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Alexandrova, Anna. Psychometrics as Theory Avoidance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0006.
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In theory construct validation secures good measurement by balancing all available evidence. But does it do so in practice? This chapter argues that validation of well-being scales as currently practiced is unduly selective about what evidence counts. It is not enough to check whether a measure correlates with other measures and indicators that background theory deems relevant if this background theory does not include normative and conceptual considerations about the nature of well-being. In this sense psychometrics commits theory avoidance. Its root is a disciplinary convention of evidential subjectivism, which reduces the big philosophical questions to technical exercises in statistics and factor analysis or reformulates them as reports of subjects’ opinions. To overcome these problems philosophical considerations need to be given a more central place in validation.
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Pfeiffer, Christian. Aristotle's Theory of Bodies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779728.001.0001.
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Aristotle’s conception of body at the heart of this study is the notion of a three‐dimensionally extended and continuous magnitude bounded by surfaces. This notion is distinct from the notion of a physical substance. Substances have bodies: they are extended, their parts are continuous with each other, and they have boundaries which demarcate them from their surroundings. It is argued that body has a pivotal role in Aristotle’s natural philosophy. A theory of bodies can be compared to Aristotle’s account of central concepts for natural science, such as motion, place, and time which are discussed in Physics III‐‐IV. The book argues that when Aristotle discusses the notion of body and related notions, he has primarily physical, as opposed to mathematical, bodies in mind. The physicist studies body insofar as it is the body of a physical substance, whereas the mathematician studies body as if it were separate. Although Aristotle never wrote a continuous treatment on bodies, it is possible to reconstruct a coherent and philosophically appealing theory of bodies. The second half of the book offers a systematic treatment of the concept of three‐dimensional magnitude and related notions such as boundary, extension, contact, and continuity. Both the structural features and the ontological status of body are discussed. In this sense, the second half of the book is a study in ancient mereotopology.
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Beauchamp, Tom L. The Theory, Method, and Practice of Principlism. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.31.
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This chapter explains and defends the theory and methods of principlism as a theoretical approach to biomedical ethics. Principlism is not merely a framework of four principles; it is a method for using these principles in practice. I discuss their practical roles in biomedical ethics, with a focus on psychiatric ethics. I start with a history of the use of principles in bioethics and then turn to the nature and commitments of the framework of four clusters of principles that James Childress and I defend. Also analyzed is the central place occupied in principlism by common morality theory—the theory that basic moral standards apply everywhere in the moral life across all cultures. Particular moralities, such as those found in professional ethics guidelines, are shown to presuppose universally valid principles. Finally, I explain the central role of specification—the method by which general principles are made concrete and practical.
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Hucklenbroich, Peter. Disease entities and the borderline between health and disease: Where is the place of gradations? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0004.
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The chapter discusses the demarcation of health and disease by considering ‘disease entity’ as the most fundamental notion in the theory of medicine. First, it provides an analysis of the conceptual structure of the medical theory of disease and nosology. It demonstrates that the most central theoretical tool of fully developed medical disciplines is the concept of disease entity. Second, the chapter demonstrates that individual cases of disease entities differ typically according to their stages and degrees of severity. Third, the chapter argues that psychiatry is not yet a fully developed medical discipline and is lacking a mature nosological structure. The conclusion is that, for diagnostic and practical purposes, psychiatry is not in need of gradations between health and disease in general, but rather of empirically sound and validated gradations that address the kind, stage, and severity of its nosological entities, including its provisional surrogates for proper disease entities.
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Birdwhistell, Terry L., and Deirdre A. Scaggs. Our Rightful Place. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179377.001.0001.
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Since women first entered the University of Kentucky (UK) in 1880 they have sought, demanded, and struggled for equality within the university. The period between 1880 and 1945 at UK witnessed women’s suffrage, two world wars, and an economic depression. It was during this time that women at UK worked to take their rightful place in the university’s life prior to the modern women’s movement of the 1960s and beyond. The history of women at UK is not about women triumphant, and it remains an untidy story. After pushing for admission into a male-centric campus environment, women created women’s spaces, women’s organizations, and a women’s culture often patterned on those of men. At times, it seemed that a goal was to create a woman’s college within the larger university. However, coeducation meant that women, by necessity, competed with men academically while still navigating the evolving social norms of relationships between the sexes. Both of those paths created opportunities, challenges, and problems for women students and faculty. By taking a more women-centric view of the campus, this study shows more clearly the impact that women had over time on the culture and environment. It also allows a comparison, and perhaps a contrast, of the experiences of UK women with other public universities across the United States.
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Robolin, Stéphane. Race, Place, and the Geography of Exile. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039478.003.0002.
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This chapter takes up the early writing of Richard Wright and Peter Abrahams that starkly traces out the caustic terms of race and place in their formative years. The unmistakable similarities between Wright's and Abrahams' famed autobiographies, Black Boy and Tell Freedom, highlight the significant impact of their respective racial landscapes. The chapter reads both texts for the central role that racialized place played in forming the consciousness of these young men. Moreover, it argues that place also prominently affected the stylistic and aesthetic modes of the two autobiographies. This approach draws attention to rather different locales: for Wright, the American South from which he fled; and for Abrahams, the exilic space of Europe to which he fled. The resonances of their texts result from intersecting, rather than merely parallel, lives. As both writers fled the racism of their native lands, they crossed paths in 1940s Europe, a key locus of black transnational engagement. It was during their short-lived but generative friendship that Abrahams wrote and revised Tell Freedom, a process with which Wright was involved.
