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1
Chang, Chia-yu Stephanie Celeste, and 張嘉瑜. "Does social-demographic information predict residential outcomes in elderly stroke rehabilitation patients in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971520.
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Scannell, Alice Updike. "The Longterm Psychosocial Impacts of Caregiving on the Caregivers of Persons with Stroke." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1312.
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This study is a Time 4 (T4) follow-up interview of ninety-three caregivers of persons who experienced a first stroke between 2 to 4 years (mean = 36 months) prior to the T4 interview. The first wave of data collection occurred within two months after the stroke. The second and third waves occurred six and twelve months, respectively, after the first interview. The caregivers were identified by the person with stroke as being the person closest to him/her who would be responsible for care after the stroke.
Data were gathered at all four interviews using reliable and valid measures for depressive symptomatology (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), psychological well-being (IPWB; Berkman, 1971), and caregiver burden (Zarit, 1980). The contribution of social support to caregiver well-being was also investigated. Additional areas of investigation at T4 included coping strategies (F-Copes; McCubbin, Larsen, and Olson, 1981), caregiver adjustment, and the respondents' perception of themselves as "caregivers".
The mean scores of depressive symptomatology, perceived burden, negative well-being, and positive well-being did not change significantly over the four points in time. However, the percentage of the sample having CES-D levels of 16 and above (indicating potential diagnosis of clinical depression) decreased by ten percent between T1 and T4. About ten percent of the respondents who were at risk for clinical depression at T4 reported high levels of depressive symptoms at all four interviews.
Respondents who specifically thought of themselves as "caregivers" (sixty-two percent) were significantly more likely to report high levels of depressive symptoms, to experience high levels of strain and caregiver burden, and to be caring for persons who were more severely impaired by the stroke than those who did not.
Caregiver characteristics contributed more to the variance in depressive symptoms and psychological well-being than did characteristics of the stroke. However, depressive symptomatology and perceived burden were significantly associated with both the functional capacity of the person with stroke and with an index of stroke severity comprised of communication impairments and negative personality/behavior changes since the stroke.
The findings from this study have implications for stroke management programs, caregiver intervention planning, and health care policy.
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Wan, Wai-kuen Christina. "An exploratory design of an empowerment group for the stroke survivors." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19469937.
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Fung, Shuk-man Wendy. "A study of medical social services and stroke patients : an application of the unitary approach /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13418014.
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Cooper, Natalie R., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Reduced peri-infarct dysfunction with pre-stroke exercise : molecular and physiological correlates." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2003, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/215.
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The effects of pre-stroke exercise and levesl of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on behavioural and functional recovery were examined following focal cortical ischemic infarct.
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to derive topographical maps of forelimb
representations within the motor cortex and ischemia was induced via bipolar coagulation of surface vasculature. One month of excerise prior to ischemia significantly increased the
amount of peri-infarct movement represnetations and initiates vascular changes within motor
cortex. Further, this exercise-induced preservation of peri-infarct movement representations is associated with behavioural recovery and is dependent on BDNF levels in the motor cortex. These results provide further support for the idea that endurance exercise prior to stroke
may enhance functional and behavioural recovery.<br>140 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.
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Rau, Marie Therese. "Elderly stroke patients and their partners: a longitudinal study of social support and well-being changes associated with a disabling stroke." PDXScholar, 1986. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/478.
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This investigation explored the relationship of demographic, social network, social support, and stroke-related factors to depressive symptomatology and well-being in 50 elderly individuals who had recently suffered a first, completed stroke and their partners. Data were gathered at two points in time, with interviews scheduled six months apart. Outcome measures included the CES-D depression scale and the Index of Psychological Well-Being. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlational procedures, multiple regression, and change-focused regression analyses. For the caregivers, lower depression levels at Time 1 were associated with better subjective health, less concern about being able to care for the patient in the future, higher levels of patient ADL functioning, greater perceived pre-stroke instrumental support, and greater patient optimism. At Time 2, lower caregiver depression scores were associated with lower levels of perceived burden, fewer health problems or negative changes in health status, fewer negative network interactions, greater network density, greater frequency of network contacts, and fewer perceived personality and behavior changes in the patient. Best predictors of depression score for the caregivers at Time 1 were subjective health rating, the patient's level of ADL functioning, degree of concern about ability to care for the patient in the future, the proportion of the network providing instrumental support, and the percent of reciprocal confiding relationships reported. At Time 2, best predictors of depression were level of perceived caregiver burden, objective health score, and network density. The best predictor of caregiver depression level over time was Time 1 depression level. Perceived caregiver burden was also a strong predictor of depression score. For the patients, higher depression scores at Time 1 were associated with whether they felt they could have done anything to prevent the stroke, higher levels of concern about their partner's ability to care for them in the future, and greater reported frequency of pre-stroke disagreement with their partners. At Time 2, higher levels of depressive symptomatology were associated with decreased satisfaction with amount of social contact, a greater proportion of friends in the post-stroke network, a greater degree of perceived negative health change, and change in employment status.
