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1

Dietz, V. "Central pattern generator." Spinal Cord 33, no. 12 (1995): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1995.156.

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2

Selverston, Allen I. "Invertebrate central pattern generator circuits." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1551 (2010): 2329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0270.

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There are now a reasonable number of invertebrate central pattern generator (CPG) circuits described in sufficient detail that a mechanistic explanation of how they work is possible. These small circuits represent the best-understood neural circuits with which to investigate how cell-to-cell synaptic connections and individual channel conductances combine to generate rhythmic and patterned output. In this review, some of the main lessons that have appeared from this analysis are discussed and concrete examples of circuits ranging from single phase to multiple phase patterns are described. Whil
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3

Schöneich, Stefan, and Berthold Hedwig. "Feedforward discharges couple the singing central pattern generator and ventilation central pattern generator in the cricket abdominal central nervous system." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 205, no. 6 (2019): 881–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01377-7.

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Abstract We investigated the central nervous coordination between singing motor activity and abdominal ventilatory pumping in crickets. Fictive singing, with sensory feedback removed, was elicited by eserine-microinjection into the brain, and the motor activity underlying singing and abdominal ventilation was recorded with extracellular electrodes. During singing, expiratory abdominal muscle activity is tightly phase coupled to the chirping pattern. Occasional temporary desynchronization of the two motor patterns indicate discrete central pattern generator (CPG) networks that can operate indep
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4

Moradi, Karim, Mohsen Fathian, and Saeed Shiry Ghidary. "Omnidirectional walking using central pattern generator." International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 7, no. 6 (2014): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13042-014-0307-4.

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5

SASAGAWA, Naruki, Kentaro TANI, Takashi IMAMURA, and Yoshinobu MAEDA. "Quadruped Locomotion Patterns Generated by Desymmetrization of Symmetric Central Pattern Generator Hardware Network." IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E101.A, no. 10 (2018): 1658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e101.a.1658.

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6

Romaniuk, Jaroslaw. "Central pattern generator and control of breathing." Lekarz Wojskowy 101, no. 1 (2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53301/lw/156877.

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Opublikowany 50 lat temu model nerwowej regulacji oddychania Clarka i Eulera był inspiracją dla nowego podejścia do badań ośrodkowego generatora głębokości i rytmu oddychania. Dzięki tym badaniom nasza wiedza dotycząca zarówno anatomicznej lokalizacji, jak i charakterystyki działania generatorów wzorca oddechowego uległa dużej zmianie. W prezentowanym artykule przedstawiono historię badań oddechowego generatora wzorca (CPG), a w szczególności wykazano, jak badania poszczególnych parametrów oddechowych stymulowały rozwój nowych hipotez i teoretycznych modeli ich kontroli ośrodkowej. Dzięki poró
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7

Golowasch, Jorge. "Neuromodulation of central pattern generators and its role in the functional recovery of central pattern generator activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (2019): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2018.

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Neuromodulators play an important role in how the nervous system organizes activity that results in behavior. Disruption of the normal patterns of neuromodulatory release or production is known to be related to the onset of severe pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease, Rett syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, and affective disorders. Some of these pathologies involve neuronal structures that are called central pattern generators (CPGs), which are involved in the production of rhythmic activities throughout the nervous system. Here I discuss the interplay between CPGs and neuromodulatory activity,
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8

White, Olivier, Yannick Bleyenheuft, Renaud Ronsse, Allan M. Smith, Jean-Louis Thonnard, and Philippe Lefèvre. "Altered Gravity Highlights Central Pattern Generator Mechanisms." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (2008): 2819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90436.2008.

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In many nonprimate species, rhythmic patterns of activity such as locomotion or respiration are generated by neural networks at the spinal level. These neural networks are called central pattern generators (CPGs). Under normal gravitational conditions, the energy efficiency and the robustness of human rhythmic movements are due to the ability of CPGs to drive the system at a pace close to its resonant frequency. This property can be compared with oscillators running at resonant frequency, for which the energy is optimally exchanged with the environment. However, the ability of the CPG to adapt
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9

Bellingham, Mark C. "DRIVING RESPIRATION: THE RESPIRATORY CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATOR." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 25, no. 10 (1998): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02166.x.

