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Journal articles on the topic 'Ceramic powder injection moulding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Ter Maat, Johan, Claudia Cristea, and Ovidiu Cojocaru. "Current Trends in the Application of Powder Injection Moulding." Materials Science Forum 672 (January 2011): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.672.12.

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Powder Injection Moulding (PIM) is a fast-growing manufacturing method, providing a cost efficient production route to complicated steel parts in highly stressed mechanical applications, but also to polished steel and ceramic parts fulfilling the most stringent aesthetical demands of design-dominated consumer products. The marriage between the two technologies plastic injection moulding and powder sintering is providing a valuable synergy, leading to a very efficient production of high density sintered steel and ceramic parts with a complex geometry. Reliable sources for PIM granulate; the use of standard injection moulding machines and the availability of mature furnace technology have each contributed to the credibility of in particular the Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) technology and have enabled in recent years the launch of mobile phone and automotive mass productions. While typical MIM parts in mobile phones are small and weigh around 1 g, the number of parts required is impressive and may reach several millions of parts per month. MIM parts in engineering applications, including automotive, are typically 5 - 50 g and have the advantage of long-lasting production runs, in some cases already approaching 10 years. Ceramic Injection Moulding (CIM) is not yet in the same stage of development as MIM due to the niche character of ceramic materials. Complex ceramic parts are not yet very common, but are also starting to appear in all segments.

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2

Muhamad, Norhamidi, Javad Rajabi, Abu Bakar Sulong, Abdolali Fayyaz, and Muhammad Rafi Raza. "Micro Powder Injection Moulding Using Nanosized Powders." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.116.

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Micro powder injection moulding (μPIM) is one of the micro-moulding technology applied today in high-volume fabrication of metal and ceramic micro-components. The current study presents the micro powder injection moulding (µPIM) of 316L Stainless Steel nanopowder-polymer mixtures. 316L SS powders have been blended with a binder system which consists of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Stearic Acid (SA). All the feedstock prepared shows homogeneity and pseudo-plastic behaviour which is suitable for μPIM process. The results showed that increase in nano powder content would improve the powder loading, injection and sintering temperature. Moreover, high physical and mechanical properties of the sintered specimen have been achieved under vacuum atmosphere. The above results indicate that application of nano powder has the potential to provide micro powder injection moulded parts with nearly full density, fine microstructure. The binder system is environment-friendly, has low viscosity-temperature and suitable to prepare feedstock for μPIM.

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3

Zlatkov, B. S., E. Griesmayer, H. Loibl, O. S. Aleksic, H. Danninger, C. Gierl, and L. S. Lukic. "Recent advances in CIM technology." Science of Sintering 40, no. 2 (2008): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0802185z.

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In this article the PIM (Powder Injection Moulding) technology is described in brief. After that the benefits and advantages were analyzed and summarized. Ceramic injection moulding (CIM) process was analyzed in more detail: CIM- alumina, CIM-zirconia and CIM ferrites as the most common technical ceramics in CIM ceramic parts production, medical applications and accessories in chemical laboratories, and cores in electronic inductive components. After that our results for CIM barium hexaferrite and piezo ceramics (barium titanate) are given. The main powder characteristics, the shrinkage and density and the main electrical characteristics of the sintered samples were compared for the isostatically pressed PM (powder metallurgy) and CIM formed samples. SEM fractographs of CIM and PM samples are given for CIM green parts, debinded (white) parts and sintered parts, and PM green parts and sintered parts. The results obtained were compared to literature data before they were applied in ceramic components production.

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4

Nogueira, R. E. F. Q., M. J. Edirisinghe, and D. T. Gawne. "Selection of a powder for ceramic injection moulding." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 23 (February 20, 1992): 6525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00576307.

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5

Knitter, R., W. Bauer, and D. Göhring. "Microfabrication of ceramics by rapid prototyping process chains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 217, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440603762554604.

