooks, Risa A. Military Defection and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.26.
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The protests that began in Tunisia in December 2010, and quickly spread across the Arab world, have drawn significant attention to the impact of militaries and coercive institutions on protests and revolutionary movements. The actions of the militaries were a central determinant of the outcomes of the uprisings of 2010–2011. In Tunisia and Egypt the decision by military leaders to abstain from using force on mass protests to suppress them led to the downfall of the countries’ autocrats. In Syria and Bahrain, militaries defended political leaders with brutal force. In Yemen and Libya, militaries fractured, with some units remaining allied to the leader and using force on his behalf and others defecting. In still other states, leaders and militaries were able to forestall the emergence of large, regime-threatening protests.To explain these divergent outcomes, scholars and analysts have looked to a variety of explanatory factors. These focus on the attributes of the militaries involved, their civil-military relations, the size and social composition of the protests, the nature of the regime’s institutions, and the impact of monarchical traditions. These explanations offer many useful insights, but several issues remain under-studied. These include the impact of authoritarian learning and diffusion on protest trajectory. They also include the endogeneity of the protests to the nature of a country’s civil-military relations (i.e., how preexisting patterns of civil-military relations affected the possibility that incipient demonstrations would escalate to mass protests). Scholars also have been understandably captivated by the aforementioned pattern of military defection-loyalty, focusing on explaining that observed difference at the expense of studying other dependent variables. The next generation of scholarship on the uprisings therefore would benefit from efforts to conceptualize and investigate different aspects of variation in military behavior.Overall, the first-generation literature has proved enormously useful and laid the foundation for a much richer understanding of military behavior and reactions to popular uprisings in the Arab world and beyond.
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Buchner, Helmut. Evoked potentials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0015.
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Evoked potentials (EPs) occur in the peripheral and the central nervous system. The low amplitude signals are extracted from noise by averaging multiple time epochs time-locked to a sensory stimulus. The mechanisms of generation, the techniques for stimulation and recording are established. Clinical applications provide robust information to various questions. The importance of EPs is to measure precisely the conduction times within the stimulated sensory system. Visual evoked potentials to a pattern reversal checker board stimulus are commonly used to evaluate the optic nerve. Auditory evoked potentials following ‘click’ stimuli delivered by a headset are most often used to test the auditory nerve and for prognostication in comatose patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials to electrical stimulation of distal nerves evaluate the peripheral nerve and the lemniscal system, and have various indications from demyelinating diseases to the monitoring of operations and prognosis of comatose patients.
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Costambeys, Marios. Archives and Social Change in Italy, c.900–1100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0021.
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Chris Wickham’s chapter on ‘Land disputes and their social framework in Lombard- Carolingian Italy’ set the tone for a generation of scholarship, revealing, like other chapters in the same book, the utility of dispute records for writing the social history of early medieval Europe. Societal changes are nowhere more obvious than in the disputes to which they give rise. It is no accident, therefore, that documents generated by law courts have been central to historiography concerned with the nature and sharpness of social change in the post-Carolingian West, to which Chris has also contributed significantly. Increasingly after c.800, however, Italian law court records look to become less useful as social documents because they come to follow a very limited number of formulaic templates, which erased any points in dispute and cast claims in court as undefended. This chapter argues that social changes can still be detected in such documents, though less through their texts than through their patterns of preservation. It shows how in two cases—the abbey of Monte Amiata and the ecclesiastical institutions in Piacenza—the shape of archives of law court documents mirrors and is related to the crystallization of local power into the hands of restricted elite groups focused on single families. In doing so it addresses the current debate, arising largely out of French examples, about the appearance and reality of a ‘transformation’ in Western society around the year 1000.
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Ashley, Louise, and Hilary Sommerlad. Diversity and Inclusion in Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.22.