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Jones, Charles O. 2. The presidency finds its place. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190458201.003.0002.
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An important issue with respect to setting up the new system of government was where to put the presidency. The capital city, it was decided, would be central between North and South. Congress and the presidency would be in the same city, separated by a swamp. “The presidency finds its place” looks at how the location was decided and evolved over time. Presidential candidates were not required to go through Congress to win. They were to be independently elected. Three governing centers were established in the new capital: one each for the Congress, the presidency, and the courts. The President’s House was designed to be both a residence and a workplace.
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Weale, Albert. Modern Social Contract Theory. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853541.001.0001.
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This book provides an exposition and evaluation of major work in social contract theory from 1950 to present. It locates the central themes of that theory in the intellectual legacy of utilitarianism, particularly the problems of defining principles of justice and of showing the grounds of moral obligation. Subsequently, it demonstrates how theorists responded in a novel way to the dilemmas articulated in utilitarianism, developing in their different approaches a constructivist method in ethics—a method that aimed to vindicate a liberal, democratic, and just political order. A distinctive feature of the book is its comparative approach. Each theory is placed in its particular intellectual context. Special attention is paid to the contrasting theories of rationality adopted by the different authors, whether that be utility theory or a deliberative conception of rationality, with the intention of assessing how far the principles advanced can be justified by reference to the hypothetical choices of rational contracting agents. The book also looks at some principal objections to the enterprise of contract theory, and offers its own programme for the future of that theory taking the form of the empirical method.
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Jones, Charles O. 2. The Presidency Finds Its Place. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195307016.003.0002.
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An important issue with respect to setting up the new system of government was where to put the presidency. The capital city, it was decided, would be central between North and South. Congress and the presidency would be in the same city, separated by a swamp. ‘The Presidency Finds Its Place’ looks at how the location was decided and evolved over time. Presidential candidates were not required to go through Congress to win. They were to be independently elected. Three governing centers were established in the new capital: one each for the Congress, the presidency, and the courts at Judiciary Square. The President's House was designed to be both a residence and a workplace.
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Dana, Densmore, ed. Newton's Principia: The central argument : translation, notes, and expanded proofs. Santa Fe, N.M: Green Lion Press, 1995.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Northern Italy in the Central Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the political change that took place in the post-Carolingian age, when the collapse of empire encouraged the jurisdictional separation of cities and countryside, until then subject to the same authorities and to the same destiny. Thus, while in the city the community of cives gathered first around their bishop and then around the new communal institutions, the countryside saw the beginning of a proliferation of lords of castles and manorial lords. The result was the development of very different political cultures that were destined to come into conflict with each other as, starting from the 12th century, the citizens of the commune began their political expansion into the surrounding countryside.
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Jacobsen, Knut A. Pilgrimage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0027.
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The chapter analyzes the place of pilgrimage in the Dharmaśāstra literature. It suggests that the mentioning of specific place names, the narratives of the places, and their merit distinguish the emergence of a textual tradition of pilgrimage. The topic of pilgrimage places and pilgrimage enter the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition fully only with the Dharmanibandhas, and the number of texts that treat tīrtha and tīrthayātrā as a subject of Dharmaśāstra is surprisingly small. Arguably, the inclusion of pilgrimage in the Dharmanibandhas was to infuse orthodoxy into a tradition that was to some degree driven by the economic benefits of the tīrtha priests. Further, their inclusion indicated that pilgrimage had become central to the economy of certain places. Another purpose may perhaps have been to establish rules and regulations to promote pilgrimage as a practice appropriate for Brahmans. Finally, geographical integration was probably also a factor.
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Sylvan, Kurt, and Ernest Sosa. The Place of Reasons in Epistemology. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.25.
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This chapter defends a middle ground between two extremes in the literature on the place of reasons in epistemology. Against members of the “reasons first” movement, we argue that reasons are not the sole grounds of epistemic normativity. We suggest that the virtue-theoretic property of competence is rather the key building block. To support this approach, we note that reasons must be possessed to ground central epistemic properties, and argue that possession is grounded in competence. But while we here diverge with reasons-firsters, we also distance ourselves from those who deem reasons unimportant. Indeed, we hold that having sufficient epistemic reasons is necessary and sufficient for propositional justification, and that proper basing on them yields doxastic justification. But since possession and proper basing are grounded in competence, reasons are not the end of the road: competence enables them to do their work, putting them—and us—in the middle.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Reflections on the Concept of Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0002.
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Part I contains theoretical reflections on the two central concepts of the book: modernity and religion. This chapter on the concept of modernity begins by addressing the main reservations that have been expressed concerning the classic approaches to this concept in sociology. After discussing objections to modernization theory, the chapter presents an outline of a theory of modernity that serves as the basis for the argumentation of the entire book. The theory of modernity proposes three theses. First, that modern societies are characterized by principles of functional differentiation. Second, perpendicular to functional differentiation, which takes place horizontally, there is in modern societies also a form of vertical differentiation. Third, modern societies have established in the economy, politics, science, and other areas forums of competition, markets where different suppliers compete for acceptance. They are the driving forces behind the dynamism of modern societies.
