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Journal articles on the topic 'Central Reserve Bank of China'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Andronova, I., and Jiang Wen. "Features of International Reserves’ Management in China." World Economy and International Relations 69, no. 6 (2025): 80–91. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-6-80-91.

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This study explores the unique characteristics of international reserve management in China, an area that has received limited attention in existing literature. While most research focuses on the excessiveness of China’s reserves based on International Monetary Fund (IMF) optimality criteria or on challenges in reserve accumulation driven by domestic and international events, less emphasis is placed on the institutional and strategic distinctions shaping China’s approach. This article aims to address this gap. By comparing international practices guided by IMF recommendations with China’s dist

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2

Hudima, Tetiana, and Vladyslav Kamyshanskyi. "BITCOIN IN CENTRAL BANK RESERVES: A NEW DIMENSION OF THE US-CHINA POWER STRUGGLE." Socio-economic relations in the digital society 2, no. 56 (2025): 5–19. https://doi.org/10.55643/ser.2.56.2025.601.

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The accelerating geopolitical rivalry between major powers has renewed interest in diversifying central bank reserves. Traditionally dominated by the US dollar and gold, global reserve composition is now being reconsidered amid de-dollarization trends and the growing relevance of crypto assets – particularly Bitcoin. This study examines the rationale, risks, and strategic implications of incorporating Bitcoin into sovereign reserve portfolios, with a focus on the financial confrontation between the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (China).Adopting an interdisciplinary appr

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3

RAMAZANOV, Seifullakh A. "A dynamic analysis of active operations of reserve-currency central banks under another uncertainty." Finance and Credit 28, no. 2 (2022): 412–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.28.2.412.

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Subject. This article discusses the active operations of central banks of reserve currencies in conditions of uncertainty for the period from 2006 to 2021. Objectives. Based on the consideration of the features of the monetary policies of reserve-currency central banks for the period from the Great Recession to the COVID-19 pandemic, the article aims to conduct a dynamic analysis of the structure of their active operations and propose areas for improving the issue policy of the world's leading central banks. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative and dynamic analyses, synthe

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Tashtamirov, Magomed. "The role of central banks in promoting Green finance." E3S Web of Conferences 458 (2023): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345805011.

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In an era of escalating environmental challenges, this research explores the complex role of central banks in the promotion of green finance. Employing a mixed-methods approach and focusing on case studies involving the European Central Bank, the People’s Bank of China, and the Federal Reserve, the study offers a nuanced understanding of the divergent strategies and challenges facing central banks. Despite political and technological hurdles, central banks have significant opportunities for financial innovation and global collaboration. Key policy implications include the need for holistic pol

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Khidasheli, Mirza. "CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY EFFECTS ON FRACTIONAL RESERVE BANKING." Economic Profile 17, no. 1(23) (2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2022.23.06.

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An aim of the paper is to explore the outlines of the looming monetary order. For these purposes, we have made a brief retrospective analysis of money genesis. In its inception market had selected gold as a medium of exchange and gold had become a social institution. After WWII the leading force of monetary order changed. The Bretton Woods conference had made a political agreement to endorse the US dollar as a reserve currency. In 1971 the picture had become clearer, and the gold-backed dollar system collapsed as it was predicted earlier. A digital environment has given the reborn of new types

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Rachmad, Sri Hartini, Meilisa Hajriani, Muhammad Basorudin, et al. "Boosting Housing Markets: Amplifying Reserve Requirements for Greater Economic Growth, Insights from China and Indonesia." Jurnal Sains Matematika dan Statistika 10, no. 1 (2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jsms.v10i1.25895.

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Enhancing the inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability of urban areas, as outlined in Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be accomplished by 2030, entails ensuring universal access to adequate, secure, and affordable housing along with essential services, and the enhancement of informal settlements. Consequently, numerous megacities worldwide grapple with burgeoning populations, precipitating a surge in housing costs, particularly exacerbated by volatile financial environments. The post-2013 financial recuperation in the United States precipitated a capital exodus

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Cai, Xiuyun. "Choice of the Path of Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination in China." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 3 (2009): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i3.82.

