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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Centralization'
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1
Thompson, Charles. "'Diffusion against centralization' : centralization and its discontents in America, 1848-1860." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16891/.
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This thesis explores how American conservatives in the 1850s used centralization as a term and process to understand social change, sectional conflict, and political economy, but paradoxically used opposition to centralization tactically to expand economic networks, extend state capacity, and rein in the effects of Jacksonian democracy. Opposition to centralization might seem an inherently democratic language. But a diverse group of northerners sought to reclaim this language for their own purposes. Drawing from revolutionary warnings against democratic excess and contemporary fears of popular violence, they tried to redefine the people as the greatest centralizing threat. The transformation of France from democratic republic to authoritarian empire gave conservatives an opportunity to show that democracies inevitably allowed power to centralize. But centralization also had a geographic dimension, and conservatives in eastern metropolises often used the term to warn against the growing power of rival empire cities and long-distance trade. Anxieties about consolidating divided municipal governments and concentrating voting power in a majority northern electorate also found expression in critiques of centralization. Yet historians have also identified processes of centralization underway in the period, and conservatives engaged with these too. Reformers embraced stronger municipal governments, city boosters pushed to entrench their economic dominance over expanding hinterlands, and pro-compromise unionists urged the federal government to intervene in the sectional crisis. Conservatives often supported these changes, arguing centralization without further democratisation was a necessary step. When confronted with disunion, urban disorder, and economic growth, they often backed centring power both institutionally and geographically in response. Denouncing democracy and rival cities as centralizers only helped conservatives legitimise their own centralizing agenda. Exploring how conservatives used centralization therefore highlights a sometimes neglected conservative modernising agenda in the 1850s, one that used an Early Republican political language but anticipated postbellum administrative rationalisation and democratic retreat.
2
Unal, Muruvvet. "Centralization And Advance Quality Information In Remanufacturing." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611109/index.pdf.
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In this study, value of quality information and the eects of centralization are investigated
for a reverse supply chain consisting of a remanufacturer and a collector. Used products are
collected and inspected to classify them into quality groups, then they are remanufactured to
meet the demand of remanufactured products. The supply of collected products and demand
of remanufactured products are both price-sensitive. The uncertain quality of the collected
products is revealed by an inspection process. Two quality classes are considered, and the cost
of remanufacturing depends on the quality class. The main decisions are on acquisition fee for
the returns, the selling price for remanufactured products, and the transfer prices of inspected
products between the collector and the remanufacturer. For this environment, centralized
and decentralized settings are considered and dierent models that dier in availability of
quality information when the pricing decisions are made are built. We explore the value of
advance quality information and eects of centralization on the optimal prices and profits via
a computational study.
3
Trucco, Alvar. "The role of Golgi centralization in intracellular traffic." Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424820.
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Xu, Kuang Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "On the power of centralization in distributed processing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66480.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).<br>In this thesis, we propose and analyze a multi-server model that captures a performance trade-off between centralized and distributed processing. In our model, a fraction p of an available resource is deployed in a centralized manner (e.g., to serve a most-loaded station) while the remaining fraction 1 -p is allocated to local servers that can only serve requests addressed specifically to their respective stations. Using a fluid model approach, we demonstrate a surprising phase transition in the steady-state delay, as p changes: in the limit of a large number of stations, and when any amount of centralization is available (p > 0), the average queue length in steady state scales as log 1/1-p 1/1-[lambda] when the traffic intensity [lambda] goes to 1. This is exponentially smaller than the usual M/M/1-queue delay scaling of 1/1-[lambda], obtained when all resources are fully allocated to local stations (p = 0). This indicates a strong qualitative impact of even a small degree of centralization. We prove convergence to a fluid limit, and characterize both the transient and steady-state behavior of the finite system, in the limit as the number of stations N goes to infinity. We show that the sequence of queue-length processes converges to a unique fluid trajectory (over any finite time interval, as N --> [infinity]), and that this fluid trajectory converges to a unique invariant state vI, for which a simple closedform expression is obtained. We also show that the steady-state distribution of the N-server system concentrates on vI as N goes to infinity.<br>by Kuang Xu.<br>S.M.
5
Pavlova, Aleksandra. "The Impact of centralization on democracy in Russia." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194227.
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The thesis aims at analyzing the consequences of centralization policies in Russia and its impact on the quality of democracy in the country. Centralization is believed to strengthen states' political power by increasing the effectiveness of governance and proliferation of secession movements. However centralization is also very often associated with antidemocratic governance because it implies the limitation of local authorities' power which can lead to decrease of local official's responsiveness, people participation etc. Thus there should be taken into account many factors when assessing whether the centralization policy is necessary or not.
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Somel, Gozde. "Centralization And Opposition In Mongol And Ottoman State Formations." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609849/index.pdf.
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The Mongol and the Ottoman leadership structures emerged in milieus where identities were changeable, mobility was high and the alliances were shifting. Chinggis Khan arose to degree of Khanate of entire Mongolia from an extremely marginal position in tribal politics and his experiences in this process provided him an anti-tribal political vision. He at the very beginning of his career formed the nucleus of his political power by his relationships and entourages. Later, he reorganized the clans and tribes, which submitted their loyalty to him around those principal participants in his army of conquest. Osman Bey made successful conquests thanks to the advantageous geographical position of his principality, became famous in a short time and managed to attract various elements of complex social structure of the Byzantine frontiers to him. He did not involve in a harsh struggle for leadership. Instead of monopolization of power, he favored sharing of it with his companions in arms.
Mongols, after monopolizing power in the steppes devoted their energies to frontier conquests. However, during Chinggis Khan&rsquo<br>s reign, the Mongols saw the centre of the authority there. Their relation with the societies outside the Mongolia was indirect. Ottomans on the other hand, built up their administrative apparatus in the conquered territories.
The Ottomans created a new bureaucratic group which did not have a power base besides the posts in Ottoman state and placed them to the centre of administration. Those posts did not have any hereditary dimension. The Mongols, contrary to the Ottomans, turned the state offices to hereditary posts and in time they began to distribute peoples, armies, lands and resources throughout the empire as appanages to state officers. Therefore, the Chinggisids created a new aristocracy who had the power in their hands to shake the centralist order of Chinggis Khan.
7
Croarken, Mary G. "The centralization of scientific computation in Britain, 1925-1955." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1985. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67092/.
