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1
Harris, R. H., J. R. Hirth, M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in the absence and presence of agronomic manipulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06148.
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A field experiment located in southern New South Wales compared the component yields of cereal–lucerne companion crops (cereals sown into established lucerne) with the yields of cereal and lucerne monocultures. In-crop lucerne herbicide suppression, cereal crop types (wheat and barley), and top-dressed nitrogen (N) were evaluated for the potential to improve cereal production in the presence of lucerne. Plant populations and biomass, cereal grain yields, and grain quality (protein, screenings, and contamination) were measured. Over the 3-year study, cereals sown into established lucerne (4 years of age at the commencement of the experiment) yielded 17% less (P < 0.05) grain than the cereal monoculture. Companion cropping also resulted in a 71% reduction (P < 0.05) in lucerne biomass over the growing season compared with the lucerne monoculture, but a 3-fold (P < 0.05) increase in total (cereal and lucerne) biomass production. There were no differences between wheat and barley crops in the presence of lucerne, although extensive lodging in the 2003-barley monoculture did result in a significant main treatment (+/0 lucerne and +/0 in-crop lucerne suppression) × crop type (wheat and barley) interaction in grain yield, but not cereal biomass. N top-dressed after tillering onto cereal–lucerne companion crops did not increase grain yield, although it did increase cereal biomass in 2003. Whilst in-crop lucerne suppression did not increase cereal grain yields, it did increase (P < 0.05) cereal biomass and reduced lucerne biomass at cereal maturity and contamination (lucerne pods and flowers) of the cereal grain. However, this practice reduced (P < 0.05) lucerne populations, and therefore potentially threatens the longer term viability of lucerne stands so more research is recommended to develop less detrimental strategies for achieving effective in-crop lucerne suppression. This study combined with results from others, suggests that rainfall was a major factor determining cereal responses in the presence of lucerne, and although there were responses in cereal biomass to additional N and herbicide suppression, these strategies appear to only have potential under favourable growing-season conditions.
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VASILAKOGLOU, I., K. DHIMA, A. LITHOURGIDIS, and I. ELEFTHEROHORINOS. "COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF WINTER CEREAL–COMMON VETCH INTERCROPS AGAINST STERILE OAT." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 4 (October 2008): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006728.
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SUMMARYIntercropping cereals with legumes for forage or food production is extensively used as a cropping practice in many parts of the world. A 2-year field study was conducted using common vetch (Vicia sativa), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (× Triticosecale), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) sole crops as well as common vetch intercrops with each of these cereals in a 35:65 cereal:common vetch ratio based on seed numbers, to determine their ability to compete with sterile oat (Avena sterilis spp. sterilis). At nine weeks after planting, fewer sterile oat plants emerged in common vetch sole crop than in cereal sole crops. Intercropping of cereals with common vetch generally did not affect sterile oat stem number and biomass compared with cereal sole crops. At harvest, cereal sole crops provided greater total dry biomass (DB) than the common vetch sole crop. However, triticale and oat produced more DB than winter wheat and barley. In most cases intercropping reduced total DB compared with cereal sole crops. The results of this study indicated that intercropping of the four winter cereals with common vetch did not provide any significant competitive advantage against sterile oat. However, common vetch sole crop showed the greatest suppressive ability against sterile oat among the sole crops or intercrops studied.
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Cox, H. W., R. M. Kelly, and W. M. Strong. "Pulse crops in rotation with cereals can be a profitable alternative to nitrogen fertiliser in central Queensland." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 9 (2010): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09352.
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Empirical and simulation results from three crop rotations incorporating cereals, pulses and nitrogen (N) fertiliser application were examined over 4 years in a subtropical environment, central Queensland, Australia. The hypothesis was that pulse crops in rotation with cereals would be a viable alternative to applying N fertilisers and would improve farm business economic performance provided the yield potential of pulses were not compromised by planting into very low soil water situations. Empirical data and simulations with the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator model were used to give insights into the N contribution, yield benefit to cereals and overall economic performance of the inclusion of pulses into the rotation. The field trial rotations included: rotation 1: sorghum and wheat in an opportunity crop rotation (called cereals-only), rotation 2; cereals grown following a fallow with a pulse crop immediately after (called cereal double-cropped pulse) and rotation 3, pulses grown following a fallow with a cereal crop immediately after (called pulse double-cropped cereal). Empirical and simulated results indicated that the cereal double-cropped pulse rotation produced the highest average annual gross margins using prices at that time. In the simulations, when pulse crops were included in the rotation, no additional N fertiliser was required and the lowest chance of negative gross margins was obtained. The cereal double-cropped pulse rotation produced the largest trial and simulated gross margins. The pulse double-cropped cereal rotation produced greater gross margins than the N-deficient cereals-only rotation but significantly lower than the cereal double-cropped pulse rotation. Simulations indicated that the cereals-only rotation could be made profitable when the soil was ‘topped-up’ to 100 kg available N/ha before planting, or by 40 kg N/ha to each cereal crop. Chickpea and mungbean contributed an average of 35 and 29 kg N/ha, respectively, in the field trial. A minimum of 100 mm of the stored soil water at planting was needed to reduce the risk of negative returns. By planting only when the soil contained adequate water, the cereal double-cropped pulse rotation may provide a valuable supplement to farm income while simultaneously reducing the need for N fertilisers on the cereals. Alternatively, in a rotation with cereals only, modest amounts of fertiliser N will maintain profitability with minimal levels of financial risk.
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Harris, R. H., M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in relation to annual biomass production, resource supply, and subsoil drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07135.
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A field experiment located in NE Victoria compared the productivity of cereals sown into mature lucerne (companion crop) with cereals and lucerne grown as monocultures. Additional nitrogen (N) and water was applied to investigate if increased resource supply could alleviate competition and improve cereal performance in the presence of lucerne. Cereal plant populations, lucerne and cereal biomass, and cereal grain yields and protein were measured throughout the experiment. Soil water content was also monitored over time to determine whether companion cropping compromised the ability of lucerne to extract deep soil water. While companion cropping depressed both lucerne and cereal production, the combined annual biomass production was greater than cereal and lucerne when grown alone. Averaged over the three seasons, companion cropping resulted in a 31% increase (P < 0.05) in total annual biomass compared with the lucerne monoculture, and an 18% increase compared with the cereal monoculture in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. Cereals growing with lucerne produced fewer tillers, spikes and consequently cereal biomass compared with cereals growing as a monoculture. Therefore, companion crops yielded 25% less (P < 0.05) grain compared with the cereal monoculture over the 3-year study. Competition for N and light in the pre-cereal stem elongation period, were likely causes. Increasing the supply of N and water did not result in a main treatment (monoculture v. companion crop) by additional resource interaction, indicating that cereal responses were the same irrespective of lucerne’s presence. The application of N, water and these combined inputs, resulted in a 13–40%, 35% and 49% increase (P < 0.05) in cereal grain yields, respectively. While companion cropping compromised lucerne’s capacity to extract water from deep soil layers to a degree, this practice was still able to maintain drier subsoil in comparison to the cereal monoculture.
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Žvigaitytė, Ieva, and Izolda Ona Bražukienė. "The Cereal Extraction Territorial Analysis of Lithuania in 2000–2014 Years." Geografija ir edukacija mokslo almanachas / Geography and Education Science Almanac 4 (October 11, 2016): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/ge.2016.4.