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Chang, Chia-yu Stephanie Celeste. "Does social-demographic information predict residential outcomes in elderly stroke rehabilitation patients in Hong Kong?" Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31971520.
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Hung, Ka-lok Victor, and 洪家樂. "The role of astrocytic endothelin-1 in dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease and mild ischemic stroke." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42181987.
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Cheng, Lu, and 程璐. "The role of exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP 2-deficiency in ischemic stroke." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46945209.
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Brown, Adam. "Social aspects of communication in Parkinson's disease." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10108.
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Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological condition which affects motor control, in almost all cases involving speech, and is frequently of many years duration. Much is known about speech production but less of the psychosocial consequences of the speech impairment (dysarthria). Accounts of people with dysarthria have shown that its impact on quality of social participation can be varied and profound. However, level of participation has not been investigated. Reduction in social activity and social networks has been found following onset of other neurogenic communication disorders. In Parkinson's disease there is some evidence of social activity reduction but this has not been studied in relation to severity of dysarthria. Social anxiety has been found to be raised in speakers with other speech production impairments and this may be a contributor to reduction in social engagement. Investigation of social variables is of importance in understanding relationships within a biopsychosocial model of health which underpins intervention for therapies for communication disorders. Aims The study aimed to investigate the impact of dysarthria on social participation and whether presence of dysarthria in Parkinson's disease (PD) resulted in changes to social anxiety, social networks and social activity. It further sought to investigate whether severity of dysarthria resulted in changes to the same variables. Method A group of 43 mild-moderately dysarthric speakers with PD were recruited. Exclusion criteria were applied to control for cognitive impairment, depression, apathy, movement disability and co-occurring neurological and communication impairment. A group of 30 non-neurologically impaired participants were recruited matched for age, sex, socioeconomic status and educational attainment. Participants with PD were further grouped using measures of sentence intelligibility and motor speech impairment into higher and lower functioning groups. All participants completed a social anxiety questionnaire, a social activity checklist and detailed their social network. Group data were compared to address the research questions. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with all participants to explore change to social life and perceptions of causes of change. Results Participants reported a range of changes to interaction and social engagement arising from speech and other impairments and also from intra and interpersonal contextual factors. Quantitative data showed that presence of dysarthria was associated with social anxiety and avoidance but not changes to social activity level or social network size. Greater severity of dysarthria was associated with deterioration in social activities and social network. There was wide individual variation on these variables. Outcomes Impact of dysarthria may be significant and unrelated to severity of impairment and satisfaction with level of activity is low in dysarthric speakers. Mild - moderately dysarthric speakers with PD may experience social anxiety in particular types of social situation. Moderately dysarthric speakers may experience loss of social capital in terms of quantitative changes in social networks and social activities. Motor speech impairment was a better predictor of social functioning than intelligibility in this sample. It is possible that a threshold for change lies at a more severe level of speech involvement. How speakers with PD perceive and experience their social interactions is discussed and limitations to the research are considered. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the ICF framework and the concept of social capital.
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Crum, Anthony Bryan. "Co-Localization Patterns of Aquaporin-4 with Amyloid Beta and CD68 in Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7441.
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Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a key component in maintaining proper glymphatic flow. In recent years, the glymphatic system has been discovered and approached as a major factor in amyloid plaque clearance in Alzheimer's disease. This study examines the depolarization of AQP4 from the astrocytic endfeet and subsequent co-localization with amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and subiculum. Results show a significant pattern of co-localization in advanced Alzheimer's disease, as well as increases in AQP4 in cerebrovascular disease. This pattern shows AQP4 should be approached as a promising therapeutic area in future research.
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Wan, Wai-kuen Christina, and 尹慧娟. "An exploratory design of an empowerment group for the strokesurvivors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978228.
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Fournier, Caroline. "Genetic investigation of vascular diseases in the French-Canadian population." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0030/MQ64355.pdf.
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Scott, Clare. "Emotion processing and social participation following stroke." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158463.
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This thesis explores the links between emotion processing and social participation in the acute and chronic phases of stroke. Three aspects of emotion processing are examined: 1) Emotion Perception 2) Emotion Regulation 3) Depression and Anxiety. Social Participation refers to engagement in life situations including a range of social activities and social networks. Stroke survivors are known to experience a reduction in social participation, independently of activity limitations. The current research tests the hypothesis that impairments in any of the aspects of emotion processing may affect social participation. Previous research has established that following stroke, difficulties in emotion perception and depression and anxiety occur, but there is little research on post stroke emotion regulation difficulties. While the link between post stroke depression and anxiety and social participation has been explored, this is not the case with emotion perception or emotion regulation. In a pilot study, emotion processing and social participation measures were administered to stroke patients. Emotion processing difficulties were shown to occur in stroke survivors and were significantly correlated with social participation. In the main study participants’ emotion processing, social participation and activity limitations were assessed at 2 and 18 months post stroke. In the acute phase, all three aspects of emotion processing correlated with social participation, but only emotion regulation predicted social participation restrictions independently of activity limitations. In the chronic phase, emotion processing correlated with social participation, with emotion regulation and depression predicting social participation independently of activity limitations. Further analyses revealed acute phase problems with emotion perception predicted chronic phase social participation limitations, while acute phase social participation restrictions predicted chronic phase depression and emotion regulation. These findings highlight the importance of the links between emotion processing and social participation post stroke. Future research priorities in this field are outlined.