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This study examines the organization of scientific computation in Britain over the period 1925-1955. At the beginning of the twentieth century most scientific computation was performed by individuals using logarithm tables and slide rules. By the late 1920s desk calculators and accounting machines had become common computing tools. This thesis looks at the adoption of mechanized computing methods by scientists and traces the centralization of computing effort which subsequently took place. Chapter 1 identifies nine criteria which are used to analyse the individual computing centres discussed in the thesis, and form a basis for the study. Chapter 1 also looks at scientific computation at the beginning of the twentieth century and gives relevant background information for the remainder of the thesis. The bulk of the thesis, chapters 2 to 6, describe the computing centres which emerged during 1925-1955. The description begins by looking at L.J. Comrie's work at the Nautical Almanac Office in the late 1920s and goes on to consider the Scientific Computing Service, the Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory, the Admiralty Cotnputing Service and the NPL Mathematics Division. The NPL Mathematics Division is of particular importance as it was set up, in 1945, to act as a national computing centre and represents the pinnacle of centralized computing in Britain. Similar events in the United States and Europe are described in chapter 7 and are compared and contrasted with centralized computation in Britain. The Unesco International Computation Centre is also described in chapter 7 and some conclusions about the way in which computation in Britain was centralized are given.
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Kwok, Kwing-sun Steven, and 郭烱燊. "The issue of corporate computing strategy: centralization versus decentralization." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263793.
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Kornick, Adam Marcus 1974. "Centralization of manufacturing processes at a major automotive OEM." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34779.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Manufacturing Program at MIT, 2004.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-75).<br>Ford is moving from decentralized control of manufacturing processes to centralized control. Prior to this centralization effort, product development occurred as a central function, but individual plants were largely allowed to select vendors, machine tools, suppliers, etc. for production without central oversight (other than accounting and cost control). Ford has now formed a group, manufacturing engineering, within powertrain operations (PTO), as well as analogous groups in other business units, to standardize and centralize these functions for the production of engines and transmissions. To date, the group has formally centralized machine design and purchasing with some success and a fair amount of upheaval in the daily tasks of on- site launch team members. Two technical aspects of this shift are examined, beginning with higher communication costs. These costs are the time and effort spent relaying information to understand and select a course of action for a production network rather than a course of action for a single plant. Communication costs for Ford are shown to increase with the number of plants or platforms involved in a product or process decision. After evaluating these delays, methods to improve communication costs by modifying individual responsibilities as well as methods used by other centralized manufacturers are discussed. In addition to modifying communication across the production network, common production processes also allow for flexible production within the network. Once plants share common equipment and processes they can produce the same products. A simple model is used to demonstrate that the network becomes more flexible and opportunities arise to improve the overall supply chain for engine production.<br>(cont.) The first order effects of this flexibility are shown to be increased utilization and fewer stockouts. However, second order effects of production scheduling and inventory management problems arise because the broader supply chain has not yet been modified to incorporate plant floor flexibility. Suggested improvements to address these second order effects are also discussed.<br>by Adam M. Kornick.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
10
Khellaf, Assia. "Decentralization and centralization of local public services in Tunisia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67407.
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Kwok, Kwing-sun Steven. "The issue of corporate computing strategy : centralization versus decentralization /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12336233.
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Wang, Yang, and 王暘. "Landscape of resistance urban centralization and decentralization within megalopolis homogeneity." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196530.
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Marshall, Adam Ryan. "Improving outpatient non-oncology infusion through centralization and scheduling heuristics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104307.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Thesis: S.M. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 117-119).<br>The use of highly effective intravenously infused specialty drugs has increased significantly over the past two decades as they have led to dramatic improvements in patients' quality-of- life. At Massachusetts General Hospital, these drugs are administered in ten independent outpatient clinics. While some clinics only need to offer sporadic treatments and have low utilization of resources, other clinics find patient access is severely limited due to high utilization, poor scheduling practices, and inadequate staffing. This thesis describes methods to increase patient access to infusion while improving resource utilization. Underlying this improvement is a specially developed scheduling algorithm that smooths chair utilization while permitting flexible, multi-day scheduling. By employing the new scheduling algorithm, the recommended centralized infusion unit will be able to provide more expedient care, offer emergent appointments, avoid unnecessary hospital infusion admissions, and make more efficient use of clinical resources. Adding only two days of flexibility to appointments reduces resource requirements by up to 57%. Also, the day-to-day variability in patient volume is stabilized. Finally, the centralization of administrative resources ensures efficient prior authorization processing, leading to significant financial savings.<br>by Adam Ryan Marshall.<br>M.B.A.<br>S.M. in Engineering Systems
14
Allen, John G. "From centralization to decentralization : the politics of transit in Chicagoland." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11030.
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Woodlock, Kylie Michelle. "William's America: Royal Perspective and Centralization of the English Atlantic." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404605/.
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William III, Prince of Orange, ascended the throne of England after the English Glorious Revolution of 1688. The next year, the American colonists rebelled against colonial administrations in the name of their new king. This thesis examines William's perception of these rebellions and the impact his perception had on colonial structures following the Glorious Revolution. Identifying William's modus operandi—his habit of acceding to other's political choices for expediency until decisive action could be taken to assert his true agenda—elucidates his imperial ambitions through the context of his actions. William, an enigmatic and taciturn figure, rarely spoke his mind and therefore his actions must speak for him. By first establishing his pattern of behavior during his early career in the Netherlands and England, this project analyzes William's long-term ambitions to bring the Americas under his direct control following the 1689 rebellions and establish colonial administrations more in line with his vision of a centralized English empire.
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Falk, Wilma, and Karine Raundalen. "Decentralization and centralization in the context of a global crisis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447584.
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Decentralization versus centralization is a discussed subject within the field of management, and it is about where control is allocated in the organization. This thesis aimed to contributewith understanding of these two contrasting structures by a multiple-case study consisting of Swedens’ decentralized, and Norway’s centralized national health care service in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Opportunities and challenges are studied within each organizational model by studying the handling of the shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE). The empirical findings showed that the allocation of control at regional level in the organization of Sweden’s national health care resulted in opportunities to create new forms of regional collaborations, and challenges of having to change the current organizational model due to the complexity of the problem. In Norway, where control is allocated at the national level, an opportunity was the establishing of a national purchase and distribution system and to handle the problem proactively. For some parts of the local level, implementation of directives given by central authorities turned out to be a challenge.
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Taylor, Matthew. "The Centralization of Bitcoin: The Long-Run Economics of Bitcoin Mining." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/834.
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The Bitcoin currency relies on a transaction verification system run by a decentralized network of miners. This paper evaluates the long-term economic stability of Bitcoin mining. Specifically, I analyze the incentive structure surrounding transaction fees, which are part of the reward miners earn for verifying transactions in the Bitcoin network. My method of investigation is to first construct a visual model representing miner incentives, then input current and estimated data into that model, and finally determine how individual miners and pools will behave based on the key variables included in the model and industry trends. I conclude, under the current protocol rules, Bitcoin mining is not economically sustainable in the long-term due to the impending centralization of the network. Centralization in itself will not necessarily destroy the network. However, it will lead to unsatisfactory outcomes that will greatly lower the value of the entire system. Therefore, I recommend two potential solutions to the centralization issue, namely the requirement of either P2Pools or a proof-of-stake mechanism. The development of future applications on the Bitcoin protocol depends on the success of the Bitcoin currency application. These future technologies, along with the Bitcoin currency, have the potential to disrupt many industries. But, if miner incentives are not aligned with maintaining decentralization, then none of this potential will be realized.