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From the ancient times crop production perceived as one of the most important Lithuanian activities in relation to cereals extraction growing. The Crop Production – is “basis for agriculture" (Kaluina, 1993), in a long time this basis has formed the current agricultural situation in Lithuania. This scientific object is cereal extraction in Lithuania. The objective is to carry out cereal extraction territorial dispersion analysis in Lithuania 2000–2014 year. This article scientific must tasks: review of scientific literature on the theme of cereal crops extraction; analyze grain extraction determinants; examine grain extraction territorial dispersion characteristics; assess grain production development prospects in Lithuania. All the time scientists are interested cereal crops extraction in Lithuania. Scientists analyzed a lot of things, these are development stages of cereal crops, natural and social economic conditions, which caused these cultures emergence of a certain territory and dissemination. The most important factors are natural and socio-economic. These factors are very much connected. Also, the modern territorial system of cereal extraction growing has developed under the influence of the following other factors: soil conditions; agricultural traditions formation within a certain time; the internal market demand; mastering new technologies; the Government’s support and policy in agricultural industries; the European Union structural funds support and policy in agricultural. In Lithuania cereal crops extraction has increased from 2000 to 2014 years. An improving situation observed after accession to the European Union. Record harvest was fixed in 2014 year. It was influenced by technological million tonnes break in the Lithuanian grain farms. The Middle Lithuanian height intensive zone (area) for grain crops extraction. Here are good soil potential possibilities cereal crops (high yield) and here are a lower cost cultivation of cereal crops extraction. The condition for cereal crops extraction is bad in the Western and Eastern Lithuanian zones (areas). This area is characterized by worse natural – climatic conditions. In recent years, huge volumes of the growing cereals harvest, improving yields and growing conditions for crop areas form optimistic cereal crops for production in future. In our country economic situation will improve every years and this is an impact on improving agricultural situation.
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Burket, John Z., Delbert D. Hemphill, and Richard P. Dick. "Winter Cover Crops and Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn and Broccoli Rotations." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.664.
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Cover crops hold potential to improve soil quality, to recover residual fertilizer N in the soil after a summer crop that otherwise might leach to the groundwater, and to be a source of N for subsequently planted vegetable crops. The objective of this 5-year study was to determine the N uptake by winter cover crops and its effect on summer vegetable productivity. Winter cover crops [red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L. var. Wheeler), a cereal rye/Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) mix, or a winter fallow control] were in a rotation with alternate years of sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Jubilee) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis Group cv. Gem). The subplots were N rate (zero, intermediate, and as recommended for vegetable crop). Summer relay plantings of red clover or cereal rye were also used to gain early establishment of the cover crop. Cereal rye cover crops recovered residual fertilizer N at an average of 40 kg·ha-1 following the recommended N rates, but after 5 years of cropping, there was no evidence that the N conserved by the cereal rye cover crop would permit a reduction in inorganic N inputs to maintain yields. Intermediate rates of N applied to summer crops in combination with winter cover crops containing legumes produced vegetable yields similar to those with recommended rates of N in combination with winter fallow or cereal rye cover crops. There was a consistent trend (P < 0.12) for cereal rye cover crops to cause a small decrease in broccoli yields as compared to winter fallow.
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Ahmad, Imtiaz, María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, Dawn S. Luthe, and Mary E. Barbercheck. "Systemic Colonization by Metarhizium robertsii Enhances Cover Crop Growth." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (May 17, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020064.
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Fungi in the genus Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) are insect pathogens that can establish as endophytes and can benefit their host plant. In field experiments, we observed a positive correlation between the prevalence of M. robertsii and legume cover crops, and a negative relationship with brassicaceous cover crops and with increasing proportion of cereal rye in mixtures. Here, we report the effects of endophytic M. robertsii on three cover crop species under greenhouse conditions. We inoculated seeds of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L., AWP), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter canola (Brassica napus L.) with conidia of M. robertsii to assess the effects of endophytic colonization on cover crop growth. We recovered M. robertsii from 59%, 46%, and 39% of seed-inoculated AWP, cereal rye, and canola plants, respectively. Endophytic M. robertsii significantly increased height and above-ground biomass of AWP and cereal rye but did not affect chlorophyll content of any of the cover crop species. Among inoculated plants from which we recovered M. robertsii, above-ground biomass of AWP was positively correlated with the proportion of colonized root but not leaf tissue sections. Our results suggest that winter cover crops may help to conserve Metarhizium spp. in annual cropping systems.
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ALLISON, M. F., M. J. ARMSTRONG, K. W. JAGGARD, and A. D. TODD. "Integration of nitrate cover crops into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) rotations. I. Management and effectiveness of nitrate cover crops." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697005108.
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Between 1989 and 1993, 17 experiments tested the effect of cover crop species, sowing date and destruction date on cover crop dry matter (DM) yield, N uptake and on soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) content. All the experiments were carried out in Suffolk, Norfolk, Lincolnshire and Yorkshire on sandy-loam textured soils after crops of cereals or oilseed rape had been harvested. The largest DM yields were obtained with early sowings and averaged 1·6 t/ha. Cover crop N uptake was less dependent upon sowing date and averaged 35 kg N/ha. The average reduction in SMN was from 46 to 32 kg N/ha. Differences between cover crop species were small when compared with season/site variations.Cereal cover crop DM yields were closely related to the thermal time accumulated from the first significant rainfall after sowing, whilst the yields of non-cereal cover crops were more affected by the moisture content of the soil at sowing. The amount of SMN in the soil at sowing had little or no effect on cover crop yield. The yields of cereal cover crops were much more predictable than those of non-cereal cover crops. Water usage by cover crops was estimated to be 20 mm/t DM and large cover crops delayed the onset of leaching and reduced the amount of water leached. However, even in dry autumns and winters, soils are likely to reach field capacity before the following beet crop is sown. Due to their large C[ratio ]N ratio (20[ratio ]1) little N would be mineralized after cover crop destruction. Cover crops comprising volunteer cereals and weeds often performed as well as the other cover crops and in most cases will be the most cost-effective cover crops.
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Treasure, Edward R., Darren R. Gröcke, Astrid E. Caseldine, and Mike J. Church. "Neolithic Farming and Wild Plant Exploitation in Western Britain: Archaeobotanical and Crop Stable Isotope Evidence from Wales (c. 4000–2200 cal bc)." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (December 2019): 193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.12.
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The introduction of agriculture is a key defining element of the Neolithic, yet considerable debate persists concerning the nature and significance of early farming practices in north-west Europe. This paper reviews archaeobotanical evidence from 95 Neolithic sites (c. 4000–2200 cal bc) in Wales, focusing on wild plant exploitation, the range of crops present, and the significance of cereals in subsistence practices. Cereal cultivation practices in Early Neolithic Wales are also examined using cereal grain stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis. The Early Neolithic period witnessed the widespread uptake of cereals alongside considerable evidence for continued wild plant exploitation, notably hazelnuts and wild fruits. The possibility that wild plants and woodlands were deliberately managed or altered to promote the growth of certain plants is outlined. Small cereal grain assemblages, with little evidence for chaff and weed seeds, are common in the Early Neolithic, whereas cereal-rich sites are rare. Emmer wheat was the dominant crop in the Early Neolithic, while other cereal types were recorded in small quantities. Cereal nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values from Early Neolithic sites provided little evidence for intensive manuring. We suggest that cultivation conditions may have been less intensive when compared to other areas of Britain and Europe. In the later Neolithic period, there is evidence for a decline in the importance of cereals. Finally, the archaeobotanical and crop isotope data from this study are considered within a wider European context.
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Ahmad, T., F. Y. Hafeez, T. Mahmood, and K. A. Malik. "Residual effect of nitrogen fixed by mungbean (Vigna radiata) and blackgram (Vigna mungo) on subsequent rice and wheat crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99175.
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Annual crop legumes, grown in rotation with cereal crops, contribute to the total pool of nitrogen in the soil and improve the yield of cereals. The present study aimed at the quantification of nitrogen fixation by mungbean and blackgram using 15N isotopic dilution methodology; and the quantification of grain and nitrogen yield differences of succeeding rice and wheat crops compared with a cereal–cereal rotation. There were 2 experiments in separate fields but with the same layout: in experiment 1, rice followed the mungbean and blackgram varieties and in experiment 2, wheat followed the mungbean and blackgram varieties. Nitrogen fixed ranged from 26 to 36 kg/ha in experiment 1 and from 30 to 36 kg/ha in experiment 2. Soil nitrogen spared by legume crops ranged from 2 to 26 kg/ha in experiment 1 and from 4 to 23 kg/ha in experiment 2. Rice paddy yields were 0.6–1.1 t/ha higher in the legume–cereal rotation than in the cereal–cereal sequence. Similarly, wheat grain yields were 0.5–1.1 t/ha higher in the legume–cereal rotation.
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Crawford, Laura E., Martin M. Williams, and Sam E. Wortman. "An Early-Killed Rye (Secale cereale) Cover Crop Has Potential for Weed Management in Edamame (Glycine max)." Weed Science 66, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.5.
