Academic literature on the topic 'Central salish'

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Journal articles on the topic "Central salish"

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Iwamoto, Eric M., Anna E. Elz, Francisco J. García-De León, Claudia A. Silva-Segundo, Michael J. Ford, Wayne A. Palsson, and Richard G. Gustafson. "Microsatellite DNA analysis of Pacific hake Merluccius productus population structure in the Salish Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 9 (August 27, 2015): 2720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv146.

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Abstract This study presents the first microsatellite DNA study of population structure of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (also known as Pacific whiting) within the Salish Sea, which has been identified as a distinct population segment under the US Endangered Species Act and is currently listed as a federal Species of Concern. In contrast, a separate coastal stock component of Pacific hake represents the most abundant commercial groundfish species on the US West Coast. We surveyed variation at 10 microsatellite DNA loci in a total of 655 individuals from three Salish Sea locations (Port Susan (PTS) and Dabob Bay in Washington and south-central Strait of Georgia (SOG) in British Columbia), three coastal locations (two off southern California and one in the Gulf of Alaska), and the Northern Gulf of California (GOC), México. No significant differences were detected among temporal samples from both PTS and SOG locations. Multilocus measures of population subdivision between coastal and Salish Sea populations (all pairwise FST ≥ 0.03) and between PTS and SOG populations (FST ≥ 0.01) suggest a moderate degree of demographic isolation among these spawning populations. No significant genetic differences were found among the three coastal Pacific hake samples; however, Pacific hake from the GOC were significantly differentiated from both coastal (FST > 0.05) and Salish Sea (FST ≥ 0.03) Pacific hake. Correlations between genetic and geographic distance showed that Pacific hake display a very strong isolation by distance signal, both over the whole study area (∼4500 km; r2 = 0.94) and within the Salish Sea (∼280 km; r2 = 0.72). This study suggests that PTS and SOG populations are to some extent demographically isolated from each other.
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Shedd, Taylor, Allison Northey, and Shawn Larson. "Epimeletic behaviour in a Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)." Canadian Field-Naturalist 134, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2555.

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Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW, Orcinus orca) may be found year round in the Salish Sea. These orcas comprise three matrilineal pods (J, K, and L) and were listed as Endangered under the Canadian Species at Risk Act in 2003 and under the United States Endangered Species Act in 2005 because of prey scarcity, vessel noise and disturbance, small population size, and exposure to toxins. Since 1993, the Whale Museum has been operating Soundwatch, a boater education program for vessels. Soundwatch personnel are on the water in the central Salish Sea throughout the summer educating boaters on how to maneuver near marine mammals legally and documenting vessel regulation violations and marine mammal presence and behaviour. Starting on 24 July 2018, Soundwatch documented an adult female SRKW of J pod (J35) carrying a dead neonate calf. J35 continued to carry her dead calf for 17 consecutive days covering ~1600 km. Her story riveted the attention of the people of the Salish Sea as well as people around the world, evoking empathy for J35 and her loss as well as the plight of the Endangered SRKW population. Here, we tell her story and evaluate whether the behaviour J35 displayed toward her dead calf was an example of epimeletic behaviour, animal grief.
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Green, Jacquie, Rebecca Taylor, Rakiva Larken, Margaret Brier, and Trevor Good. "Voices of Students: We are Here! We are Ready to Care for the Next Generations! “Gathering & Sharing Wisdom Conference” and the Indigenous Child Welfare Research Network." First Peoples Child & Family Review 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069058ar.

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This paper highlights the voices of four youth presenters at the first "Gathering and Sharing Conference" hosted onCoast Salish Territory, Songhees and Esquimalt, in Victoria, British Columbia. You will be guided through story about our role as leaders, planners, and facilitators for this conference which was convened to provide a central space for Indigenous youth and other community members to share stories about the caring and nurturing of our children, families and communities.
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Luxa, Katie. "Food Habits of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Two Estuaries in the Central Salish Sea." Aquatic Mammals 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.39.1.2013.10.

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Graesch, Anthony P. "Fieldworker Experience and Single-Episode Screening as Sources of Data Recovery Bias in Archaeology: A Case Study from the Central Pacific Northwest Coast." American Antiquity 74, no. 4 (October 2009): 759–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600049040.

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Despite increasing concern with the effects of archaeological data recovery methods on the types and quantity of objects extracted from the material record, archaeologists rarely discuss recovery biases attributable to the most basic excavation procedures. In this study I examine how several factors, including variable artifact identification skills, can affect artifact recovery rates in the field. Data from household-level investigations at the Stó:lō (Coast Salish) village of Welqámex (DiRi 15) are presented to show how interobserver variation can compromise interpretations of past behavior when opportunities for artifact recovery are limited to observations at the excavation unit and single-episode (field-only) sieving. Laboratory sorting of screen residue retained in 3.2-mm (one-eighth-inch) mesh sieves is shown to account for the recovery of as much as 87.5 percent of lithic artifacts and nearly 90 percent of archaeofaunal remains. Rates of artifact recovery in the field are highly variable among excavation crews working at Welqámex, and I argue that the application of correction factors is inappropriate unless the magnitude of recovery bias can be measured for specific excavation teams and particular depositional contexts. The results of this study further highlight the importance of documenting and mitigating the unintended effects of methodological decisions on archaeological assemblages.
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Mellesmoen, Gloria, and Marianne Huijsmans. "Types of pluractionality and plurality across domains in ʔayʔaǰuθəm." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4599.