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Bytheway, Simon James, and Mark Metzler. Central Banks and Gold. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501704949.001.0001.
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In recent decades, Tokyo, London, and New York have been the sites of credit bubbles of historically unprecedented magnitude. Central bankers have enjoyed almost unparalleled power and autonomy. They have cooperated to construct and preserve towering structures of debt, reshaping relations of power and ownership around the world. This book explores how this financialized form of globalism took shape a century ago, when Tokyo joined London and New York as a major financial center. This book shows that close cooperation between central banks began along an unexpected axis, between London and Tokyo, around the year 1900, with the Bank of England's secret use of large Bank of Japan funds to intervene in the London markets. Central-bank cooperation became multilateral during World War I—the moment when Japan first emerged as a creditor country. In 1919 and 1920, as Japan, Great Britain, and the United States adopted deflation policies, the results of cooperation were realized in the world's first globally coordinated program of monetary policy. It was also in 1920 that Wall Street bankers moved to establish closer ties with Tokyo. The text tells the story of how the first age of central-bank power and pride ended in the disaster of the Great Depression, when a rush for gold brought the system crashing down. In all of this, we see also the quiet but surprisingly central place of Japan. We see it again today, in the way that Japan has unwillingly led the world into a new age of post-bubble economics.
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Gill, Steven J., and Michael H. Nathanson. Central nervous system pathologies and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0081.
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Anaesthesia induces changes in many organ systems within the body, though clearly none more so than the central nervous system. The physiology of the normal central nervous system is complex and the addition of chronic pathology and polypharmacy creates a significant challenge for the anaesthetist. This chapter demonstrates a common approach for the anaesthetist and specific considerations for a wide range of neurological conditions. Detailed preoperative assessment is essential to gain understanding of the current symptomatology and neurological deficit, including at times restrictions on movement and position. Some conditions may pose challenges relating to communication, capacity, and consent. As part of the consent process, patients may worry that an anaesthetic may aggravate or worsen their neurological disease. There is little evidence to support this understandable concern; however, the risks and benefits must be considered on an individual patient basis. The conduct of anaesthesia may involve a preference for general or regional anaesthesia and requires careful consideration of the pharmacological and physiological impact on the patient and their disease. Interactions between regular medications and anaesthetic drugs are common. Chronically denervated muscle may induce hyperkalaemia after administration of succinylcholine. Other patients may have an altered response to non-depolarizing agents, such as those suffering from myasthenia gravis. The most common neurological condition encountered is epilepsy. This requires consideration of the patient’s antiepileptic drugs, often relating to hepatic enzyme induction or less commonly inhibition and competition for protein binding, and the effect of the anaesthetic technique and drugs on the patient’s seizure risk. Postoperative care may need to take place in a high dependency unit, especially in those with limited preoperative reserve or markers of frailty, and where the gastrointestinal tract has been compromised, alternative routes of drug delivery need to be considered. Overall, patients with chronic neurological conditions require careful assessment and preparation, a considered technique with attention to detail, and often higher levels of care during their immediate postoperative period.
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Bosworth, Mary. ‘Working in this Place Turns You Racist’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0014.
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Drawing on fieldwork in two British immigration removal centres (IRCs), this chapter discusses staff accounts of race and racism in detention. Designed as places to expel unwanted foreign citizens, IRCs are highly racialized institutions as nearly all residents within them are members of an ethnic minority. What is it like to work in such places? How, if at all, do staff members internalize or promote ideas about race and racialization? What happens when the staff members themselves are migrants or second-generation British citizens? How do they view and interpret ideas of race? What is their status within the workforce? By focusing on staff accounts rather than detainees, this chapter seeks to widen our understanding of the ways in which these institutions of confinement maintain, reinforce, and maybe sometimes disrupt ideas of race and belonging in British society.
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Autschbach, Jochen. Quantum Theory for Chemical Applications. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190920807.001.0001.
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‘Quantum Theory for Chemical Applications (QTCA): From basic concepts to advanced topics’ is an introduction to quantum theory for students and practicing researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, or materials chemistry. The text is self-contained such that only knowledge of high school physics, college introductory calculus, and college general chemistry is required, and it features many worked-out exercises. QTCA places special emphasis on the orbital models that are central to chemical applications of quantum theory. QTCA treats the important basic topics that a quantum theory text for chemistry must cover, and less-often treated models, such as the postulates of quantum theory and the mathematical background, the particle in a box, in a cylinder, and in a sphere, the harmonic oscillator and molecular vibrations, atomic and molecular orbitals, electron correlation, perturbation theory, and the basic aspects of various spectroscopies. Additional basic and advanced topics advanced topics that are covered in QTCA are band structure theory, relativistic quantum theory and its relevance to chemistry, the interactions of atoms and molecules with electromagnetic fields, and response theory. Finally, while it is not primarily a guide to computational chemistry, QTCA provides a solid theoretical background for many of the quantum chemistry methods used in contemporary research and in undergraduate computational chemistry laboratory courses. The text includes several appendices with important mathematical background, such as linear algebra and point group symmetry.