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Most shaping processes for ceramics are based on a powder technological moulding process using a negative mould and subsequent thermal compaction. Especially for prototypes and small-lot series of microcomponents, the outlay for moulds is the major costing factor. Therefore the use of rapid prototyping (RP) processes can decisively reduce the costs and time in product development of ceramic microcomponents. By combining the high resolution of, for example, stereolithography as an inexpensive and fast supply for master models with the high flexibility of low-pressure injection moulding, a rapid prototyping process chain (RPPC) has been established for the fabrication of micropatterned ceramic components as functional models or pre-production lots. This RPPC proved to have a very high moulding precision and accuracy in the submillimetre range, but also enables the fabrication of components with outer dimensions of several centimetres. Different RP techniques were investigated with regard to their suitability to be used as master models in the replication chain. The quality of the master models turned out to be of decisive significance for the quality and reproducibility of the ceramic mouldings.

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6

Chuankrerkkul, Nutthita, Rattanaporn Charoenkijmongkol, Punnapa Somboonthanasarn, Chiraporn Auechalitanukul, and Ryan C. McCuiston. "Microstructure and Properties of Zirconia Toughened Alumina Fabricated by Powder Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.116.

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Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic has been fabricated by the powder injection moulding process. The ZTA ceramic, composed of 80 wt% alumina and 20 wt% zirconia, was mixed with a water-soluble, multi-component binder system. The binder ingredients were polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and stearic acid (SA). Powder injection moulding was performed with powder loadings in the range of 48-52 vol%, using a laboratory-scale injection moulding machine. Water leaching was used for partial binder removal prior to thermal debinding and then sintering at 1650 °C for 2 hours. Microstructural examination of the ZTA ceramic revealed that zirconia inhibited alumina grain growth and, therefore, improved the mechanical and physical properties of the specimens. It was found that powder loading had an influence on density, hardness and strength of the specimens. A flexural strength of 334 MPa and hardness value of 2093 kg/mm2 was obtained from specimens injection moulded with 52 vol% powder loading feedstock. The highest sintered density achieved was 97% of the theoretical value.

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7

Song, J. H., and J. R. G. Evans. "Ultrafine ceramic powder injection moulding: The role of dispersants." Journal of Rheology 40, no. 1 (January 1996): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550737.

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8

Hein, S. B. "Powder injection moulding of metal ceramic interpenetrating phase composites." Powder Metallurgy 57, no. 5 (October 14, 2014): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743290114y.0000000116.

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9

Piotter, V., W. Bauer, R. Knitter, M. Mueller, T. Mueller, and K. Plewa. "Powder injection moulding of metallic and ceramic micro parts." Microsystem Technologies 17, no. 2 (February 2011): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-011-1274-2.

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10

Bleyan, Davit, and Berenika Hausnerová. "The Role of Polymer Binder in Ceramic Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 581 (October 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.581.82.

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In this study thermal degradation of feedstock based on Al2O3 high compressible superground powder was investigated. The alumina powder was mixed with polymeric binders to compose the feedstock. Binder systems for CIM (Ceramic Injection Moulding) technology differed in concentration and composition of polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, low density polyethylene and waxes. The debinding and pre-sintering behavior of formulated feedstocks was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. The results demonstrated the relationship between the feedstock thermal degradation properties and the binder system composition.

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11

Zhang, S. X., Z. Y. Ong, T. Li, Q. F. Li, and S. F. Pook. "Ceramic composite components with gradient porosity by powder injection moulding." Materials & Design 31, no. 6 (June 2010): 2897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.12.030.

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12

Mannschatz, Anne, Axel Müller, and Tassilo Moritz. "Influence of powder morphology on properties of ceramic injection moulding feedstocks." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31, no. 14 (November 2011): 2551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.01.013.

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13

Yue, Ming, Jin Long Yang, and Xiao Qing Xi. "Wear Mechanism of Ceramic Microbeads as Grinding Media." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2475.

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Ceramic microbeads are increasingly being used for wear applications, especially for milling ultrafine powder. Research on friction and wear behavior of ceramics has become a more and more important subject in the area. In this paper, three kinds of ceramic microbeads ––mullite-zirconia, zirconium silicate and 95 alumina microbeads which were produced by Colloidal injection moulding technique were tested by SRV high temperature friction and wear test system, which the working condition of the ceramic microbeads as grinding media can be simulated to a certainty. The tests were done under dry friction and water lubrication respectively. Then their worn surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Through these experiments, the tribological properties and wear mechanisms of the self-wearing ceramic microbeads were investigated.

