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Journal articles on the topic 'Cephalometric superimposition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Gu, Yan, and James A. McNamara. "Cephalometric Superimpositions." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/070107-301.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the information produced by superimposition of serial lateral headfilms on anatomical structures and that produced by superimposition on metallic implants according to the protocols of Björk. Materials and Methods: Serial cephalograms of 10 untreated subjects who had tantalum implants placed in the maxilla and mandible during childhood were analyzed. Headfilms taken at six consecutive stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CS1-CS6) for six female and four male subjects were used. Tracings were superimposed according to the methods of superimpositions advocated by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO). In addition, superimpositions along the inferior border of the mandible were performed. Finally, superimpositions of serial tracings on stable intraosseous implants were made to determine the actual growth and remodeling patterns of the maxilla and mandible. Results: The ABO maxillary superimposition method underestimates the vertical displacement and overestimates the forward movement of maxillary landmarks. Superimposing on the internal cortical outline of the symphysis and the inferior alveolar nerve canals generally approximates the mandibular superimposition on implants, although the lower anterior border of the symphysis may be a preferable area of superimposition. Superimposition on the lower border of the mandible does not reflect accurately the actual pattern of growth and remodeling of the mandible. Conclusions: When analyzing serial headfilms, erroneous information concerning patterns of bone growth and remodeling can be obtained if convenient, but biologically incorrect superimposition protocols are used. In addition, tooth movements measured can be distorted significantly depending on the method of superimposition.

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Al-Taai, Nameer, Eva Levring Jäghagen, Maurits Persson, Maria Ransjö, and Anna Westerlund. "A Superimposition-Based Cephalometric Method to Quantitate Craniofacial Changes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105260.

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To assess the craniofacial changes related to growth and/or to orthodontic and orthognathic treatments, it is necessary to superimpose serial radiographs on stable structures. However, conventional superimposition provides only a graphical illustration of these changes. To increase the precision of growth and treatment evaluations, it is desirable to quantitate these craniofacial changes. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate a superimposition-based cephalometric method to process numerical data for craniofacial growth changes and (2) identify a valid, reliable, and feasible method for superimposition. Forty pairs of cephalograms were analyzed at T1 and T2 (mean age 9.9 and 15.0 years, respectively). The superimposition-based cephalometric method involved relating the sagittal and vertical measurements on the T2 radiographs to the nasion and sella landmarks on the T1 radiographs. Validity and reliability were evaluated for three superimposition methods: the sella-nasion (SN); the tuberculum sella-wing (TW); and Björk’s structural. Superimposition-based cephalometrics can be used to quantify craniofacial changes digitally. The numerical data from the superimposition-based cephalometrics reflected a graphical illustration of superimposition and differed significantly from the data acquired through conventional cephalometrics. Superimposition using the TW method is recommended as it is valid, reliable, and feasible.

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Moon, Jun-Ho, Hye-Won Hwang, and Shin-Jae Lee. "Evaluation of an automated superimposition method for computer-aided cephalometrics." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/071319-469.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate a new superimposition method compatible with computer-aided cephalometrics and to compare superimposition error to that of the conventional Sella-Nasion (SN) superimposition method. Materials and Methods A total of 283 lateral cephalometric radiographs were collected and cephalometric landmark identification was performed twice by the same examiner at a 3-month interval. The second tracing was superimposed on the first tracing by both the SN superimposition method and the new, proposed method. The proposed method not only relied on SN landmarks but also minimized the differences between four additional landmarks: Porion, Orbitale, Basion, and Pterygoid. The errors between the landmarks of the duplicate tracings oriented by the two superimposition methods were calculated at Anterior Nasal Spine, Point A, Point B, Pogonion, and Gonion. The paired t-test was used to find any statistical difference in the superimposition errors by the two superimposition methods and to investigate whether there existed clinically significant differences between the two methods. Results The proposed method demonstrated smaller superimposition errors than did the conventional SN superimposition method. When comparisons between the two superimposition methods were made with a 1-mm error range, there were clinically significant differences between them. Conclusions The proposed method that was compatible with computer-aided cephalometrics might be a reliable superimposition method for superimposing serial cephalometric images.

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Janjua-Sharif, F. N. "Handbook of cephalometric superimposition." British Dental Journal 212, no. 11 (June 2012): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.519.

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5

Little, Robert. "Handbook of cephalometric superimposition." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 140, no. 4 (October 2011): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.08.013.

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6

Huja, S. S., E. L. Grubaugh, A. M. Rummel, H. W. Fields, and F. M. Beck. "Comparison of Hand-Traced and Computer-Based Cephalometric Superimpositions." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/052708-283.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the ability to produce comparable superimpositions using hand tracing and digital methods (Dolphin v10). In addition, if the two methods were comparable, we wanted to determine if a difference existed between the best-fit cranial base superimposition and S-N superimpositions using the digital method. Methods and Materials: Sixty-four initial (T1) and final (T2) cephalometric film radiographs were obtained. Cranial base and regional superimpositions were completed independently for each pair of radiographs by either hand tracing and digital methods. To quantitatively evaluate the differences between the two methods, the hand and digital superimpositions were digitized to obtain x-y coordinates of routine cephalometric landmarks at T2. Linear distance between multiple corresponding (hand and digital) T2 cephalometric landmark locations (e.g., A point) were measured and defined as the T2 landmark distance (T2 LD). Additionally, 61 patient records were used to compare the digital method for best-fit cranial base superimpositions versus S-N superimpositions. A Friedman test was applied to examine for differences. Results: The upper 95% confidence limit for the mean of the T2 LD for hand and digital superimposition methods was <1 mm for all landmarks except maxillary incisor tip and apex. The upper 95% confidence interval for best-fit vs S-N was >1 mm for most landmarks. Conclusion: This study validates the use of superimpositions produced by Dolphin Imaging version 10 and is a necessary step forward toward widespread acceptance of digital superimpositions.