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Buckingham, David M. "Coping with a stroke : prediction using the belief constructs of just world, locus of control, attribution and reformulated learned helplessness." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/465787.
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Belief constructs appear to govern many aspects of life and may have an influence on coping with severe disability. This study investigated the extent to which coping with a stroke is identified by the belief constructs of just world, locus of control, attribution, and reformulated learned helplessness. The data were collected at a comprehensive rehabilitation center from thirty consenting stroke victims. The sample included 17 women and 12 men with a mean age of 64. The median number of days from the stroke to rehabilitation was 16. Twenty subjects had left hemiparesis and ten subjects had right hemiparesis.In addition to the belief-construct predictor variables, nature-of-stroke and demographic variables were collected during an initial evaluation. Demographic variables included sex, age, marital status, occupation, education, and recreation. Nature-of-stroke variables included period of time since stroke, diagnosis, severity, location, and aphasia as measured by the 'Aphasia Language Performance Scales' (Keenan & Brassell, 1975). The belief constructs were measured by the 'Just World Scale' (Rubin & Peplau, 1975), the 'Internal-External Locus of Control Scale" (Collins, 1974), and an adapted version of the 'Attribution Style Questionnaire' (Seligman, 1984). A coping measure was introduced as the criterion variable. It was administered 21 days following the initial evaluation and is based upon the ratings of the stroke victims' therapists. It includes a scale to more clearly define coping.The results of the study did not produce a clear definition of coping, although cognitive, emotional, and physical factors were evident. In addition, there was preliminary evidence of reliability and validity for measures of this construct. The linear composite of five variables was statistically significant (p < .01) and identified 56% of the variance in the coping measure. The significance of these variables suggests that successful coping is associated with older subjects who had passive premorbid recreation, were admitted relatively soon after their stroke, were rated as having a mild stroke, and made stable attributions about rehabilitation. The fact that one of the belief-construct variables (stability of attribution about rehabilitation) was significant, despite the small sample size, is encouraging and justifies further research in this area.
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Cheng, So-fong Nancy. "The use of Minuchin's structural approach in an exploratory study of the impact of stroke on families /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12322350.
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Johnson, Tina V. "The Influence of Social Network Graph Structure on Disease Dynamics in a Simulated Environment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33173/.
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The fight against epidemics/pandemics is one of man versus nature. Technological advances have not only improved existing methods for monitoring and controlling disease outbreaks, but have also provided new means for investigation, such as through modeling and simulation. This dissertation explores the relationship between social structure and disease dynamics. Social structures are modeled as graphs, and outbreaks are simulated based on a well-recognized standard, the susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) paradigm. Two independent, but related, studies are presented. The first involves measuring the severity of outbreaks as social network parameters are altered. The second study investigates the efficacy of various vaccination policies based on social structure. Three disease-related centrality measures are introduced, contact, transmission, and spread centrality, which are related to previously established centrality measures degree, betweenness, and closeness, respectively. The results of experiments presented in this dissertation indicate that reducing the neighborhood size along with outside-of-neighborhood contacts diminishes the severity of disease outbreaks. Vaccination strategies can effectively reduce these parameters. Additionally, vaccination policies that target individuals with high centrality are generally shown to be slightly more effective than a random vaccination policy. These results combined with past and future studies will assist public health officials in their effort to minimize the effects of inevitable disease epidemics/pandemics.
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Ch'ng, Amanda Majella. "Understanding the relationship between coping self-efficacy, coping behaviour and psychological wellbeing during recovery from stroke." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0228.
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Although self-efficacy has long been established as an important variable for psychological wellbeing across a range of contexts, coping self-efficacy, a subtype of self-efficacy specific to the function of coping, has only recently begun to receive research attention. In addition, despite support from both self-efficacy theory and coping theory, the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping behaviour in the face of stressful events has not previously been considered. This thesis explores the importance of coping self-efficacy for psychological wellbeing in a new context, recovery after stroke, and investigates the relationship between coping self-efficacy and coping behaviour in the face of this stressor. Stroke was selected as a suitable context for this exploration given its high incidence, lengthy recovery period and the prevalence of significant post stroke psychological distress. The thesis explores four key questions: (i) is coping self-efficacy related to psychological wellbeing for people recovering from stroke, (ii) what types of coping behaviours are related to coping self-efficacy during recovery, (iii) does coping behaviour mediate the relationship between coping self-efficacy and psychological outcomes, and (iv) what is the role of individual dispositional traits (optimism and trait anxiety) in these relations. The implications of these relationships for clinical intervention were a secondary focus of the project.
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Johnson, Lauri Sue. "An examination of moral boundaries associated with legal and social changes in response to the AIDS epidemic." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4320.