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he role of monetary policies regulating social the aggregate demand is highlighted, while the role in restructuring the supply and demand are greater limitations. The Central Bank indirectly affects the currency in circulation and the total size of credit by adjusting the statutory deposit reserve rate, the rediscount rate, open market operations; The Central Bank increases or decreases in money supply by limiting the loan quota and the currency issuance. Thus the role of the monetary policies in alleviating serious problems in the field of circulation area is more rapid, clear and effective.

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8

Hung, Alvin Hoi-Chun. "Should the Federal Reserve Issue a Digital Currency as Virtual Legal Tender? An Econo-legal Analysis Based on China’s Master Plan for De-dollarization." American Journal of Trade and Policy 10, no. 1 (2023): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v10i1.660.

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Mainstream discussion on whether the Federal Reserve should issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as virtual legal tender focuses on five aspects related to the American domestic environment -- efficiency, privacy, safety and security, financial inclusion and exclusion, and impact on the current economic systems and monetary policies. This article takes a new and broader perspective on this critical issue by investigating how China, being the arch-international competitor of the US, has formulated a well-designed and structured master plan supported by various econo-legal strategies to

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9

Li, Mingyang. "The Role of Central Banks in Stabilizing the Economy." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 136, no. 1 (2024): 37–42. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.18605.

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This research paper aims to analyze and declare the indispensable function of central banks in formulating economic policy as well as the execution of their monetary policy and banking regulations. As these central banks manage a nation's currency, money supply, and interest rates, they usually use tools such as interest rate stabilization, quantitative easing, drag, and forward guidance strategies to stabilize the economy. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, central banks such as the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank sought to avert a complete finan

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Mingqi, Xu. "Central Bank Currency Swaps and Their Implications to the International Financial Reform." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 02, no. 01 (2016): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740016500044.

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Since the outbreak of the global financial crisis, a series of currency swap arrangements among central banks have been reached, and many short-term ad hoc mechanisms have been later transformed into permanent institutions, with the decentralized role of the USD and increasing significance of other currencies. It is important to note, however, that currency swaps by Western countries are generally not intended to reform but to maintain stability of the U.S.-dominated international financial system and the USD hegemony. The comprehensive currency swap arrangements made among six major developed

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11

Ren, Zhixuan. "The impact of central bank digital currency issuance on the international monetary system - taking China and other countries as examples." SHS Web of Conferences 181 (2024): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418102007.

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As the current international monetary system is increasingly unstable and unbalanced, even more countries have begun to study and implement digital currency and put forward the concept of super-sovereign currency. The inherent defects of the international monetary system dominated by the US dollar provide space for the generation and development of super-sovereign digital currencies. Based on the superficial reasons for the issuance of decentralized digital currencies by various countries and the current policy situation, this paper proposes the impact of future super-sovereign digital currenc

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12

Bayram, Kamola, Adam Abdullah, and Ahamed Kameel Meera. "Identifying the optimal level of gold as a reserve asset using Black–Litterman model." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 11, no. 3 (2018): 334–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-06-2017-0142.

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Purpose After the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in 1971, countries moved towards floating exchange rates, and the expectation was that the requirement for foreign reserves would decrease. However, central banks currently hold more foreign exchange reserves to enhance the credibility of exchange rate policies. The demand for gold, which was the main reserve asset prior the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, has increased as a reserve asset once again following the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008, given gold’s characteristics as a safe haven asset and a store

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13

Qi, Mingxuan. "The Impact of E-money on China's Money Supply." SHS Web of Conferences 170 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317001003.

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Electronic money alters the form of currency, reduces the demand for cash, alters the manner in which transactions are settled, and alters the quantity of reserves held by our commercial banks. Electronic money makes the relevant factors acting on the base money supply more complex, which will undoubtedly make it more difficult for the central bank to achieve control over the base money, thereby further weakening the central bank's ability to manipulate the money supply and affecting the effectiveness of the central bank's monetary policy target of the money supply. Therefore, a correct unders

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14

Nikolić, Goran. "Global domination of the dollar ending?" Nacionalni interes 44, no. 1 (2023): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nint44-42930.