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14

Froes, F. H. "Powder injection moulding of metals, ceramics and carbides." Materials Technology 22, no. 2 (September 2007): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175355507x214104.

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15

Piotter, Volker, Thomas Gietzelt, and Lothar Merz. "Micro powder-injection moulding of metals and ceramics." Sadhana 28, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02717139.

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16

Chen, Z. D., M. H. Myo, and C. M. Choy. "Rapid Manufacturing of Y-TZP Ceramic Punch Using Powder Injection Moulding Technology." Materials Science Forum 437-438 (October 2003): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.437-438.415.

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17

Attia, Usama M., and Jeffrey R. Alcock. "Fabrication of ceramic micro-scale hollow components by micro-powder injection moulding." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32, no. 6 (June 2012): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.11.045.

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18

Rak, Z. S. "New trends in powder injection moulding." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 38, no. 3-4 (March 1999): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02676037.

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19

Abd Aziz, Siti Norazlini, Nurul Huda M. Ali, Mimi Azlina Abu Bakar, Istikamah Subuki, and Muhammad Hussain Ismail. "The Influence of Single Based Binder of Palm Stearin in HAP Feedstock on Rheological Properties Used for Ceramic Injection Moulding (CIM)." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.220.

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Development of binder system based on natural resources is one the main interest among researchers in ceramic injection moulding (CIM) with the main aim of processibility of complex biomedical implant. In this paper, the influence of single binder comprised of palm stearin mixed with HAP powder was investigated. The powder and binder mixture, generally known as feedstock was analyzed for its flowability in order to get some insight for injection moulding purposes. Two different mixing temperatures were investigated for preparing the feedstock; 160°C and 70°C. The feedstocks viscosity was then evaluated using a capillary rheometer at temperature range from 70°C to 90°C. The results clearly showed that the use of 100% palm stearin was promising in providing required pseudoplastic flow for injection molding. The injection molding process can be carried out at relatively low temperature in comparison with the conventional binder systems used.

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20

Sa'ude, Nasuha, Mustaffa Ibrahim, and Ibrahim Raman. "A Study on the Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Ceramic Composite Using Injection Moulding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 159 (March 2012): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.159.35.

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This paper presents the development of a new polymer-ceramic composite material for use in injection molding machine. The material consists of palm oil fly ash (POFA) in a high density polyethylene (HDPE) powder. In this study, the effect of POFA was investigated as a filler material in polymer-ceramic matrix composite and HDPE was chosen as a matrix material. The detailed formulations of mixing ratio with various combinations of the new polymer-ceramic composite are investigated experimentally. Based on the result obtained, it was found that, the weight percentage increment of POFA filler affected the flexural and hardness strength. This work represents a major development in recycling of waste material from palm oil empty fruit bunch out of the refinery to produce polymer/ceramic matrix composite.

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21

Surawatthana, J., Nutthita Chuankrerkkul, and Wantanee Buggakupta. "Properties of Porous Alumina Fabricated by Ceramic Injection Moulding Using Environmentally Friendly Binder." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.238.

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Porous alumina (Al2O3) ceramics were fabricated by powder injection moulding process. The feedstocks, composed of 44 50 vol% of Al2O3 powder, could be prepared using a composite binder, consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). Debindings were carried out using a combination of water leaching of the PEG and thermal debinding of the PVB. It was observed that the removal of the PEG was fast at the initial stage and more than 90 wt% of the PEG could be removed within 4 hours. Sintering was performed in argon atmosphere at 1600 °C. The sintered specimens had apparent porosity in range of 26-32 %, depending on the feedstock compositions. The flexural strength values were in range of 90-140 MPa while the hardness values were in range of 5-9 GPa. It was found that both the strength and hardness of the specimens were increased with increasing powder loading.

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22

Jenni, Martin, and T. Wilfinger. "PIMSIM: optimisation of powder injection moulding using advanced moulding simulations." Powder Metallurgy 52, no. 4 (December 2009): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003258909x12519752703787.

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23

Liu, F., Bin Lin, Mei Min Zhang, and L. J. Li. "Redesign and Optimization for Ceramic Injection Mould of ZrO₂ Fiber Ferrule." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.840.