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10

Yuste, Rafael, Jason N. MacLean, Jeffrey Smith, and Anders Lansner. "The cortex as a central pattern generator." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, no. 6 (2005): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1686.

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11

Thompson, S. "Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe." Journal of Experimental Biology 208, no. 7 (2005): 1347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01500.

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12

Dietz, Volker. "Hintergrund: Central Pattern Generator – Hypothesen und Evidenz." neuroreha 2, no. 01 (2010): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1248714.

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13

Guertin, Pierre A. "The mammalian central pattern generator for locomotion." Brain Research Reviews 62, no. 1 (2009): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.08.002.

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14

Inada, Hironobu, and Kazuo Ishii. "Bipedal walk using a Central Pattern Generator." International Congress Series 1269 (August 2004): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.05.129.

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15

Zhang, Jiaqi, Xiaolei Han, and Xueying Han. "Walking quality guaranteed central pattern generator control method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 3 (2013): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213488854.

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Creating effective locomotion for a legged robot is a challenging task. Central pattern generators have been widely used to control robot locomotion. However, one significant disadvantage of the central pattern generator method is its inability to design high-quality walks because it only produces sine or quasi-sine signals for motor control as compared to most cases in which the expected control signals are more advanced. Control accuracy is therefore diminished when traditional methods are replaced by central pattern generators resulting in unaesthetically pleasing walking robots. In this pa
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16

Schöneich, Stefan, and Berthold Hedwig. "Correction to: Feedforward discharges couple the singing central pattern generator and ventilation central pattern generator in the cricket abdominal central nervous system." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 206, no. 1 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01388-4.

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17

Xia, Zeyang, Hao Deng, Xue Zhang, Shaokui Weng, Yangzhou Gan, and Jing Xiong. "A central pattern generator approach to footstep transition for biped navigation." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 1 (2017): 172988141668270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881416682708.

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Existing sampling-based footstep planning method for biped navigation used an intermediate static posture for footstep transition. However, when adopting this approach, the robot is sensitive to modeling error and external environments, and also the transition between different gait patterns is unnatural. This article presents a central pattern generator approach to footstep transition for biped navigation. First, this approach decomposes the biped walking motion into five motion types and designs central pattern generator network for all joints of legs accordingly. Then, the central pattern g
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18

Ramakrishnan, S., B. Arnett, and A. D. Murphy. "Contextual modulation of a multifunctional central pattern generator." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 21 (2014): 3935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.086751.

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19

Bliss, Thomas, Tetsuya Iwasaki, and Hilary Bart-Smith. "Central Pattern Generator Control of a Tensegrity Swimmer." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 18, no. 2 (2013): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2012.2210905.

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20

Cramer, Nathan P., and Asaf Keller. "Cortical Control of a Whisking Central Pattern Generator." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (2006): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00071.2006.

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Whether the motor cortex regulates voluntary movements by generating the motor pattern directly or by acting through subcortical central pattern generators (CPGs) remains a central question in motor control. Using the rat whisker system, an important model system of mammalian motor control, we develop an anesthetized preparation to investigate the interaction between the motor cortex and a whisking CPG. Using this model we investigate the involvement of a serotonergic component of the whisking CPG in determining whisking kinematics and the mechanisms through which drive from the CPG is convert
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21

Lukowiak, Ken, and Naweed Syed. "Learning, memory and a respiratory central pattern generator." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 124, no. 3 (1999): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(99)00114-2.

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22

Pasandi, Venus, Aiko Dinale, Mehdi Keshmiri, and Daniele Pucci. "A programmable central pattern generator with bounded output." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 125 (March 2020): 103423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2020.103423.

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23

Harris-Warrick, Ronald M. "Neuromodulation and flexibility in Central Pattern Generator networks." Current Opinion in Neurobiology 21, no. 5 (2011): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2011.05.011.

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24

Illis, L. S. "Is there a central pattern generator in man?" Spinal Cord 33, no. 5 (1995): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1995.54.

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25

Wagenaar, Daniel A., M. Sarhas Hamilton, Tracy Huang, William B. Kristan, and Kathleen A. French. "A Hormone-Activated Central Pattern Generator for Courtship." Current Biology 20, no. 6 (2010): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.027.