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The paper points out that the relatively slow development of RMB as a reserve currency is taking place in parallel with the expansion of trade invoiced in the renminbi. It is argued that, even in the absence of financial liberalization, the renminbi could still become a global currency. Namely, the leading status in world trade creates the potential for creating demand and supply of renminbi. Additionally, in the same direction is working an increase in the number of central banks with which The People's Bank of China has agreements on swap lines for foreign exchange, as well as the accelerate

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15

Sharma, Gagan Deep, Mandeep Mahendru, and Mrinalini Srivastava. "Can Central Banking Policies Make a Difference in Financial Market Performance in Emerging Economies? The Case of India." Economies 7, no. 2 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7020049.

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This paper explores the importance of central banking policies in financial market performance, using the case of India. For this purpose, the paper comparatively analyzes the performance of financial markets during the regimes of last three governors of the Reserve Bank of India—Y V Reddy, D Subbarao, and Raghuram Rajan. The paper discusses the central banking policies in these periods with respect to monetary stability, inflation, and growth challenges. The paper presents an analysis of returns and volatility in stock markets and currency markets in their tenures in comparison with those fro

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Huang, Kun, Qiuge Yao, and Chong Li. "Impacts of Financial Market Shock on Bank Asset Allocation from the Perspective of Financial Characteristics of Banks." International Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 2 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7020029.

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Given ongoing financial disintermediation and the need for central banks to establish interest rate corridors, commercial banks have increasingly enriched their asset allocation choices, forming an allocation pattern that combines traditional credit assets (loans) and financial assets (interbank and securities investment). Due to the long-standing dual interest rate system in China, the yields of credit assets and financial assets have differed, which means the latter has greater volatility. Using the quarterly panel data of 23 listed commercial banks in China from 2002 to 2017, the empirical

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Shavshukov, Viacheslav M., and Natalia A. Zhuravleva. "Global Economy: New Risks and Leadership Problems." International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8010007.

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After the global crisis of 2008–2009, the world economy entered the era of restructuring. This article focuses on the risks that a new leader will face in the process of shaping the world economy. The methods employed in the research include big data processing of continuous change and the results of the symmetric macroeconomic analysis based on the statistics collected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Word Bank (WB), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Central banks and Treasuries. The study results proved that the recessionary processes, their depth and global nature, are

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18

Yang, Mingda. "The Impact of the Fed's Monetary Policy Adjustment on China's Macro-economy." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 143, no. 1 (2024): 120–24. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/2024.ga18937.

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In the context of highly integrated global economies, the Federal Reserve (Fed), as the central bank of the United States, exerts widespread and profound influence through its monetary policy adjustments. This paper systematically analyzes the mechanisms and extent of the Fed's monetary policy adjustments on China's macroeconomy. First, this paper explored the main tools and recent adjustment paths of the Fed's monetary policy, including interest rate policies, quantitative easing (QE), and balance sheet reduction. Second, this paper analyzed how these policy adjustments are transmitted to the

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19

BENLI, T., and B. DINCERGOK. "FACTORS AFFECTING CDS PREMIUM AND FUTURES CONTRACT PRICES: EXAMPLE OF TÜRKİYE." Eurasian Research Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 153–80. https://doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2025.2-03.

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This study examines the relationship between the Türkiye CDS premium and the prices of USD/TL and BIST30 futures contracts traded on BIST VIOP. In addition, the national and global variables affecting these three variables were analyzed. Based on the literature, four national and eight global variables were used to explain these variables. Inflation, industrial production index, central bank external debt, and reserve data are used at the national level. The VIX and MSCI ACWI indices and CDS premiums of the USA, China, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Brazil were used at the global leve

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20

Ariyasinghe, Ayesh, and N. S. Cooray. "The Nexus Of Foreign Reserves, Exchange Rate And Inflation: Recent Empirical Evidence From Sri Lanka." South Asia Economic Journal 22, no. 1 (2021): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420987106.