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The output for ZrO2 fiber ferrule can be improved by ceramic injection moulding technology efficiently. In order to increase the ratio of ceramic powder which can improve mechanics quality and dimensional precision of ZrO2 ferrule, the gating system for ferrule mould is redesigned in this paper. After analytic calculation and simulation analysis, U-shape is adopted as the optimal cross-section shape in the cold flow channel injection mould for higher efficiency and filling effects. Moreover, three common cooling systems for ceramic injection mould are analysed and the results show that the cooling system with the pipe layout of double ring can be considered to be optimal to improve cooling efficiency, uniform temperature and heat balance effect of fiber ferrule mould.

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24

Zainudin, Mahfuzah, and Muhammad Hussain Ismail. "Rheological Behavior of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) Feedstock for Ceramic Injection Moulding (CIM) Process." Materials Science Forum 882 (January 2017): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.882.119.

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The characterization of CIM feedstock consisting 58, 59, 60vol% of YSZ powder with binder system comprising a palm stearin (PS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) were studied. The effects of powder loading and temperature (°C) on the rheological behavior of the YSZ were investigated by using Rosand RH2000 Capillary Rheometer. The results showed all the feedstock achieved desirable injection moulding characteristics such as pseudoplastic behavior, flow behavior index (n) less than 1 and low activation energy (E). The rectangular parts were successfully injected moulded at optimum temperature of 170°C with the highest green strength was 12.7 N, obtained from 60 vol% powder loading which correspond to greater density and low porosity of the samples.

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25

Zhang, Su Xia, Zi Yan Amanda Ong, Tao Li, Q. F. Li, and Fern Lan Ng. "Feasibility Study on Producing Components with Embedded Channel by Powder Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.401.

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Feasibility study on producing components with embedded channel by powder injection moulding (PIM) is conducted in this paper. The base plate with open channel was produced by co-injection moulding of polymeric material and ceramic feedstock. The polymeric material acted as the sacrificial material to fill the channel feature. A cover plate was then over-moulded onto the base plate to form green assembly, which was then debinded and sintered. The embedded channel was created when the sacrificial material was removed during the debinding and sintering stage. This process eliminates the need for additional joining process required by conventional manufacturing process which could cause misalignment and leakage under harsh working environment such as high pressure and high temperature. Joining was found between the cover plate and the base plate in over-moulding stage. Temperature and time during solvent debinding played important roles in order to obtain defect free component. Low temperature and short time in solvent debinding resulted in insufficient wax loss which led to various types of defects. A fair good sintered component was obtained under optimal debinding condition at 50 °C for 48 hours. The embedded channel was observed clearly by x-ray inspection without blockage by foreign particles. The shape of the channel was well retained and perfect bonding was formed in the central area of the two plates.

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26

Chuankrerkkul, Nutthita, Sirima Chauoon, Malinee Meepho, and Rojana Pornprasertsuk. "Characterisation of NiO-YSZ Porous Anode-Support for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fabricated by Ceramic Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.467.

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Ceramic injection moulding (CIM) has advantages for a cost effective fabrication of large-scale, near-net-shape products. In this work, CIM is carried out to prepare porous anode-support for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) applications. The CIM process started with a preparation of feedstocks by mixing powder with binder. The feedstock is then injected into the mould of desired shapes. The mouldings were subsequently undergo the removal of the binder (debinding) and, finally, sintering. It is shown that porous nickel oxide-yttria stabilized zirconia (NiO-YSZ) anode-support for SOFC were successfully prepared by CIM technique. In addition, a water-soluble based binder system, consisted mainly of polyethylene glycol (PEG), has been used in this work. This is to avoid the use of organic solvents when wax-based binder was used. Therefore, it can promote more environmentally friendly process. The removal of binder was carried out using water debinding technique. The porous anode for SOFC was subjected to systematic characterisation. The effect of processing parameters, such as powder characteristics and powder/binder ratio has been investigated. Rate of binder removal was also studied. The porous anode specimens were characterised for their properties and microstructure. It was also found that the porosity of the specimens can be controlled by adjusting the sintering temperatures and holding times.

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27

Li, Duxin, Donghua Pan, Chenming Zhang, Wei Wu, Renwei Lu, and Zhongchen Yang. "Powder injection moulding of Inconel 713C alloy." Powder Metallurgy 62, no. 4 (July 12, 2019): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2019.1637171.