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26

Norris, Brian J., Adam L. Weaver, Lee G. Morris, Angela Wenning, Paul A. García, and Ronald L. Calabrese. "A Central Pattern Generator Producing Alternative Outputs: Temporal Pattern of Premotor Activity." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (2006): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00011.2006.

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The central pattern generator for heartbeat in medicinal leeches constitutes seven identified pairs of segmental heart interneurons. Four identified pairs of heart interneurons make a staggered pattern of inhibitory synaptic connections with segmental heart motor neurons. Using extracellular recording from multiple interneurons in the network in 56 isolated nerve cords, we show that this pattern generator produces a side-to-side asymmetric pattern of intersegmental coordination among ipsilateral premotor interneurons. This pattern corresponds to a similarly asymmetric fictive motor pattern in
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27

Zharinov, A. I., I. A. Potapov, D. V. Kurganov, and S. A. Lobov. "Central pattern generators for biomorphic robotics." Genes & Cells 18, no. 4 (2023): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/gc623314.

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Typically, the structure of the robot fish frame significantly differs compared to the real organism. One significant difference is in the number of body segments. While live fish can have between 16 (moon fish) to 400 belt fish [1] segments, robots usually have only 5–6 segments since substantial precision is unnecessary when simulating movement. At the same time, this method limits a significant portion of the control circuit’s structure compared to a fish’s nervous system because it only requires control over a smaller number of body segments. Control systems using different oscillators can
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28

DiCaprio, Ralph A. "Gating of Afferent Input by a Central Pattern Generator." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 2 (1999): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.2.950.

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Gating of afferent input by a central pattern generator. Intracellular recordings from the sole proprioceptor (the oval organ) in the crab ventilatory system show that the nonspiking afferent fibers from this organ receive a cyclic hyperpolarizing inhibition in phase with the ventilatory motor pattern. Although depolarizing and hyperpolarizing current pulses injected into a single afferent will reset the ventilatory motor pattern, the inhibitory input is of sufficient magnitude to block afferent input to the ventilatory central pattern generator (CPG) for ∼50% of the cycle period. It is propos
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29

Fu, Qiang, Tianhong Luo, Chunpeng Pan, and Guoguo Wu. "Central pattern generator–based coupling control method for synchronously controlling the two-degrees-of-freedom robot." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (2019): 003685041987773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419877731.

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Synchronous control is a fundamental and significant problem for controlling a multi-joint robot. In this article, by applying two coupled Rayleigh oscillators as the referred central pattern generator models for the two joints of a two-degrees-of-freedom robot, the central pattern generator–based coupling control method is proposed for controlling the two-degrees-of-freedom robot’s joints. On these bases, the co-simulation model of the two-degrees-of-freedom robot with the proposed central pattern generator–based coupling control method is established via ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink, and the pe
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30

Wang, Gang, Xi Chen, and Shi-Kai Han. "Central pattern generator and feedforward neural network-based self-adaptive gait control for a crab-like robot locomoting on complex terrain under two reflex mechanisms." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 14, no. 4 (2017): 172988141772344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881417723440.

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Although quite a few central pattern generator controllers have been developed to regulate the locomotion of terrestrial bionic robots, few studies have been conducted on the central pattern generator control technique for amphibious robots crawling on complex terrains. The present article proposes a central pattern generator and feedforward neural network-based self-adaptive gait control method for a crab-like robot locomoting on complex terrain under two reflex mechanisms. In detail, two nonlinear ordinary differential equations are presented at first to model a Hopf oscillator with limit cy
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31

Alaçam, Deniz, and Andrey Shilnikov. "Making a Swim Central Pattern Generator Out of Latent Parabolic Bursters." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 25, no. 07 (2015): 1540003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127415400039.

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We study the rhythmogenesis of oscillatory patterns emerging in network motifs composed of inhibitory coupled tonic spiking neurons represented by the Plant model of R15 nerve cells. Such motifs are argued to be used as building blocks for a larger central pattern generator network controlling swim locomotion of sea slug Melibe leonina.
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32

Suleimanova, A. A., M. O. Talanov, D. N. Masaev, et al. "Simulation of a Central Pattern Generator Using Memristive Devices." Nanobiotechnology Reports 16, no. 6 (2021): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2635167621060240.

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33

HUANG, Bo. "Quadruped Robot Gait Control Based on Central Pattern Generator." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 46, no. 07 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2010.07.001.