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In this paper, we examine two markers of verbal plurality, C1C2 reduplicationand ablaut, in PayPaju8@m, a Central Salish language. C1C2 reduplicationmarks event external pluractionality, where subevents are distributed in both spaceand time. It also applies in the nominal domain creating a plurality of individuals, butdoes not impose temporal or spatial distribution in the nominal domain. FollowingHenderson (2012, 2017), we propose that events are individuated through their temporaland spatial traces, so that events distribute in order to pluralize, whereas thisis not required in the nominal domain. Ablaut marks event-internal pluractionalitywhere subevents are grouped into a larger whole (Wood 2007; Henderson 2012,2017). While ablaut pluractionals typically involve numerous subevents that areclosely spaced in time, they can involve as few as two subevents and do not requirestrict adjacency of all subevents. We propose that they denote an atomic groupevent that is mapped to a plurality of events via a membership function (Barker1992). This contrasts with event-internal pluractionals that require a high number oftemporally adjacent subevents and have been analyzed as being grouped throughtheir temporal configuration (Henderson 2012, 2017), indicating that there is morethan one way to group events, just as there is more than one way to group individualsin the nominal domain (Barker 1992; Henderson 2012, 2017).
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Schaepe, David M. "Rock Fortifications: Archaeological Insights Into Precontact Warfare and Sociopolitical Organization Among the Stó:lō of the Lower Fraser River Canyon, B.C." American Antiquity 71, no. 4 (October 2006): 671–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035884.

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Whether or not traditional centralized leadership existed among the central Coast Salish of the Gulf of Georgia-Puget Sound Regions is a topic of ongoing interest and debate among archaeologists, social anthropologists, ethnohistorians, and Aboriginal communities. Recent findings in the lower Fraser River Canyon of British Columbia of a unique class of archaeological site—rock fortifications, newly identified on the Northwest Coast—present an opportunity to address this discussion. Description of these features and analysis of their situation within the physical and social landscapes of the Fraser Canyon provides insight into the nature of Stó:lō warfare and defensive strategy. I propose the existence of a multivillage defensive network aimed at regulating access to the entire “Canyon watershed” rather than simply defending individual settlements. I present a “corporate family group” model of sociopolitical organization through which this defensive system operated—representing a minimum level of intercommunity governance traditionally known to the Sto:Lō of the Gulf of Georgia Region. This proposition provides an alternate view to the long-held belief that individual households were the traditional centers of economy, and by extension, of political authority among the Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Coast. These results affect the current understanding and reconstruction of traditional expressions of Stó: Lō identity engrained in sociopolitical organization.
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Parker, Heather A., Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, D’Arcy Sego, and Graham Knox. "Environmental Unit During Transboundary Spill Response: A Model for Training ICS Implementation During International Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1689.

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#396 ABSTRACT The Environmental Unit (EU) is an important central function in the Incident Command System (ICS) within which key decisions are made and timing of certain critical response decisions is driven or influenced. Examples include such issues as managing waste, determining divisions, sharing data on resources at risk, establishing a shoreline assessment program, setting response treatment priorities, and determining treatment endpoints which in most cases sets the timing for when an active response is considered complete. Additionally, the EU serves as a central hub or nexus for many of the key sections and units within ICS, as many of the issues and work done within the EU are cross-cutting and involve components from the Operations Section, Planning Section, Logistics, Command Staff (Liaison and Safety Officers), etc. The unique nature of the EU provides a prime opportunity to train ICS concepts and good practices of implementation by focusing training on the EU and how it functions. The primary structural elements of ICS, including the Planning P cycle, the development of an Incident Action Plan, management by Objectives, development of Strategies and Tactics from those Command Objectives, making recommendations based on command priorities, and many more can be illustrated through targeted EU training. In the Salish Sea region of North America, there is close interaction between the key response agencies at the Federal and State/Provincial levels to prepare for transboundary responses by aligning response methods and practices. This coordination focuses to a great degree on cross-training on ICS: its structure and functions and more importantly its implementation. To that end, several Canadian and U.S. agencies have been coordinating for a number of years on providing joint, international ICS EU training for its responders on both sides of the border, with the goal of aligning ICS implementation. This joint international EU training program started in 2011 and has progressed since. This paper will examine other examples of this training program and identify some of its benefits, such as helping drive policy development on both sides of the border; and will highlight some case studies of responses where this training facilitated EU functions. This paper will also identify some challenges remaining in the differences between how ICS is implemented between these two nations, in particular the concept of the Science Table in the Canadian ICS implementation, and some suggestions for improvements moving forward.
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Johansen, Bruce. "Canoe Journeys and Cultural Revival." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.2.w241221710101249.