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28

Lapointe, F., S. Turenne, and B. Julien. "Low viscosity feedstocks for powder injection moulding." Powder Metallurgy 52, no. 4 (December 2009): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003258909x12518163544239.

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29

Kauzlarić, David, Lars Pastewka, Hagen Meyer, Richard Heldele, Michael Schulz, Oxana Weber, Volker Piotter, Jürgen Hausselt, Andreas Greiner, and Jan G. Korvink. "Smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation of shear-induced powder migration in injection moulding." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1944 (June 13, 2011): 2320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0043.

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We present the application of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) discretization scheme to Phillips’ model for shear-induced particle migration in concentrated suspensions. This model provides an evolution equation for the scalar mean volume fraction of idealized spherical solid particles of equal diameter which is discretized by the SPH formalism. In order to obtain a discrete evolution equation with exact conservation properties we treat in fact the occupied volume of the solid particles as the degree of freedom for the fluid particles. We present simulation results in two- and three-dimensional channel flow. The two-dimensional results serve as a verification by a comparison to analytic solutions. The three-dimensional results are used for a comparison with experimental measurements obtained from computer tomography of injection moulded ceramic microparts. We observe the best agreement of measurements with snapshots of the transient simulation for a ratio D c / D η =0.1 of the two model parameters.

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30

Xie, Z. P., Y. Huang, and J. G. Wu. "Effects of powder characteristics and grinding processes on fluidity of ceramic injection moulding mixtures." Journal of Materials Science Letters 14, no. 16 (1995): 1165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00423394.

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31

Poh, Leslie, Christian Della, Shengjie Ying, Cindy Goh, and Yun Li. "Powder distribution on powder injection moulding of ceramic green compacts using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry." Powder Technology 328 (April 2018): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.12.078.

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32

Attia, U. M., M. Hauata, I. Walton, D. Annicchiarico, and J. R. Alcock. "Creating movable interfaces by micro-powder injection moulding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214, no. 2 (February 2014): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.012.

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33

Meng, Junhu, Ngiap Hiang Loh, Gang Fu, Bee Yen Tay, and Shu Beng Tor. "Micro powder injection moulding of alumina micro-channel part." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31, no. 6 (June 2011): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.11.034.

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34

Hidalgo, J., A. Jiménez-Morales, and J. M. Torralba. "Torque rheology of zircon feedstocks for powder injection moulding." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32, no. 16 (December 2012): 4063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.06.023.

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35

Buggakupta, Wantanee, Nutthita Chuankrerkkul, and Juthathep Surawattana. "Effects of Water Temperatures on Water-Soluble Binder Removal in Ceramic Materials Fabricated by Powder Injection Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.90.

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This work focuses on the debinding conditions of the ceramic materials fabricated by powder injection moulding. Ceramic powder materials, including alumina and alumina-based composites were prepared as feedstocks and mixed with water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The PEG/PVB binder mixture, with PEG to PVB ratio of 85:15 by weight and powder loading of 44 vol%, were thoroughly mixed and injected into the mould at the temperature of 190 °C to obtain rod-like specimens. Prior to sintering, the as-injected specimen was then leached in water, the temperature of which was varying from 30 (ambient temperature), 45 to 60 °C, in order to get rid of PEG and leave the specimens in shape by PVB. The rate of PEG removal according to different water temperatures was investigated. The experimental results suggested that PEG could completely be eliminated by 45 and 60 °C water without any dimensional disintegration in 5 hours whereas those leached in 30 °C water showed only 70% PEG removal. Higher water temperatures led to fast PEG removal rate at the beginning and then gradually decreased with elapsed times.

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36

Novikov, N. V., V. V. Ivzhenko, V. A. Popov, A. A. Leshchuk, and G. F. Sarnavskaya. "Equipment for injection moulding of thermosetting materials based on ceramic and metal-ceramic powders." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 43, no. 9 (September 2004): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-004-0017-7.

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37

Novikov, N. V., V. V. Ivzhenko, V. A. Popov, A. A. Leshchuk, and G. F. Sarnavskaya. "Equipment for injection moulding of thermosetting materials based on ceramic and metal-ceramic powders." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 43, no. 9-10 (September 2004): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-005-0018-1.