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Dyreson, Mark. Basketball and Magic in “Middletown”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037610.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the passion for Indiana high school basketball that social scientists Robert and Helen Lynd tackled in their 1929 book Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture. In their study the Lynds revealed that Middletown was a real place—Muncie, Indiana. The Bearcats was the actual name of the high school basketball team at Muncie Central High School. They explained how basketball captured the magical essence of Muncie, insisting that “Magic Middletown,” the cultural essence of the community, appeared more fully on the high school basketball court than in any other realm of heartland tribal life. The Lynds's work on “Magic Middletown” marked a turning point in American social science and placed the idea that sport forged community firmly into the scholarly lexicon. This chapter also considers the history of race in Muncie Central basketball that reveals how “they” became “we” in Magic Middletown, raising a variety of questions that remained far beyond the boundaries of the Lynds's sociological imaginations.
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Succi, Sauro. Stochastic Particle Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0009.
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Dense fluids and liquids molecules are in constant interaction; hence, they do not fit into the Boltzmann’s picture of a clearcut separation between free-streaming and collisional interactions. Since the interactions are soft and do not involve large scattering angles, an effective way of describing dense fluids is to formulate stochastic models of particle motion, as pioneered by Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion and later extended by Paul Langevin. Besides its practical value for the study of the kinetic theory of dense fluids, Brownian motion bears a central place in the historical development of kinetic theory. Among others, it provided conclusive evidence in favor of the atomistic theory of matter. This chapter introduces the basic notions of stochastic dynamics and its connection with other important kinetic equations, primarily the Fokker–Planck equation, which bear a complementary role to the Boltzmann equation in the kinetic theory of dense fluids.
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Telep, Cody W., and David Weisburd. Crime Concentrations at Places. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.13.
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Every research enterprise takes place in a context, political, economic, and technological context. So it is with policing research. This chapter begins by sketching out where the practice of policing is heading, and what we need to do differently, so as to arrive at a roughly envisioned future ethically and in good order. A police presence at all places at all times being impossible, the practical issue is where and when to place officers or their technological surrogates. The chapter considers optimized distribution of effort and resource, given the central aim of fairness in the distribution of crime harm. It illustrates current levels of inequality of victimization, and claims that reducing the current concentration at individual and area levels should be an explicit underpinning vision for policing. It also briefly reviews the relevant literature and its implications.
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Patterson, Sara M. Pioneers in the Attic. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933869.001.0001.
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This book argues that as the Latter-day Saint community globalized in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its relationship to space transformed. Initially, nineteenth-century Mormons believed that they must literally gather together in their new Salt Lake Zion—their center place. They believed that Zion was a place you could point to on a map, a place you should dwell in to live a righteous life. Later Mormons had to reinterpret these central theological principles as their community spread around the globe. They began to make such claims as “We should spiritually gather together” and “Zion is wherever the people of God are.” But to say that they simply spiritualized concepts that had once been understood literally is only one piece of the puzzle. Contemporary Mormons still want to touch and to feel these principles. And so they mark and claim the landscapes of the American West with versions of their history carved in stone. They develop rituals that allow them not only to learn the history of the nineteenth-century journey West but also to engage it with all of their senses. This book examines the ways contemporary Mormons first spiritualized and then reliteralized and concretized several central theological concepts in order to emphasize and make meaningful a center place even as they become an increasingly place-less community.
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Phillips, Lynne. Genders, Spaces, Places. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.193.
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The concepts of gender, space, and place have significant social and political implications for the kind of world that people inhabit and the kinds of lives we can lead. That there has been a transformation in thinking about these concepts is indicated in references today to pluralized (and polymorphic) spaces, to the waxing, and waning of distinctions between space and place, and to the idea that gender, space, and place are something produced rather than simply lived in, or ventured into. These subtle shifts hint at a complex history of ideas about what constitutes gender, space, and/or place and how we might understand the connections and disjunctures between and among them. The theoretical roots of space act as the starting point for discussion, since these have a longer historical record than work which also explicitly includes gender. Western conceptions of space have drawn primarily from early Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and these conceptions indicate an early distinction between a philosophy of space and a pre-scientific notion of space. From here, the development of feminist methods has become essential for revealing how spatial thinking informs ideas about gender. These methods include deconstructing canons, asking the profoundly spatial question of “Where are the women?” and “ungendering” space. These methodological strategies reveal the extent to which the central concerns of feminism today have spatial and place-based dimensions.
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Murphy, Kaitlin M. Mapping Memory. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282548.001.0001.