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AbstractThe potential role of fall-seeded cover crops for weed management in edamame [soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is unknown. Field experiments were conducted over three edamame growing seasons to (1) determine the extent to which cover crop–residue management systems influence edamame emergence while selectively suppressing weed density and biomass, and (2) determine whether cultivars differed in emergence in cover crop–residue management systems. Cover crop treatments included a winter-killed oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), two canola (Brassica napus L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), two cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) treatments (early-killed and late-killed), and a bare-soil control. Two spring timings of a cover crop burndown application created the early-killed and late-killed treatments for canola and cereal rye. Twelve soybean cultivars were tested, including 11 edamame cultivars differing in seed size and a grain-type soybean control. Spring residue biomass in cover crop treatments ranged from 438 kg ha−1 for winter-killed radish to 9,003 kg ha−1 for late-killed cereal rye. Cultivars responded similarly to cover crop treatments, and with the exception of late-killed cereal rye, cover crop treatments resulted in similar crop emergence as the bare-soil control. While all cover crop treatments reduced weed biomass 6 wk after planting compared with the bare soil, winter-killed radish and both canola treatments increased weed density. Early-killed cereal rye has potential for weed management in edamame, as evidenced by the fact that the treatment did not interfere with planting or crop establishment, yet reduced weed density 20% and suppressed early-season weed growth 85%.
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Weston, Leslie A. "Cover Crop and Herbicide Influence on Row Crop Seedling Establishment in No-Tillage Culture." Weed Science 38, no. 2 (March 1990): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056320.
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The establishment and management of nine cover crops in Kentucky production systems were evaluated in field experiments over a 2-yr period. ‘Wheeler’ rye, ‘Barsoy’ barley, and ‘Tyler’ wheat cereal grains produced greater biomass (180 to 260 g/m2) than the pasture species tall fescue, creeping red fescue, and white clover (55 to 110 g/m2). ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue, creeping red fescue, and white clover proved most difficult to control, and significant regrowth occurred regardless of herbicide or rate applied. HOE-39866 (1.7 kg ai/ha) was effective in rapidly controlling all cover crops except tall fescue by 30 days after application. Sethoxydim and fluazifop (0.4 and 0.3 kg ai/ha, respectively) effectively controlled the cereals and two ryegrass species. Glyphosate applied at 1.1 and 2.2 kg ai/ha was also effective, while 0.6 kg ai/ha controlled only cereal grain growth adequately. After chemical control, pasture grass plots contained fewest weeds/m2with some reductions likely due to density and regrowth of the sods. Cover crops were effective in suppressing weed growth at 45 days after chemical control. However, significant weed growth existed in all cover crop plots by 60 days after kill. Row crop establishment increased linearly with increasing glyphosate rate. Cereal grain covers provided the most compatible planting situations for greatest seedling establishment, with rye and wheat providing greatest weed suppression. Generally, increased weed suppression provided by a cover crop was accompanied by reduced row crop establishment, with greatest reductions observed in pasture grass plots. Cucumber was most easily established while snap pea was most difficult.
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Singh, P., R. K. Upadhyay, H. P. Bhatt, M. P. Oza, and S. P. Vyas. "CROP SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR CEREAL CROPS OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-353-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The crop suitability is the process of assessing the appropriateness or ability of a given type of land on the basis of growing conditions of a particular crop. The study focused on the crop suitability analysis of cereal crops for their production in Uttar Pradesh. Information about crop suitability is essential for proper management of agriculture in the study area. Remote sensing and GIS data provide a reliable information and technique to find suitable land for crops. The research was based on GIS based Multi-Criteria Decision Approach. The AMSR-2 (Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer) soil moisture data, Carto-DEM, soil chemical and physical properties and climate data were used to identify the crop suitability in the study area. Weightage of different factors was arrived at based on input and feedback from experts. An Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used in ArcGIS environment to generate suitability map for the cereals crop. The suitability map has been categorised in the form of highly suitable, moderately suitable, low suitable and non-agricultural/ non-suitable region of the study area for Wheat, Rice, Sorghum, Maize and Pearl Millet/Bajra.</p><p>The overall study indicates that the study area has a huge potential of cereal crop production. Therefore, improved levels of agricultural production can be achieved by cultivating crop in highly and moderately suitable areas; and practicing diversification of marginally suitable areas to crops other than that for which it is low suitable.</p>
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WEBB, J., R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, and F. M. SEENEY. "The effects of site and season on the fate of nitrogen residues from root crops grown on sandy soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 4 (June 1997): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969700436x.
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In 74 experiments carried out in England from 1990 to 1994, cereal test crops were grown on sandy soils prone to nitrate leaching, following cereals, sugarbeet and potatoes. Measurements were made of the effects of the previous crops on soil mineral N, and on N recovery by the cereal test crop.Soil N supply in autumn (SNSa) was greater following potatoes (c. 100 kg/ha N) than following sugarbeet or cereals (c. 60 kg/ha N). However when potato crops to which organic manures had been applied were excluded, mean SNSa after potatoes was only c. 60 kg/ha. Soil N supply in spring (SNSs) following sugarbeet and potatoes was similar and at c. 56 kg/ha, c. 10 kg/ha greater than following cereals. Seasonal differences in SNSs were related to excess winter rainfall and soil water-holding capacity. Modelled leaching losses gave good agreement with overwinter changes in SNS (r=0·87), although SNSs was usually greater than predicted by the model. This discrepancy was considered to be due to overwinter mineralization, which was estimated from the intercept of the regression lines to be c. 40 kg/ha following cereals and potatoes, and c. 50 kg/ha following sugarbeet.Apparent net mineralization (AM) of N during the test crop growing season was c. 37, 53 and 63 kg/ha following cereals, sugarbeet and potatoes respectively. However, AM was c. 24 kg/ha N greater if the preceding potato crop had been given organic manures, but there was no difference in AM following manured and unmanured sugarbeet crops.Nitrogen offtake by the cereal test crop without fertilizer N (NoffN0) was c. 15·20 kg/ha greater following potatoes and sugarbeet than following cereals. The greater N offtake following potatoes is considered to be due to mineralization of organic manures applied to the potato crop, while the effect following sugarbeet appears to be due to mineralization of sugarbeet residues. At harvest, SMN was c. 38 kg/ha and similar for all three previous crops. It is concluded that mineralization of sugarbeet residues has taken place more quickly on these sandy soils than previously reported on soils of greater clay content. Only potatoes grown with organic manures leave greater N residues than cereals.
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Matres, Jerlie Mhay, Julia Hilscher, Akash Datta, Victoria Armario-Nájera, Can Baysal, Wenshu He, Xin Huang, et al. "Genome editing in cereal crops: an overview." Transgenic Research 30, no. 4 (July 14, 2021): 461–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-021-00259-6.
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AbstractGenome-editing technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for crop improvement with superior precision and speed. This review presents an analysis of the current state of genome editing in the major cereal crops- rice, maize, wheat and barley. Genome editing has been used to achieve important agronomic and quality traits in cereals. These include adaptive traits to mitigate the effects of climate change, tolerance to biotic stresses, higher yields, more optimal plant architecture, improved grain quality and nutritional content, and safer products. Not all traits can be achieved through genome editing, and several technical and regulatory challenges need to be overcome for the technology to realize its full potential. Genome editing, however, has already revolutionized cereal crop improvement and is poised to shape future agricultural practices in conjunction with other breeding innovations.
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Schenck, Lara A., Matthew G. Bakker, Thomas B. Moorman, and Thomas C. Kaspar. "Effects of cover crop presence, cover crop species selection and fungicide seed treatment on corn seedling growth." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000345.