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For the state of Washington's one-hundredth birthday, in 1989, Native peoples there decided to revive a distinctive mode of transportation—long-distance journeys by canoe—along with an entire culture associated with it. Born as the "Paddle to Seattle," during the past two decades these canoe journeys have become a summertime staple for Native peoples as well as for thousands of non-Indians who follow the "pullers" in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. The Tribal Canoe Journey has become a metaphor for community, drawing peoples together over a large area. The annual Canoe Journey also represents a revival of indigenous culture and, to some extent, indigenous languages. The canoe journeys (and the land-based events associated with them) might be compared with powwows in other areas. The carving of canoes has been revived, along with the structures of canoe families that maintain them, along with songs, clothing, and other aspects of traditional culture. The Tribal Canoe Journey is neither a race nor a contest, although it is something of a feat of physical endurance, recalling a time when canoes were one of the central attributes of Coast Salish cultures. Canoes were vital for the gathering of much of people's food, the conduct of social relations, and the waging of war. Like many maritime peoples around the world, seaborne transport framed culture and invoked deep spiritual beliefs in life and death. Canoe culture also teaches respect for ancestors' survival skills to city-bred youth, forging bonds between generations. Young people are learning how to get along with others and how to stay clean and sober during journeys in which they represent their peoples. The young people also learn how to deal with conflicts that arise from living in close quarters and pulling canoes for hours at a time, day after day. The Tribal Canoe Journey thus revives culture while sustaining and improving modern Native life in the Pacific Northwest.
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Piernik, Agnieszka. "Vegetation-environment relations on inland saline habitats in Central Poland." Phytocoenologia 35, no. 1 (April 15, 2005): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2005/0035-0019.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Central salish"

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Lancaster, Jill. "Structure of arthropod communities in some saline lakes of central British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24836.

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Aquatic arthropods communities were examined with respect to factors determining species distributions and community structure in a series of eight lakes on the Chilcotin Plateau of British Columbia. Climate, altitude, physical location, water temperature and basin shape were similar for all lakes, and although size differed, no evidence was found for the influence of basin morphology on community structure. Salinity and vegetation characteristics differed widely among lakes, so three major processes were investigated: the association of (1) salinity with faunal communities, (2) salinity with floral communities, and (3) faunal with floral communities. These relationships were examined in light of diversity-stability hypotheses. The severity component of environmental stability was represented by salinity, and mean surface water conductivity ranged from 56 to 13115 μS cm-¹ at 25 °C. Salinity variations among lakes were determined primarily by the ions Na, HCO₃, CO₃, C1 and K. Two classification schemes (taxonomic and ecological) and several analytical techniques (community parameters and cluster analysis) indicated that the distribution and structure of faunal and floral communities were related to salinity. In total, 84 arthropod taxa and 26 macrophyte species were found and divided into three groups: those characteristic of high salinities (>5000 μS), of moderate or low salinities (<5000 μS), or tolerant of all salinities. Faunal assemblages in all lakes were dominated by filter feeders, and predators were more abundant in saline lakes. Shredders, collectors and predators were found in all the lakes, but saline lakes had fewer size groups. Floating leaved macrophytes occurred only in freshwater lakes, submerged forms were rare in highly saline lakes, and emergent forms were found in all lakes, although they were less abundant at high salinities. Generally, this study supports the hypothesis that saline habitats have less diverse communities than freshwater ones. In all floral and faunal sample sets, increased salinity was accompanied by a decrease in species richness. Virtually all measures of macrophyte community diversity and productivity were inversely correlated with salinity. Faunal subgroups must be examined separately when measures of community structure incorporate relative abundances. Patterns of association observed in the entire faunal community were dictated by the numerically dominant entomostracan subcommunity, and patterns in other subgroups were masked. Zooplankton trophic level diversity increased with decreasing salinity and changes in community composition were analogous to those of eutrophication. In both coleopteran and hemipteran communities, diversity decreased and density increased with increasing salinity. Possible causal mechanisms structuring each community are hypothesized. Faunal distributions corresponded to their known habitat preferences in terms of macrophyte communities. It was difficult to distinguish between the influence of salinity or macrophyte communities on animal communities as animal communities were often associated with both.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Dreher, Chandra. "Modern Foraminiferal Bio-facies within a Transgressive Saline Influenced Deltaic Headland, South-Central Louisiana." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2006. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/487.

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Incorporating improved preparation techniques, modern taxonomy, and quantitative analysis of environmental variables known to influence marsh foraminifers in other coastal regions refined marsh foraminiferal biofacies of the Mississippi delta region. Elevation, pore water salinity, total carbon, and mean grain size were compared with foraminiferal distributions in a transgressive marsh system of the lower Lafourche headland of the south-central delta plain. Cluster analysis aided definition of two biofacies, one from the marsh interior and one from the marsh edge. The marsh edge biofacies was further subdivided into levee crest and bayou margin biofacies. Correlation analysis suggested that seven of the 21 most common foraminifers correlated significantly with physical variables. Juvenile Trochammina inflata correlated with salinity; Ammotium crassus and Ammonia parkinsoniana correlated with elevation; Polysaccammina ipohalina and Miliammina fusca correlated with grain size; and Miliammina fusca correlated with organic carbon. The trends are consistent with relationships observed in many other coastal regions.
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Lam, Nguyen Ho. "IMPROVEMENT OF RICE CROPPING IN SALINE SOILS IN THE NORTH CENTRAL COASTAL REGION OF VIETNAM." Master's thesis, Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/195980.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第18694号
農博第2091号
新制||農||1029(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4888(農学部図書室)
31627
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 間藤 徹
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Burrel, García Laura. "Salt tectonics in the Central Southern Pyrenees: Integrated tectonostratigraphic and numerical modelling study." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670423.