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Lenza, Marcos Augusto, Adilson Alves de Carvalho, Eduardo Beaton Lenza, Mauricio Guilherme Lenza, Hianne Miranda de Torres, and João Batista de Souza. "Radiographic evaluation of orthodontic treatment by means of four different cephalometric superimposition methods." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 3 (June 2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.3.029-036.oar.

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INTRODUCTION: Despite discussion on the merit of various cephalometric superimposition methods, there remains a need to assess which one can be used in daily practice with reasonably accuracy and less working time. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate four methods of cephalometric superimposition by means of assessing the longitudinal changes in craniofacial morphology caused by growth and response of adolescents with Class I malocclusion to orthodontic treatment involving first premolar extraction. METHODS: Pretreatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 31 adolescents (20 females and 11 males), with Angle Class I malocclusion and indication of premolar extraction, participated in this study. Radiographs were digitized, traced and had structures identified by means of a cephalometric software. Four superimposition methods were used: Björk structural method, Steiner/Tweed SN line, Ricketts N-Ba line at N-point and Ricketts N-Ba line at CC-point. Positional changes were quantified by horizontal and vertical linear changes in the following cephalometric landmarks: anterior/posterior nasal spine (ANS and PNS), gnathion (Gn), Gonion (Go), Pogonion (Pog), A-point and B-point. Differences between T1 and T2 in horizontal and vertical positional changes for all superimposition methods were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among the cephalometric superimposition methods or when patients' sex was considered. CONCLUSION: Björk structural method, Steiner/Tweed SN line, Ricketts N-Ba line at N-point and Ricketts N-Ba line at CC-point methods were reliable and presented similar precision when the overall facial changes due to active growth and/or orthodontic treatment were examined.

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Xia, James J., MJ Gliddon, J. Gateno, JF Teichgraeber, HTF Wong, and MAK Liebschner. "The accuracy of cephalometric tracing superimposition." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 61, no. 8 (August 2003): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(03)00598-6.

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Gliddon, Michael J., James J. Xia, Jaime Gateno, Helena T. F. Wong, Robert E. Lasky, John F. Teichgraeber, Xiaolan Jia, Michael A. K. Liebschner, and Jeremy J. Lemoine. "The Accuracy of Cephalometric Tracing Superimposition." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64, no. 2 (February 2006): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2005.10.028.

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10

Huggare, J. "The handbook of cephalometric superimposition (2011)." European Journal of Orthodontics 34, no. 3 (April 6, 2012): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjs024.

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Incrapera, Angela K., Chung How Kau, Jeryl D. English, Kathleen McGrory, and David M. Sarver. "Soft Tissue Images from Cephalograms Compared With Those from a 3D Surface Acquisition System." Angle Orthodontist 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/111408-583.1.

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Abstract Objective: To assess whether 2D cephalometrics is comparable with 3D imaging devices and whether 3D technology could replace traditional 2D image capture in posttreatment evaluation. Materials and Methods: The study is a prospective evaluation of superimposition techniques obtained from a cohort of 40 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery in a private practice environment. Surgical records were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs taken by a Kodak 8000C machine, and the 3D images were obtained from the 3dMD stereo photogrammetric camera capture system. Pre- and postlateral cephalometric records were superimposed on the cranial base (SN line) while pre- and post-3D surgical records were superimposed on the regional best-fit method. A mathematical algorithm, or best-fit calculation, was carried out on the selected surfaces. Each set of superimposed records was analyzed, and five soft tissue landmarks were plotted. The differences between the five surface points were analyzed for each set of records. Results: The final sample consisted of 34 subjects with full records. A total of 680 surface landmarks were plotted and analyzed. The mean differences of the soft tissue landmarks were analyzed for each pair of data sets and were found to range between 1.06 and 8.07 mm and 1.26 and 7.34 mm for lateral cephalometric and 3D readings, respectively. Paired t-tests were carried out using the SPSS 15.0 software, and they showed that the results were not statistically significant between the superimposition techniques on the image capture systems (P > .05). Conclusions: The types of superimposition techniques used in the imaging modalities studied were comparable with one another.

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Goel, S. "A preliminary assessment of cephalometric orthodontic superimposition." European Journal of Orthodontics 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/26.2.217.

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Lemieux, Genevieve, Jason P. Carey, Carlos Flores-Mir, Marc Secanell, Adam Hart, Nicholas Dietrich, and Manuel O. Lagravère-Vich. "Three-dimensional cephalometric superimposition of the nasomaxillary complex." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 146, no. 6 (December 2014): 758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.08.014.

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14

Lew, K. K. K. "Superimposition of Cephalometric Radiographs with Different Machine Magnifications." British Journal of Orthodontics 16, no. 4 (November 1989): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.16.4.281.

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Cook, P. A., and P. J. Southall. "The Reliability of Mandibular Radiographic Superimposition." British Journal of Orthodontics 16, no. 1 (February 1989): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.16.1.25.