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This thesis explores the relationship between law and society and various forms of causality: (1) legal change leading to social change; (2) social change leading to legal change; and (3) the interdependent interaction between social change and legal change. It is proposed that a multi-directional approach would be the most useful in examining the moral boundaries exemplified in the law identified with legal and social changes that have resulted in response to the AIDS epidemic.
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Fung, Shuk-man Wendy, and 馮淑文. "A study of medical social services and stroke patients: an application of the unitary approach." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31249425.
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Mechar, Kyle William. "The cultural logic of dis-ease : difference andas displacement in popular discourses of the AIDS crisis." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23229.
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This thesis investigates the cultural and social production of AIDS in popular discourse, particularly film and mass media, and offers a critical consideration of the ways in which the proliferation and dispersion of these discourses function in our current episteme to rearticulate and reinscribe traditional value systems of sexuality, familialism, and nationalism. Taking the lead of the work of Michel Foucault on the body in various historical regimes, the author here will posit a theoretical analysis of the "discursive formation" of AIDS, how the body of AIDS is put into discourse, to provide a matrix for establishing the various disciplinary and regulatory apparatuses structuring the epidemic--that is, the affirmation of certain kinds of pleasures and bodies and the strategic circumvention of other pleasures and bodies. Under what the author refers to as the cultural logic of dis-ease, the investigations that follow will be animated by the central question: Whose pleasure and/or power is served by these representations and discourses of the body of AIDS in popular cultural practices?
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Rahman, Rosanna, and n/a. "Potential causes of the delayed neural damage observed post-stroke & the effects of epigallocatechin gallate administration." University of Otago. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070508.122246.
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Stroke is the 3rd leading cause of death and the leading cause of major disability worldwide. Currently, there are no neuroprotective drugs approved for the acute treatment of ischaemic stroke. The vast majority of stroke therapeutics failed in clinical trials due to toxic side effects and/or a clinically irrelevant therapeutic window. This thesis is focused on exploiting the delayed neurodegeneration that occurs in the compromised penumbra, as these cells may be capable of being saved by therapeutic intervention in a clinically obtainable window. In order to investigate the ischaemic cascade and be able to draw conclusions that are applicable to humans, the international gold standard animal model for cerebral ischaemia, the filament insertion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, was established at the University of Otago. This model was validated under new laboratory conditions and employed adult male Sprague Dawley rats. After testing multiple occlusion lengths, it was concluded that a 2hr ischaemic period was sufficient to produce a consistent infarct of optimal size. It has been well documented that neuroinflammation contributes to much of the delayed progression of neural injury post-stroke. Therefore, the catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging agent was investigated in the MCAO model of stroke. 50mg/kg i.p. of EGCG or saline was administered immediately post-MCAO and animals were sacrificed at 72hr post-filament insertion. The results confirmed that treatment with EGCG was neuroprotective and non-toxic. However, EGCG also induced an over 50% increase in the risk of haemorrhagic conversions. The anti-platelet effects of EGCG and lack of toxicity suggests that the catechin may prove to be an efficacious prophylactic for stroke. The contrary findings for EGCG treatment led to the re-evaluation of the neuroinflammatory pathway for alternate mechanisms to target therapeutic interventions.
The temporal profile of the primary inducible enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) and arginase (and their isoforms) were quantified 0, 3 and 7 days post-stroke. In both hemispheres, total NOS activity exhibited a significant and sustained up-regulation to 7 days post-occlusion. In the ipsilateral hemisphere at least half of the total increase was accounted for by inducible NOS (iNOS) expression. Arginase, which competes with NOS for L-arginine, demonstrated a delayed but significant increase in activity by day 7 in the infarcted hemisphere, thereby correlating well with the downward slope of NOS activity (illustrating the switch in the conversion pathway). COX activity was observably increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but the up-regulation did not reach significance by day 7. Alternately, the contralateral hemisphere displayed a significant decrease in activity by day 3. These results give conclusive evidence that the contralateral hemisphere is NOT an appropriate internal control and imply that NOS and COX inhibitors may prove to be efficacious for a much longer therapeutic window than current treatments. However, the delayed induction of COX activity may also indicate that this enzyme has a finite therapeutic window, as it may also stimulate remodelling of surviving neural networks. The prolonged up-regulation of inflammatory mediators implies that there may be an induction of an autoimmune component to the response. Therefore, the thymus (T) lymphocyte activation was quantified up to 14 days post-stroke. Cluster of differentiation (CD) 3⁺ T lymphocytes (equally contributed to by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells) exhibited a significant and sustained up-regulation in the infarcted region from day 3 up to at least day 14 post-ischaemia. Quantitative analysis of all cells present post-stroke determined that immune cells make up an average of 73% of all cells present in the 'peak' ischaemic areas. The CD4⁺ T helper cell response was delineated by double immunohistochemical labelling. Interferon-γ positively labelled with CD4⁺ T cells at days 3, 7 and 14 post-insult detailing a Th1-driven pro-inflammatory response. This evidence indicates that the autoimmune response is critical post-ischaemia and that it may be highly susceptible to modification by anti-inflammatory therapeutic intervention.