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Les evaporites Triàsiques del Keuper han estat reconegudes des de fa temps com el principal nivell de desenganxament de plecs i encavalcaments a les conques d’avantpaís pirinenques. La deformació de les conques entre el Cretaci superior i l’Oligocè mostra evidències de diapirisme, poc estudiat degut a l’empremta més visible que deixen els encavalcaments i plecs de falla. Aquesta tesi presenta un estudi multidisciplinari en el que s’explora el rol de la tectònica salina en el desenvolupament estructural i dels sistemes sedimentaris de la unitat Sudpirinenca central. El treball està centrat en dues zones d’estudi clàssiques dels Pirineus sud, com son 1) el Montsec i les Serres Marginals, i 2) el marge nord de la conca d’Organyà en contacte amb la zona de les Nogueres. Posar en valor el paper de l’halocinesi durant l’orogènia proporciona noves interpretacions amb fortes implicacions per a l’evolució cinemàtica de la compressió i la quantitat d’escurçament orogènic. A les Serres Marginals estructures salines primerenques evolucionaren durant l’etapa precompressiva mesozoica cap a un sistema de diapirs, anticlinals salins i sinclinals. Durant la compressió, els mecanismes de plegament van passar de moviments verticals produïts per la càrrega sedimentaria (bending) a plegament per buckling produït per esforços horitzontals. L’erosió de les crestes de les estructures va dur a l’expulsió de la sal i l’evolució de les estructures salines en encavalcaments. Al marge nord de la conca d’Organyà, durant l’Eocè i Oligocè la migració salina va causar el progressiu cabussament cap al nord de la conca, resultant en l’onlap i la discordança progressiva dels conglomerats de la Pobla i Gurp. Al mateix temps, la migració salina accelerada pel pes de la càrrega sedimentaria va permetre la rotació i enfonsament de les làmines desarrelades de les Nogueres en les evaporites del Keuper. A partir dels estudis de camp i la modelització numèrica, aquesta tesi explora qüestions essencials de la tectònica salina respecte la transició del plegament induït per càrrega sedimentaria al plegament degut als esforços compressius, el rol de la sedimentació i l’erosió sinorogèniques o l’efecte d’estructures diapíriques preexistents en les geometries de deformació dels avantpaïsos.
Las evaporitas triásicas del Keuper han sido reconocidas desde hace tiempo como el principal nivel de despegue de pliegues y cabalgamientos en las cuencas de antepaís pirenaicas. La deformación de las cuencas entre el Cretácico Superior y el Oligoceno muestra evidencias de diapirismo, poco estudiadas debido a la huella más visible dejada por los cabalgamientos y pliegues de falla. Esta tesis presenta un estudio multidisciplinar en el que se explora el rola de la tectónica salina en el desarrollo estructural y de los sistemas sedimentarios de la unidad Surpirenaica central. El trabajo está centrado en dos zonas de estudio clásicas de los Pirineos sur como son 1) el Montsec y las Sierras Marginales, y 2) el margen norte de la cuenca de Organyà en contacto con la zona de las Nogueres. Poner en valor el papel de la halocinesis durante la orogenia proporciona nuevas interpretaciones con fuertes implicaciones para la evolución cinemática de la compresión y la cantidad de acortamiento orogénico. En las Sierras Marginales estructuras salinas tempranas evolucionaron durante la etapa precompresiva mesozoica hacia un sistema de diapiros, anticlinales salinos y sinclinales. Durante la compresión, los mecanismos de plegamiento pasaron de movimientos verticales producidos por la carga sedimentaria (bending) a plegamiento por buckling producido por esfuerzos horizontales. La erosión de las crestas de las estructuras dio lugar a la expulsión de la sal y la evolución de las estructuras salinas en cabalgamientos. En el margen norte de la cuenca de Organyà, durante el Eoceno y el Oligoceno la migración salina causó el progresivo buzamiento hacia el norte de la cuenca, resultando en el onlap y la discordancia progresiva de los conglomerados de La Pobla y Gurp. Al mismo tiempo, la migración salina acelerada por el peso de la carga sedimentaria permitió la rotación y hundimiento de las láminas desraizadas de las Nogueres en las evaporitas del Keuper. A partir de los estudios de campo y la modelización numérica, esta tesis explora cuestiones esenciales de la tectónica salina respecto a la transición del plegamiento inducido por carga sedimentaria al plegamiento debido a los esfuerzos compresivos, el rol de la sedimentación i erosión sinorogenicas o el efecto de estructures diapíricas preexistentes en las geometrías de la deformación de los antepaíses.
The Triassic Keuper evaporites have long been recognized as the main detachment level of the Pyrenean foreland thrust belts and basins. The Cretaceous to Oligocene deformation of the forelands presents evidences of diapirism, comparatively less studied due to the most visible imprint of thrust and fault-related folds. This thesis presents a multidisciplinary study that explores the role of salt in the tectonic style of two classical areas of the southern Pyrenees, as are 1) the Montsec and Serres Marginals, and 2) the northern margin of the Organyà basin and the adjacent Nogueres Zone. The study which emphasizes the role of halokinesis in the structural and sedimentary evolution of the central-southern Pyrenees. Addressing the role of salt diapirism during the orogeny provides new interpretations with strong implications for the kinematics of compressional deformation and the amount of orogenic shortening. In the Serres Marginals, early salt structures developed during the Mesozoic pre-compressional stage into a system of diapirs, anticlines and intervening synclines that were filled. During the Pyrenean compressive stage, the folding mechanisms evolved from predominantly vertical (bending) movements triggered by the sedimentary loading to buckling by horizontal forces. The unroofing of the crests of the structure enhanced salt withdrawal, leading to primary and secondary welding and subsequent syncline imbrication. In the north margin of the Organyà basin, salt migration enabled the northward tilting of the basin during the Eocene and Oligocene, which is reflected in the progressive unconformity and onlap of the La Pobla and Gurp intramontane basins. At the same time, sedimentary load accelerated salt migration, enabling the rotation and overturning of the unrooted leading edge of the Nogueres thrust sheet (têtes plongeantes) into the Keuper evaporites. From the field case studies and numerical modelling, this thesis explores essential questions on salt tectonics, regarding the transition from load-induced bending to compressional buckling, the role of syn-compressional sedimentation and erosion or the effect of pre-existing diapir structures in the structural development of foreland basins.
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Kasiya, Alinafe. "The interface between central and local interests in Malawi's democratic decentralisation : the case of Salima District Council." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2014. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/20298/.