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34

McMillen, David R., Gabriele M. T. D’Eleuterio, and Janet R. P. Halperin. "Simple central pattern generator model using phasic analog neurons." Physical Review E 59, no. 6 (1999): 6994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.59.6994.

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35

Senzon, Simon A., Donald M. Epstein, and Daniel Lemberger. "The Network Spinal Wave as a Central Pattern Generator." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 22, no. 7 (2016): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0025.

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36

Frigon, Alain, Grégory Barrière, Karine Fénélon, and Sergiy Yakovenko. "Conceptualizing the mammalian locomotor central pattern generator with modelling." Journal of Physiology 580, no. 2 (2007): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.129064.

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37

Banaie, Masood, Yashar Sarbaz, Shahriar Gharibzadeh, and Farzad Towhidkhah. "Central Pattern Generator: The Main Cause of Huntington’s Disease." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 22, no. 1 (2010): 123.e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2010.22.1.123.e34.

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38

Bondy, Brian, Alexander Klishko, Boris Prilutsky, and Gennady Cymbalyuk. "Multifunctional central pattern generator controlling walking and paw shaking." BMC Neuroscience 15, Suppl 1 (2014): P181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-15-s1-p181.

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39

Koga, Tomoshige, and Hiroyuki Fukuda. "Descending pathway from the central pattern generator of vomiting." NeuroReport 8, no. 11 (1997): 2587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199707280-00033.

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40

Jalil, Sajiya, Dane Allen, Joseph Youker, and Andrey Shilnikov. "Toward robust phase-locking inMelibeswim central pattern generator models." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 23, no. 4 (2013): 046105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4825389.

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41

DIMITRIJEVIC, MILAN R., YURI GERASIMENKO, and MICHAELA M. PINTER. "Evidence for a Spinal Central Pattern Generator in Humansa." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 860, no. 1 NEURONAL MECH (1998): 360–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09062.x.

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42

Vogelstein, R. Jacob, Francesco V. G. Tenore, Lisa Guevremont, Ralph Etienne-Cummings, and Vivian K. Mushahwar. "A Silicon Central Pattern Generator Controls Locomotion in Vivo." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2, no. 3 (2008): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2008.2001867.

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43

Wolpert, Seth, and W. Otto Friesen. "On the parametric stability of a central pattern generator." Neurocomputing 32-33 (June 2000): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-2312(00)00218-6.

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44

Futakata, Y., and T. Iwasaki. "Formal analysis of resonance entrainment by central pattern generator." Journal of Mathematical Biology 57, no. 2 (2008): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00285-007-0151-1.

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45

Harris-Warrick, Ronald M., and Robert E. Flamm. "Chemical modulation of a small central pattern generator circuit." Trends in Neurosciences 9 (January 1986): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(86)90139-6.

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46

Arena, P. "The Central Pattern Generator: a paradigm for artificial locomotion." Soft Computing 4, no. 4 (2000): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005000000051.

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47

Sakurai, A., and P. S. Katz. "Functional Recovery after Lesion of a Central Pattern Generator." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 42 (2009): 13115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3485-09.2009.

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48

Zheng, Zhigang, and Rubin Wang. "Arm motion control model based on central pattern generator." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 38, no. 9 (2017): 1247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-017-2240-8.

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49

Vogelstein, R. Jacob, Francesco Tenore, Ralph Etienne-Cummings, M. Anthony Lewis, and Avis H. Cohen. "Dynamic control of the central pattern generator for locomotion." Biological Cybernetics 95, no. 6 (2006): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00422-006-0119-z.

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50

Straub, Volko A., Kevin Staras, György Kemenes, and Paul R. Benjamin. "Endogenous and Network Properties of LymnaeaFeeding Central Pattern Generator Interneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (2002): 1569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1569.

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Understanding central pattern generator (CPG) circuits requires a detailed knowledge of the intrinsic cellular properties of the constituent neurons. These properties are poorly understood in most CPGs because of the complexity resulting from interactions with other neurons of the circuit. This is also the case in the feeding network of the snail, Lymnaea, one of the best-characterized CPG networks. We addressed this problem by isolating the interneurons comprising the feeding CPG in cell culture, which enabled us to study their basic intrinsic electrical and pharmacological cellular propertie
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