The primary downstream effect of the pro-inflammatory/immune cascade is apoptosis. The main organelle responsible for the 'go, no go' response to apoptotic factors is the mitochondria. In order to distinguish whether mitochondrial dysfunction was initiated shortly after ischaemia induction or if it was delayed, like the inflammatory/immune response, to a clinically relevant window, the temporal profile of mitochondrial complex inactivation was studied. It was found that mitochondrial membrane viability was impaired by day 3, followed by a significant decrease in respiratory complex activation and an increase in tissue injury by oxidative stress by 7 days post-ischaemia. These results indicate that targeting the early decrease in membrane viability or mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening combined with anti-apoptotic therapeutics, may attenuate the proceeding mitochondrial impairment in oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species generation and subsequent cell death cascades. The current investigations into the temporal profile and quantitative contributions of the inflammatory, immune and apoptotic mechanisms post-stroke highlight potential strategies for modulation by acute stroke therapeutics. Furthermore, the general knowledge amassed from these studies dictates the necessity of a new approach to therapeutic intervention. The acknowledgement of so many contributing systems suggests that in addition to a thrombolytic, a combination therapy involving multiple neuroprotectants should be employed to account for the multifaceted nature of the sequelae of ischaemic stroke.
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Bitangaro, Barbara Kagoro. "The role of gender relations in decision-making for access to antiretrovirals. A study of the AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) clients, Kampala district, Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The way gender relations influence access to care and treatment particularly access to antiretroviral medicines is a challenge to HIV/AIDS programmes and to the individuals and families with HIV. Gender norms that push women and men to adhere to dominant ideals of femininity and masculinity may restrict women's access to economic resources, health care and fuel the spread of HIV. The aim of this study was to determine the role of gender relations in influencing decision-making for access to antiretroviral medicines between partners and in the family.
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Strader, Scott C. "A causal model examining AIDS prejudice : AIDS attitudes and homophobia as latent variables." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917830.
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Prejudice and discrimination against people infected with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is widespread. A significant body of research has examined what personality and demographic characteristics appear to be related to discriminatory behavior, in an attempt to suggest who might be more likely to express prejudicial attitudes and discrimination against people with AIDS. This study tested two causal models which attempted to verify existing theories explaining the influences of demographic and attitudinal factors on the evaluation of a person with AIDS. Specifically, these models sought to answer questions related to what personality characteristics and demographic information are most important to AIDS educators and counselors when examining prejudice and discrimination towards persons with AIDS. Three hundred university undergraduates participated in the study. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze the extent to which the models fit the data. Results showed that both models adequately explained the data, with the model establishing a direct causal link between homophobic attitudes and AIDSbased prejudice as the preferred model. Alternative models were also considered in a post-hoc fashion. Implications of the results are discussed, with specific emphasis given to the potential ramifications to further research, counseling practice, and AIDS education.<br>Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Castelletto, Simona. "Processes that influence the experiences of children living with mothers that have HIV: two case studies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007728.
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Maternal HIV-infection is considered to be a threat to the psychosocial development of AIDS-affected children. In South Africa, AIDS-affected children may be particularly vulnerable due to the unprecedented effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the breakdown of family and community resources in already disadvantaged communities. The aim of this study was to explore the contextualised experiences of two children living with mothers who have HIV by conducting two case studies. Mother-child dyads were recruited from local HIV/AIDS centres and informed consent was obtained. The mothers were in the minor symptomatic phase of HIV-infection and the children were uninfected and aged between 10 and 12 years. Through semi-structured interviewing, the mothers provided background and contextual information about the children. Play techniques were used in the child interviews to encourage the introduction and exploration of issues salient to the children. Play facilitated engagement around sensitive and potentially anxiety-provoking material. A key issue for the children was their concerns about the anticipated deaths of their mothers. The children held misconceptions about the transmission of HIV/ AIDS. They feared HIV/AIDS and expected that others would have negative perceptions of them. Family processes such as secrecy and avoidance around HIV/AIDS-related issues were understood to perpetuate the children's fears and false beliefs in a broader community context that stigmatised HIV/AIDS. It was argued that the mothers' shame over HIV-infection and their need to protect their relationship with their children compromised their ability to communicate openly with their children and to offer them meaningful emotional support. Limited parental involvement was identified as the key contextual process that engendered vulnerability in the children, as they were isolated within and beyond the family. Recommendations to address the processes that engendered vulnerability in the children are discussed.
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Kleineibst, Lynn Jill. "The effectiveness of a caregiver support programme to address the needs of primary caregivers of stroke patients in a low socio economic community." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/432.
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Ho, Lai-yi Ada, and 何麗儀. "Does social support influence coronary heart disease prognosis?: a meta-analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724116.
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Alley, Lindsey Marie. "Exploring Dietary Sacrifice in Intimate Relationships for Couples with Celiac Disease." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2255.