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The conventional mandates of the central banks on meeting stability objectives and maintaining a growth-maximizing inflation rate have come under some criticism since the global financial crises. Maintaining adequate foreign reserves is seen as a viable solution to foreign exchange liquidity needs during crisis periods. Since the end of 2011, many Asian economies, including China and Japan, led from the forefront in central bank-led reserves build-up. However, reserves build-up remains challenging and sensitive for small open economies. Such policies help create ‘risk-neutral’ buffers for mone

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ŞAHİN, Cumhur. "WHAT ARE SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS? A GENERAL EVALUATION." ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE WELT DER TÜRKEN / JOURNAL OF WORLD OF TURKS / TÜRKLERİN DÜNYASI DERGİSİ 15, no. 3 (2023): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/150317.

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Sovereign wealth funds indicate savings of governments other than national reserves. Sovereign wealth funds can be defined as companies which are established in order to achieve macro-economic goals of the government. National reserves are foreign currency assets and gold of goverments in central banks. However, sovereign wealth funds aim to make profits by using national reserves which are redundant and current account surplus. These funds first emerged in 1950’s especially in the Gulf countries, which had an extraordinary revenue stream due to oil revenue, were accepted over time by European

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КАПУСТИН, Н. А. "DIGITAL RUPEE AS A NEW FORM OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL CURRENCY OF INDIA." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 4(153) (June 15, 2023): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2023.153.4.092.

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В настоящий статье проводится анализ перспектив выпуска и характеристик цифровой валюты Резервного банка Индии – цифровой рупии, то есть новой формы суверенного денежного средства, которую можно будет выпускать и использовать в дополнение к существующим формам денег (наличной и безналичной). Инициатива по внедрению данной технологии отражает значительные изменения, которые за последние десятилетия произошли в Индии в сфере платежного рынка. Значительной проблемой финансовой системы этой страны является большая доля теневого сектора в экономике. Правительство Н.Моди активно борется с этой пробл

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Prof., Keerti Kulkarni* Dr. M.M. Munshi. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF GFC- 2008 ON SELECTED ECONOMIES AND THEIR MONETARY POLICIES." Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management 3, no. 8 (2016): 22–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.59948.

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Most of the economies today are contrasted with their geographic, demographic and economic trends. A small turbulence in these economies would leave the economies go in deep troubles. Second great depression which was termed as the global financial crisis 2008 was felt in the mid of September 2008, whose effects were critically evaluated by the economists. The growth in various sectors dwindled, causing huge losses to businesses in trillions of dollars which were responsible due to the fall in stock market prices. Interventions adopted by the apex institutions like central banks and resident g

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Kowalewski, Paweł, and Dominik A. Skopiec. "Price processes in the global gold market." Bank i Kredyt Vol. 55, No. 4 (2024): 381–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8498.

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Recurring global crises, increasing uncertainty in the world economy, rising geopolitical risk and recently geoeconomic fragmentation have renewed and intensified interest in gold in the 21st century. The precious metal still retains an important role in the economy, most notably as a long-term store of value and efficient portfolio diversifier. One of the most remarkable changes on the global gold market refers to the role of central banks. Over several decades after the breakup of the Bretton Woods system, central banks were selling gold held in their reserves. However, following the global

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Highfill, Jannett, and Raymond Wojcikewych. "A Note on Teaching the Yuan-Dollar Market vis-a-vis China's Dollar Holdings." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 1 (2012): 1850254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1863.