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Sohn, Tae-Hee, and Guruprakash (Guruprakash Coimbatore) Rangavittal. "The impact and dynamics of centralization in supply chain decision-making." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45243.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-89).<br>Companies with a corporate supply chain department and multiple business units use one of two methods for their supply chain decision-making: centralized decision-making where supply chain decisions are made at the corporate level by the central supply chain department or decentralized decision-making where supply chain decisions are made at a business unit level. We investigate the hypothesis that a centralized organizational structure helps companies lower costs and a decentralized organization structure enables companies to quickly respond to customer needs on a real time basis and improve customer service. To evaluate our hypothesis we surveyed industry current practice. Based on our analysis from the survey, we identified three factors that influence companies to adopt either a centralized or decentralized organization structure: customer service, supply chain management cost, and organizational control. We identified that a "hybrid" structure, where strategic functions are centralized and operational functions are decentralized, had the lowest supply chain management cost percentage to sales.<br>by Guruprakash Rangavittal and Tae-Hee Sohn.<br>M.Eng.in Logistics
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Pettersson, Stefan. "Performance and implementation aspects of wireless indoor communication with local centralization." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Signaler, sensorer och system, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1096.
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Ehrlich, Kornelia, Agnes Kriszan, and Thilo Lang. "Urban Development in Central and Eastern Europe: Between Peripheralization and Centralization?" Routledge, 2012. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74186.
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The paper provides a theoretical account
of the terms peripheralization and polarization,
which are used as conceptual contexts.
The authors examine whether spatial development
in Central and Eastern Europe can be described
as a process of polarization and whether
this can be seen as the result of current regional
and national spatial policies. Empirically,
the paper explores ongoing research projects in
Ljubljana, Slovenia and Poznan´ , Poland in relation
to the less dynamic parts of these countries
in order to identify further research needs.
Viewing spatial development in Slovenia and in
the Poznan´ region from the viewpoint of polarization
and peripheralization has opened alternative
viewpoints on spatial development. A
process-based and dynamic approach to investigating
disparities should reflect views on the
periphery and the center and their specific interrelationships.
The perspective of seeing the
processes of centralization and peripheralization
as related and the combination of structural and
socio-political aspects in the constitution of peripheral
and central spaces will advance the current
state-of-the-art research on spatial development
issues in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Jakobsson, Petter. "Bridging Business and Design : A Business Thinking and DesignOps Centralization Approach." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285953.
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Creating and communicating the business value of design is a complex task. This case study set out to bridge the fields of business and design by investigating how design consultants can communicate the value of design to their clients. More specifically, the study investigates (1) how desirability can be linked to viability by using Strategy Maps and Conditional Statements, (2) how to quantify design output by calculating Return on Investment of Retention and (3) how to verbally and visually communicate design through relevant terminology and communication techniques. To do this, a Business Thinking approach was applied. A first research phase consisting of 12 interviews were conducted, focusing on understanding the work environment of design consultants at the digital consultancy firm Futurice and how they collaborate with their current project clients. The results were used as a blueprint for the second research phase, consisting of one-on-one co-creation workshop sessions between design consultants and their current clients. The sessions were evaluated in Business Thinking experiments and interviews. Physical co-creation canvases were implemented and used in the workshops. The experiments demonstrate that tools and methods inherited from Business Design and Business Thinking can be integrated without disrupting the existing DesignOps at Futurice. Further, the results indicate that the Business Thinking approach can be applied both to the design process of individual design consultants and into DesignOps management, which encourages application beyond the case of Futurice. To what extent is profoundly dependent on the design maturity of the individual designer and the organization. This is assessed and discussed based on the Design Ladder.<br>Att skapa och kommunicera affärsvärdet av design är en komplex uppgift. Denna fallstudie syftar till att sammanlänka områdena affärsutveckling och design genom att undersöka hur designkonsulter kan kommunicera affärsvärdet av design till sina kunder. Mer specifikt undersöker studien (1) hur önskvärdhet kan kopplas till genomförbarhet genom att använda Strategy Maps och Conditional Statements, (2) hur man kan kvantifiera design-output genom att beräkna Return on Investment of Retention och (3) hur man verbalt och visuellt kan kommunicera design genom relevant terminologi och kommunikationstekniker. För att genomföra detta tillämpades ett tillvägagångssätt baserat på Business Thinking. En första forskningsfas bestående av 12 intervjuer genomfördes med fokus på att förstå arbetsmiljön för designkonsulter på det digitala konsultföretaget Futurice och hur de samarbetar med sina nuvarande kunder. Resultaten användes som ett underlag för den andra forskningsfasen, bestående av one-on-one workshop-sessioner mellan designkonsulter och deras nuvarande kunder. Sessionerna utvärderades i experiment och intervjuer baserade på metodik från Business Thinking. Fysiska a co-creation kanvaser implementerades och användes i samtliga workshops. De utförda experimenten visar att verktyg och metoder baserade på Business Design och Business Thinking kan integreras utan att störa befintliga design operationer (DesignOps) på Futurice. Resultaten indikerar även att Business Thinking-strategier kan tillämpas både vid designprocessen för individuella designkonsulter och vid DesignOps inom en organisation, vilket även uppmuntrar till tillämpning utanför Futurice. I vilken utsträckning detta kan göras beror på mognadsgraden för design, både för individuella designers och för organisationer. Detta bedöms och diskuteras baserat på metoden Design Ladder.
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Hunter, Christian Kent. "Educational underdevelopment and institutional expansion in the historical centralization of Tanzania." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p088-0191.
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Low, J. R. "Centralization and decentralization in personnel management : a case study of organizational change." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376469.
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Alves, Bruno Miguel Pinto. "A comparative study between centralization and decentralization of diagnostic reasoning in EPS." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5320.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de
mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores<br>This thesis addresses the problem of performing diagnosis in recent production
paradigms that appear in response to the requirements imposed by the evolution of
society. These systems are composed by intelligent modules, which interact and
coordinate with each other in a distributed fashion to perform a particular task.
These modules follow the concept of "Plug and Play", which means they must be able to organize themselves, without any kind of reprogramming, so that they can meet the production requirements.
These new distributed production systems increase flexibility and agility on the
production line, thus providing the necessary support for custom production.
The diagnostic systems are in the context of these new paradigms, seen as essential not only to monitor and diagnose faults, but also as an effective means of prevention and maintenance in the short and long term.