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Using tracings from thirty pairs of serial cephalometric radiographs, the reliability of three outlines, commonly used for mandibular superimposition, was investigated. There were sizeable errors associated with all three groups, but tracings involving Björk's mandibular structures were found to be the least reliable. Despite the greater validity of the Björk structures for assessment of growth changes, in certain cases the use of the mandibular outline may be of greater value for the superimposition of tracings, especially when the time interval between the radiographs is short, or the patient has passed maturity and the growth rate has declined to a negligible level.

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Sandler, Jonathan, Badri Thiruvenkatachari, and Rodrigo Gutierrez. "Measuring molar movement: A reliable technique." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 7 (April 1, 2017): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apos.apos_21_17.

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A technique of accurately assessing left and right maxillary molar movement is described, using superimposition of digital study models. This method has distinct advantages over the traditional method of measuring tooth movement using cephalometric radiographs.

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Paula, Leonardo Koerich de, Priscilla de Almeida Solon-de-Mello, Claudia Trindade Mattos, Antônio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas, and Eduardo Franzotti Sant'Anna. "Influence of magnification and superimposition of structures on cephalometric diagnosis." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 2 (April 2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.2.029-034.oar.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of magnification and superimposition of structures on CBCT-generated lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCR) using different segments of the cranium. METHODS: CBCT scans of 10 patients were selected. Four LCR were generated using Dolphin Imaging(r) software: full-face, right side, left side and center of the head. A total of 40 images were imported into Radiocef Studio 2(r), and the angles of the most common cephalometric analyses were traced by the same observer twice and within a 10-day interval. Statistical analyses included intraexaminer agreement and comparison between methods by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman agreement tests. RESULTS: Intraexaminer agreement of the angles assessed by ICC was excellent (> 0.90) for 83% of measurements, good (between 0.75 and 0.90) for 15%, and moderate (between 0.50 and 0.75) for 2% of measurements. The comparison between methods by ICC was excellent for 68% of measurements, good for 26%, and moderate for 6%. Variables presenting wider confidence intervals (> 6o) in the Bland-Altman tests, in intraexaminer assessment, were: mandibular incisor angle, maxillary incisor angle, and occlusal plane angle. And in comparison methods the variables with wider confidence interval were: mandibular incisor, maxillary incisor, GoGn, occlusal plane angle, Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP), and CoA. CONCLUSION: Superimposition of structures seemed to influence the results more than magnification, and neither one of them significantly influenced the measurements. Considerable individual variability may occur, especially for mandibular and maxillary incisors, FHP and occlusal plane.

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Larson, Brent E., Matthew M. Sievers, and Ching-Chang Ko. "Improved Lateral Cephalometric Superimposition Using an Automated Image Fitting Technique." Angle Orthodontist 80, no. 3 (May 2010): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/042509-229.1.

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Johnston, Lysle E. "Balancing the Books on Orthodontic Treatment: An Integrated Analysis of Change." British Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 2 (May 1996): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.23.2.93.

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A method of cephalometric analysis is presented in which molar and overjet corrections are seen as the algebraic sum of facial skeletal growth and tooth movement relative to basal bone. The steps of superimposition and measurement are described, and a means of summarizing these changes—the pitchfork diagram—is suggested.

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Lo Giudice, A., V. Ronsivalle, G. Zappalà, R. Leonardi, P. Campagna, G. Isola, and G. Palazzo. "The Evolution of the Cephalometric Superimposition Techniques from the Beginning to the Digital Era: A Brief Descriptive Review." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (April 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6677133.

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Superimposition of craniofacial structures from radiographic examination has been always used for assessing changes in the maxilla-mandibular complexes, especially for the evaluation of potential changes occurring during growth as well as after orthodontic treatment and/or maxillofacial surgery. However, the availability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the recent advancement in 3D imaging have allowed the development of specific techniques for the registration and superimposition of virtual three-dimensional anatomical structures, improving the diagnosis and treatment plan strategies. In the present paper, it will be discussed the evolution of superimposition techniques from the beginning (2D) to the newest 3D approach, describing the most used methods and their main advantages and disadvantages, focusing primarily on accuracy and reproducibility of each technique.

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Touzé, Romain, Yann Heuzé, Matthieu P. Robert, Dominique Brémond-Gignac, Charles-Joris Roux, Syril James, Giovanna Paternoster, Eric Arnaud, and Roman Hossein Khonsari. "Extraocular muscle positions in anterior plagiocephaly: V-pattern strabismus explained using geometric mophometrics." British Journal of Ophthalmology 104, no. 8 (November 6, 2019): 1156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314989.

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IntroductionOphthalmological involvement in anterior plagiocephaly (AP) due to unicoronal synostosis (UCS) raises management challenges. Two abnormalities of the extraocular muscles (EOM) are commonly reported in UCS without objective quantification: (1) excyclorotation of the eye and (2) malposition of the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle. Here we aimed to assess the positions of the EOM in AP, using geometric morphometrics based on MRI data.Materials and methodsPatient files were listed using Dr WareHouse, a dedicated big data search engine. We included all patients with AP managed between 2013 and 2018, with an available digital preoperative MRI. MRIs from age-matched controls without craniofacial conditions were also included. We defined 13 orbital and skull base landmarks in order to model the 3D position of the EOM. Cephalometric analyses and geometric morphometrics with Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis were used with the aim of defining specific EOM anomalies in UCS.ResultsWe included 15 preoperative and 7 postoperative MRIs from patients with UCS and 24 MRIs from age-matched controls. Cephalometric analyses, Procrustes superimposition and distance computations showed a significant shape difference for the position of the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle and an excyclorotation of the EOM.ConclusionsOur results confirm that UCS-associated anomalies of the superior oblique muscle function are associated with malposition of its trochlea in the roof of the orbit. This clinical anomaly supports the importance of MRI imaging in the surgical management of strabismus in patients with UCS.