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38

Antunes, Renato Altobelli, Wagner S. Wiggers, Maysa Terada, Paulo A. P. Vendhausen, and Isolda Costa. "The Corrosion Behaviour of TiN-Coated Powder Injection Molded AISI 316L Steel." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.105.

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The use of AISI 316L stainless steels for biomedical applications as implants is widespread due to a combination of low cost and easy formability. However, wrought 316L steel is prone to localized corrosion. Coating deposition is commonly used to overcome this problem. Ceramic hard coatings, like titanium nitride, are used to improve both corrosion and wear resistance of stainless steels. Powder injection moulding (PIM) is an attractive method to manufacture complex, near net-shape components. Stainless steels obtained from this route have shown mechanical and corrosion properties similar to wrought materials. The literature on the use of PIM 316L steel, either coated or not, as implants is still very scarce. The aim of the present work was to study the corrosion behaviour of PIM 316L in two conditions: TiN-coated and bare. Electrochemical investigations were performed using EIS and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.

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39

German, Randall M., and F. Ahmad. "Statistical analysis of fibre fracture during powder injection moulding." Powder Metallurgy 49, no. 4 (December 2006): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174329006x146566.

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40

Kasanická, B., Thomas Wroblewski, Volker Schulze, and Detlef Löhe. "Analysis of Residual Stresses in Micro Powder Injection Moulded Micro Bending Specimens Made of Zirconia." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.503.

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Analysis of the residual stress state, the microstructure and surface topography of ceramic microcomponents made of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 produced by micro powder injection moulding were performed. During the production of the microspecimens sintering conditions were varied. The measurement of residual stresses has been carried out using the MAXIM (MAterials XRay IMaging) diffractometer at HASYLAB beamline G3 at DESY in Hamburg (Germany). The microstructure and surface topography of differently moulded specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a confocal white light microscope type NANOFOCUS. The findings are used to establish correlations between process parameters and characteristics of the microcomponents. These will allow to improve the production process with respect to the mechanical properties of the microcomponents.

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Wang, Can, Bijun Fang, Shuai Zhang, Xiaolong Lu, and Jianning Ding. "Doping effects in (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Hf0.1Ti0.9)O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics prepared via powder injection moulding using simple binder." Processing and Application of Ceramics 15, no. 1 (2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2101047w.

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To improve densification of the (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Hf0.1Ti0.9)O3 (BCHT) ceramics prepared via powder injection moulding, MnO2 and Li2CO3 were used as sintering aids. The BCHT ceramics doped with different Mn- and Li-amount prepared by powder injection moulding in which paraffin was used as injection binder, have rather pure perovskite structure with complicated polymorphic ferroelectric phase coexistence. Polyhedral grains combined with nearly round shape grains with increased relative density and larger gains size were obtained at appropriate doping amount, related to the formation of liquid phase during sintering and increased mobility of ions due to the generation of point defects caused by heterovalent cations doping. TheMn- and Li-doped BCHT ceramics are displacement driven ferroelectrics with apparent diffused transition characteristic at different extent, relating to the morphotropic phase boundary composition and the variation of point defects induced by doping. Comparable or surpassing electrical performance was acquired, especially the dielectric breakdown strength was increased due to the improved sinterability. With appropriate doping amount, piezoelectricity larger than 300 pC/N can be obtained in the Mn- and Li-doped BCHT ceramics poled under low electric field.

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Zlatkov, B. S., E. Griesmayer, H. Loibl, O. S. Aleksic, H. Danninger, C. Gierl, and L. S. Lukic. "Recent advances in PIM technology I." Science of Sintering 40, no. 1 (2008): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0801079z.

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In this article the state of art of the PIM (Powder Injection Moulding) technology is given in brief. The main process flow diagram consisting of four steps: feedstock preparation, injection moulding (green samples forming), the debinding (binder removing) procedure and the sintering process was described. After that the materials for binders and additives for the surface active agents were mentioned in brief. The metal injection moulding (MIM) process was analysed in more detail: MIM- stainless steels, MIM-copper and MIM-aluminium as the most metals common in MIM metal parts production. After that our results of MIM stainless steel 316 L and MIM copper are given. The main powder characteristics, the shrinkage and density of the sintered samples were compared for isostatically pressed PM (powder metallurgy) samples and MIM formed samples. The SEM fractographs of MIM and PM samples are given for MIM green parts, debinded (brown) parts and sintered parts, and PM green parts and sintered parts. The results obtained were compared with literature data before they were applied in metal parts production.