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In Mapping Memory: Visuality, Affect, and Embodied Politics in the Americas, Kaitlin M. Murphy analyzes a range of visual memory practices that have emerged in opposition to political discourses and visual economies that suppress certain subjects and overlook past and present human rights abuses. From the Southern Cone to Central America and the US-Mexico borderlands, and across documentary film, photography, performance, memory sites, and new media, she compares how these visual texts use memory as a form of contemporary intervention. Interweaving visual and performance theory with memory and affect, Murphy develops new frameworks for analyzing how visual culture performs as an embodied agent of memory and witnessing. She argues that visuality is inherently performative; and analyzing the performative elements, or strategies, of visual texts—such as embodiment, reperformance, reenactment, haunting, and the performance of material objects and places—elucidates how memory is both anchored into and extracted from specific bodies, objects, and places. Murphy progressively develops the theory of memory mapping, defined as the visual process of representing the affective, sensorial, polyvocal, and temporally layered relationship between past and present, anchored within the specificities of place. Ultimately, by exploring how memory is “mapped” across a range of sites and mediums, Murphy argues that memory mapping is a visual strategy for producing new temporal and spatial arrangements of knowledge and memory that function as counter-practices to official narratives that often neglect or designate as transgressive certain memories or experiences.
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Wiseman, Sam. The Reimagining of Place in English Modernism. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780990895886.001.0001.
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This book examines a renewed focus upon rural landscapes, culture and traditions among English interwar modernist writers, specifically D.H. Lawrence, John Cowper Powys, Mary Butts and Virginia Woolf. All of these figures have a profound sense of attachment to place, but an equally powerful desire to engage with the upheavals of interwar modernity and to participate in contemporary literary experimentation. This dialectic between tradition and change is analogous to a literal geographical shuttling between rural and metropolitan environments, and all four writers display imagery and literary techniques which reflect those experiences. The first chapter emphasises ambivalence in the work of Lawrence, and argues that this is inextricably bound up with his intimate, empathic understanding of place. Chapter Two argues that Powys has a similarly ambivalent relationship with modernity, but defuses this through a fantastical, nostalgic lens; he develops a sense of the landscape as layered, expressing a kind of temporal cosmopolitanism. Chapter Three notes a vexed relationship with modernity and place in the work of Butts; like Powys she attempts to resolve this through a re-enchantment of place, promoting a cosmopolitan reimagining of rural England. Finally, Chapter Four posits Woolf as a figure able to manage tensions between urban and rural, modern and traditional, reflected in the development of an ‘urban pastoral’ form. In all four writers there is evidence that modernism’s expansion of perspectives can be fruitfully extended to those of place and nonhuman animals; the central stress in the conclusion is on the need to incorporate such perspectives.
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Swanton, Christine. Hume and Virtue Ethics. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.5.
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This chapter shows how Hume’s “sentimentalist” moral theory can be a version of virtue ethics and elaborates the kind of virtue ethics that best describes Hume’s moral philosophy. To accomplish this task, we need a definition of virtue ethics, an account of types of virtue ethical theory, and to place Hume’s ethics within this taxonomy. Three types of virtue ethics, are outlined. Hume is located within a pluralistic virtue ethics where virtue notions are central and a variety of features make traits “naturally fitted” to be approved as virtues. Hume’s virtue ethics is understood as response-dependent, being grounded in an emotional kind of “moral sense” as suitably objective and as conforming to his basic empiricism.
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Taylor, Robin. Wild Places of Greater Melbourne. CSIRO Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101487.
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Within the Greater Melbourne region there are a remarkable number of places where you can lose yourself in a forest, walk on a deserted beach or watch wildlife in their native environment.
This 224-page full colour guide introduces 30 of Melbourne's magnificent 'wild places' selected from national parks, state forests and conservation reserves, all within an hour-and-a-half drive of the centre of Melbourne.
Co-produced by CSIRO Publishing and Museum Victoria, Wild Places of Greater Melbourne provides authoritative information on natural habitats and the animals and plants that live there. The book is written at a level that everyone can understand and is stunningly illustrated with more than 200 colour photos, many specially commissioned by some of our leading photographers.
Wild Places of Greater Melbourne is designed both for people who live in Melbourne, as well as those who are just visiting for a short while. Every reader will find a wealth of useful information that will help them enjoy greater Melbourne's wonderful natural heritage.
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Voigt, Rüdiger, ed. Repräsentation. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845294698.
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Representation is one of the controversial concepts in politics and is therefore hotly debated in political science, philosophy, sociology, historiography and constitutional law. The question ‘What is representation, how should it take place and what should it bring about?’ is therefore still relevant. One of the central questions in democracy theory is whether, in a representative democracy, the people from whom a state’s power emanates are represented in such a way that they can identify with the politics of the rulers. The decisive problem of political representation is the question of legitimacy. It is a question of trust as the basis of the legitimacy of politics. It is hard to gain the people’s trust but easy to gamble it away.
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Peterson, Anna L. Works Righteousness. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532232.001.0001.
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Works Righteousness is the first full-length study of the place of practice in ethical theory. It is a critique of the idealism of dominant approaches, an analysis of alternative models in which practice plays a more significant role, and an argument for taking practice seriously both in broad questions about ethical theory and in concrete case studies. The book’s main argument is that what people actually do should be central to ethical theory. Rather than assuming that pre-established moral ideas guide action, ethicists should acknowledge and explore the ways that practices generate values and the mutual shaping between ideas and actions. This argument challenges dominant philosophical and religious theories that assume that ideas are what really matter. Works Righteousness analyses the place of practice in these traditions, showing the links between their emphasis on internal states and simple, linear relationships between ideas, actions, and results. These themes are challenged by alternative models such as pragmatism, Marxism, and religious pacifism, which give practice a larger role and in the process highlight important themes such as the way social structures condition moral ideas and actions, the dangers of thinking about moral problems as polarized dilemmas, and the complex mutual shaping of ideas and actions. A practice-focused approach sheds new light on concrete case studies, underlining the value of attention to people’s concrete experiences and relationships in efforts to analyse and address contemporary problems such as hate speech, euthanasia, and climate change.