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Professional status is based on accreditation; furthermore rationality, impartiality, and equity are all implicit in the idea of professionalism. As a result, a widely held belief is that meritocracy is a defining characteristic of the professions. Yet this assumption is belied by the evidence of research. The resistance to diversity and inclusion in PSFs and tensions generated by the claims and aspirations of these firms to engage in meritocratic practices are the central concern of this chapter. It examines the socio-economic changes of the last few decades and the backdrop of neoliberalism which reflects in part changes in how patterns of exclusion and inclusion have been theorized over the past four decades. The authors describe these changes and the associated evolution of policy and practice within PSFs from an emphasis on same treatment towards the recognition of difference, and provide a brief summary of suggested future research directions.
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Lytle, Mark H. The All-Consuming Nation. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197568255.001.0001.
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In some ways, The All-Consuming Nation is an autobiography of the baby boom generation since it highlights the consumer culture and rising environmental consciousness that have been central to that generation’s lived experience. This focus should appeal to a wide audience of regular readers. Those who are sensitive to such current issues as wealth inequality, climate change, and the environmental consequences of mass consumerism will also find the book as a way to see how the United States reached its contemporary crisis points, as well as possible ways to curb current excesses. The book alternates chapters on the evolving consumer economy with chapters on environmental critiques of mass consumerism. It considers the technologies that have fueled consumption, strategies such as planned obsolescence that sustain consumption, and the shift in retailing from brick and mortar to online shopping. Environmental critics have viewed every shift in patterns of increasing consumption as ultimately unsustainable. Finally, the book should serve as text for post–World War II surveys in American history, environmental history, as well as business and marketing courses.
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Williams, S. C. Gender. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0020.
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Ministerial training throughout the nineteenth century was dogged by persistent uncertainties about what Dissenters wanted ministers to do: were they to be preachers or scholars, settled pastors or roving missionaries? Sects and denominations such as the Baptists and Congregationalists invested heavily in the professionalization of ministry, founding, building, and expanding ministerial training colleges whose pompous architecture often expressed their cultural ambitions. That was especially true for the Methodists who had often been wary of a learned ministry, while Presbyterians who had always nursed such a status built an impressive international network of colleges, centred on Princeton Seminary. Among both Methodists and Presbyterians, such institution building could be both bedevilled and eventually stimulated by secessions. Colleges were heavily implicated not just in the supply of domestic ministers but also in foreign mission. Even exceptions to this pattern such as the Quakers who claimed not to have dedicated ministers were tacitly professionalizing training by the end of the century. However, the investment in institutions did not prevent protracted disputes over how academic their training should be. Many very successful Dissenting entrepreneurs, such as Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Thomas Champness, William Booth, and Adoniram Judson Gordon, offered unpretentious vocational training, while in colonies such as Australia there were complaints from Congregationalists and others that the colleges were too high-flying for their requirements. The need to offer a liberal education, which came to include science, as well as systematic theological instruction put strain on the resources of the colleges, a strain that many resolved by farming out the former to secular universities. Many of the controversies generated by theological change among Dissenters centred on colleges because they were disputes about the teaching of biblical criticism and how to resolve the tension between free inquiry and the responsibilities of tutors and students to the wider denomination. Colleges were ill-equipped to accommodate theological change because their heads insisted that theology was a static discipline, central to which was the simple exegesis of Scripture. That generated tensions with their students and caused numerous teachers to be edged out of colleges for heresy, most notoriously Samuel Davidson from Lancashire Independent College and William Robertson Smith from the Aberdeen Free Church College. Nevertheless, even conservatives such as Moses Stuart at Andover had emphasized the importance of keeping one’s exegetical tools up to date, and it became progressively easier in most denominations for college teachers to enjoy intellectual liberty, much as Unitarians had always done. Yet the victory of free inquiry was never complete and pyrrhic in any event as from the end of the century the colleges could not arrest a slow decline in the morale and prospects of Dissenting ministers.