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AbstractCover crops can offer erosion protection as well as soil and environmental quality benefits. Cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) is the most commonly used winter cover crop in corn–soybean rotations in the upper Midwest of the USA because of its superior winter hardiness and growth at cool temperatures. Cereal rye cover crops, however, can occasionally have negative impacts on the yield of a following corn crop, which discourages broader adoption and introduces substantial risk for corn farmers employing cover crops. We hypothesized that because cereal rye shares some pathogens with corn, it may be causing increased disease in corn seedlings planted soon after cereal rye termination. To test this, we performed a series of experiments in a controlled environment chamber to assess the response of corn seedlings with and without a commercial fungicide seed treatment to the presence of cereal rye or other species of cover crops that were terminated with herbicide prior to corn planting. Our results indicate that under cool and wet conditions, cereal rye reduces corn seedling growth performance and increases incidence of corn seedling root disease. Fungicide seed treatment had limited efficacy in preventing these effects, perhaps because environmental conditions were set to be very conducive for disease development. However, hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth) and winter canola (Brassica napusL.) cover crops had fewer negative impacts on corn seedlings compared with cereal rye. Thus, to expand the practice of cover cropping before corn, it should become a research priority to develop alternative management practices to reduce the risk of corn seedling root infection following cereal rye cover crops. Over the longer term, testing, selection and breeding efforts should identify potential cover crop species or genotypes that are able to match the winter hardiness, growth at cool temperatures and the conservation and environmental quality benefits of cereal rye, while avoiding the potential for negative impacts on corn seedlings when environmental conditions are suitable for disease development.
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Wahyuni, Sri, and Murdaningsih Murdaningsih. "Inventarisasi Plasma Nutfah Serealia Lahan Kering Di Sekitar Kawasan Taman Nasional Kelimutu." AGRICA 4, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/agr.v4i1.467.
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The goal of this research was to identify the dryland cereal crop seed plasma types growing around Kelimutu National Park, located in Ende district on the island of Flores in Indonesia, by observing crop morphology and cultivation techniques. Cereal crops represent the largest source of carbohydrates in the regional diet in comparison to other food groups in this area where dry land makes up 80% of the total available land. It is estimated that the Ende district of Flores has adequate potential to produce dryland cereal as a staple food crop. Previous studies have shown that farmer preference is shifting towards the cultivation of crops with a higher economic value which threatens the existence of some cereal crops. Concurrently, shifts in eating habits have made rice a staple food in this region, leading to increased consumption and threatening the existence of other cereal crops. Furthermore, outsiders tend to think of areas like Flores as being impoverished, with frequent problems with food security. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge within the youth population about the types of foods, especially cereals, which are rich in nutrients and their use in rituals. This research aims to address this gap by collecting information on cereal crops in and around Kelimutu National Park for dissemination through educational and cultural tours. This study was conducted in the eastern subdistrict of Ndona, Flores and Wolojita Detusoko between June and December 2011. Study findings identified 5 main cereal crops: paddy fields (consisting of: Are Rumba, Are Sela, Are Obo, Are Laka, Amera, Eko Ndale, Kea Ria, Are Mera, Are Kea Mboa, Eko Ena), corn (consisting of Java Roga, Nggela Java, Java, Keo Ri’a), sorghum (consisting of mera Lolo, Lolo Mite and Lolo Telo Leko), barley (consisting of Mera and Wete Wete Bara) and millet (consisting of Ke’o Mite and Ke’o). Of the five types of cereal crops identified, one type (Pega, a subspecies of barley with a sorghum-like panicle) is not found in four of the districts. It was found that corn, classified as a native plant, is strengthened through cultivation by re-seeding. Study results illustrated that corn in this area is of reduced genetic quality, as illustrated by the fact that 3-4 cobs did not develop. Alternatively, the Ke’o Bara strain of barley has a morphology and panicle strand number (270-300) that suggest that this species is typical of this region.
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Probert, M. E., P. S. Carberry, R. L. McCown, and J. E. Turpin. "Simulation of legume-cereal systems using APSIM." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 3 (1998): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97070.
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A major issue for the sustainability of cropping systems is the maintenance of soil fertility and especially the supply of nitrogen to cereal crops. Choice of appropriate management strategies, including the role of legumes, is problematic, especially where climatic variation is large. Simulation models provide the means of extrapolation from the site- and season-specific bounds of experimental data to permit scenario analyses that can explore alternative management options. This paper is a status report on the capabilities of the APSIM modelling framework to simulate legume-cereal systems. APSIM deals with water and nitrogen constraints to crop growth and is well suited to the task of modelling whole systems involving crop rotations. The components that are not yet fully developed are modules for growing the legume crops and coupling these with the module describing the dynamics of soil organic matter to obtain sensible predictions of nitrogen supply to subsequent crops. Evidence is provided that those parts of the system that can be represented by current APSIM modules are predicted satisfactorily. The closest approach to a whole system that has been simulated to date is grass or legume (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano) leys followed by crops of maize or sorghum grown in experiments at Katherine, NT. Predictions of the yields of the leys and the cereal crops, especially the benefit from the legume leys to a second crop, were sufficiently close to measured yields to suggest that there are good prospects for developing useful models of other systems involving legumes and cereals. A simulation scenario exploring a chickpea-wheat system demonstrates how models can be used to analyse both productivity and sustainability aspects of the system.
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TUULOS, A., M. TURAKAINEN, S. JAAKKOLA, J. KLEEMOLA, and P. S. A. MÄKELÄ. "Forage and seed yield of winter turnip rape established as a mixed crop with cereals." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961400015x.
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SUMMARYCultivation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.) in Finland has been limited because of its reputation as an unreliable crop and its mid-season sowing time of July, when fields are already sown to other crops. An alternative management practice for winter turnip rape is proposed whereby it would be sown as a mixed crop simultaneously with spring cereals. The growth and yield formation of winter turnip rape grown in mixed stands with four different spring cereals was studied in two field experiments conducted in 2009–11. Pure and mixed stands of winter turnip rape and spring cereals were established in May at two different cereal and winter turnip rape stand densities. Subsequent to cereal harvest, one-third of each winter turnip rape plot was harvested for biomass in autumn, before cessation of growth. Three plant stand types, May- and July-sown monocrops and a mixed crop with oat (Avena sativa L.) were sampled for forage analysis. Plant stand densities were monitored from establishment until maturity. Winter turnip rape yield and its quality, including oil content, protein content and thousand seed weight, were determined. Following favourable overwintering conditions, winter turnip rape established with cereals yielded comparably to that of pure stands in terms of both quantity and quality. However, a pure stand of winter turnip rape out-yielded mixed crop stands after unfavourable overwintering conditions. Leaf removal decreased plant survival and seed yield. Establishing winter turnip rape with a cereal in May is an alternative to sowing it as a monocrop in July. A higher seeding rate is needed for under-sown winter turnip rape. Furthermore, autumn-harvested winter turnip rape monocrop forage potentially represents a high-protein supplement for ruminants.
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Ockerby, S. E., A. L. Garside, P. D. Holden, and S. W. Adkins. "Prior crop and residue incorporation time affect the response of paddy rice to fertiliser nitrogen." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98087.
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Crop residues are an important source of nitrogen (N) for rice (Oryza sativa L.). The objective of this research was to determine how the supply of mineral N from different prior crops or fallow might affect the growth and yield of rice. The study also tested whether N use by rice might be improved by timing the application of inorganic fertiliser N to supplement the N mineralised after prior crops. Experiments consisted of fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the dry-season followed by wet-season rice; and fallow, or cereal or legume crops in the wet- season followed by dry-season rice. Urea at one-third of the rate required for optimum rice yield was applied at 3 times during the rice crop: sowing, permanent flood, and/or panicle initiation. The prior fallow and crop treatments significantly influenced the growth and yield of rice crops. After a fallow, the pattern of soil N mineralisation promoted vegetative growth but was limiting during grain-filling. In contrast, after a cereal crop, rice vegetative growth was limited but grain-filling was promoted. Legume prior crops promoted both vegetative and grain growth. The benefits derived from growing the cereal or legume crops before rice, in terms of replacing fertiliser N, were dependent on the time at which fertiliser N was applied to the rice crop. In particular, legume crops frequently nullified the rice growth responses to fertiliser N. The results demonstrated that fallow and prior crops can alter the amount and timing of mineral N supply to a rice crop. Farmers should consider including a legume crop in rotation with rice because legumes supply N, which increases rice yield and reduces the requirement for fertiliser N. Cereal crops also contribute N, although farmers who use a cereal rotation should monitor the soil and crop N status during early rice growth, and supply extra fertiliser N to alleviate N deficiency.
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Gobin, Anne, Nicoletta Addimando, Christoph Ramshorn, and Karl Gutbrod. "Climate risk services for cereal farming." Advances in Science and Research 18 (March 15, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-21-2021.