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The economic relationship between China and the U.S. is sufficiently ubiquitous in the media that few students will be unacquainted with the issue. Connecting the dots between China’s export-led growth, current account surpluses, currency peg, and its reserves (whether held by the central bank or in a sovereign wealth fund) is a key task in any undergraduate course that touches on the global economy. The present note proposes a method for understanding the relationship between two items in this list, the currency peg and reserves. Maintaining exchange rates different from equilibrium (as China

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Ginanjar, Yusep. "The implicatons of covid-19 pandemic." TRANSBORDERS: International Relations Journal 3, no. 2 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/transborders.v3i2.2589.

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Abstract Throughout history, the world has faced various types of pandemics that not only threaten human health, but also greatly affect social and economic aspects. Recently the world is suffering from a pandemic, which is caused by the Covid-19 virus that began in Hubei Province, China. Southeast Asia geographically close to the virus outbreak and as a region consisting of a majority of developing countries, SEA’s economic situation will be greatly affected by the spread of this virus. Throughout the Southeast Asian region, ASEAN helping its members by taken various measures and recommendati

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Rajesh, Anakha. "Covid-19 and its impact on SHGs in Kerala: A study on the Economical and Financial impact of the pandemic on SHGs." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (2022): 2446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40924.

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Abstract: Pandemics, in general, are more than just a significant public health problem; they often cause devastating socioeconomic and political crises in the affected countries. COVID-19 stands for corona, VI for virus, D for disease, and 19 marks the year of its occurrence, as hinted by the name. Corona virus is a single-stranded RNA virus with an average diameter of 80-120 nanometers. The first contemporary COVID-19 pandemic was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, with the majority of cases traced back to a seafood wholesale market (Huang et al., 2020). Since then, t

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Shaidullina, V., and I. Semenovskiy. "BRICS Countries’ Economic and Legal Cooperation Through the Prism of Strategic Planning Documents." BRICS Law Journal 9, no. 1 (2022): 4–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2022-9-1-4-34.

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The purpose of this article is to identify the core trends in economic and legal cooperation among the BRICS countries through the prism of strategic documents and normative acts adopted to define national development benchmarks in certain economic sectors. The authors carried out an analysis of strategic and policy documents adopted by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa with a view to developing certain sectors of the national economy. It is pointed out that international cooperation is now considered necessary to achieve sustainable economic growth. The relevance of the research t

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Chen, Wei-Cai, Yun-Ming Mo, Li Lin, and Kun Qin. "A new species of Odorrana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) from central Guangxi, China with a discussion of the taxonomy of Odorrana (Bamburana)." ZooKeys 1190 (January 25, 2024): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.109886.

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A new species of odorous frog, Odorrana damingshanensissp. nov., was found at the Damingshan National Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: medium body size (SVL 52.3–54.8 mm in males and 74.8–81.2 mm in females), sawtooth spinules on the upper lip, obtusely rounded snout that extends beyond the lower margin, distinct dorsolateral folds, horny tubercles on the rear of the back, presence of outer metatarsal tubercles, dilated nuptial pad with velvety spinules, distinct maxillary gland with tiny spines

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Altamura, Carlo Edoardo, and Martin Daunton. "Finance, financiers and financial centres: a special issue in honour of Youssef Cassis Introduction." Financial History Review 27, no. 3 (2020): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000153.

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This special issue celebrates the career of Youssef Cassis. The introduction will outline his major contributions from his initial work on social characteristics of the financiers of the City of London, and their relationship with landed aristocrats and industry, through his analysis of a succession of financial centres, the comparative study of big business, the relationship between finance and politics, to his new project on the memory of financial crises. Then, we will draw on Youssef's mode of analysis to consider some of the more pressing issues in the era since the global financial crisi

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Chen, Wei-Cai, Yun-Ming Mo, Li Lin, and Kun Qin. "A new species of Odorrana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) from central Guangxi, China with a discussion of the taxonomy of Odorrana (Bamburana)." ZooKeys 1190 (January 25, 2024): 131–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1190.109886.