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Malawi is pursuing democratic decentralisation with duo objectives to enhance democracy at the local level and to promote poverty reduction. These reforms are largely driven by bilateral and multilateral development agencies as part of the good governance agenda, which is polluted with varying interests. This thesis argues that while in principle democratic decentralisation is desirable the pre-requisites for making it work are absent in Malawi. To a certain extent this is due to the nature of the Malawi state, which conforms to the logic of the African neopatrimonial state with unique characteristics such as personalisation and concentration of power in the dominant patron, dominance of vertical over horizontal ties, and weak separation of public and private spheres. Democratic decentralisation threatens ruling elites by promising to create spaces at the local level where the opposition can thrive. As a result reforms are characterised by centralisation as the ruling elites try to protect power and access to state resources. These characteristics can be traced back to the colonial regime and the one party state both of which were heavily centralised. At the local level chiefs, and members of parliament with ruling party connections have captured reforms and are influential in the allocation of resources. In exchange for privileges and status these actors are increasingly being co-opted by the centre to extend its control of the local arena. The result is the superficial implementation of reforms, which may further entrench neopatrimonial characteristics of the state. In the absence of strong downward accountability development agencies can play a key role to push government towards reforms. Yet local and central interests make this an uphill task. This explains the partial implementation of reforms in Malawi.
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Chaisa-ard, Nittayaporn. "Vibrational specta of oxo-centred trinuclear carboxylate complexes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256847.

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Judge, Shelley A. "The origin and evolution of the Wasatch Monocline, Central Utah." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1167494050.

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Randall, Kevin L. "A Geologic and Hydrochemical Investigation of the Suitability of Central Utah's Navajo Sandstone for the Disposal of Saline Process Water and CO2." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/367.

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Salt water is produced from the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in central Utah as part of the production of coalbed methane (CBM) and is disposed of by injection predominantly into the Navajo Sandstone between 4,500 feet to 7,300 feet and is considered to be a hazardous waste. Local government agencies are concerned about the potential impacts on shallow groundwater because of this disposal method. Water samples were gathered from four shallow water-supply wells, and nine salt water disposal (SWD) wells to compare hydrochemistries as an indicator of potential mixing. Shallow water-supply wells are likely recharged by local precipitation while the source of CO2 is from atmospheric and/or soil CO2 gas and comparatively, are low in total dissolved solids. Carbonate mineral dissolution is the source of CO2 in the SWD wells and is exceptionally high in TDS. The SWD water appears to be old water and displays an evaporative signature. A geologic analysis was conducted for the Drunkards Wash gas field using 479 digital gas well logs. Three subsurface faults were identified with one fault in the north and the other two in the central part of the gas field near the eastern and western flanks. These faults were further confirmed by comparing average monthly gas and water production from the first 24 months in these faulted areas to adjacent control areas. Areas near faults reveal two to six times greater gas production than that of the associated control areas, and water production is greater by nearly an order of magnitude. This difference is likely due to the fracturing associated with the damage zone near the faults allowing for increased flow of gas and water. Due to the high injection pressures the vertical hydraulic gradient has been reversed from downward to upward. However, due to the thick sequences of shale separating the disposal aquifers and the shallow aquifers the estimated time required for the disposal waters to migrate to the surface would be at least 2,000 years. I conclude that the saline waters produced from the Ferron Sandstone are being safely sequestered in deeply buried, extensive and geologically-sealed aquifers.
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Walsh, Patrick. "Hedonic Property Value Modeling of Water Quality, Lake Proximity, and Spatial Dependence in Central Florida." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3212.