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Abstract. Agricultural production is largely determined by weather conditions during the crop growing season. An important aspect of crop yield estimation concerns crop growth development. The occurrence of meteorological events such as frosts, droughts or heat stress during the crop life cycle or during certain phenological stages helps explain yield fluctuations of common arable crops. We developed a methodology and visualisation tool for risk assessment, and tested the workflow for drought and frost risk for winter wheat, winter barley and grain maize in Belgium. The methodology has the potential to be extended to other extreme weather events and their impacts on crop growth in different regions of the world.
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Lane, Ralph H. "Cereals and Cereal Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.1.107a.
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Lane, Ralph H. "Cereals and Cereal Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.1.131a.
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Lane, Ralph H. "Cereals and Cereal Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.158.
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Lane, Ralph H. "Cereals and Cereal Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.159.
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Lane, Ralph H. "Cereals and Cereal Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.1.162.
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Ominski, P. D., M. H. Entz, and N. Kenkel. "Weed suppression byMedicago sativain subsequent cereal crops: a comparative survey." Weed Science 47, no. 3 (June 1999): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091785.
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The ability ofMedicago sativato suppress weed growth may provide a viable alternative to chemical weed control and allow crop producers to reduce herbicide inputs. Quantitative information regarding the suppressive effect ofM. sativaon weed populations in current cropping systems is lacking. A survey was conducted in Manitoba, Canada, in 1993 and 1994 to investigate weed populations in commercial cereal fields that had been preceded by eitherM. sativahay or cereal grain crops. A total of 117 fields were surveyed; approximately half from each field type. Principle component analysis indicated that the inclusion ofM. sativain crop rotations resulted in weed communities different from those of continuous cereal fields. Naturally occurring populations ofAvena fatua, Cirsium arvense, Brassica kaber, andGalium aparinewere lower in cereal fields that had previously containedM. sativathan in cereal fields that had been preceded by a cereal crop. Lower field uniformity values forC. arvenseandAvena fatuaindicated that these weeds were also more patchy in theM. sativarotations. Population differences between field types were nonsignificant forAmaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, andPolygonum convolvulus, and although populations ofTaraxacum officinaleandThlaspi arvensewere greater inM. sativa/cereal fields than in continuous cereal crops. No consistent effect of field type onSetaria viridispopulations was observed. These results show thatM. sativaeffectively suppressed some, but not all, of the weeds found in the study area. IncludingM. sativahay crops in crop rotations can be part of an integrated weed management strategy for weeds such asA. fatua, B. kaber, andC. arvense.
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Lawes, Roger, and Michael Renton. "The Land Use Sequence Optimiser (LUSO): A theoretical framework for analysing crop sequences in response to nitrogen, disease and weed populations." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 10 (2010): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10026.
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The break crop effect, where a non-cereal crop provides relief from soil pathogens, may increase soil nitrogen reserves for a cereal and help minimise populations of herbicide resistant weeds. It is widely used in agriculture to maximise the economic return and yield of cereal crops. In Western Australia, cereal crops are being grown with increasing frequency, at the expense of less profitable break crops and we have developed a land use sequence optimiser (LUSO) to analyse strategic break crop decisions across a suite of price, yield, nitrogen fertiliser cost, soil borne disease load and weed load thresholds. The model is flexible and can easily be parameterised for a wide range of economic, edaphic and biotic parameters. We demonstrate its use in a strategic sense to determine economic and biotic thresholds that force a rotation change in a typical Western Australian cropping system.
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KÄNKÄNEN, H., C. ERIKSSON, and M. RÄKKÖLÄINEN. "Soil nitrate N as influenced by annually undersown cover crops in spring cereals." Agricultural and Food Science 12, no. 3-4 (January 3, 2003): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5750.
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Cover crops can reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotations and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops. In Finland, undersowing is a suitable method for establishing cover crops in cereals. The effect of annual undersowing on soil nitrate N was studied at two sites. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) were undersown in spring cereals during six successive seasons, and a pure stand of cereal was grown in two years after that. In all years, the soil nitrate N was measured in late autumn, and in addition in different times of the season in last four years. The effect of undersowing on soil NO3-N content was generally low, but in one season when conditions favoured high N leaching, westerwold ryegrass decreased soil NO3-N. The negligible increase of N leaching risk in connection with undersowing clovers, associated with late autumn ploughing, supports the use of clovers to increase the cereal grain yield. The highest levels of soil NO3-N were recorded at sowing in spring irrespective of whether a crop was undersown or not. NO3-N contents were higher in sandy soil than in silt. Undersowing can be done annually in cereal cultivation either to fix or catch N. No cumulative effects on soil nitrate N were associated with undersowing after six years.;
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Lejiņš, Andris, and Biruta Lejiņa. "THE GRAIN CROP YIELD IN DIFFERENT CROP ROTATION AND EFFICIENCY OF HERBICIDES AND FUNGICIDES TREATMENT." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 23, 2007): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2007vol1.1729.
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Complex field experiments were carried out in Agricultural research institute in 1969. The field trials included five different crop rotation systems. In each 6-field rotation system the specific percentage of cereals (%) varied from 50 to 100%, perennial grass (clover+ timothy) - 16.7 to 33.3%. The highest winter rye yields were obtained from crop rotation systems with cereal proportion up to 66%. Including buckwheat in the crop rotation winter rye cultivation is highly productive in crop rotation systems with cereal proportion even up to 83%. Yield of winter rye in long-term monocultural sowings decreases even up to 0.74h-1. Winter ryetreatment with herbicide Grodil increases its yield up to 0.40 ha'1. Foreplants of barley according to their good influence on barley yield (descending): buckwheat, oats, winter lye. Barley yield in long-term monocultural sowings decreases for up to 1.17 t ha-1.Oats in crop rotation systems with cereal proportion up to 83% had very low yield amount alterations after different foreplants. Essential oat yield decreasement was noticed in perennial monocultural sowings. The best foreplants for spring wheat are buckwheat and lupine. The highest yield of buckwheat is get from monocultural sowings, but using potatoes as buckwheat foreplant gives essential yield decreasement. Distribution of perennial weeds, especially quickgrass, is 7,4 times more in crop rotation systems with high cereal proportion than in systems where also buckwheat and potatoes are cultivated. Treatment of herbicides and fungicides is more effective in monocultural sowings than in crop rotational systems, however increasement of crop yield after pesticide treatment is less remarkable than if we follow right crop rotation and choose optimal foreplants for each culture. Latest results from years 2002 to 2004 are shown in this article and are considered to be an addition to previous publications.
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Stevenson, F. C., A. M. Johnston, S. A. Brandt, and L. Townley-Smith. "An assessment of reduced herbicide and fertilizer inputs on cereal grain yield and weed growth." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15, no. 2 (June 2000): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000850x.
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AbstractAlthough crop production and weed growth could change if herbicides and fertilizer inputs were reduced, the short-term impact in an annual cropping system in the Northern Great Plains is not well understood. Data were collected from 14 sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, to investigate the influence of weed control method (cultural vs. herbicides) and N and P fertilizers on crop yield of fall rye, spring wheat, and barley, and the presence and number of weed species. Cultural weed control included 25% greater crop seeding rate, preseeding tillage closer to the time of seeding, and fertilizer N banding in closer proximity to the seed. Four weed species (wild oat, lambsquarters, wild buckwheat, and field penny cress) occurred more frequently in plots with cultural weed control compared with herbicide weed control for all cereal crops. However, straw and grain yields of all crops were unaffected by weed control method at all sites. The addition of fertilizer had a major impact on crop growth and some weed species. Green foxtail occurred more often in unfertilized compared with fertilized plots for all cereal crops. Straw and grain yields of all cereal crops were higher in fertilized compared with unfertilized plots. Crop yield response to fertilizer inputs was not consistent among sites for the three cereal crops. Producers making drastic reductions in fertilizer inputs may experience reductions in crop yields because of limited nutrient levels. However, the results indicate that herbicide inputs could be reduced or eliminated periodically with no short-term yield loss in cereal cropping systems.
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OLESEN, J. E., I. A. RASMUSSEN, M. ASKEGAARD, and K. KRISTENSEN. "Whole-rotation dry matter and nitrogen grain yields from the first course of an organic farming crop rotation experiment." Journal of Agricultural Science 139, no. 4 (December 2002): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960200268x.