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Atici, Levent, Fikri Kulakoǧlu, Gojko Barjamovic, and Andrew Fairbairn, eds. Current Research at Kultepe-Kanesh. Lockwood Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2014192.
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The material remains and the more than 23,500 cuneiform tablets unearthed at the site of Kültepe (ancient Kanesh) shed light on social, political, and economic aspects of the Middle Bronze age (ca. 2000–1700 years BC) in central Anatolia, but also in upper Mesopotamia. The rich textual record provides ample information on a very sophisticated supraregional market economy, representing one of the best-documented historical cases of long-distance trade in the ancient world. Although the site was first excavated in 1893, followed by intermittent excavations between 1906 and 2005, modern scientific and interdisciplinary excavations have only been undertaken since 2006. The new scientific research at Kültepe-Kanesh has already begun amassing new data and providing us with a unique opportunity to generate new perspectives and to challenge previous models and assumptions about, for example, trade, colonialism, ethnicity, art, religious ideas, identity, and patterns of social, political, and economic organization in the Near East during the Middle Bronze Age. A primary goal of this special volume is to integrate the work of scholars in archaeology, archaeometry, bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology, and history to develop a new synthetic research paradigm for investigating issues of trade, colonialism, ethnicity, art, identity, and urbanization in the Near East in a unified fashion.
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Biberman, Yelena. Gambling with Violence. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929961.001.0001.
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State outsourcing of violence to nonstate actors is a global practice that challenges our notions of legitimate warfare, statehood, and citizenship. It matters for counterinsurgency, civil war outcomes, the humane treatment of civilians and former combatants, and the prospects of post-conflict peace. In South Asia, the use of nonstate proxies is deeply entwined with questions of state fragility, the postcolonial social contract, and the rivalry between two nuclear powers. This book explains the origins of state-nonstate alliances in times of civil war. A new balance-of-interests framework is generated through systematic fine-grained analyses of violence outsourcing by Pakistan and India in Kashmir, East Pakistan/Bangladesh, and their respective tribal belts. Central to this framework are the distribution of power inside the theater of war and varied interests of both the state and the nonstate actors. The cases drawn from Pakistan and India demonstrate how different configurations of local power and actors’ priorities result in distinct alliance patterns. The potential applicability of the balance-of-interests approach beyond South Asia is then demonstrated with analyses of Russia’s counterinsurgencies in Chechnya and Turkey’s operations against Kurdish rebels. The book builds on and contributes to the existing scholarship on civil war and counterinsurgency, in particular the burgeoning literature on militias, alliances, and South Asian security.
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Gazzaniga, Michael S., ed. The Cognitive Neurosciences. 4th ed. The MIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8029.001.0001.
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The fourth edition of the work that defines the field of cognitive neuroscience, offering completely new material. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it. Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.
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Howard, Christopher. Who Cares. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190074456.001.0001.
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Abstract Societies are often judged by how they treat their most vulnerable members: the poor and near poor. In the United States, this responsibility belongs not only to governments but also to charities, businesses, individuals, and family members. Their combined efforts generate a social safety net. Many academics and journalists have studied discrete pieces of this net. However, it is still hard to see larger patterns and learn general lessons. Who Cares pulls these pieces together to offer the first comprehensive map of the US social safety net. The central theme of the book is care. Part I describes how much we care about people in need, as well as who we think should take care of them. Individual chapters capture the views of ordinary citizens, business and labor organizations, churches and other charities, and public officials. The emphasis in Part II is on tangible acts of caring. Who pays for government programs and charitable services? Who are the most important caregivers, public and private? How adequate is the care that people receive? Each chapter answers these questions for specific human needs—income, food, housing, medical care, and daily care. Although the US social safety net is extensive, major gaps remain, particularly impacting Blacks, Hispanics, and individuals who are not employed full-time. These problems persist even when the economy seems healthy; Who Cares is based heavily on evidence from the years right before the Covid-19 pandemic. The postscript offers an initial assessment of how the social safety net performed during the pandemic.