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Bonotti, Matteo. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739500.003.0011.
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Since its publication in 1993, John Rawls’s Political Liberalism (2005a) has been central to contemporary debates in normative political theory. Rawls’s main goal in this book was to explain how citizens endorsing diverse conceptions of the good (ethical, religious, and philosophical) could live together under liberal democratic institutions. For this reason, his theory has strongly influenced contemporary debates concerning political legitimacy, democratic theory, toleration, and multiculturalism. Yet, despite the immense body of literature which has been produced since Rawls’s book was published, very little has been said or written regarding the place of political parties and partisanship (by which I mean participation in politics through political parties) within political liberalism. This is surprising. In spite of the ongoing decline of party membership across the western world, parties still remain central players in the democratic game of liberal democratic polities, and still play an important role in articulating diverse social demands. One would have therefore expected political theorists who, like Rawls, are concerned with issues of pluralism and diversity, to take an interest in the role of parties. Yet Rawls’s references to parties are brief and scattered, and it is not clear from his work (or from the work of those scholars who have examined his theory in detail) what role (if any) parties can play within political liberalism....
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Fair, Alistair. ‘The Modern Concept of a Community Theatre’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807476.003.0007.
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This chapter considers the often-expressed idea that Britain’s post-war theatres might become social centres. It begins by discussing the social centre in broad terms before continuing with a close examination of university theatres, in which social ideals were often especially significant. It concludes with the work of the prominent theatre architect Roderick Ham, focusing in particular on the Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead. These examples together suggest that the idea of the social centre could be interpreted in two distinct but potentially interrelated ways. First, the term referred to a place in which individuals would socialize. At the same time, the social centre could also be related in a more abstract way to ideas about society itself. In effect, theatres could be understood as a kind of secular meeting place, at least for those who actively chose to meet there.
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Woloch, Nancy. Trading Places: The 1960s and 1970s. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the rise of feminism in the 1960s and the downfall of single-sex protective laws. Protection's downfall rested not on the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), but rather on the courts—on women employees who sued for equal rights in federal courts under Title VII and the lawyers who represented them; on pressure from feminist organizations, notably the National Organization for Women (NOW), that supported the plaintiffs; on a series of court decisions that upset protective laws; and on a mounting consensus among judges in favor of equal rights. Also important was feminist resurgence, which swayed conviction; shifts in public opinion culminated in the passage in Congress of an ERA in 1972. Single-sex protective laws were thus the first casualties of the new feminism. Once central to the women's movement, they became obstacles on the path to equal rights.
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Carroll, Jayne, Andrew Reynolds, and Barbara Yorke, eds. Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages. British Academy, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.001.0001.
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This volume brings together a series of case studies of spatial configurations of power among the early medieval societies of Europe. The geographical range extends from Ireland to Kosovo and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean world and brings together quite different scholarly traditions in a focused enquiry into the character of places of power from the end of the Roman period into the central Middle Ages. The book's strength lies in the basis that it provides for a comparative analysis of the formation, function and range of power relations in early medieval societies. The editors' introductory chapter provides an extended scene setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. The regional and local case studies found in the volume, most of them interdisciplinary, showcase detailed studies of particular situations at a range of scales. While much previous work tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this volume emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation and the need to assess these societies on their own terms.
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Ignatans, Dainis, and Ken Pease. Crime Concentrations. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.18.
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This chapter begins by sketching out where the practice of policing may be heading, and what we need to do differently, so as to arrive at a roughly envisioned future ethically and in good order. A police presence at all places at all times being impossible, the practical issue is where and when to place officers or their technological surrogates. It then considers optimized distribution of effort and resource, given the central aim of fairness in the distribution of crime harm. It illustrates current levels of inequality of victimization, and claim that reducing the current concentration, at individual and area levels, should be an explicit underpinning vision for policing. It briefly reviews the relevant literature and its implications.
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Oldfield, Paul. Urban Landscapes and Sites of Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717737.003.0007.
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This chapter assesses how works of praise valued urban buildings and layouts, and places this type of praise into the context of a boom in construction activity in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries which changed the visage of many cities. It explores some of the built structures that dominate panegyric, like circuit walls, gates, and towers. Religious infrastructure is also central to these works of praise, but they are examined in Chapter 3 and so here we look primarily at ‘secular’ buildings. The chapter will finally consider how urban panegyric engaged with the development of cities as they crystallized into metropolises and asserted their political function as centres of public power both within wider polities (as ‘quasi-capital’ cities) and as autonomous entities in their own right.
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Bank, Leslie, Nico Cloete, and François van Schalkwyk. Anchored in Place: Rethinking the university and development in South Africa. African Minds, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331759.