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Hwang, Jae Joon, Kee-Deog Kim, Hyok Park, Chang Seo Park, and Ho-Gul Jeong. "Factors Influencing Superimposition Error of 3D Cephalometric Landmarks by Plane Orientation Method Using 4 Reference Points: 4 Point Superimposition Error Regression Model." PLoS ONE 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2014): e110665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110665.

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Ghafari, Joseph, Francoise E. Engel, and Larry L. Laster. "Cephalometric superimposition on the cranial base: A review and a comparison of four methods." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 91, no. 5 (May 1987): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(87)90393-3.

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Daskalogiannakis, John, and R. Bruce Ross. "Effect of Alveolar Bone Grafting in the Mixed Dentition on Maxillary Growth in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 34, no. 5 (September 1997): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1997_034_0455_eoabgi_2.3.co_2.

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Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects on facial growth of alveolar bone grafting in the mixed dentition for patients with UCLP. Design: Retrospective cephalometric study. Setting: Craniofacial Treatment and Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Patients: The 58 patients participating in the study had a history of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, all of which were repaired by the same plastic surgeon. Interventions: Twenty-one patients received an iliac-crest alveolar bone graft at a mean age of 10.3 years, while 37 did not receive an alveolar bone graft. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained on all patients at two different times: at a mean age of 9.4 years (prior to bone grafting in the grafted group) and at a mean age of 15.2 years. Main Outcome Measures: All radiographs were traced and digitized by the same person, using cephalometric computer software. Superimposition and cephalometric analysis was undertaken to investigate the differences between the two groups in the 5.6-year experimental period. A two-way analysis of covariance was used for evaluation of the statistical significance of the results. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in 14 of the 15 cephalometric measurements performed. Harvold's maxillary unit length was statistically significantly shorter in the grafted group, although a lack of correlation with angular measurements and inherent problems with this specific measurement raise doubts in this finding. Conclusion: Mixed dentition bone grafting does not affect subsequent vertical and A-P development of the maxilla in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients during the first several postoperative years.

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Nielsen, Ib Leth. "Maxillary superimposition: A comparison of three methods for cephalometric evaluation of growth and treatment change." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 95, no. 5 (May 1989): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(89)90304-1.

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Lee, Catherine T. H., Barry H. Grayson, Court B. Cutting, Lawrence E. Brecht, and Wen Yuan Lin. "Prepubertal Midface Growth in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Alveolar Molding and Gingivoperiosteoplasty." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, no. 4 (July 2004): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-037.1.

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Objectives To examine the long-term effect of nasoalveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty (modified Millard type) on midface growth at prepuberty. Procedures In this retrospective study, 20 consecutive patients with a history of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were evaluated. Ten patients had nasoalveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty performed at lip closure; 10 control patients had nasoalveolar molding but no gingivoperiosteoplasty because of late start in treatment or poor compliance. A single surgeon (C.B.C.) performed all surgical procedures. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated at two time periods: T1 at pre–bone-grafting age and T2 at prepuberty age. Superimposition and cephalometric analysis were undertaken to investigate the two groups. Two cephalometric reference planes, sella-nasion and basion-nasion, were used to assess the vertical and sagittal relations of the midface (ANS-PNS). The reference landmarks were procrustes fitted. The mean location and variance of ANS and PNS landmarks were computed. All results were analyzed by permutation test. Results No significant difference in mean location or variance of ANS-PNS in both vertical and sagittal planes at both T1 and T2 periods were found between the two groups (p > .05). Conclusions The results suggested that midface growth in sagittal or vertical planes (up to the age of 9 to 13 years) were not affected by presurgical alveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty (Millard type).

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Kim, I., M. E. Oliveira, W. J. Duncan, I. Cioffi, and M. Farella. "3D Assessment of Mandibular Growth Based on Image Registration: A Feasibility Study in a Rabbit Model." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/276128.

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Background.Our knowledge of mandibular growth mostly derives from cephalometric radiography, which has inherent limitations due to the two-dimensional (2D) nature of measurement.Objective.To assess 3D morphological changes occurring during growth in a rabbit mandible.Methods.Serial cone-beam computerised tomographic (CBCT) images were made of two New Zealand white rabbits, at baseline and eight weeks after surgical implantation of 1 mm diameter metallic spheres as fiducial markers. A third animal acted as an unoperated (no implant) control. CBCT images were segmented and registered in 3D (Implant Superimposition and Procrustes Method), and the remodelling pattern described used color maps. Registration accuracy was quantified by the maximal of the mean minimum distances and by the Hausdorff distance.Results.The mean error for image registration was 0.37 mm and never exceeded 1 mm. The implant-based superimposition showed most remodelling occurred at the mandibular ramus, with bone apposition posteriorly and vertical growth at the condyle.Conclusion.We propose a method to quantitatively describe bone remodelling in three dimensions, based on the use of bone implants as fiducial markers and CBCT as imaging modality. The method is feasible and represents a promising approach for experimental studies by comparing baseline growth patterns and testing the effects of growth-modification treatments.