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Hedonic property value analysis is one of the leading methods of environmental valuation. This non-market technique uses variation in home sales to infer the values of amenities or disamenities. While there have been numerous studies about air quality and hazardous waste, the number of papers focusing on water quality is much smaller. Consequently, there are still many unanswered questions about the proper handling of water quality through hedonic methods. Furthermore, estimates from hedonic property price analyses are rarely used in government cost benefit analyses. This dissertation investigates several important hedonic issues in a large analysis of water quality in central Florida. The first chapter of this paper explores the extent of water quality benefits. Almost all past studies have focused exclusively on waterfront homes. The present paper includes non-waterfront homes and investigates three hypotheses about the marginal impact of water quality. The first hypothesis is that non-waterfront homes are positively affected by water quality, but by a smaller amount than waterfront homes. The second hypothesis is about the effect of lake distance on the relationship between water quality and property prices: this relationship should be negative. The third hypothesis states that properties near larger lakes have a higher implicit price for water quality than homes around smaller lakes, all else constant. These three hypotheses are investigated in each chapter of the dissertation, and provide a unifying theme to the paper. Results from Chapter 1 support all three hypotheses. Most importantly, the empirical estimates indicate that water quality benefits extend beyond the waterfront in a declining gradient. Excluding non-lakefront homes from the analysis can therefore substantially underestimate the total benefits of a water quality improvement. Estimates of the total property price benefits from a one foot increase in water quality were found to double with the addition of non-waterfront homes. The second chapter examines the sensitivity of results to several spatial specifications. Spatial issues can be a problem in analyses of real estate data because of spatially correlated variables, unobservable neighborhood codes and covenants, identical or similar builders, and property appraisal valuation techniques. The focus of the chapter is on the spatial weights matrix (SWM). Six different SWM's are constructed, which are based on popular specifications encountered in the current spatial hedonic literature. An out-of-sample forecasting exercise is used to compare multiple spatial specifications. Results indicate that certain spatial models may be sensitive to the specification of the weights matrix. Furthermore, many popular models currently used in the literature could be improved by allowing more non-zero elements in the SWM. The third chapter investigates the definition of "water quality" and uses several additional quality indicators. Choosing the proper pollution indicator is an issue that has plagued many areas of the valuation literature. While clarity indicators have become popular in hedonic property price analysis, they are not used for the purposes of regulation by many state environmental departments. This chapter uses several indicators that are used by the state of Florida to classify lakes and implement policy. Implicit prices are computed for all of the indicators and issues of benefit extent and total benefits are explored. Instead of finding an optimal indicator for all situations, results indicate that the use of at least two types of indicators may capture a larger range of the true total benefits. The final chapter uses a repeat sales model to address potential problems with omitted variable bias. Due to the size of the data set in this paper, there are a substantial number of homes that have sold more than once. The repeat sales model analyzes differences in property sales prices for the same home over time. The three hypotheses of the first chapter are explored in this alternative model. The implicit price obtained from the repeat sales model is much larger than the regular hedonic model. However, there are some concerns with the smaller population of repeat sales.
Ph.D.
Department of Economics
Business Administration
Economics PhD
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Kadlec, Martin. "Determinanty tržeb a návštěvnosti obchodního centra." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124931.

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The thesis analyses determinants of shopping centre sales and its attendance demand; it is based on data of the specific shopping centre from the years 2007 -- 2011. Based on a five-year monthly time series, two sales models are created. One model tracks sales per customer, the other deals with the shopping centre sales which are compared with the sales index of retailers. On the other hand, a model of the shopping centre attendance demand uses figures of a five-year daily time series. Independent variables with significant effect on dependent variables are identified in the theoretical part. The models are estimated using the Ordinary Least Squares estimation. In all models, seasonal influences proved to be a significant determinant. In the sales models, hypotheses of the competition effect have been verified. Furthermore, in case of the attendance demand model, weather and marketing effects were estimated as important. Surprisingly, the economic variables proved themselves to be insignificant, which could be caused by the relatively short observation period. The limiting factor of all models is also the fact that the dataset consists of one shopping centre only. It prevents the author from conducting a comprehensive examination of other important determinants of shopping centre sales and attendance.
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Books on the topic "Central salish"

1

Atrapada sin salida: Buenos Aires en la política nacional, 1916-2007. San Martin, Provincia de Buenos Aires [Argentina]: UNSAM EDITA, 2010.

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India. Central sales tax laws. 9th ed. New Delhi: Wadhwa and Co., 2002.

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Saxena, Sanjeev. Taxmann's central sales tax law... New Delhi: Taxmann Allied Services, 2005.

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India. Law of central sales tax in India: With 1988 central budget amendments and exhaustive commentary thereon. 5th ed. Jaipur: Anand Prakashan, 1988.

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Lapiashvili, Natia. Modern law of contracts and sales in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Den Haag: Eleven International Pub., 2011.

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Groschen, G. E. Hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of the Edwards Aquifer saline-water zone, south-central Texas. Austin, Tex: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Hill, Sara R. Dryland salinity in North Central Victoria: A case study in detection, management and prediction. Melbourne, Victoria: Dept. of Geography, Monash University, 1988.