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A new species of odorous frog, <i>Odorrana damingshanensis</i> sp. nov., was found at the Damingshan National Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China. This species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: medium body size (SVL 52.3–54.8 mm in males and 74.8–81.2 mm in females), sawtooth spinules on the upper lip, obtusely rounded snout that extends beyond the lower margin, distinct dorsolateral folds, horny tubercles on the rear of the back, presence of outer metatarsal tubercles, dilated nuptial pad with velvety spinules, distinct maxillary gland with tin

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Rao, Dr Raghavendra. "The Role of the U.S. Dollar in Global Trade Finance: A Study of Its Dominance and Future Prospects." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 09 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem37464.

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This paper digs deep on what reason has led the U.S. dollar to be a dominant force for years mainly due to its stability, liquidity, and greater usage within international markets. It has made it the world's reserve currency did not just serve as an enabler for far-flung international trades and investments but also led to the establishment of the United States in terms of standing in economic and geopolitical standing. Historical factors concerning the dollar's increasing popularity over time are addressed in this paper-from the post- WWII establishment of the Bretton Woods system to the mome

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Moon, Jung-Hoon, and Gyu Gyu-Sik. "Analysis of the Impact of US, China, and Korea Macroeconomic Variables on KOSPI and VKOSPI." Institute of Management and Economy Research 15, no. 1 (2024): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.15.1.202403.209.

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Purpose - This article analyzes the impact of macroeconomic variables of the United States, China, and Korea on KOSPI and VKOSPI, in that United States and China have a great influence on Korea, having an export-driven economy. Design/methodology/approach - The influence of US, China, and Korea interest rates, industrial production index, consumer price index, US employment index, Chinese real estate index, and Korea's foreign exchange reserves on KOSPI and VKOSPI is analyzed on monthly basis from Jan 2012 to Aug 2023, using multifactor model. Findings - The KOSPI showed a positive relationshi

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Darie, Flavius Cosmin, and Alexandra Dorina Miron. "Bitcoin, Gold and Crude Oil versus the US Dollar – A GARCH Volatility Analysis." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 17, no. 1 (2023): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0027.

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Abstract The aim of this study is to compare and contrast the volatility of different asset classes namely Bitcoin, gold and crude oil against the US dollar, using the symmetric GARCH (1,1) model. Furthermore, this study examines which of the three assets provide the lowest volatility and identifies if the univariate GARCH (1,1) model can suitably forecast the volatility of the foreign exchange market, commodity market and cryptocurrency market. More specifically, this study uses only estimates from a symmetric GARCH model for the XAU/USD, WTI/USD and BTC/USD financial assets. Although the lit

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Kuznetsov, A. "Mechanisms of International Financial Relations in the Conditions of Globalization Crisis." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 12 (2024): 5–13. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-12-5-13.

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In recent years, the development of the world economy and world finance has been characterized by such concepts as “deglobalization,” “regionalization,” and “politicization,” as climatic, structural, and geopolitical transformations have had a destructive impact on international financial relations that mediate the movement of international liquidity between countries. Regulatory impulses for the activation of certain mechanisms for stimulating international financial relations are set by the leading consultative forums of the emerging multipolar world, such as the G20 and the BRICS, as well a

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Rafiuddin Haque, Muhammad, Md Imran Hossain, Rokeya Begum Ankhi, Araf Nishan, and Umma Twaha. "Liquidity Traps, Digital Currencies and Inflation Targeting: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Effectiveness in Advanced and Emerging Economies." Inverge Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (2023): 148–65. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v2i3.115.

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This research investigates how the evolving challenges and opportunities of implementing United States (US) monetary policy, especially liquidity traps, digital currency, and inflation targeting, have changed since the 1930s. A case of public perceptions of the Federal Reserve’s policy effectiveness and the adjustment of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) to key macroeconomic issues like liquidity management and inflation control is studied. Data was collected using a quantitative survey-based approach from a diverse sample of US residents regarding their views on the pervasiveness of liq

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Bhattarai, Keshav, and Ambika P. Adhikari. "De-Dollarization and South Asia: Challenges and Opportunities for Nepal in a Multipolar Currency World." NCWA Annual Journal 56, no. 1 (2025): 93–110. https://doi.org/10.3126/ncwaj.v56i1.76193.