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Prior research on eating behaviors has shown that romantic partners actively merge their dietary preferences throughout the course of a relationship and find significant value in cooking and eating the same foods together at the same times. Yet, little is known regarding the impacts of specific dietary support processes involved in maintaining said communal diet when one partner drastically alters his or her eating patterns. The current study defined dietary sacrifice as a phenomenon within the context of Celiac Disease (CD): a chronic illness that requires strict adherence to the gluten-free diet (GFD). Drawing from existing research on sacrifice within romantic relationships (e.g., Impett & Gordon, 2008), this project examined whether non-Celiac partners' adherence to the GFD during shared mealtimes impacted relationship satisfaction for both couple members. Female Celiacs and their non-Celiac cohabitating partners (N=152 couples) were recruited for an online survey through various support organizations. Given the dyadic design of this study, the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM; Ledermann, Macho, & Kenny, 2011) was used to examine the mediating influence of Dietary Approach and Avoidance Motives. Results indicated that partner support in the form of shared GFD adherence bolstered couple happiness to the extent that it was performed for positive gains (e.g., promoting health and well-being) by the non-Celiac. While dietary sacrifice was positively associated with Celiacs' relationship satisfaction above and beyond non-Celiacs' endorsement of Dietary Avoidance Motives, both dyad members experienced significantly lower relationship satisfaction when non-Celiac partners adhered to the diet to deflect negative outcomes (e.g., rejection, fighting). This study serves as the first application of relationship sacrifice research to a specific health issue, and the first psychological exploration into intimate partners' dietary support processes within the Celiac population.
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Lo, Yuk-ping, and 盧鈺苹. "The securitisation of HIV/AIDS: China and India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4832968X.
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Securitisation theory has made significant contributions to security studies. However, the theory is not without theoretical and empirical shortcomings. Notably, a lack of operationalisation and differentiation has led to a binary classification of results as either ‘securitised or not’. In addition, the presence of Euro-centric assumptions has weakened the theory’s applicability in non-Western contexts.
This thesis develops a new framework featuring a typology with eight branches of securitisation. The thesis then uses that framework to study HIV/AIDS securitisation in two Asian countries: China and India.
The process of HIV/AIDS securitisation in both countries is illustrated chronologically. Following the international HIV/AIDS securitisation obtained in 2000, the study shows that HIV/AIDS has been fully securitised by both national governments since 2004. However, the Chinese government addressed HIV/AIDS through a stand-alone programme, whereas India’s national HIV/AIDS programme was integrated into its primary health care system.
Six cities were included in the detailed empirical analysis: Beijing, Shanghai, and Kunming in China, and New Delhi, Mumbai, and Imphal in India. Semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst 62 individuals working in HIV/AIDS-related non-governmental organisations, and 10 officials working in government agencies. Chinese respondents were receptive to framing the threat and handling of HIV/AIDS, yet many grassroots organizations lacked opportunities to participate in the national HIV/AIDS programme. In contrast, such groups were strongly involved in national HIV/AIDS interventions; however, Indian government efforts in fully securitising HIV/AIDS were largely faded out.
The thesis therefore responds to the major theoretical and empirical shortcomings identified by security scholars. The thesis also advances the existing knowledge of security studies in general, and HIV/AIDS securitisation processes in the non-Western world in particular.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Humanities and Social Sciences<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
30
Giraldo, Clara. "The Social Construction of Huntington's Disease Caregivers in Colombia, South America." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4966/.
Full textAbstract:
This study is a multi-method, two-city, intensive, in-depth qualitative study of Huntington's disease (HD) caregivers (HDCs) in Colombia. I explored the Colombia HDCs' experience through the Hispanic culture of caring. I develop the theory of the subrogate agency based on 5 functional stages of HD from Shoulson and Fanh (1979). This study was conducted in two different regions of Colombia, Medellin and Juan de Acosta, in which high rates of HD cases have been identified. The data were collected through three methods: (a) 56 interviews with HDCs and 8 with physicians; (b) 28 participant observations of Huntington's disease sufferers (HDSs); (c) 4 interviews and 8 focus groups of 6 members each with HDCs of late HDSs. Human agency is the ability to monitor one's own action. This study showed that the gradual and serious loss of all capabilities in HDSs has a social effect on the HDSs' agency. HDSs' survival depends on the subrogation that the HDC offers to the HDS. The HDS retains self-hood, i.e. agency, through the HDC's action. This subrogation causes a paradoxical consequence, resulting in both negative and positive effects on the caregiver. The theory of surrogate agency is supported by the data. Through the progressive phases, the capacity of the sufferer for expressing suffering, and social embarrassment, as well as the capacity to fight against the illness and provide reciprocity to their caregivers, deceases. The reason is that physical and cognitive impairments, as well as depression and anger, continue to increase. The study also documented important socio-cultural differences among the study regions. For instance, HDC's solidarity was based on blood and friendship; in larger cities, HD fragmented families. The study also found that HD is taking an immense toll on caregivers, sufferers and families because they are excluded from the Colombia's Basic Health Plan.
31
Brink, Nicole. "An interpretative phenomenological analysis of HIV positive individuals’ experiences of being in a support group." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62988.