However, due to the complexity and dynamics at interactions level between modules, it becomes particularly difficult to implement effective procedures for diagnosis,to identify and understand the faults between modules. The nature of the interactions
between modules goes beyond the logic control, making the traditional diagnostic
systems, usually focusing on equipment rather than the relationships between them, not the suitable solutions to these new paradigms.
This thesis provides a comparison study of two diagnostic systems that follow different approaches (one centralized and other distributed). To implement and validate
this comparison, is defined and used a metric that relates the performance of diagnostic systems with the complexity of the interactions network formed by several modules.
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Burton, Mary Litts. "The consolidation of Alleghany County and Clifton Forge City Schools: a case study." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54773.
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School division consolidation is a topic which elicits strong emotional responses about which there is considerable opinion but limited research data. The purpose of this study was to furnish data which would offer answers to specific questions concerning the merger of two school divisions. The context of the study was the merger which formed the Alleghany Highlands Public Schools, a rural division in Southwest Virginia. The research questions include the following: Did education improve following the merger? Were costs reduced? What happened to students in the process? How did teachers respond? How did patrons and the community interact?
The methodology applied in this study consisted of a variety of research techniques including archival materials, surveys, interviews about the merger--what led to it, how it was achieved, and whether it worked. The following key findings emerged:
• students and teachers felt positive about the merger and their relation to it,
• the community believed that the merger was a success,
• the educational program was enhanced with the addition of numerous courses, the revitalization of standing courses, and the assignment of teachers to maximize the use of their expertise, and
• the rate of increases in the expenditures of local dollars for education has probably been slower than it might have been for each governmental unit to support separate systems.
The study confirmed the problems inherent in evaluating school division consolidation. It also verified that merger can respond to concerns about economy and efficiency and the use of scare resources which must be exercised as schools attempt to meet student needs in a rapidly changing society. preparation to meet society's needs. Many of the problems, promises, and conditions following school division consolidation were revealed in the summaries of the interviews with the key actors.<br>Ed. D.
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Vickers, Stephen R. "Examining the Duplication of Flight Test Data Centers." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595653.
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ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada<br>Aircraft flight test data processing began with on site data analysis from the very first aircraft design. This method of analyzing flight data continued from the early 1900's to the present day. Today each new aircraft program builds a separate data center for post flight processing (PFP) to include operations, system administration, and management. Flight Test Engineers (FTE) are relocated from geographical areas to ramp up the manpower needed to analyze the PFP data center products and when the first phase of aircraft design and development is completed the FTE headcount is reduced with the FTE either relocated to another program or the FTE finds other employment. This paper is a condensed form of the research conducted by the author on how the methodology of continuing to build PFP data centers cost the aircraft company millions of dollars in development and millions of dollars on relocation plus relocation stress effects on FTE which can hinder productivity. This method of PFP data center development can be avoided by the consolidation of PFP data centers using present technology.
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Hedayat, Hirbohd. "The Development of the Modern Iranian Nation-State: From Qajar Origins to Early Pahlavi Modernization." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77956.
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This thesis focuses on the development of the Iranian nation and state from 1811 to 1941. Both of these developments occurred in response to Iran's encounter with the European powers, specifically Russia and Great Britain. Government-led reforms opened the possibility for the development of Iranian nationalism, as Iranian students were in England and brought back the first printing press with them to Iran in 1815. The introduction of the printing press was significant to the development of the Iranian nation-state, as an increase in journals and periodicals introduced contemporary European political ideas to Iranians. This increased the calls to replicate the customs and norms of European society in Iran, ultimately leading to the Constitutional Revolution of 1906. The Constitutional Revolution established a Parliament in Iran that was politically weak and held little power in the provinces outside of Tehran. Tribal authority increased throughout Iran, and the Russians and British eventually occupied Iran from 1911 to 1917. The establishment of Reza Shah's rule in 1921 introduced a new centralized Iranian state that was legitimated by the nation and established its rule over the tribes. It is also during Reza Shah's rule that the conception of the Iranian nation begins to change.<br>Master of Arts
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BALBI, IRINEU BELO. "ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM IN BRAZIL IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: CENTRALIZATION, BUREAUCRATIC MODEL AND DEVELOPMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26904@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>A investigação procurou discutir três reformas administrativas realizadas no Brasil que, na literatura especializada, aparecem com destaque. A primeira delas se desenvolveu durante o primeiro governo Vargas, a segunda ocorreu no governo Castelo Branco, em 1967, e a última, implantada durante o governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso, em 1995, a única ocorrida em regime democrático. A análise sobre as reformas administrativas é norteada por três principais eixos analíticos. O primeiro diz respeito à definição do papel do Estado e de sua relação com o mercado. O segundo trata do desdobramento da reforma administrativa sobre o sistema federativo, especialmente se privilegiou a centralização ou descentralização. O terceiro se refere à complexa relação entre governo e sociedade, mais especificamente à convivência entre aspectos clientelistas e a busca pelo universalismo de procedimentos. Concluiu-se que durante o governo Vargas teve início o ciclo de reformas administrativas, com a tentativa de implantar o Estado burocrático racional-legal. Neste momento, predominou a ênfase na centralização política e intensa predominância da atuação estatal na economia. No governo Castelo Branco, o Decreto-lei número 200, de 1967, procurou fortalecer a administração indireta, em contexto de intensa centralização no governo federal e de ainda expansão do Estado nacional-desenvolvimentista. A reforma administrativa de 1995 pretendia substituir a administração burocrática por modelos pós-burocráticos. Não logrou êxito, em razão da perspectiva fiscal que prevalecia à época, entretanto, promoveu redefinição das funções do Estado por meio da realização de privatizações e da criação de agências reguladoras, assim como procurou abrir algum espaço para a descentralização.<br>The investigation intends to discuss three administrative reforms that took place in Brazil and that are shown with distinction in specialized literature. The first of them developed during the first Vargas administration, the second during the Castelo Branco administration in 1967, and the last was implemented during the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration in 1995, the only one occuring in a democratic regime. The analysis about the administrative reforms is guided by three main analytical axis. The first one concerns the definition of the role to be played by the State and of its relation to the Market. The second deals with the unfolding of the administrative reform over the federal system, more specifically if it prioritized centralization or decentralization. The third refers to the complex relationship between government and society, more specifically to the interactions between clientelistic aspects and a more universal approach towards general proceedings. It was concluded that during the Vargas administration a cycle of administrative reforms began with the intent to implement a bureaucratic rational-legal authority. In this particular moment, the emphasis in political centralization and in an intense presence of the State in the economy prevailed. In the course of the Castelo Branco administration, the 1967 decree-law number 200 intended to strengthen the indirect administration amid a moment of intense political centralization in the hands of the federal government and a parallel expansion of the national-developmentist State. The 1995 administrative reform intended to replace the bureaucratic administration models by post-bureaucratic ones. It did not succeed due to the fiscal perspectives that were predominant at the time. However, it provided a redefinition of the functions of the State by promoting privatizations and creating regulatory agencies, and aiming to find some space for decentralization.