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Hopper, Richard A., Ayse T. Altug, Barry H. Grayson, Ingrid Barillas, Yuki Sato, Court B. Cutting, and Joseph G. McCarthy. "Cephalometric Analysis of the Consolidation Phase following Bilateral Pediatric Mandibular Distraction." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 3 (May 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0233_caotcp_2.0.co_2.

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Objective The goal of the consolidation phase of mandible distraction is to maintain the improvement in maxillomandibular form and relationship while the generated tissue ossifies. During this period, external deforming forces can act on the healing generated bone. The purpose of this study was to describe the potential cephalometric changes that occur following pediatric bilateral mandibular distraction using external devices. Design Retrospective lateral superimposition cephalometric analyses. Participants Thirty-five cases of pediatric mandible distraction were reviewed. Seven of these cases were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. These cases represented a group with severe congenital dysmorphology and a mean device activation of 26.5 mm. Main Outcome Measures Changes in pogonion position, symphyseal plane rotation, mandible length, and mandible length relative to maxillary length during the 18 to 36 days of activation, the eight weeks of consolidation, and the 1-year period following removal of the distraction device were measured. Results All patients demonstrated variable changes in position of the mandible during the consolidation phase. The most common were retrusion of pogonion, a decrease in mandible length, and a clockwise rotation of the symphyseal plane. In some cases the changes that occurred during consolidation were greater than those that occurred on 1-year follow-up. Conclusions The consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis is a dynamic phase and should not be assumed to be static. Multicenter use of this cephalometric technique would help to identify potential risk factors associated with postactivation changes.

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Standerwick, Richard, Eugene Roberts, James Hartsfield, William Babler, and Ryuzo Kanomi. "Cephalometric Superimposition on the Occipital Condyles as a Longitudinal Growth Assessment Reference: I-Point and I-Curve." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 291, no. 12 (December 2008): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20761.

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Arkhipov, AV V., EA A. Loginova, and VD D. Arkhipov. "MODERN METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS IN ORTHODONTICS." Science and Innovations in Medicine 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2016-0-2-10-13.

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The paper presents the possibilities of the virtual planning of orthodontic treatment with programs In Vivo Anatomage and 3Shape Ortho Analyzer, which allows you to create an individual plan of orthodontic treatment. Using three-dimensional cephalometric analysis and cone-beam computed tomography eliminates the risk of complications during orthodontic tooth moving. Aim - to determine the main directions of application of three-dimensional cephalometric analysis in orthodontist’s practice Materials and methods. The study involved 20 patients aged between 18 and 35 years (women 85%, men 15%). All patients underwent cone-beam computed tomography of the facial region of the skull conducted on a tomograph with a matrix 16h10. To obtain the most objective data, a wide range of clinical and other diagnostic methods was used in the study: clinical (survey, visual examination of face and oral cavity, clinical functional tests), anthropometric (measurement of jaw models in the program 3Shape Ortho Analyzer), CBCT of the facial region of the skull and cervical part of the spine. The survey was conducted on every patient according to the developed protocol. 1. Assessment of the dental hard tissues (diagnosis of caries, pulpitis and periodontitis), periapical periodontal tissues, and the state of the cortical bone; construction of three-dimensional panoramic reconstruction to determine the parallelism of the roots and their position in the bone of the alveolar processes on the vestibular and lingual surfaces. 2. Assessment of the patency of airways. 3. Evaluation of the bone elements of the temporomandibular joint on both sides, determining the position of articular head in the glenoid fossa. 4. Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis. 5. Superimposition of the data of the facial skull computed tomography; analysis of the changes in the course of dental treatment. The results of research. The obtained CBCT of the facial skull, processed in the program In Vivo Anatomage version 5.2, allows specifying the status and location of the bony structures of the temporomandibular joint, sinuses, individual structural features of the upper and lower jaws, dental roots deep in the alveolar processes and their correlation to the cortical plate. Additional features of the program are the opportunity to study the airways, combination of the scanned plaster models in .Stl format and superimposition of one CT scan to the other to produce a report on the changes that occurred. Discussion. The computer program allows correction of congenital abnormalities of dentition, reducing the risk of complications to a minimum. Moreover, the expected result can be predicted at the initial stage of treatment. The main advantage of CBCT is the possibility to determine the exact anatomical parameters of a patient without overlapping of adjacent structures and projection distortion of the sizes of anatomical structures.

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Bigliazzi, Renato, Eliana Ayala Walverde, Derly Tescaro Narciso de Oliveira, André Pinheiro de Magalhães Bertoz, and Kurt Faltin Junior. "Morphometric analysis of three normal facial types in mixed dentition using posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs: preliminary results." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 39, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v39i2.34139.