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Silva, Germannya D. A., Kleber G. B. Alves, Yeda B. Almeida, Ricardo A. Sanguinetti, and Yogendra Prasad Yadava. "Effect of Alumina Ceramic Powder Dispersion on Mechanical Properties of PolyPropylene Polymers." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1729.

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The objectives of this paper are study effect of dispersion of hard alumina (Al2O3) microparticles-filled polypropylene (PP) composites. Al2O3/PP composites containing 1.0 – 5.0 wt% of the Al2O3 were prepared through melt blending and specimens were produced through injection moulding technique. This study sets out to evaluate the influence of adding hard particles to the mechanical properties of the composite obtained while keeping the processing characteristics of the material. The material was characterized as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile tests performed showed an increase in the mechanical properties of the composite (modulus and elongation (%)) by increasing the Al2O3 content. The SEM images show a change in the fracture behavior between pure PP (brittle fracture) and Al2O3/PP composites containing 3.0 and 5.0 wt % (ductile fracture). The research aims to establish a new parameter for the development of products and advances in the application of this material.

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Zlatkov, B. S., M. V. Nikolic, V. Zeljkovic, N. Obradovic, V. B. Pavlovic, and O. Aleksic. "Analysis and modeling of sintering of Sr-hexaferrite produced by PIM technology." Science of Sintering 43, no. 1 (2011): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1101009z.

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The powder injection moulding (PIM) technology is lately becoming more and more significant due to complex design possibilities and good repeatability. This technology requires optimization of all steps starting with material and binder, injection, debinding and sintering parameters. Sintering is one of the key links in this technology. The powder injection moulding process is specific as during feedstock injection powder particles mixed into the binder do not come into mechanical contact. Shrinkage during sintering of PIM samples is high. In this work we have analyzed and modeled the sintering process of isotropic PIM samples of Sr-hexaferrite. The Master Sintering Curve (MSC) principle has been applied to analyze sintering of two types of PIM Sr-hexaferrite samples with completely removed binder and only the extraction step of the debinding procedure (thermal debinding proceeding simultaneously with sintering). Influence of the heating rate on resulting sample microstructures has also been analyzed. Influence of the sintering time and temperature was analyzed using three different phenomenological equations.

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Bilovol, V. V., L. Kowalski, J. Duszczyk, and L. Katgerman. "Comparison of numerical codes for simulation of powder injection moulding." Powder Metallurgy 46, no. 1 (April 2003): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/003258903225010514.

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Wei, Wen-Cheng J., Rong-Yuan Wu, and Sah-Jai Ho. "Effects of pressure parameters on alumina made by powder injection moulding." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20, no. 9 (August 2000): 1301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(99)00295-2.

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Mitrovic, N. S., B. S. Zlatkov, M. V. Nikolic, A. M. Maricic, O. S. Aleksic, S. R. Djukic, and H. Danninger. "Soft magnetic properties of MnZn ferrites prepared by powder injection moulding." Science of Sintering 44, no. 3 (2012): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1203355m.

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In this study, properties of soft-magnetic manganese zinc ferrite manufactured by powder injection moulding - PIM technology were presented. A powder consisting of Mn1- xZnxFe2O4 with small addition of hematite ?-Fe2O3 was mixed with an organic binder (wax and thermoplastic) to form ferrite feedstock. The ferrite feedstock was injected in a mould with a cavity shaped like a small cylinder with a hole on the main axis. Injection moulded samples were then solvent, thermally debinded and sintered in air atmosphere. Structure of sintered sample was characterized using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermomagnetic measurements. Magnetic properties were measured by hysteresis graph at different frequencies up to 1 kHz. Sintered sample contains a mixture of two phases Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 (68 wt. %) and ?-Fe2O3 (32 wt. %). The Curie temperature is TC ? 220?C for the green sample but after the heating up to 470?C, TC increase up to about 300?C. The high increase of normalized magnetic permeability of about 800 % was observed due to melting and burning of binder. The hysteresis loop of sintered MnZn ferrite toroidal cores has an R-shape with saturation of 0.44 T and remanence ratio of 0.49. The low value of coercivity (only 47 A/m) was related to the presence of ?-Fe2O3 crystalline phase and attained already optimum density (? ? 4.8 g/cm?) i.e. observed low level of porosity. Attained relative magnetic permeability ?r ? 2000 as well as power losses Ps ? 21 W/kg for sintered sample (at 1 kHz; 0.39 T) is in agreement with the MnZn ferrite commercial samples.