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Moore_III, Maddix D. "Exclusion from the centralization of power: African-American women and the black church." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2007. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3577.
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This study examined the issue of sexism in the Black Church, as it impacts the level of participation of women not only as church members, but also as pastors. This practice of gender discrimination is, in reality, theological sexism. This study was based on the fact that there existed and continues to exists a separation of power related to gender discrimination of women who seek equal positions as pastors within the Black Church structure, thereby eliminating the stained glass ceiling. This is a case study based on fifteen interviews with both male and female pastors and churches in the Greater Metropolitan Atlanta and Theological academicians at local seminaries. The research revealed that both male and female pastors acknowledged that theological sexism does exist within the Black Church. The response of women has been to establish their own churches. Also, there is a rise in the number of husband/wife pastors with the wife serving as co-pastor. However, the Black Church has yet to acknowledge its established guidelines for changing the practice of theological sexism.
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Whatley, Sandra L. "Centralization or decentralization? : a case study of the Military Sealift Command's Special Mission Program /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA310287.
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Šerpytis, Karolis. "Evaluation of State‘s Financial Benefits from Centralization of Public Procurement (the case of Lithuania)." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120118_131058-32761.
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World financial and economic crisis encouraged government institutions to find ways for more efficient organization of public procurement. Therefore there is growing interest in public procurement centralization process. In the dissertation there are analyzed economic, management and law aspects of public procurement centralization. The aim of the dissertation is to create a model for evaluating state’s financial benefits from centralization of public procurement and to evaluate these benefits in the case of Lithuania. By generalizing scientific literature there are abstracted elements influencing formation of financial benefits from centralization of public procurement, also there are advantages and disadvantages of public procurement centralization being analyzed. By synthesizing scientific knowledge of purchasing management and auction theory, few hypotheses are raised to explain differences in prices between centralized and decentralized public procurement. Empirical research of public procurement centralization was conducted and based on research results evaluation of Lithuanian state financial benefits from public procurement centralization was carried out. Also causes of price differences between centralized and decentralized public procurement were defined. Generalization of research results enabled to do prediction of development for public procurement centralization.<br>Pasaulyje 2008 metais kilusi finansinė ir ekonominė krizė paskatino valdžios institucijas ieškoti būdų, kaip efektyviau naudoti valstybės biudžeto lėšas, skirtas viešiesiems pirkimams. Todėl susidomėjimas viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimu pastaruoju metu labai padidėjo. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami ekonominiai, vadybiniai ir teisiniai viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo aspektai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – sukurti viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo finansinės naudos vertinimo modelį ir remiantis šiuo modeliu atlikti šios naudos vertinimo tyrimą viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo Lietuvoje atveju. Disertacijoje, apibendrinus mokslinę literatūrą, išskiriami veiksniai, lemiantys viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo finansinę naudą, taip pat analizuojami pirkimų centralizavimo pranašumai ir trūkumai. Sintetinant pirkimų valdymo dalyko ir aukcionų teorijos žinias, iškeliamos hipotezės paaiškinančios skirtumus tarp kainų centralizuotuose ir decentralizuotuose viešuosiuose pirkimuose. Darbe atlikti keli empiriniai viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo tyrimai, kurių pagrindu įvertinta viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo Lietuvoje finansinė nauda. Taip pat nustatytos kainų skirtumo centralizuotuose ir decentralizuotuose viešuosiuose pirkimuose susidarymo priežastys. Apibendrinti tyrimų rezultatai leido pateikti viešųjų pirkimų centralizavimo plėtros prognozę.
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Tekieli, Michael [Verfasser]. "Global Reward Management in Multinational Enterprises : Antecedents and Consequences of Practice Centralization / Michael Tekieli." Berlin : ESCP Europe Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172919011/34.
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Duncan, Tyeliah Elaine. "Modeling and centralization of strategic inventory for repairable and long lead-time spare parts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66067.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2011.<br>Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60).<br>This thesis develops an optimal inventory model for repairable and long leadtime spare parts for an Engine overhaul business. In addition, it presents a business case for centralization of inventory. Pratt & Whitney purchased the Norway Engine Center (NEC) in 2000. Two new engine centers, the Shanghai Engine Center (SEC) and the Turkey Engine Center (TEC) opened as joint ventures in 2009. While all three engine centers overhaul the same engine, they each make independent decisions regarding material strategy. Operations are expected to grow substantially at the two newest centers. Current inventory practices are not sustainable as operations expand. In addition, the overhaul business is a competitive market and there is growing pressure to decrease engine turn-around-time (TAT). An optimal material strategy is needed to reduce the material sourcing time and therefore reduce overall TAT. This project develops an inventory strategy that will significantly reduce TAT with minimal additional inventory investment. To accomplish this, an inventory model was developed to determine the optimal inventory level and then using this model, the business case for using centralization to reduce both holding cost and material sourcing time was investigated. All inventory in the engine centers were considered in this project, however rotable material became the focus of this research as it has the largest impact on the engine center through its high value and long lead-times. Rotable material is inventory used to buffer against the lead-time of parts out for repair. In the engine overhaul business material sourcing time is built into the process. This means that material is not needed immediately but rather after some specified amount of time. This feature is central to the rotable inventory model. The model determines the mean and variance of the excess lead-time - the portion of the lead-time that occurs after the specified time allotted. The excess lead-time is used to determine the optimal reorder point. Using this model, we show that centralization of rotable material will reduce inventory value by more than 30% over the current decentralized system both using the current TAT as well as the proposed TAT.<br>by Tyeliah Elaine Duncan.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Grissom, Jason Andrew. "The centralization of authority in public schooling : causes, consequences and implications for local governance /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Ati, Macabangkit P., and n/a. "Regionalization for local autonomy and development in the Philippines : a study of Region XII, Central Mindanao." University of Canberra. Management, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060605.124315.
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SÖDERBERG, ANTON, and ALEXANDER WALLENBERG. "Impact and Adoption of Flexibility in a Rigid and Centralized Distribution Network : A Case Study on a Global Manufacturing Company." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191128.
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For manufacturing firms to succeed in the global marketplace it is important that they have an efficient supply chain that is well adapted to the characteristics of the products. This thesis explore the companies' challenge to adapt its supply chain to the characteristics of heir products. A case study has been conducted on a global manufacturing company's distribution network. The company, which is in focus of the study, has conducted extensive effort with standardization and centralization of the distribution network to improve the performance indicators. Consequently, the study focuses on examining how the factors, standardization and centralization, impact the performance indicators in the distribution network. The empirical results show that the company's distribution network is designed to operate efficiently for Make-To-Stock (MTS) products. Nonetheless, the network does not work as efficiently for Make-To-Order (MTO) products. These products are forced through a series of non-value activities. The lack of flexibility in the network leads to manually bypasses, which increases both the workload and risk. Therefore, the performance indicators are improved by a more flexible design adapted to the product characteristics and customer needs. The study identifies four barriers preventing the company to adapt its distribution network to a more flexible design An excessive focus on economies of scale Imbalance between central and regional capabilities in the organization Rigid processes and lack of software support Complexity in transfer pricing and revenue sharing between entities Finally, the study contributes with suggested actions aimed to increase the flexibility of the company's distribution network.