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The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the craniofacial features of subjects with normal occlusion with different vertical patterns in the mixed dentition using morphometric analysis (Thin-Plate Spline analysis - TPS) applied to posteroanterior (PA) films. The sample comprised 39 individuals (18 females and 21 males), all in mixed dentition, aged from 8.4 to 10 years with satisfactory occlusion and balanced profile and with no history of orthodontic or facial orthopedic treatment. The sample was divided into three groups (mesofacial, brachyfacial and dolichofacial) according to the facial types proposed by Ricketts (1989). The average craniofacial configurations of each study group were obtained by orthogonal superimposition of Procrustes, thereby eliminating size differences and allowing only shape differences between groups to be analyzed by viewing the TPS deformation grid. Significant differences were found among the three facial types but were more remarkable between mesofacials and dolichofacials than between mesofacials and brachyfacials. TPS morphometric analysis proved efficient for accurate visualization of transverse and vertical differences among facial types even before pubertal growth spurt. These differences cannot be easily detected by traditional posteroanterior cephalometry.

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Lagravère, M. O., P. W. Major, and J. Carey. "Sensitivity analysis for plane orientation in three-dimensional cephalometric analysis based on superimposition of serial cone beam computed tomography images." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 39, no. 7 (October 2010): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr/17319459.

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McGuinness, Niall JP. "Book reviewHandbook of Cephalometric Superimposition. HS Duterloo and P-G Planché. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co, 2011 (220pp, £55.00h/b). ISBN 9780867155082." Orthodontic Update 5, no. 3 (July 2, 2012): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ortu.2012.5.3.92.

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Wellens, Hans L. L., and Anne M. Kuijpers-Jagtman. "Connecting the new with the old: modifying the combined application of Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis, to allow for comparison with traditional lateral cephalometric variables." European Journal of Orthodontics 38, no. 6 (January 5, 2016): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjv096.

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Al-Nimri, Kazem S., Abdalla M. Hazza'a, and Rami M. Al-Omari. "Maxillary Incisor Proclination Effect on the Position of Point A in Class II division 2 Malocclusion." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/082408-447.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that the magnitude of alteration in the position of point A is not associated with proclination of the upper incisors in Class II division 2 malocclusion. Materials and Methods: Cephalometric films were taken for 30 Class II division 2 patients (8 males and 22 females; average age, 18.3 years) before and after upper incisor proclination. The total change in the position of point A was measured by superimposing the pretreatment and postproclination lateral cephalograms on the sella-nasion line at the sella. To determine the local effect of alveolar bone remodeling associated with upper incisor proclination on the position of point A, postproclination tracing of the maxilla was superimposed on the pretreatment tracing according to the Bolton template of maxillary superimposition. Results: The total vertical displacement in Point A position was downward by 0.84 mm (P = .002), and the total horizontal displacement was forward by 0.45 mm (P = .054). Assessment of local changes in point A revealed that the position of point A had moved backward by 0.60 mm (P = .001). No significant change was observed in the value of the sella-nasion–point A angle (SNA). Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The position of point A is affected by local bone remodeling associated with proclination of the upper incisor in Class II division 2 malocclusion, but this minor change does not significantly affect the SNA angle.

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Rzuchowski, Grzegorz, and Marcin Mikulewicz. "Bone Changes in the Condylar Process of the Mandible in Computed Tomography Images and Cephalogram in a Female Patient during a Growth Spurt Treated with a Removable Functional Appliance." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (October 9, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8887182.

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Introduction. Functional treatment is the type of treatment preferred in young patients with lateral bite because it leads to simultaneous improvement of occlusion and facial profile. Objective. The aim of this study is to assess bone changes within the condylar process of the mandible and to associate them with the changes observed in the analysis of lateral cephalograms and in the patient’s occlusion. Materials and Methods. Cone beam tomography of the temporomandibular joint, lateral radiogram of the skull, was performed at the beginning of treatment and after one year of therapy. Changes in cephalometric radiograms were evaluated by analyzing them and shown by making superimposition and staining layers. For the purpose of assessing bone changes within the condylar process, digital 3D solids of these processes were generated using data from computed tomography. Results. Correction towards Angle’s dental class I, overjet reduction from 8 mm to 3 mm, and improvement of the patient’s profile were obtained. A rotation of the occlusal plane and improvement in an ANB by 1° and in the WITS measurement by 2.7 mm were observed. A growth of the condylar processes “backwards” and “upwards” was also observed, as well as a change of their shape and volume. Conclusions. The obtained results suggest that the patient’s significant improvement in occlusal conditions is due to posterior growth stimulation of the condylar processes of the mandible. The results confirm the validity of using this treatment technique in the case of growing children with complete posterior occlusion.

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Santos-Pinto, Paulo Roberto dos, Lídia Parsekian Martins, Ary dos Santos-Pinto, Luiz Gonzaga Gandini Júnior, Dirceu Barnabé Raveli, and Cristiane Celli Matheus dos Santos-Pinto. "Mandibular growth and dentoalveolar development in the treatment of Class II, division 1, malocclusion using Balters Bionator according to the skeletal maturation." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 4 (August 2013): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000400008.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the skeletal maturation in the mandibular and dentoalveolar growth and development during the Class II, division 1, malocclusion correction with Balters bionator. METHODS: Three groups of children with Class II, division 1, malocclusion were evaluated. Two of them were treated for one year with the bionator of Balters appliance in different skeletal ages (Group 1: 6 children, 7 to 8 years old and Group 2: 10 children, 9 to 10 years old) and the other one was followed without treatment (Control Group: 7 children, 8 to 9 years old). Lateral 45 degree cephalometric radiographs were used for the evaluation of the mandibular growth and dentoalveolar development. Tantalum metallic implants were used as fixed and stable references for radiograph superimposition and data acquisition. Student's t test was used in the statistical analysis of the displacement of the points in the condyle, ramus, mandibular base and dental points. Analysis of variance one-fixed criteria was used to evaluate group differences (95% of level of significance). RESULTS: The intragroup evaluation showed that all groups present significant skeletal growth for all points analyzed (1.2 to 3.7 mm), but in an intergroup comparison, the increment of the mandibular growth in the condyle, ramus and mandibular base were not statically different. For the dentoalveolar modifications, the less mature children showed greater labial inclination of the lower incisors (1.86 mm) and the most mature children showed greater first permanent molar extrusion (4.8 mm).