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The United States dollar’s dominance as the global reserve currency, established under the 1944 Bretton Woods system, persists despite the 1971 decoupling of the gold backing to the dollar. Its liquidity, stability, and full support by the US government confer a solid financial security and advantage to the currency, including a universal acceptance of the dollar and a relatively low borrowing cost. Because of these reasons, the US dollar has been able to dominate the global financial markets for the past eight decades. However, the rapidly emerging global political and economic power shifts a

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Shang, Z. H., M. J. Gibb, and R. J. Long. "Effect of snow disasters on livestock farming in some rangeland regions of China and mitigation strategies – a review." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 1 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11052.

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Severe snowfall events, termed snow disasters, lead to losses of livestock, preventing sustainable development of livestock systems, in the rangelands of northern China. In order to reduce losses under snow disasters, a review of the factors contributing to these losses was used to indicate the most appropriate strategy. It is proposed that governments and herders should implement a holistic strategy using a multi-disciplinary approach to ensure sustainable development in these rangelands. The possibility of seeing snow disasters as a natural restraint on livestock numbers and allowing losses

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Gray, Simon. "Central Bank Balances and Reserve Requirements." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 36 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455217908.001.

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Gopinath, Gita, and Jeremy C. Stein. "Trade Invoicing, Bank Funding, and Central Bank Reserve Holdings." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181065.

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We develop a model that shows how the currency denomination of a country's imports influences the funding structure of its banking system, and in turn, the currency composition of its central bank's reserve holdings. The link between the dollar's role in bank funding and its role as a central bank reserve currency is stronger when the country's fiscal capacity is limited, and when exchange rates are volatile. In the data, there is a pronounced cross-country relationship between the fraction of imports that are dollar invoiced, and the fraction of central-bank foreign-exchange reserves that are

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van Niekerk, Gerda. "The Nationalisation of the South African Reserve Bank: a Legal-Historical Perspective of Three Central Banks." Fundamina 29, no. 1 (2023): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/fund/v29/i1a4.

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The debate continues about whether the South African Reserve Bank should be nationalised or not. This contribution looks at the evolution of central banks, as well as at the origin and historical background of the central banks in three countries, namely the South African Reserve Bank, the Reserve Bank of Australia and De Nederlandsche Bank. The shares in the South African Reserve Bank belong to private shareholders; the Reserve Bank of Australia has been the property of the government of Australia since its inception; and De Nederlandsche Bank was nationalised in 1948. The potential nationali

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Bateman, Will, and Jason Allen. "The Law of Central Bank Reserve Creation." Modern Law Review 85, no. 2 (2021): 401–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12688.

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Li, Longcan. "Do central banks respond to house price movements? A Bayesian DSGE approach." Australian Economic Papers 63, S1 (2024): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.12350.

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AbstractThis thesis explores whether monetary policy reacts to house price movements, by employing a New Keynesian model with a housing factor and estimated using Bayesian estimation techniques. The primary emphasis of this study is on the United States, with supplementary analyses on central banks in several advanced economies. The principal finding of this thesis reveals that the Federal Reserve responded substantially but episodically to house prices. Furthermore, my investigation indicates that the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, Bank of England, and the Europea

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Shubbar, Haidar Diphil, and Andrey Vladimirovich Girinsky. "Reserve assets as sources of replenishing resource base of banking sector and improving its stability." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2019, no. 4 (2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2019-4-130-136.

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The paper focuses on the importance of using reserve assets in order to increase the bank financial stability and the banking system as a whole. The essential requirements for reserving commercial banks have been presented. The methods of regulating the required reserves have been studied. The specific features of applying the required reserves in banking activities (reserve requirements and liquidity, monetary policy, reserve requirements as a monetary tool, reserve requirements as a fiscal tool) have been revealed. The schedule of averaging periods of required reserves for 2019 is being cons

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Hoque, Md Ariful, Afzal Ahmad, Mustafa Manir Chowdhury, and Mohammad Shahidullah. "Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank’s Profitability: A Study on Listed Commercial Banks in Bangladesh." International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 5, no. 2 (2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i2.796.