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Stefanicki, Martin, and Therese Fagerlind. "The distribution of sustainability decision-making in manufacturing networks." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170480.
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In order to contribute to the research for solving the challenge of implementing business sustainability, this study aims to explore the relation between an important aspect of organizational structure; centralization, and an important aspect of sustainability management; setting sustainability objectives. This has been done, in particular, by studying the distribution of decisions related to economic, environmental and social sustainability objectives between different organizational levels in multi-plant manufacturing networks. The research is fundamentally exploratory and has been conducted as a multiple case study, with nine participating case organizations. Data has been used from the nine case organizations, based on semi-structured interviews. Five different decision-making approaches for sustainability have been found; all decisions are centralized and decided at the corporate headquarters, all decisions are aggregated and decided at the central headquarters but adapted and transformed when distributed to lower organizational levels, all decisions are integrated and decided at both the central headquarters and at lower organizational levels, all decisions are decided at an intermediate organizational level, and all decisions are local and decided at the plant level. The findings also show that there is no consistent way of deciding upon sustainability issues, where some case organizations seem to regard sustainability as a global concern, while others regard it as a more local concern. In general, the economic sustainability dimension is regarded as more of a global concern, while the environmental dimension is more of a local concern, and the social dimension more of an integrated concern, where some related issues are decided more centralized while others are decided more local. The findings of this study can act as guidance for managers when implementing or improving their sustainability strategies. The findings also provide empirical data for the academic with the possibility to expand and evaluate the research in the future.<br>För att bidra till att hitta en lösning till utmaningen med att implementera affärsmässig hållbarhet iorganisationer, syftar den här studien till att undersöka relationen mellan en viktig aspekt av organisationsstruktur: centralisering, och en viktig aspekt av hållbarhetsstrategi: sätta mål. Detta har gjorts genom att kartlägga fördelningen av beslut relaterade till de tre dimensionerna av hållbarhet; ekonomisk, miljö och social, mellan olika organisationsnivåer. Studien är i grunden utforskande och har genomförts som en multipel fallstudie, med nio deltagande fallstudieorganisationer. Det datamaterial som har använts baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem olika beslutsstrukturer har hittats: alla beslut är centraliserade och fattas på huvudkontoret, alla beslut är aggregerade och fattas på huvudkontoret men anpassas till respektive lokal nivå, alla beslut är integrerade där vissa fattas på centralnivå medan andra fattas på lokalnivå, alla beslut fattas på en mellannivå i organisationen och alla beslut är lokala och fattas på fabriksnivå. I tillägg till detta, har vi hittat att vissa av organisationerna behandlar hållbarhet som en mer global angelägenhet, medan andra som en mer lokal angelägenhet. Generellt anses den ekonomiska dimensionen som en mer global angelägenhet, medan den miljömässiga dimensionen betraktas mer som en lokal angelägenhet. Den sociala hållbarhetsdimensionen verkar vara en integrerad angelägenhet, där vissa beslut är mer globala, medan andra är mer lokala. Studiens resultat ämnar fungera som en guide till företag när de implementerar eller förbättrar sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Resultatet utgör också viktig empirisk data som kan användas i framtida, utvecklande forskning.
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Frusetta, James Walter. "Bulgaria's Macedonia nation-building and state-building, centralization and autonomy in Pirin Macedonia, 1903-1952 /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4143.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: History. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Dorsey, Talia (Talia H. ). "Swell : a proposition for coastal metropolises in the age of rising seas and distributed centralization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34982.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2006.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-83).<br>Premised upon the certain realities of the rise of urban sprawl, globalized dynamic networks, and sea levels, this thesis seeks to question these forces and mobilize the inherent potentials that lie within their intersections. Is contemporary urban form appropriate to contemporary urban culture? Do developing trends within network dynamics offer new potentials for spatial form? Does the forecasted flooding of coastal metropolises offer new grounds for such speculations? How might design begin to actively operate within such a scenario? Aligned within a tradition of visionary conceptions rooted in such considerations, this thesis project is a synthetic proposition of a new urban paradigm for dynamic water-based expansion -- one driven by and resulting from the particularities of its contemporary cultural position.<br>by Talia Dorsey.<br>M.Arch.
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Johnson, James Stefhan 1977. "The evolution of an American small town : an intervention focusing upon re-centralization and diversification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27026.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2004.<br>Some pages folded.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-107).<br>A research and design thesis exploring the evolution of a small southwest Virginia farming town named Christiansburg. The first section of this work focuses on the original crossroad community that aided the surrounding county farmers with their monthly business and civic needs. This thesis researches the town's origin form and follows its growth after the introduction of the automobile, the connections brought by U.S, Highway System, the effects Industrial Revolution, movement away for an agrarian based economy, and the aftermath of being bypassed by the Interstate. This initial step is in hopes of understanding the current landscape of many of our nation's small towns, how they lost much of their civic identity, and to establish the problems which they face within today economy. The second step of this thesis is to create an urban design intervention which helps redevelop Christiansburg's civic identity. This design project replies to the town's history, existing and past urban form, programming of open space, and the community's current needs by creating a proposal that both stabilizes the community and acts as catalyst for growth. This new master plan responses to earlier research by re-centralizing many of the town's civic institutions, currently lost to land flanking the highway, and by diversifying the existing amenities and resources offered within the downtown core. The hope is by re-centering and diversifying the core many existing perceptions of downtown will change and businesses, recreation, and housing with return.<br>by James Stefhan Johnson, III.<br>S.M.
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Chaka, Lister Lutombi. "The effect of centralization of fiscal powers on developmental activities of the Okavango Regional Council." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51965.
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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This theoretically guided qualitative and quantitative study aims at
investigating the extent to which centralization of fiscal powers in the
Namibian State has been detrimental to development activities of the
Okavango Regional Council. A further aim is to make recommendations and
suggest balanced inter-governmental fiscal relations between central and
regional governments in Namibia.
The significance" of this study lies in the fact that, since the abolition of
homelands in Namibia by the incumbent goven:rrnent in the 1990s, no
comprehensive study has been carried out to analyze the socio-economic
implications of such centralization of powers by central government.
The study demonstrates that the degree of autonomy afforded to regional
governments in Namibia stagnates their role as socio-economic development
agents/facilitators. The study also examines the causes of disparities between
centnil and regional governments. Important among the causes is the legal
framework, which does not specify a fixed sharing formula.