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Tensions in South African universities have traditionally centred around equity (particularly access and affordability), historical legacies (such as apartheid and colonialism), and the shape and structure of the higher education system. What has not received sufficient attention, is the contribution of the university to place-based development. This volume is the first in South Africa to engage seriously with the place-based developmental role of universities. In the international literature and policy there has been an increasing integration of the university with place-based development, especially in cities. This volume weighs in on the debate by drawing attention to the place-based roles and agency of South African universities in their local towns and cities. It acknowledges that universities were given specific development roles in regions, homelands and towns under apartheid, and comments on why sub-national, place-based development has not been a key theme in post-apartheid, higher education planning. Given the developmental crisis in the country, universities could be expected to play a more constructive and meaningful role in the development of their own precincts, cities and regions. But what should that role be? Is there evidence that this is already occurring in South Africa, despite the lack of a national policy framework? What plans and programmes are in place, and what is needed to expand the development agency of universities at the local level? Who and what might be involved? Where should the focus lie, and who might benefit most, and why? Is there a need perhaps to approach the challenges of college towns, secondary cities and metropolitan centers differently? This book poses some of these questions as it considers the experiences of a number of South African universities, including Wits, Pretoria, Nelson Mandela University and especially Fort Hare as one of its post-centenary challenges.
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Bonotti, Matteo. Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739500.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Since its publication in 1993, John Rawls’s Political Liberalism has been central to debates concerning political legitimacy, democratic theory, toleration, and multiculturalism in contemporary political theory. Yet, despite the immense body of literature which has been produced since Rawls’s work was published, very little has been said or written regarding the place of political parties and partisanship within political liberalism. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature. Its central argument is that political liberalism needs and nourishes political parties, and that political parties are therefore not hostile but vital to it. First, partisanship generates its own distinctive kind of political obligations, additional to any political obligations people may have qua ordinary citizens. Second, contrary to what many critics argue, and despite its admittedly restrictive features, Rawls’s conception of public reason allows significant scope for partisan advocacy and partisan pluralism, and in fact the very normative demands of partisanship are in syntony with those of public reason. Third, parties contribute to the overlapping consensus that for Rawls guarantees stability in diverse societies. Fourth, political liberalism nourishes political parties, by leaving many issues, including religious and socio-economic ones, open to democratic contestation. In summary, parties contribute both to the legitimacy and to the stability of political liberalism.
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Deudney, Daniel H. All Together Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905651.003.0011.
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Today, swollen numbers of humanity are now intensively interactive and interdependent through vast networks of complex machines and built infrastructures that span the planet, whose unintended consequences and spillovers have grown to species significance. The practical context for all human activities has become a densely occupied and tightly coupled neighborhood. While the content of cosmopolitanism, in its ancient, Enlightenment, and current phases, reflects shrinking geographical spaces, it presumes an Earth composed of different places, rather than a more accurate “terrapolitan” view of Earth as a single place. In the terrapolitan situation, the central problem is not that humans are insufficiently attentive to the needs of distant others. Rather, it is that they are insufficiently attentive to their collective self-interest in survival in the face of existential threats. In part, these limitations stem from the utter novelty of the threats to basic interests that have arisen with such historical rapidity.
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Shea, C. Michael. Doctrinal Development. Edited by Frederick D. Aquino and Benjamin J. King. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718284.013.14.
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The theory of doctrinal development provided Newman with a way of resolving the Oxford Movement’s inner tensions and conflicts, even if development may not have been the inevitable terminus of Newman’s thinking during this earlier period. In the latter Newman’s of his life, development acted as a dynamic principle in his understanding of the Catholic Church’s sense of faith, both in the Church’s contemporary embodiment of doctrine and in the Church’s reception of its own teaching over time. This chapter limits itself to describing and evaluating the main features of Newman’s theory, in particular as he articulated the idea in his 1845 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. The chapter also covers central features of Newman’s later expressions of development as a Roman Catholic and summarizes the place that the idea held in Newman’s life and corpus. The treatment concludes with a discussion of current trends in the scholarly conversation.
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Winter, Edward M., and Mark Cobb. Ethics in paediatric research: principles and processes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 outlines principles that underpin ethics approval and processes by which ethics approval can be sought and granted. While the former is important, emphasis will be placed on the latter because it is the practicalities that are particularly challenging, and a key intention of this chapter is to help researchers chart their way through the tortuous and convoluted pathways that characterize research governance. Out of necessity, the approach will tend to take a United Kingdom-centric perspective, but much of current practice is determined by European Union legislation, and similar procedures are in place elsewhere in the world.
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Tissandier, Alex. Affirming Divergence. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474417747.001.0001.
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Leibniz is a constant, but often overlooked, presence in Deleuze’s philosophy. This book explains three key moments in Deleuze’s philosophical development through the lens of his engagement with Leibniz. In doing so it hopes to offer a focused framework for understanding some of the most difficult aspects of Deleuze’s philosophy. Part One examines Deleuze’s account of the “anti-Cartesian reaction” of Spinoza and Leibniz which culminates in their two competing theories of expression. It argues that in some key respects Deleuze favours Leibniz’s interpretation of this key concept over Spinoza’s. Part Two looks at Deleuze’s critique of representation and his attempt to create a theory of difference that will underlie, rather than rely upon, conceptual opposition. It examines the crucial role played by the Leibnizian concepts of incompossibility and divergence in Deleuze’s theory of ‘vice-diction’, created in order to offer a sub-representational, or pre-individual, substitute for Hegelian contradiction. Part Three looks in detail at one of Deleuze’s last major works, The Fold. It argues for Leibniz’s central place in this text, and shows how Deleuze uses concepts from across Leibniz’s philosophy and mathematics as a framework to articulate a systematic account of his own mature philosophy.