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The possibilities for increasing total grain yield in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop rotation design were investigated in a field experiment on different soil types in Denmark from 1997 to 2000. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: (1) proportion of grass-clover and pulses in the rotation, (2) catch crop (with and without) and (3) manure (with and without). Three four-course rotations were compared. Two of the rotations had 1 year of grass-clover as a green manure crop, either followed by spring wheat or by winter wheat. The grass-clover was replaced by winter cereals in the third rotation. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the nitrogen (N) demand of the cereal crops.Rotational grain yields of the cereal and pulse crops were calculated by summing yields for each plot over the 4 years in the rotation. The rotational yields were affected by all experimental factors (rotation, manure and catch crop). However, the largest effects on both dry matter and N yields were caused by differences between sites caused by differences in soils, climate and cropping history. The rotation without a green manure crop produced the greatest total yield. Dry matter and N yields in this rotation were about 10% higher than in the rotation with a grass-clover ley in 1 year in 4. Therefore, the yield benefits from the grass-clover ley could not adequately compensate for the yield reduction as a result of leaving 25% of the rotation out of production. There were no differences in dry matter and N yields in grains between the rotations, where either spring or winter cereals followed the grass-clover ley. The N use efficiency for ammonium-N in the applied manure corresponded to that obtained from N in commercial fertilizer. There were only very small yield benefits from the use of catch crops. However, this may change over time as fertility builds up in the system with catch crops.
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Kazula, Maciej J., Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Shawn P. Conley, and Kenneth A. Albrecht. "Intercropping winter cereals in Kura clover for spring forage production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0097.
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Intercropping winter cereals into Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) has the potential to improve forage nutritive value without reducing yields. The objective of this research was to compare forage yield and nutritive value of cereal–legume mixtures to cereals or Kura clover grown in monoculture and harvested at two different maturity stages in spring. Winter rye (Secale cereale L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and winter triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) were sown in autumn at two locations as monocultures and into herbicide suppressed and non-suppressed Kura clover and harvested for forage the following spring. Harvested at the cereal crop boot stage at Arlington, forage yields averaged 4.7, 4.8, 5.3, and 1.7 Mg ha−1 and 3.5, 3.7, 4.1, and 2.6 Mg ha−1 at Lancaster for mixtures with non-suppressed Kura clover, suppressed Kura clover, monoculture cereals, and monoculture clover, respectively. At the milk stage, yields across all mixture treatments increased by 46% to 115% compared to the boot stage at Arlington and by 88% to 101% at Lancaster. Kura clover in mixtures increased crude protein by 34% to 46% and in vitro true digestibility by 3% to 6%, neutral detergent fiber digestibility by 0% to 6%, and reduced neutral detergent fiber concentration by 8% to 18% relative to cereal monocultures. The nutritive value of mixtures and monoculture Kura clover was always greater than that of monoculture cereals. Winter cereals can be successfully managed with Kura clover for forage production by maximizing nutritive value with boot stage harvests or achieving higher yields by harvesting at the milk stage.
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Baron, V. S., E. A. de St Remy, D. F. Salmon, and A. C. Dick. "Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-045.
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Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration
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Charles*, Kevin, Mathieu Ngouajio, and Darryl Warncke. "The Effects of Cover Crop and Fertilizer Rate on Celery (Apium Graveolens L.) Growth and Development." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 865F—866. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.865f.
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Cover crops are commonly used to improve soil fertility and enhance crop performance. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different cover crops and fertilizer rates on celery growth and development. The experiment was a two-way factorial with a split plot arrangement. The main plot factor was cover crop and included cereal rye (Secale cereale), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), oilseed radish [Raphanus sativus (L.) var. oleiferus Metzg (Stokes)], and no cover crop. The sub-plot factor was fertilizer rate with three levels: full (160, 80, 400), half (80, 40, 200), and low (80, 0, 0) kg/ha of N, P2 O5, K2 O, respectively. The cover crops were grown during Fall 2002 and incorporated prior to celery transplanting in May 2003. During celery growing season, stalk length, above and below ground biomass were assessed at 23, 43, 64, and 84 days after planting (DAP). The biomass produced by oilseed radish (719 g/m2) exceeded that of cereal rye (284 g/m2) and hairy vetch (181 g/m2). At 23 and 43 DAP, celery fresh root (4.8 and 11.4 g/root) and shoot (6.1 and 53.6 g/shoot) biomass of oilseed radish exceeded the values of all other cover crops. At 84 DAP however, celery shoot fresh weight was similar in all cover crop treatments. Celery plants were tallest in the cereal oilseed radish and rye treatments early in the season; however final plant height at harvest was not affected by type of cover crop. The amount of fertilizer applied had a significant effect on celery growth starting at 64 DAP and continued until harvest. These results suggest that the large biomass produced by oilseed radish played an important role in early season celery growth.
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Peachey, Ed, and Ray William. "003 SYSTEMIC IMPACTS OF NON-CROP RESIDUES ON PEST MANAGEMENT IN SNAP BEAN PRODUCTION." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 427c—428. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.427c.
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Altering the physical or chemical nature of the crop production environment through introduction of cover crops or other non-crop vegetation may amend the impact of various pests on vegetable crops. Current work is focused on the interaction of cereal cover crops and respective management systems with weed emergence and growth, white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) incidence, symphylan (Scutigerella immaculata) population dynamics, soil food-web structure, and crop yield in snap bean production systems. Research has demonstrated the potential of cover crop residues, tillage, and a single broadcast application of a postemergence herbicide to control summer annual weeds. Additionally, white mold incidence was significantly decreased by both reduced tillage conditions and flailed barley cover crop residues in one year of research. Two years of research indicate that symphylan density can be reduced by flailing spring-planted cereals before crop planting.
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Alkhtib, Ashraf, Jane Wamatu, Girma T. Kassie, and Barbara Rischkowsky. "Analysis of crop residue use in small holder mixed farms in Ethiopia." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 5 (November 2, 2016): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000399.
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AbstractDeterminants of the use of cereal and pulse residue for livestock feeding and soil mulching among smallholder farmers in the mixed farming system were analyzed. Crop residue (CR) is dual purpose resources in the mixed crop–livestock systems of the Ethiopian highlands. They serve as livestock feed and inputs for soil and water conservation. They are generated predominantly from cereals and pulses. However, in view of the allocation of CR, soil conservation and livestock are two competing enterprises. Identifying the determinants of the intensity of use of cereal and pulse residue may help in designing strategies for more efficient CR utilization. Data on CR were generated and its utilization was collected in two highland regions in Ethiopia from 160 households using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the multivariate Tobit model. Results of the study showed that farmers prefer using CR from pulses over CR from cereals for livestock feeding purposes. The proportion of CR from pulses that was used as feed was positively affected by education level of the farmer, livestock extension service, number of small ruminants and CR production from the previous season. Distance of farm plots from residences of the farm households negatively affected the proportions of cereal and pulse residue used for feed. The use of pulse residue increased significantly when the women participated in decision making on CR utilization. The proportion of cereal and pulse residue used for soil mulch was positively affected by the education level of the farmer, the distance between the homestead and the cultivated land, extension service, awareness about soil mulch, the slope of cultivated land, participation in farmer-to-farmer extension and CR generated in the preceding season. In view that pulse CR have better nutritive value compared with cereal CR, better utilization of CR could be achieved by maximizing the use of pulse residue as livestock feed and optimizing the use of cereal residue as soil mulch. More livestock extension on the nutritive value of pulse residue should be provided to the farmers who cultivate sloppy plots. Encouraging the culture of labor exchange among the farmers could result in increased labor availability in the farms that would facilitate the transport and storage of pulse residue and increase its use as livestock feed. Increasing the awareness among farmers about the superiority of the pulse residue over cereal residue as feed and encouraging use of cereal residue as soil mulch could optimize the utilization of CR in the household.
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McBeath, T. M., V. V. S. R. Gupta, R. S. Llewellyn, C. W. Davoren, and A. M. Whitbread. "Break-crop effects on wheat production across soils and seasons in a semi-arid environment." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14166.