A number of corrective measures are suggested by the study. Among these
measures are the decentralisation of functions that can be efficiently
performed by regional governments, assignment of taxes to regional
governments and amendment of existing legislation to allow for a balanced
inter-governmental relations policy. The study further suggests that
decentralization of functions to regions needs to be carefully planned and
implemented because to lack of resource endowment and experienced
personnel in the regions.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie teoreties-gefundeerde kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe studie is daarop
gemik om te bepaal tot watter mate die sentralisering van fiskale magte in
die Namibiese regering 'n nadelige effek op die ontwikkelings-aktiwiteite
van die Okavango Streeksraad gehad het. Nog 'n doelwit (van die studie) is
om aanbevelings en voorstelle te maak vir die daarstelling van
gebalanseerde inter-regeringsverhoudings tussen sentrale- en
streeksowerhede in Namibië.
Die waarde van hierdie studie lê in die feit dat, sedert die afskaffing van
tuislande in Namibië deur die huidge regering in die 1990s, geen
omvattende ondersoek nog gedoen is om die sosio-ekonomiese implikasies
van so 'n sentralisering van magte deur die sentrale regering te ontleed nie.
Die studie dui aan dat die mate van selfbestuur wat aan streeksowerhede in
Namibië toegeken is, hulle rol as die agente/fasiliteersders van sosio-ekonomiese
ontwikkeling kniehalter. Die studie ondersoek ook die oorsake
van die verskille wat tans tussen sentrale- en streeksowerehede bestaan. Een
van die hoofredes hiervoor blyk te wees die feit dat die bestaande
resraamwerk/statutêre nie 'n vaste formule (vir die deling van mag) bepaal
nie.
'n Aantal korrektiewe maatreëls word deur die studie aan die hand gedoen.
Die aanbevelings sluit onder andere in maatreëls om dié funskies te
densentraliseer wat effektief deur streeksowerhede gedoen kan word, die
toekenning van belasting aan streeksowerhede en die wysiging van bestaande
wetgewing om voorsiening te maak vir 'n gebalanseerde interregeringsverhoudingsbeleid.
Die studie beveel verder aan dat die
desentralisering van funkies na streke noukeurig beplan en geimplementeer
moet word in die lig van 'n gebrek aan middele en ervare personneel in die
streke.
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Gosselin, Marianne. "The centralization-of-power thesis revisited : a multi-level analysis of the 2015 migrant crisis." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27993.
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Ce mémoire ré-explore la thèse de la centralisation du pouvoir aux niveaux supranational (UE) et national (Allemagne) lors de la crise des migrants de 2015. Cette thèse est largement étudiée et reconnue dans le domaine de la gestion des crises et prend place soit par une approche descendante - les niveaux supérieurs agissent unilatéralement - ou par une approche ascendante - les niveaux inférieurs délèguent aux rangs supérieurs. Au cours de la crise des migrants de 2015, il est attendu que la centralisation aux niveaux national et supranational prenne place avec l’intensification de la crise et par une approche descendante. Le document examine la crise de manière quantitative et présente une analyse de contenu chronologique de 94 déclarations officielles de la Commission Européenne et du gouvernement allemand. Les résultats obtenus confirment la validité de la thèse de la centralisation du pouvoir, son lien à l’intensification de la crise ainsi qu’une approche ascendante.<br>This research paper assesses the well-known centralization-of-power thesis and analyses it at both the supranational level (European Union) and the national level (Germany) during the 2015 migrant crisis. The centralization-of-power thesis is a widely studied and recognized phenomenon in the field of crisis management building on the subsidiarity principle saying that power tends to be centralized in the hands of the highest ranks of a hierarchy when lower ranks are unable to cope with a crisis. The centralization can either take place through a top-down approach – highest ranks take the lead unilaterally – or a bottom-up approach – lowest ranks deliberately delegate power to the higher ranks. According to this thesis, in the case of the 2015 migrant crisis it is expected that the centralization of power happened at both the national and supranational levels as the context aggravated but also through a top-down approach, due to the complex context of the European Union and the highly decentralized structure of German federalism. The paper first examines the 2015 migrant crisis from a quantitative standpoint, tracing its evolution and aggravation. It also presents a computer-assisted content analysis of 94 official statements issued by the European Commission and the German Federal Government’s officials in response to the 2015 migrant crisis. The paper then provides a detailed analysis of the qualitative and quantitative evidence recovered that led to three main conclusions. Firstly, the centralization of power is observed at both the supranational and national levels during the 2015 migrant crisis, but in significantly different ways. Secondly, the centralization of power can be seen as triggered by the aggravation of the context and to the intensification of the crisis. Lastly, it was put into place as a top-down approach; it was German and European’s high officials that took over the crisis management effort and constrained lower levels of government to act accordingly.
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Young, Sharon B. "The relationship of psychological factors and centralization of pain to disability due to neck pain." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/young.pdf.
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Baldacci, Craig Peter. "The identification, centralization, and management of the human resources at the Long Grove Community Church." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1986. http://www.tren.com.
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Eriksson, Sofia, and Karin Gustavsson. "Centralization in Decentralization : A case study of centralized goal-settings effect on employee motivation in a multiunit organization." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-76833.
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With this study we aim to create an understanding about motivational effect of using centralized goal-setting in multiunit organizations. Multiunit organizations are often decentralized in their structure, allowing units and their employees to have control over their day-to-day activities and decisions. At the same time, the organization requires control in order to create uniformity. A way to impose control is by using performance targets for the units and its employees. The employees are used to being self-directed in their work, and we have researched how this central form of control will affect their motivation. In order to illustrate this, we have conducted a qualitative case study at different units in a banking and insurance company in Sweden. Goal-setting has increased in this industry, and at the same time, employees have the mandate to make decisions about their daily work at a local level. We therefore argue that using a multiunit company in this industry will illustrate the motivational effect of centrally assigned goals. We have conducted ten semi-structured interviews with sales employees and with two managers of Organization X. Our research approach to this study is of an abductive character, as our process has been back and forth between existing theory and findings from our research. The mainly intrinsically motivated employees in this case expressed an understanding of the assigned goals. However, they had difficulties being committed to the goals because they felt that the goals were set too far away from their local market. Sales employees in this type of organizational structure are used to have the mandate to control their day-to-day work activities, and therefore it becomes frustrating for them to partly be controlled in terms of sales targets. Centralized assigned goals have a negative effect on motivation for most of the employees, who have trouble accepting and feeling committed to the goals. However, the assigned goals can temporarily trigger motivation to sell certain products, for example through a competition. We argue that the distribution of the centrally assigned goals have to be well communicated and explained to the employees, and that organizations give room for local adjustment of the centrally assigned goals.