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Cho, Heon Jae. "Long-Term Stability of Surgical Mandibular Setback." Angle Orthodontist 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/052306-209.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the relationship between positional changes of the proximal segments during surgery and the positional rebound of the mandible during the postsurgical period of orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The sample included records for 34 patients who had received sagittal split surgery for the correction of mandibular prognathism. Data were collected from standardized cephalometric radiographs taken immediately prior to surgery (T2), immediately following surgery (T3), and following the completion of orthodontic treatment (T4). Linear and angular changes in the orientation of the posterior border of the ascending ramus between time points T2, T3, and T4 were measured relative to superimposition on the anterior cranial base. In addition, linear changes in the position of pogonion between T3 and T4 were measured. Results: The magnitude of linear displacement of the posterior border of the proximal segment during surgery (T2 to T3) was statistically significantly correlated (r = .61) with the magnitude of linear displacement of pogonion during the postsurgical phase of orthodontic treatment (T3 to T4). There was a strong relationship between the magnitude of angular (r = .67) displacement of the posterior border of the proximal segments during surgery (T2 to T3) and the magnitude of angular rebound of the posterior border of the proximal segments that occurred during the postsurgical phase of orthodontic treatment (T3 to T4). Conclusions: When rigid fixation procedures alter the position of the proximal segments during sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible, the proximal segments tend to go back toward their presurgical positions following surgery.

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Haralabakis, N. B., D. J. Halazonetis, and I. B. Sifakakis. "Activator versus cervical headgear: Superimpositional cephalometric comparison." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 123, no. 3 (March 2003): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2003.20.

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Huja, S. S., E. L. Grubaugh, A. M. Rummel, H. W. Fields, and F. M. Beck. "Comparison of Hand-Traced and Computer-Based Cephalometric Superimpositions." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 3 (2009): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/0003-3219(2009)079[0428:cohacc]2.0.co;2.

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Perrotti, Giovanna, Giulia Baccaglione, Tommaso Clauser, Riccardo Scaini, Roberta Grassi, Luca Testarelli, Rodolfo Reda, Tiziano Testori, and Massimo Del Fabbro. "Total Face Approach (TFA) 3D Cephalometry and Superimposition in Orthognathic Surgery: Evaluation of the Vertical Dimensions in a Consecutive Series." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4020036.

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Background: Cephalometry is fundamental in diagnosis, analysis, and planning of orthodontic-surgical treatment as it reveals skeletal relationship between the upper and lower jaw as well as facial aesthetic parameters. Nevertheless, 3D cephalometry has still not become the exam of choice in orthognathic treatment even though today CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) is routinely used in other branches of dentistry. Methods: In a sample of 13 patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery a chin-vertex CBCT exam was prescribed prior to orthodontic treatment (OT) and 12 months after surgery (T1). The DICOM files uploaded to MaterialiseSimplant Ortho software pro 2.1 (Materialise Co., Leuven, Belgium) were analyzed following the multiplane 3D Total Face cephalometry protocol (TFA). Results: Results comparing pre-op and post-op TFA 3D cephalometry, were then evaluated considering reference values reported in literature. The CBCT, carried out pre- and post-surgery, were subsequently analyzed employing the superimposition method using cranial base as reference. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in orthognathic surgery. Conclusions: Multiplane 3D TFA allows the clinician to locate where major or minor skeletal discrepancies are found with respect to ideal parameters and is also useful in classifying skeletal intermaxillary relation. The superimposition method is highly intuitive but does not provide information on the quantity and location of osteotomic movement.

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Iino, Shoichiro, Sumio Sakoda, and Shouichi Miyawaki. "An Adult Bimaxillary Protrusion Treated with Corticotomy-Facilitated Orthodontics and Titanium Miniplates." Angle Orthodontist 76, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 1074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/103105-384.

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Abstract We performed an orthodontic treatment combined with corticotomy and the placement of titanium miniplates in an adult patient who desired a shortened treatment period. The patient had an Angle Class I malocclusion with flaring of the maxillary and mandibular incisors. First, titanium miniplates were placed into the buccal alveolar bone of the maxilla for absolute orthodontic anchorage. Second, an edgewise appliance was applied to the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Then, the maxillary first premolars and mandibular second premolars were extracted. At the same time, a corticotomy was performed on the cortical bone of the lingual and buccal sides in the maxillary anterior as well as the mandibular anterior and posterior regions. Leveling was initiated immediately after the corticotomy. The extraction spaces were closed with conventional orthodontic force (approximately 1 N per side). The edgewise appliance was adjusted once every 2 weeks. The total treatment time was 1 year. Cephalometric superimpositions showed no anchorage loss, and panoramic radiographs showed neither significant reduction in the crest bone height nor marked apical root resorption. A corticotomy-facilitated orthodontic treatment with titanium miniplates might shorten an orthodontic treatment period without any anchorage loss or adverse effects.