Full textAbstract:
People who have been diagnosed HIV positive often experience distress and anxiety due to uncertainties pertaining to the implications of an HIV positive status. Research has shown that support groups have always been a way for people to cope with the distress and stressful circumstances associated with health conditions such as HIV. This research investigated the role of face to face support groups in the lives of those living with HIV. The primary focus of this research project is to provide an in-depth exploration of HIV positive individuals‟ experiences of being in a support group. The study aims to explore the positive and negative experiences of being in an HIV support group and aims to gain an understanding of the role support plays in the lives of those living with HIV. A qualitative research design was used to explore the above mentioned aim. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five individuals, (three women and two men) who had experienced HIV support groups. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed according to the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The findings of this study revealed five super-ordinate themes, which revealed not only the positive and negative experiences of being in a support group, but also the challenges that the participants‟ experienced before joining the group. Getting a sense of the participants‟ experience before joining the group allowed the researcher to get a better understanding of how useful or not the support group has been in helping them deal with the challenges of living with HIV. The themes included: „struggling to survive after diagnosis‟, „struggling to cope: adopting negative coping skills‟, „experiencing a turning-point: a will to survive‟, „attending support group: a sweet experience‟ and lastly, „attending support groups: a bitter experience‟. Findings suggest that for these participants, the advantages outweighed the disadvantages of being in a support group. Therefore this study suggests that face to face support groups are a viable and even necessary option for support. These findings support previous research and literature in regards to the importance of social support in the form of support groups in effectively assisting HIV positive people in their journey to adjust to the consequence of living with HIV.
32
Judge, Melanie. "The contemporary construction of the causality of HIV/AIDS :a discourse analysis and its implications for understanding national policy statements on the epidemic in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textAbstract:
This study was concerned with the social construction of HIV/AIDS at the policy level in contemporary South Africa, and how such constructions shape the manner in which the epidemic is understood in popular discourse.
33
Scheibe, Kim. "AIDS anxiety and sexual behavior: a comparative study." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52073.
Full textAbstract:
Questionnaire responses of 214 college students at Virginia Polytechnic & State University regarding AIDS anxiety and how it affects sexual behavior were analyzed. Results indicated that women tend to have more AIDS anxiety than do men. Fifty-three percent of the male respondents reported their AIDS anxiety to be low/very low, and 15.7% reported high/very high, while 44.9% of the women responded low/very low, and 22.5% as being high/very high.
Both males and females reported an increase in the number of sexual encounters a month, however, the number of different partners has decreased when data from 1986 and 1988 were compared. In 1986, 36.9% of the males reported being sexually active 3+ times a month, while in 1988, 51.5% of the males were sexually active 3+ times a month. In 1986, 50.2% of the females reported being sexually active 3+ times a month, whi1e 56.6% of the females in 1988 indicated that frequency. In 1986, 36.2% of the males and 31.5% of the females responded that they had 3+ different partners while 22.9% of the males and 14.1% of the females responded this way in 1988.
Those who reported experiencing high anxiety concerning AIDS were less likely to use birth control than those who reported a low AIDS anxiety. Seventy-one percent of the respondents reported using some form of birth control, with 35.5% reporting the use of condoms.<br>Master of Science
34
Harrison, Helen E. "In the picture of health, portraits of health, disease and citizenship in Canada's public health advice literature, 1920-1960." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ63424.pdf.
Full text
35
Stuart, Beth. "Three essays on sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted disease in the UK." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72381/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to explore the measurement of and the correlation between risky sexual behaviour and chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection in the UK in three chapters. The first of these explores methods of calculating rates of Chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection at UK genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Data from KC60 returns from clinics in the Northwest, Southwest and East Midlands of England are used to provide a numerator for the rates and three methods are tested to derive the denominator: Thiessen polygons, 15 mile boundaries, and 30 minute drive times. The study finds that the rates calculated are relatively insensitive to the method chosen and thus the simplest approach, the Thiessen polygons, is recommended. The analysis also highlights substantial regional differences in GUM service accessibility. The second chapter uses latent class analysis to derive a measure of risky sexual behaviour with respect to chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection. Data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles II, a nationally representative survey of sexual behaviour in Britain, has been analysed in order to identify patterns of behaviours associated with increased disease risk A 3-class solution is obtained, with individuals classified on the basis of the number of partners they have had in the last 12 months. iii The third chapter examines the relationship between the rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection and the measure of risky sexual behaviour. Small area estimates of risky behaviour are obtained for all wards in England using synthetic regression methods. These are then aggregated in line with the Thiessen polygons in order to explore the correlation with the rates of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection. There is a positive correlation for both infections, but far stronger for gonorrhoea than chlamydia (r=0.70 and r=0.41 respectively), suggesting that although risky behaviour may explain some of the observed variation, further research is need to explore other possible explanations.
36
Steenveld, Clint Michael. "An interpretive use of drawings to explore the lived experiences of orphaned children living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004374.