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Trudell, Mark R. Chemistry of groundwater in mine spoil, central Alberta. Report 1. Edmonton, Alta: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council, Reclamation Research Technical Advisory Committee, 1988.

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S, Srinivasan. Central sales tax law: An exhaustive commentary on the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, along with the Central Sales Tax (Registration and Turnover) Rules, 1957 and the rules framed under that act by the Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal States. Patna: Malhotra Bros., 1998.

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Pakistan. Central Board of Revenue. A compilation of central excise general orders and instructions: 1945-May 1986. 3rd ed. Islamabad: Manual Cell, Central Board of Revenue, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Central salish"

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Zahir, Zalmai. "Chapter 9. Incipient hierarchical alignment in four Central Salish languages from the Proto-Salish middle." In Typological Studies in Language, 309–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tsl.121.09zah.

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Montoya, T. Haydee, and G. Alfredo Olivera. "Dunaliella salina from saline environments of the central coast of Peru." In Saline Lakes V, 155–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2076-0_11.

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Esenov, P. E., and K. R. Redjepbaev. "The Reclamation of Saline Soils." In Desert Problems and Desertification in Central Asia, 167–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60128-6_15.

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Leuschner, Christoph, and Heinz Ellenberg. "Salt Marshes and Inland Saline Habitats." In Ecology of Central European Non-Forest Vegetation: Coastal to Alpine, Natural to Man-Made Habitats, 3–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43048-5_1.

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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "Financial Instability." In Introduction to Central Banking, 67–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_5.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the central bank is put aside and we review simple models of financial instability, which will be the basis for the subsequent chapter to explain the role of the central bank as lender of last resort. We first recall that financial instability is mostly triggered by a negative shock on asset prices, and thereby on the solvency of debtors, which in turn worsens access to credit and can set in motion a liquidity crisis with vicious circles. We develop the concepts of solvency “conditional” and “unconditional” on liquidity: a decline in asset prices can lead an unconditionally solvent debtor to become only conditionally solvent, such that sufficient liquidity becomes decisive for preventing its default. We then apply these concepts to the stability of bank funding and introduce the problem of bank runs. We subsequently show why asset liquidity in a dealer market deteriorates during a financial crisis (increased volatility and uncertainty increase the required bid-ask spread); how asymmetric information can lead to a freeze of credit markets in a simple adverse selection model; how declining and more volatile asset prices drive increases of haircut, and how these can force fire sales and defaults of borrowers. We finally discuss the interaction between these various crisis channels.
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Bindseil, Ulrich, and Alessio Fotia. "The Central Bank as Lender of Last Resort." In Introduction to Central Banking, 79–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70884-9_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter we review the function of the central bank as lender of last resort (LOLR), starting from the understanding of financial crises developed in the previous chapter. We recall long-established LOLR principles: proactive lending, inertia of the central bank risk control framework, and risk endogeneity. Because of its systemic role, a central bank should not tighten its collateral framework in a crisis, as restrictive policies are likely to not only increase the overall damage done by a crisis to society, but to even increase central bank losses. We explain in more detail the main reasons why a central bank should act as LOLR: prevent negative externalities from fire sales; its unique status as institution with unlimited liquidity; its status as a risk-free counterparty making others accept to deliver collateral to it even at high haircuts; and its mandate to preserve price stability. We distinguish three different forms of LOLR: elements built into the regular operational framework; readiness to relax parameters in a crisis; and provision of emergency liquidity assistance to individual firms. We then discuss what could be the optimal propensity of a central bank to engage in LOLR activities and outline possible trade-offs. Last but not least, we develop a bank-run model which highlights the role of asset liquidity and central bank eligible collateral. We calculate through a model variant with binary asset liquidity and uniform central bank collateral haircut, but then also introduce a model variant with continuous asset liquidity and haircuts.
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Damodaran, K. T., and P. Balakrishnan. "Saline Water Intrusion into the Coastal Aquifers of the Periyar River Basin, Central Kerala, India." In Water Science and Technology Library, 367–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74494-0_28.

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Berger, S., L. Schürer, R. Härtl, C. Dautermann, R. Murr, K. Messmer, and A. Baethmann. "Small Volume Resuscitation in Hemorrhagic Shock by Hypertonic/Hyperoncontic Saline-Dextran: Effects on the Central Nervous System." In Cerebral Ischemia and Basic Mechanisms, 411–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78151-3_42.

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"Some Proto-Central Salish sound correspondences." In In Honor of Mary Haas, 293–344. De Gruyter Mouton, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110852387.293.