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Martin, Rex. 32. Rawls. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708926.003.0032.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the main arguments for John Rawls's ideas about justice. Rawls identified two principles as central to political liberalism: the principle of equal basic rights and liberties, and a principle of economic justice, which stresses equality of opportunity, mutual benefit, and egalitarianism. In Rawls's interpretation, these two principles take place ultimately in an ideal arena for decision-making, which he calls the ‘original position’. In time, Rawls became dissatisfied with this approach and began to reconfigure his theory, moving the focus towards a ‘family’ of liberal principles. The chapter begins by discussing Rawls's first and second principles before considering his concept of ‘original position’ as well as his views on overlapping consensus. It concludes with an analysis of the main ideas contained in Rawls's 1999 book, The Law of Peoples.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. Business Law 2017-2018. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.001.0001.
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Business Law provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law, plus all relevant aspects of EU law. The title provides all of the relevant material needed to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions. Coverage of the Companies Act 2006 is fully integrated and given prominence, mirroring the emphasis that business law courses place on this central piece of legislation. Additional emphasis has been placed on taxation and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the volume which helps readers to contextualise their learning effectively. Updated statutory references allow for the cross-referencing to appropriate primary sources, and the interpretation of such sources. The volume looks at partnerships, companies, taxation, insolvency, and other topics such as choice of business medium, limited liability partnerships, sale of a business, and shareholder agreements.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. Business Law 2018-2019. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823230.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Business Law provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law, plus all relevant aspects of EU law. The title provides all of the relevant material needed to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions. Coverage of the Companies Act 2006 is fully integrated and given prominence, mirroring the emphasis that business law courses place on this central piece of legislation. Additional emphasis has been placed on taxation and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the volume which helps readers to contextualise their learning effectively. Updated statutory references allow for the cross-referencing to appropriate primary sources, and the interpretation of such sources. The volume looks at partnerships, companies, taxation, insolvency, and other topics such as choice of business medium, limited liability partnerships, sale of a business, and shareholder agreements.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. Business Law 2019-2020. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198838579.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Business Law provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law, plus all relevant aspects of EU law. The title provides all of the relevant material needed to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions. Coverage of the Companies Act 2006 is fully integrated and given prominence, mirroring the emphasis that business law courses place on this central piece of legislation. Additional emphasis has been placed on taxation and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the volume which helps readers to contextualise their learning effectively. Updated statutory references allow for the cross-referencing to appropriate primary sources, and the interpretation of such sources. The volume looks at partnerships, companies, taxation, insolvency, and other topics such as choice of business medium, limited liability partnerships, sale of a business, and shareholder agreements.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. Business Law 2020-2021. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198858393.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Business Law provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law, plus all relevant aspects of EU law. The title provides all of the relevant material needed to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions. Coverage of the Companies Act 2006 is fully integrated and given prominence, mirroring the emphasis that business law courses place on this central piece of legislation. Additional emphasis has been placed on taxation and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the volume, which helps readers to contextualise their learning effectively. Updated statutory references allow for the cross-referencing to appropriate primary sources, and the interpretation of such sources. The volume looks at partnerships, companies, taxation, insolvency, and other topics such as choice of business medium, limited liability partnerships, sale of a business, and shareholder agreements.
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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. Business Law. 29th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192844316.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Business Law provides practical, up-to-date coverage of company, partnership, taxation, and insolvency law, plus all relevant aspects of EU law. The title provides all of the relevant material needed to understand the latest legal developments affecting business law transactions. Coverage of the Companies Act 2006 is fully integrated and given prominence, mirroring the emphasis that business law courses place on this central piece of legislation. Additional emphasis has been placed on taxation and business accounts. Examples are used throughout the volume, which helps readers to contextualise their learning effectively. Updated statutory references allow for the cross-referencing to appropriate primary sources, and the interpretation of such sources. The volume looks at partnerships, companies, taxation, insolvency, and other topics such as choice of business medium, limited liability partnerships, sale of a business, and shareholder agreements.
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Siklos, Pierre L. The Decline of Simplicity and the Rise of Unorthodoxy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0004.
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Crises come in various forms, and their impact is not predicable with much accuracy. Crises in emerging markets are not the same as those in advanced economies. By 2007, the idea that monetary policy ought to be rules-based was widely accepted and copied around the world. Policymakers believed that inflation and macroeconomic slack were all that mattered. Demographic and structural factors were underappreciated. The wrong conclusions are now being drawn: rules should not be abandoned, but monetary policy can be improved. Monetary policy now relies more on words. An expansion of central bank balance sheets has taken place and central bank independence is a quaint idea. Central banks no longer influence just prices; they also change financial system quantities. This leads to rising policy uncertainty. Central banks stand accused of hubris, with little clear idea of the “new normal” and how this will redefine a future monetary policy strategy.