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Lee, Moon Kyu, Hong Lae Kim, Seok Moo Hong, Sun Chul Choi, and Nak Soo Kim. "Simulation of Ceramic Powder Injection Moulding Based on the Behavior of Flow Stress Depended on the Thermal Viscosity Flowage Property and the Volume Fraction." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.368.

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The prediction of flow pattern and volume fraction distribution in ceramic powder injection moulding (CIM) is very important because their characteristics affect the mechanical stiffness and the sintering shrinkage. The definition of feedstock behavior in the simulation of CIM depends on the various parameters such as temperature, strain rate and volume fraction. The aim of this study is to generate the governing equation based on non-newtonian flow model and predict the distribution of volume fraction from the result of CIM simulation using the subroutine of finite element package. Material parameters of governing equation are obtained from the compressive test of feedstock. Initial volume fraction is defined as the value of 0.5 referred to experimental data. In the boundary condition, the velocity of injection is 3 mm/s and the frictional coefficient between the feedstock material and the die is assumed as the value of 0.7 which means the value in the condition of cold moulding. The flow pattern of feedstock is very consistent with the experimental result. The result indicates that the range of volume fraction is from 0.42 to 0.58 depended on the pressure distribution. This result aids to predict the material stiffness according to the location of product from the relationship of the volume fraction and stiffness via Micro-hardness test.

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Ong, Zi Yan Amanda, Su Xia Zhang, Tao Li, and Qing Fa Li. "Development of Bi-Layer Porosity Graded Ceramic Component." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.376.

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Porosity graded composite component can be found in applications such as fuel cells, filters or bio-scaffolds or implants. In this paper, two materials powder injection moulding is applied to manufacture bi-layer ceramic components with graded porosity. Ceramic spinel, AR7820, is selected to form the denser layer while the porous layer consists of AR7820 with starch or graphite pore former and spinel AR7845. The pore formers have proven to be feasible in producing porous structure in individual component. Porous layer with graphite and starch pore formers sintered at 1600oC has a porosity of 36% and 37% respectively. However delamination of the layers occurs when they are shaped together with AR7820. This is because the pore formers altered the shrinkage behaviour of the base material which resulted in discrepancies in the shrinkages between the two layers. On the other hand, defect free porosity graded composite component with good and continuous bonding between the layers was obtained when AR7845 is combined with AR7820.

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Hotza, Dachamir, and Antonio Pedro Novaes de Oliveira. "New Silicate Glass-Ceramic Materials and Composites." Advances in Science and Technology 68 (October 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.68.1.

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New silicate glass-ceramic compositions have been investigated due to their interesting chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. LZSA glass-ceramics based on -spodumene (Li2O•Al2O3•4-10SiO2) and zircon (ZrSiO4) crystalline phases have shown good chemical resistance, high bending strength as well as high abrasion resistance, when compared with traditional ceramic materials, and coefficient of thermal expansion from 4.6 to 9.110-6 °C-1. These features basically depend on the nature, size and distribution of the formed crystals as well as on the residual glassy phase. The nature of the formed crystalline phases and consequently the final properties can be controlled by modifying the chemical composition of the parent glass and also by adequate selection of the heat-treatment parameters. The classical fabrication of glass-ceramic materials consists on the preparation of monolithic glass components followed by heat treatments for crystallisation. However, this technology requires high investments and can be justified only for large production. A viable alternative could be the production of glass-ceramics processed from glass powders and consolidated by sintering using the same equipments of traditional ceramic plants. This work reports the manufacturing and characterization of glass-ceramic materials and composites processed by pressing, injection moulding, extrusion, casting, replication, and rapid prototyping.

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