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"Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy." In Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy, edited by Thomas H. Williams, Kitty E. Griswold, Ernest R. Ernest R., Kenneth P. Currens, and Gordon H. Reeves. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874509.ch9.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—We examined patterns of dispersal and colonization after Cordilleran glaciations, population connectivity, levels of genetic diversity, and potential impacts of anthropogenic changes to Coastal Cutthroat Trout <em>Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii</em>. Populations were mostly small with restricted dispersals but exchanged one to two migrants per generation on average. Genetic differences among local populations of Coastal Cutthroat Trout accounted for approximately three-fourths of the total genetic variation among groups, with differences among different geographical groups accounting for the rest. Because of this, hierarchical geographical population structure was difficult to detect except at small geographical scales that reflected local dispersal and gene flow or at broad geographical scales that reflected divergence associated with long-term isolation during Cordilleran glacial advances. Evolutionary processes such as gene flow and genetic drift reflected in isolation by distance occurred at distances up to 600–700 km but mostly lesser distances, whereas divergence associated with Pleistocene glaciation occurred at 1,900 km or greater. Glacial refugia existed south of the Salish Sea along the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts; in the Haida Gwaii or Alexander Archipelago; and possibly near the central coast of British Columbia near Bella Coola. Throughout the range, hybridization with Rainbow Trout <em>O. mykiss </em>or steelhead (anadromous Rainbow Trout) appears to occur naturally at low levels, but releases of hatchery-produced <em>O. mykiss </em>can lead to higher levels of hybridization and rarely hybrid swarms. Degraded habitat may contribute to hybridization, but most anthropogenic habitat alterations reduce habitat quantity and quality and disrupt opportunities for dispersal, contributing to declines in abundance, population connectivity, and genetic diversity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Central salish"

1

Rogers, David Brian, Victoria Havens, and Katherine Grote. "PREDICTING SALINE GROUNDWATER OCCURRENCE IN WESTERN AND NORTHERN MISSOURI." In 52nd Annual North-Central GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018nc-311836.

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Harrison, William, Peter J. Voice, and Andrew Caruthers. "SALINA GROUP LITHOFACIES IN THE MICHIGAN BASIN: A REVIEW FROM A TO G." In 50th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016nc-275296.

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Labotka, Dana, Samuel V. Panno, and Randy Locke. "A SULFATE CONUNDRUM: DISSOLVED SULFATES OF DEEP-SALINE BRINES AND CARBONATE ASSOCIATED SULFATES." In 50th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016nc-275309.

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Smith, Brian A., and Brian B. Hunt. "DESALINATION AND AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY POTENTIAL OF THE SALINE EDWARDS AQUIFER, CENTRAL TEXAS." In 51st Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017sc-289632.

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Birdie, Tiraz, Tandis S. Bidgoli, Eugene Holubnyak, and Jennifer Hollenbach. "ECONOMICAL MONITORING OF PORE PRESSURES IN DEEP SALINE AQUIFER TO ASSIST IN INDUCED SEISMICITY EVALUATIONS." In 52nd Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018sc-310077.

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Xiao Li, H. Vincent Poor, and Anna Scaglione. "The Central Detection Officer problem: SALSA detector and performance guarantees." In 2013 51st Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/allerton.2013.6736614.

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Rine, Matthew, Andrew H. Caruthers, Stephen Kaczmarek, and William B. Harrison. "THE SILURIAN MULDE EVENT RECORDED IN NIAGARA-LOWER SALINA REEF COMPLEXES IN THE EVAPORITIC MICHIGAN BASIN: A CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHIC APPROACH." In 50th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016nc-275062.

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Cauich-Kau, Dario del Angel, Antonio Cardona, German Giacoman-Vallejos, Hermann Rocha-Escalante, and Thomas Ruede. "INTEGRATING GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS TO CHARACTERIZE FRESH/BRACKISH/SALINE GROUNDWATER: A CASE STUDY IN A CARBONATE AQUIFER." In 51st Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017sc-289255.

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"MODELLING OF THE SHOPPING CENTRE SALES." In 15th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2008. ERES, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2008_181.

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Robbana, E., A. Tourqui, and C. D. Bishop. "In Salah Gas – First Development in the Ahnet Basin of Central Algeria." In 1st EAGE North African/Mediterranean Petroleum & Geosciences Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.8.s054.

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Reports on the topic "Central salish"

1

Huntley, D. H., P. T. Bobrowsky, D. C. Mosher, J. J. Clague, N J Roberts, and D. G. Lintern. Marine geology and landslides of the central Salish Sea, British Columbia: International Symposium on Submarine Mass Movements and their Consequences, field excursion guidebook. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/313099.

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Bradshaw, Robert, and Craig Tyner. Chemical and Engineering Factors Affecting Solar Central Receiver Applications of Ternary Molten Salts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1545833.

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Stern, Jonathan, and Katja Yafimava. The EU Competition Investigation into Gazprom�s Sales in Central and Eastern Europe. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781784670870.

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Zhambalova, A., V. Ubugunov, V. Ubugunova, and E. Tsyrempilov. MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALINE SOILS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN ZONE. LJournal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/zambal-bgsha17.

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Watney, W. Lynn, Jason Rush, and Jennifer Raney. Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir To Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1262248.

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Watney, W. Lynn. Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir To Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1262250.

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Watney, W. Lynn. Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir To Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1262265.

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Watney, W. Lynn. Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir To Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1262271.

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Watney, W. Lynn. Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir To Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1262273.

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Saldanha, Ian J., Wangnan Cao, Justin M. Broyles, Gaelen P. Adam, Monika Reddy Bhuma, Shivani Mehta, Laura S. Dominici, Andrea L. Pusic, and Ethan M. Balk. Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer245.

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Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.
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