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Teixeira, Thomás Nery da Silva. "Centralidade da Avenida Assis Brasil: um estudo sobre a espacialização técnica ao longo do tempo na construção do espaço urbano." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172489.
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A Avenida Assis Brasil, na zona norte de Porto Alegre, é uma importante centralidade para a metrópole e sua região de influência. Nesta avenida convergem grandes contingentes populacionais diariamente, estes deslocamentos se dão pela concentração de grandes centros comerciais, hospital, shoppings centers, supermercados, além de muitos outros serviços, todos, ligados pelas mais de cem linhas de ônibus que circulam pela avenida. Esta centralidade faz parte da história de Porto Alegre, ela começou a ser formada na década de 1930 com os primeiros movimentos de urbanização através de loteamentos feitos nesta área, além disso, após a década de 1940 inúmeras indústrias situaram-se próximas à avenida à fim de aproveitar as vantagens locacionais. O espaço urbano desta área ganhou importância através do desenvolvimento do comércio local, que é alternativa ao centro da metrópole. As tendências atuais da metropolização tornam este processo mais complexo. Hoje em dia a financeirização do espaço tem levado à produção de inúmeros prédios e vem sendo o motor da urbanização nesta centralidade. O trabalho se propõe a ser um estudo sobre a influência dos diferentes tempos históricos na constituição da centralidade da Avenida Assis Brasil, utilizando o método regressivo-progressivo de Lefebvre. Buscaremos entender os momentos do percebido, do concebido e do vivido na centralidade da zona norte porto-alegrense, da sua constituição até o estágio atual da metropolização. Como resultado, conseguimos estabelecer relações entre o tipo de ocupação dos prédios com seu tempo estimado de construção. Além disso, a metodologia nos proporcionou à vermos novas tendências de urbanização em parte da Avenida.<br>Assis Brasil Avenue, in the north of Porto Alegre, is an important center for the metropolis and its region of influence. In this avenue converges large population contingents daily, these displacements are given by the concentration of big shopping centers, hospital, shopping malls, supermarkets, in addition to many other services, all linked by more than one hundred bus lines that circulate along the avenue. This centrality is part of the history of Porto Alegre, it began to be formed in the 1930s with the first urbanization movements through subdivisions made in this area, moreover, after the 1940s countless industries were located near the avenue for locational advantages. The urban space of this area gained importance through the development of local commerce, which rivals the center of the metropolis. Current trends in metropolization make this process more complex. Nowadays the financialization of space has led to the production of numerous buildings and has been the motor of urbanization in this centrality. This work proposes to be a study of the influence of different historical times in the constitution of the centrality of Avenida Assis Brasil, using Lefebvre's regressive-progressive method, we will try to understand the moments of perceived, conceived and lived in the centrality of the north port zone from its constitution to the present stage of metropolization. As a result, we have been able to establish relationships between the type of occupation of the buildings with their estimated time of construction. In addition, the methodology has given us to see new trends of urbanization in part of the Avenue.
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Al-Otaibi, Mishan S. "Centralization versus decentralization in university library systems : a case study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1993. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27355.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of centralization vs decentralization in university library systems is studied in the context of Saudi Arabia. After a review of the relevant literature, background information is given on Saudi Arabia, with special focus on the higher education sector and its development, and on university library systems. The present situation of three selected university library systems is examined in comparison with library standards, together with the attitudes of users and professionals to .different aspects of the library systems and their quality. The methodology used was descriptive and analytical research, and data were gathered by distribution of three sets of survey questionnaires. An analysis and discussion of survey results is presented in chapters on library use, user satisfaction and user views. A summary of findings and an indication of both general and specific recommendations complete the thesis.
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Kummer, Burkhard C. "Does centralization of the bargaining structure contribute to the stabilization of industrial relations? : a conceptual analysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25433.
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This thesis examines on a conceptual level whether, in Canada, government induced centralization of the bargaining structure is apt to contribute to a stabilization of industrial relations measured in terms of a reduction in strike/lockout frequency. A micro-model of strike causation, viewing the outbreak of industrial action as the result of a deliberate gamble of the bargaining parties, forms the core of the conceptual framework developed in this paper. According
to this model centralization lowers strike/lockout frequency if it (1) raises the relative costs of industrial action (2) induces the bargaining parties to integrate macro-goals into their goal portfolio (3) modifies collectivity internal interest aggregation in favor of its moderate segments and (4) successfully internalizes intra-group conflict. On the basis of theoretical considerations and existing evidence, the paper then seeks to establish whether centralization
can be expected to fulfill these conditions. The study suggests that the impact of centralization upon vertical interest aggregation takes the desired direction. Because of the design of the analysis a general prediction of the effect of centralization upon horizontal interest aggregation can not be made. The relative costs of industrial action in the 'average bargaining unit' are diagnosed to remain unaffected by centralization. While centralization of the bargaining structure appears to be a necessary condition for unions and employers to integrate macro-goals into their goal portfolio, the analysis can not show that it is a sufficient condition. Finally, contingent on the readiness of the government to actively back the rule of the majority, centralization is expected to internalize intra-group conflict successfully.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate
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Choi, Cheng Wing. "Centralization and decentralization in educational administration : a case study of the technical institutes in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30938.
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This research attempted to gain an insight into the experiences and perspectives of staff in the Vocational Training Council (VTC) on the devolution initiative being implemented in its technical institutes. The research was developed from the conceptual framework of centralization and decentralization. It adopted a qualitative case-study approach to inductively understand human experience in context-specific settings. The data collection techniques consisted of documentary analysis, observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews to achieve the objectives of methodological triangulation. Before the introduction of the devolution initiative, the Technical Institutes Division Headquarters was the supervisor of the technical institutes. It was considered to stifle the initiatives of the technical institutes because of its strong controlling emphasis. The strategic and organizational review of the VTC conducted in 1996 acted as a catalyst to set off the changes. It appears that the main thrust of the devolution initiative is to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. Staff in general welcomed release from the management and control by the headquarters, but considered the pace of change to be too fast. There was a remarkable degree of concurrence among staff in focusing student learning outcomes as the key to change. Although the devolution initiative is a major cultural change in the VTC, the senior management have paid little attention to the organizational culture of the technical institutes. Since staff have not been consulted and empowered, most of them are indifferent, or even resistant, to this far-reaching change. The scope of decentralization with respect to the use of resources, participative decision-making and curriculum development is limited. Changing the organizational culture, flattening out the hierarchy, opening up opportunities for teachers to contribute meaningfully to the decision-making process, and fostering greater professional development, together with good management and adequate autonomous funding, are promising strategies to change the VTC towards a more entrepreneurial one.
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Cheng, Wing-choi, and 鄭永才. "Perspectives on centralization and decentralization: an analysis of the authority of technical instituteprincipals in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31957092.
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