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In low-rainfall environments, a high frequency of cereal crops has been favoured for optimising productivity and risk. However, cereals at high intensity often lead to declining water-use efficiency and increasing inputs to cope with emergent nutritional, disease and weed problems. The value of including breaks in the cropping sequence can involve a high level of uncertainty in low-rainfall areas where non-cereal crops are more risky and profitability is largely determined by the subsequent benefit to cereal productivity. In this study, we aimed to improve understanding of the magnitude and primary source of break benefits such as nutrition, water and disease management in a low-rainfall environment where a high level of within-field soil variability can also contribute to uncertainty about the value of breaks. In on-farm field experiments near Karoonda in the South Australian Mallee, breaks were grown in 2009 or 2010 on four distinct soil types across a dune–swale catena. The effect of these breaks on subsequent cereal production was measured for up to 3 years. In addition, the effect of breaks on nutrition and water available, along with disease infection in subsequent cereal crops, was explored and actual yields were compared with nitrogen and water-limited potential yields. Consistent cumulative benefits to subsequent cereal crops of at least 1 t ha–1 after 3 years accrue from breaks grown on the different soil types. The inclusion of breaks had beneficial effects on the cycling and supply of nutrients along with some short-term impacts on infection by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 in subsequent cereals, whereas there were no conclusive effects of breaks on the supply of water to subsequent crops. This study suggests that the inclusion of both legume and brassica breaks is likely to be beneficial to subsequent cereal production where nitrogen is a factor limiting productivity in low-rainfall, semi-arid environments.
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Palhano, Matheus G., Jason K. Norsworthy, and Tom Barber. "Cover Crops Suppression of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Cotton." Weed Technology 32, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.97.
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AbstractWith the recent confirmation of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-resistant Palmer amaranth in the US South, concern is increasing about the sustainability of weed management in cotton production systems. Cover crops can help to alleviate this problem, as they can suppress weed emergence via allelochemicals and/or a physical residue barrier. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center to evaluate various cover crops for suppressing weed emergence and protecting cotton yield. In both years, cereal rye and wheat had the highest biomass production, whereas the amount of biomass present in spring did not differ among the remaining cover crops. All cover crops initially diminished Palmer amaranth emergence. However, cereal rye provided the greatest suppression, with 83% less emergence than in no cover crop plots. Physical suppression of Palmer amaranth and other weeds with cereal residues is probably the greatest contributor to reducing weed emergence. Seed cotton yield in the legume and rapeseed cover crop plots were similar when compared with the no cover crop treatment. The seed cotton yield collected from cereal cover crop plots was lower than from other treatments due to decreased cotton stand.
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KÄNKÄNEN, H., C. ERIKSSON, and M. RÄKKÖLÄINEN. "Effect of annually repeated undersowing on cereal grain yields." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 3 (January 3, 2001): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5693.
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Cover crops can be used to reduce leaching and erosion, introduce variability into crop rotation and fix nitrogen (N) for use by the main crops. In Finland, undersowing is a suitable method for establishing cover crops in cereal cropping. The effect of annual undersowing on cereal grain yield and soil mineral N content in spring was studied at two sites. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and westerwold ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum) were undersown in spring cereals in the same plots in six successive seasons, and their effects on cereal yield were estimated. Annual undersowing with clovers increased, and undersowing with westerwold ryegrass decreased cereal grain yields. The grain yield was only slightly lower with a mixture of red clover and meadow fescue than with red clover alone. Westerwold ryegrass did not affect soil mineral N content in spring and the increase attributable to clovers was small. The mixture of red clover and meadow fescue affected similarly to pure red clover. Soil fertility was not notably improved during six years of undersowing according to grain yield two years later.
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Ejack, Leanne, Chih-Yu Hung, and Joann K. Whalen. "Fall-applied cattle manure did not provide nitrogen fertilizer value to spring cereal crops." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2020-0126.
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Fall-applied manure may have nitrogen (N) fertilizer value for spring-seeded crops. We applied liquid or solid cattle manure to plots on a sandy-loam soil in southern Quebec in fall. The following spring, half of each plot received urea fertilizer before planting the spring cereal crop. Total N content of the spring cereal at tillering, flowering, and maturity was lower in subplots without urea, and yields were up to 183% less in the no-urea subplots, regardless of whether liquid or solid manure was applied in fall. Fall-applied manure did not provide plant-available N to spring cereals under our growing conditions.
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Singh, Bharat P., Upendra M. Sainju, and Wayne F. Whitehead. "Nitrogen Assimilation and Biomass Yield of Winter Cover Crops Used in Sustainable Horticultural Crop Production." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 495a—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.495a.
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Cover crops are planted during winter to prevent soil erosion, improve soil quality, and supply nutrients to the subsequent spring crops. In a 2-year study, three winter cover crops were compared for their nitrogen assimilation and biomass yielding ability. The experimental design was randomized complete block replicated four times with cereal rye, hairy vetch, crimson clover, and a fallow control comprising the treatments. Cover crop roots were well distributed from 1 to 50 cm of soil depth and increased from fall to spring as temperature increased. There was greater reduction in soil inorganic N during fall and winter in cover crop plots compared to control. Early season soil NO–3 concentration was lower in rye than crimson clover or hairy vetch. The amount of N assimilated by hairy vetch and crimson clover was significantly greater than cereal rye or control. There was no difference in the biomass yield of the three cover crops during the first year, but cereal rye and crimson clover produced significantly greater biomass than hairy vetch during the second year. The results suggest that cereal rye is more suited for preventing leaching of residual N from the preceding summer crop, while the two legumes can supply more N to the following crop.
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Haramoto, Erin R., Austin D. Sherman, and Jonathan D. Green. "2,4-D deposition is reduced and more variable immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.82.
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AbstractHorseweed, also known as marestail, is a problematic weed for no-till soybean producers that can emerge from late summer through the following spring. Overwintering cover crops can reduce both the density and size of fall-emerged weeds such as horseweed and reduce further spring emergence, although typically cover crops do not provide complete control. Cover crops may be integrated with additional spring herbicide applications to control emerged horseweed, and selective herbicides such as 2,4-D may be used to target horseweed while maintaining small grain cover crop growth. However, cover crops may affect herbicide deposition, which could reduce their efficacy to control weeds. The objective of this study was to determine how the amount and variability of 2,4-D ester spray solution deposition, measured with water-sensitive paper, was affected by a cereal rye cover crop and fall-applied saflufenacil. We also examined deposition at the soil surface relative to the cereal rye row position. In a year with greater cereal rye biomass accumulation, there was 44% less coverage and average deposit size was 45% smaller immediately adjacent to cereal rye rows compared with between rows and areas without cereal rye. Greater variability in these measurements was also noted in this position. Percent spray solution coverage was also 22% greater in plots that received saflufenacil in the fall, and deposits were 28% larger. In a year with less cover crop and winter weed biomass, no differences in spray deposition were observed. This suggests that small horseweed plants and other weeds immediately adjacent to cereal rye cover crop rows may be more likely to survive early spring herbicide applications, though the suppressive effects of cover crops may mitigate this concern.
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V., Adamchuk,, Kuzmenko, V., Kuzmych, A., and Maksimenko, V. "Aspects of non-grain part harvesting for corn and sunflower as solid biofuels." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 9(108) (2019): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-9-1.
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Purpose. Identification of promising technologies for harvesting the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which provide for the controlled collection of quality products in accordance with the needs. Methods. Analysis of common technological processes of harvesting straw and stem feed, the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower harvest, the synthesis of options for harvesting individual parts of the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower crop and evaluating them by the possible harvest, experimental determination of the full harvest for a particular process. Results. Synthesized and analyzed options for harvesting the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which can be used in modern agricultural production. The analysis of the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower harvest was carried out. The proportion of the non-cereal part of the corn and sunflower crops, which can be collected with various harvesting options, has been established. Experimental studies have been carried out of individual operations of collecting the non-grain part of the corn and sunflower crops. Conclusions. Harvesting the stem mass in a compacted form (rolls, bales) for energy needs is more appropriate than in loose form. Farms that grow corn and sunflower choose the technology of harvesting the non-cereal part of the crop, depending on the area of sowing of crops and needs in the stem mass. The investigated options for harvesting the non-cereal part of the crop provide a complete collection of the stem mass from 3.5 to 85.4%. The final choice of the option of harvesting raw materials is determined not only by the completeness of the collection of raw materials, but also by its technical and economic indicators. Keywords: non-cereal part of corn and sunflower harvest, technology of harvesting non-cereal part, solid biofuel.