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da C. Monini, Andre, Luiz G. Gandini, Alexandre P. Vianna, Renato P. Martins, and Helder B. Jacob. "Tooth movement rate and anchorage lost during canine retraction: A maxillary and mandibular comparison." Angle Orthodontist 89, no. 4 (February 11, 2019): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061318-443.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the canine retraction rate and anchorage loss during canine retraction using self-ligating (SL) brackets and conventional (CV) brackets. Differences between maxillary and mandibular rates were computed. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five subjects requiring four first premolar extractions were enrolled in this split-mouth, randomized clinical trial. Each patient had one upper canine and one lower canine bonded randomly with SL brackets and the other canines with CV brackets but never on the same side. NiTi retraction springs were used to retract canines (100 g force). Maxillary and mandibular superimpositions, using cephalometric 45° oblique radiographs at the beginning and at the end of canine retraction, were used to calculate the changes and rates during canine retraction. Paired t-tests were used to compare side and jaw effects. Results: The SL and CV brackets did not show differences related to monthly canine movement in the maxilla (0.71 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) or in the mandible (0.54 mm and 0.60 mm, respectively). Rates of anchorage loss in the maxilla and in the mandible also did not show differences between the SL and CV brackets. Maxillary canines showed greater amount of tooth movement per month than mandibular canines (0.71 mm and 0.57 mm, respectively). Conclusions: SL brackets did not show faster canine retraction compared with CV brackets nor less anchorage loss. The maxillary canines showed a greater rate of tooth movement than the mandibular canines; however, no difference in anchorage loss between the maxillary and mandibular posterior segments during canine retraction was found.

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"A comparison of cephalometric superimposition techniques in orthodontics." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 122, no. 2 (August 2002): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.125971.

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Jiang, Yiran, Guangying Song, Xiaonan Yu, Yuanbo Dou, Qingfeng Li, Siqi Liu, Bing Han, and Tianmin Xu. "The application and accuracy of feature matching on automated cephalometric superimposition." BMC Medical Imaging 20, no. 1 (March 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12880-020-00432-z.

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Roussos, Petros, Anastasia Mitsea, Demetrios Halazonetis, and Iosif Sifakakis. "Craniofacial shape in patients with beta thalassaemia: a geometric morphometric analysis." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80234-z.

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AbstractThe shape of the craniofacial complex of patients with beta thalassaemia was evaluated using geometric morphometrics on lateral cephalometric radiographs and was compared with matched controls. The beta thalassaemia group consisted of 40 patients (16 females, 24 males, mean age 33.4). Each patient was matched by age and gender to two controls (32 females, 48 males, mean age 33.1). The 120 lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized and traced with 15 curves, 10 landmarks and 117 sliding semi-landmarks. These landmarks were subjected to Procrustes superimposition and principal component analysis in order to describe shape variability of the cranial base, maxilla and mandible, as well as of the entire craniofacial complex for each sex. The first 4 principal components accounted for 50% of the total sample’s variability. The beta thalassaemia group was significantly different in overall shape to the control group for both sexes. Similar findings were noted for the maxilla, the mandible and the cranial base. The main differences were related to smaller mandibular body for the thalassaemia group, midface protrusion and decrease in posterior face height. The shape of the craniofacial complex in these patients is prone to be more convex and hyperdivergent.

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Patcas, Raphael, Heidi Keller, Goran Markic, Philipp Beit, Theodore Eliades, and Tim J. Cole. "Craniofacial growth and SITAR growth curve analysis." European Journal of Orthodontics, August 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjab059.

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Summary Background SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation) is a shape invariant growth curve model that effectively summarizes somatic growth in puberty. Aim To apply the SITAR model to longitudinal mandibular growth data to clarify its suitability to facial growth analysis. Subjects and methods 2D-cephalometric data on two mandibular measurements (AP: articulare–pogonion; CP: condylion–pogonion) were selected from the Denver Growth Study, consisting of longitudinal records (age range: 7.9–19.0 years) of females (sample size N: 21; number of radiographs n: 154) and males (N: 18; n: 137). The SITAR mixed effects model estimated, for each measurement and gender separately, a mean growth curve versus chronological age, along with mean age at peak velocity (APV) and peak velocity (PV), plus subject-specific random effects for PV and mean size. The models were also fitted versus Greulich–Pyle bone age. Results In males, mean APV occurred at 14.6 years (AP) and 14.4 years (CP), with mean PV 3.1 mm/year (AP) and 3.3 mm/year (CP). In females, APV occurred at 11.6 years (AP and CP), with mean PV 2.3 mm/year (AP) and 2.4 mm/year (CP). The models explained 95–96 per cent of the cross-sectional variance for males and 92–93 per cent for females. The random effects demonstrated standard deviations (SDs) in size of 5.6 mm for males and 3.9 mm for females, and SDs for PV between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/year. The bone age results were similar. Conclusion The SITAR model is a useful tool to analyse epidemiological craniofacial growth based on cephalometric data and provides an array of information on pubertal mandibular growth and its variance in a concise manner.

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Beit, Philipp, Dimitrios Konstantonis, Alexandros Papagiannis, and Theodore Eliades. "Vertical skeletal changes after extraction and non-extraction treatment in matched class I patients identified by a discriminant analysis: cephalometric appraisal and Procrustes superimposition." Progress in Orthodontics 18, no. 1 (December 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40510-017-0198-5.

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