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Monetary policy is the policy by which the government of a country control supplies of money in an economy which is announced by the central bank for every six months. Central Bank carries out monetary policy by the banking system of a country. Central Bank uses Bank rate; Cash reserve ratio and open market operation to control the availability of funds in an economy. Within these three instruments, the cash reserve ratio is directly linked to the commercial bank's profitability. Every commercial bank maintains a cash reserve ratio against their demand & time deposits. Being changes in the

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Sunardiyaningsih, Siti Purnami, and Anindya Putri Pradiptha. "Pengaruh Ekspor, Impor, Cadangan Devisa, Suku Bunga Bank Sentral dan Tingkat Inflasi Nilai Tukar IDR terhadap USD dari Januari 2019 hingga Desember 2021, dibandingkan dengan Studi dari Januari 2011 hingga Desember 2013 per Kasus Dari Indonesia." KRESNA: Jurnal Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2022): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36080/jk.v2i1.20.

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The aim of this research is to study the influence of independent variables to the fluctuation of IDR exchange rate to USD. Those independent variables are export, import, foreign reserve currencies, Central Bank rate of interest and inflation rate. The population is Indonesia’s economics and the sample is data for three years. Data was analyzed by using multiple regression, the sources of data are from Central Bank (Bank Inonesia) and Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia. Research objectives are to determine the influence of export, import, foreign reserve currencies, Central Bank rate of i

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Geng, Zhongyuan, and Xue Zhai. "Effects of the Interest Rate and Reserve Requirement Ratio on Bank Risk in China: A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/571384.

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This paper applies the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model to simulate the effects of the interest rate and reserve requirement ratio on bank risk in China. The results reveal the nonlinearity embedded in the interest rate, reserve requirement ratio, and bank risk nexus. Both the interest rate and reserve requirement ratio exert a positive impact on bank risk for the low regime and a negative impact for the high regime. The interest rate performs a significant effect while the reserve requirement ratio shows an insignificant effect on bank risk on a statistical basis for both the h

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Kwiatkowski, Wojciech. "INSTYTUCJONALNA I KOMPETENCYJNA EWOLUCJA BANKU CENTRALNEGO STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI W XX WIEKU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, no. 2 (2016): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.2.13.

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Institutional and Competence Evolution of the U.S. Central Bank in the Twentieth CenturySummary The article describes the initial shape of the U.S. central bank, i.e. the Federal Reserve System created under the federal act of 1913 as a “Federal Reserve”, as well as the reasons for its competence and institutional evolution mainly in the thirties of the twentieth century. The paper seeks to identify the consequences of the absence of statutory regulations – in many ways necessary for the proper functioning of the central bank in the United States as a confederation, which has become a major ca

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Durfee, Jon, Jesse Leigh Maniff, and Priyanka Slattery. "Examining CBDC and Wholesale Payments." FEDS Notes, no. 2023-09-08-2 (September 2023): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3368.

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This paper explores whether a new settlement asset in the form of central bank money is essential for a new platform that processes wholesale payment transactions. Central bank money currently exists for wholesale transactions in the form of depository institution balances at the Federal Reserve (Reserve Banks) used for Fedwire® Funds Service (Fedwire).

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Geng, Zhongyuan, and Xue Zhai. "Monetary Policy Instruments and Bank Risks in China." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 4, no. 2 (2013): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jabim.2013040105.

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The authors use a panel data regression model to examine the effects of main monetary policy instruments on commercial bank risks in China from 1998 to 2011. The interest rate has a positive effect on bank risk while the interest rate margin, the reserve requirement ratio and open market operation have a negative effect. Among the three monetary policy instruments, the reserve requirement ratio has the greatest effect on bank risk, the interest rate (the interest rate margin) the second largest and the open market operation the weakest. Their findings provide guidance to the monetary authority

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