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O'Reilly, Kelsey A., John D. Lauzon, Richard J. Vyn, and Laura L. Van Eerd. "Nitrogen cycling, profit margins and sweet corn yield under fall cover crop systems." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 2 (February 2012): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-065.
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O'Reilly, K. A., Lauzon, J. D., Vyn, R. J. and Van Eerd, L. L. 2012. Nitrogen cycling, profit margins and sweet corn yield under fall cover crop systems. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 353–365. In order to improve N best management practices in southwestern Ontario vegetable farming, the effect of cover crops on N dynamics in the fall and spring prior to sweet corn planting and during sweet corn season was assessed. The experiment was a split plot design in a fresh green pea – cover crop – sweet corn rotation that took place over 2 site-years at Bothwell and Ridgetown in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, respectively. The main plot factor was fall cover crop type with five treatments including oat (Avena sativa L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), oilseed radish (OSR; Raphanus sativus L. var. oleoferus Metzg Stokes), mixture OSR plus cereal rye (OSR&rye) and a no cover crop control. Compared with no cover crop, sweet corn profit margins were higher by $450 ha−1 for oat at Bothwell and $1300 and $760 ha−1 for OSR and OSR&rye, respectively, at Ridgetown. By comparing plant available N over the cover crop season, the cover crops tested were more effective at preventing N loss at Bothwell than at Ridgetown likely due to higher precipitation and sandier soil at Bothwell. Despite differences in site characteristics, cover crops did not result in increased plant available N compared with no-cover during the sweet corn season at either site, indicating that these cover crops will not provide an N credit to the following crop and growers should not modify N fertilizer applications based on cover crops.
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Gairhe, Samaya, Hari Krishna Shrestha, and Krishna Timsina. "Dynamics of Major Cereals Productivity in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 4 (May 6, 2018): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v4i1.19691.
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Cereal crops have played major roles in addressing food security issues in Nepal. In recent years there have been fluctuations in crop production and demands situations due to various reasons. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the dynamics of major cereals productivity in Nepal from 1995 to 2014. Focus group discussions were done in mid-hills and tarai of Nepal in 2015. Percentage change, compound growth rate, annual rate of change, coefficient of variation, instability index were calculated to analyze results. The result shows that the area, production and productivity of major cereals had an increasing trend over the study period. The major factors contributing on productivity increase in cereal crops were irrigation facilities, use of improved and hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizer and better technical knowhow among the farmers. For effective adoption of research outputs to improve the productivity emphasis should also be given on promotion of public private partnership (PPP) in research and development.
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Baron, V. S., E. A. de St Remy, A. C. Dick, and D. F. Salmon. "Delay of harvest effects on forage yield and regrowth in spring and winter cereal mixtures." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-112.
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Spring-planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals extend the grazing season and maximize dry matter yield if the initial defoliation is delayed until the milk stage of kernel development of the spring cereal component. However, fall regrowth may be less than spring-planted winter cereal monocrops. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to determine the effect of time of initial cut and winter cereal species on initial yield, regrowth yield and factors affecting regrowth (tiller density, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and etiolated regrowth immediately post-cutting) of the winter cereal component of spring-seeded monocrops of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Treatments were planted in early May and harvested initially when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2 wk, H + 4 wk and H + 6 wk stages. Three weeks after the initial cut a regrowth harvest was conducted. Initial yields of both mixtures and monocrops increased until approximately H + 4 wk and H + 6 wk respectively, with no differences due to species in the mixture. The effect of crop stage at initial harvest on regrowth was much larger than the species effect. Monocrop regrowth decreased almost linearly with delay of defoliation, while that of the mixture (winter and spring components combined) declined at a faster rate. Tiller density, WSC and etiolated regrowth also followed decreasing trends with time of initial cut in the monocrops and mixtures. These trends were due directly or indirectly to very low light intensities in the lower levels of the canopies of both cropping systems after H + 2 wk. Both initial and regrowth yields of the winter cereal component of mixtures involving rye and triticale were generally superior to those involving wheat. The ability of the winter cereal component to regrow in mixtures may be related to plant size and therefore ability to compete during initial growth. In general, the initial harvest of the mixture should occur no later than H + 2 wk of the spring cereal component in order to allow sufficient time for recovery of the winter cereal component after harvest. Otherwise, a spring-seeded winter cereal would be a better alternative for fall pasture. Key words: Delayed harvest, spring and winter cereals, forage yield, regrowth
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Malik, Raj S., Mark Seymour, Robert J. French, John A. Kirkegaard, Roger A. Lawes, and Mark A. Liebig. "Dynamic crop sequencing in Western Australian cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14097.
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During the last two decades in Western Australia, the traditional mixed farming system has been increasingly displaced by intensive crop sequences dominated by wheat. Intensive wheat sequences are usually maintained by using suitable breaks, including pasture, fallow, or alternative cereal, oilseed and legume crops, to control weeds and disease, or maintain the supply of nitrogen to crops. New cereal fungicide options may also assist to maintain intensive cereal systems by suppressing soilborne cereal diseases. To guide the successful diversification of intensive cereal systems, we evaluated the effect of a 2-year experimental matrix of 10 different sequence options. Wheat in the sequence was treated with the fluquinconazole fungicide Jockey (wheat + J) to control soilborne pathogens, or with the usual seed dressing of flutriafol fungicide (wheat – J), used for control of bunts and smuts only. The sequences were wheat + J, wheat – J, barley, grain oats, oaten hay, canola, lupin, field pea, oat–vetch green manure, bare fallow) in which all treatment combinations were grown in year 2 following the same 10 treatments in year 1. In year 3, wheat + J was grown across the entire area as the test crop. In year 2, grain yields of all crops were reduced when crops were grown on their own residues, including wheat (22% reduction), canola (46%), lupin (40%) and field pea (51%). Wheat + J significantly outyielded wheat – J by 300 kg ha–1 in year 1 (14% increase) and 535 kg ha–1 in year 2 (26% increase). Wheat + J was more responsive to break crops than wheat – J in both year 1 and year 2. Break crops sown in year 1, such as canola, fallow, field pea, lupin and oaten hay, continued to have a positive effect on year 3 wheat + J yields. This study has highlighted the importance of break crops to following cereal crops, and provided an example in which a seed-dressing fungicide fluquinconazole in the presence of low levels of disease consistently improved wheat yields.
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Megrelidze, Lia, Nato Kutaladze, Gizo Gogichaishvili, and Marina Shvangiradze. "Impact of Climate Change on Some Agricultural Crops Distribution and Productivity in Georgia." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 24, s1 (May 1, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2021-0005.
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Abstract Under the increase of the concern for food security in the world, mainly caused by water resources shortages, the forecast and determination of crop yield at regional scale has been considered as a strategic topic. This study has been conducted to assess the possible impacts of the climate change on cereal crops productivity and irrigation requirement for two main producing regions of Georgia, according to the current crop pattern, and for the 2050s periods. With this aim, water-driven FAO-AquaCrop model has been used. Furthermore, ongoing and forecasted changes, up to the end of the century, in agro-climatic zones relevant for cereals production have been assessed. The climate change data was generated for RCP4.5 scenario through the global circulation model ECHAM4.1, dynamically downscaled on the region via regional climate model (RegCM4.1). Results show overall increase in cereal crop yields, but also enhancement in water shortages even considering optimum management practices under rainfed conditions. Based on the results obtained, recommendations have been developed for adaptation measures to the climate change for the Georgia Agriculture sector.
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Weller, R. F., A. Cooper, and R. H. Phipps. "The selection of winter wheat varieties for whole-crop cereal conservation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600024612.
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Interest in conserving whole-crop cereals as a complementary forage for feeding with grass silage has increased sharply in recent years. In many areas of the UK conserving whole-crop cereals is a viable alternative to forage maize, providing extra forage when the available stocks of grass silage are either low or of moderate quality. Although winter wheat is the main cereal used for forage conservation little information is available on the differences between varieties in either yield or quality.The aims of the present trial were to determine the changes in the yield and quality of winter wheat varieties harvested at different stages of maturity.