Full textAbstract:
Against the backdrop of the growing problem of AIDS orphans in South Africa and greater sub-Saharan Africa, this qualitative enquiry examines the lives of three South African orphaned children living with HIV / AIDS in a children's home in Cape Town. It aims to generate rich, child-centred descriptions of some of the significant experiences of the children's lives. Drawings, dialogue and narrative were employed to generate the primary data. This was supplemented by collateral interviews and other relevant records, e.g. medical and biographical. Existential-phenomenological theory informed the approach to data collection and analysis. Each child produced a series often to twelve impromptu drawings over a period often weeks. These drawings and transcripts of the children's verbal descriptions of their drawings were extensively analysed. Significant themes for each participant as well as themes common to all three were identified. Some of the central themes emerging include loss, abandonment, death, disease awareness and coping. The children's ability to develop adaptive coping mechanisms and resilience in the face of traumatic loss and terminal illness was a particularly outstanding feature of the findings. Recommendations are made regarding future research to address the lack of qualitative, child-focused investigations as well as appropriate interventions for addressing the psychosocial needs of orphaned children living with HIV/AIDS.
37
Abracen, Jeffrey. "Psychosocial risk factors for HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28976.
Full textAbstract:
A group of 21 HIV-positive gay or bisexual men was compared with a matched group of 22 HIV-negative individuals. All subjects were sexually active gay or bisexual males matched for age, as well as age at first intercourse with males. Subjects completed a detailed sexual history questionnaire as well as a series of standardized measures of psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that subjects engaged in a wide range of unsafe sexual behaviours, and frequently combined drugs with sex. Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were significantly correlated with lifetime condom use. Social support was also found to be significantly associated with the lifetime number of homosexual partners. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between MAST scores and social support and a positive relationship between social support and CD-4 cell count. The groups were found to be similar in terms of clinical levels of anxiety and depression, self-esteem in interpersonal situations, and risk-taking personality.
38
Fineide, Line Viktoria. "Global agenda-setting in multilateral AIDS governance : testing the Vanwesenbeeck model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86472.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globally as well as nationally, AIDS is politically contested. Since AIDS was first identified
in 1981 there have been several responses to the pandemic, reflecting AIDS’ biomedical,
political and social nature and implications. Although there are many ways to frame and
approach AIDS, no single approach appears to be universally superior to any other, especially
as these various approaches are essential for a comprehensive global response to the
pandemic. However, these several responses can also represent contested constructs of how
AIDS is inter-subjectively problematised based on different ontological understandings and
epistemological preferences. The existence of such contested constructs suggests that
multilateral AIDS governance is shaped by binaries and zero-sum games where the overall
approach ought to be holistic. As such, some scholars claim that HIV is increasingly treated
as something medical, and outside the context of overall development issues, sexual and
reproductive health, human rights and structural violence. Recently, Vanwesenbeeck (2011)
offered a simplified model of ‘high-road’ and ‘low-road’ solutions to the pandemic,
problematising specifically the global policy/political response. Vanwesenbeeck’s model
suggests that biomedical, vertically distributed and asexual high-road approaches are
prioritised at the expense of the more community oriented, sexual and rights-based low-road
approaches. This, Vanwesenbeeck argues, is because current ideas and norms of the market,
moralism and medicalisation are more aligned with the de-contextual, de-sexual and
quantifiable characteristics of high-road approaches. This study tests the analytical utility of
Vanwesenbeeck’s model with a case study of the policy and political narratives emerging
from the International AIDS Society’s nine International AIDS Conferences from 1996 until
2012. The research question this study investigates is thus: Can Vanwesenbeeck’s (2011)
model of high-road and low-road solutions be identified in and illuminate the policy ideas,
problem definitions and political binaries that play out in the discourse surrounding the
biennial International AIDS Conferences between 1996 and 2012? This main research question is complemented by three sub-questions concerning 1) the strengths and limitations
of Vanwesenbeeck’s model, 2) the general trends and developments in global AIDS
policy/political responses during, before and after the biennial International AIDS
Conferences and 3) the impact of the Global Financial Crisis on the global AIDS response.
Applying a qualitative methodology, the study finds that Vanwesenbeeck’s model can both be
identified in and elucidate the political discourses, policy implementations and binaries
surrounding the International AIDS Conferences between 1996 and 2012, albeit not all. The
analytical utility of Vanwesenbeeck’s model is limited by oversimplification of the highroad/
low-road binary and the exclusion of alternative ideas for high-road prioritisation, such
as humanitarianism, securitisation/sensationalism and the neoliberal ideological link between
medicalisation and the market, as well as negligence of the impact of the Global Financial
Crisis.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vigs is internasionaal sowel as nasionaal polities omstrede. Sedert Vigs die eerste keer in 1981
geïdentifiseer is, was daar al verskeie reaksies op die pandemie wat die biomediese, politieke en
maatskaplike aard en implikasies van die siekte weerspieël. Hoewel daar verskillende maniere is
om Vigs te beskou en te benader, blyk geen enkele benadering universeel superieur te wees nie,
veral aangesien al hierdie verskillende benaderinge noodsaaklik is vir ’n omvattende globale
reaksie op die pandemie. Tog kan hierdie verskillende reaksies ook as betwiste konstrukte
beskou word van hoe Vigs intersubjektief op grond van verskillende ontologiese begrippe en
epistemologiese voorkeure geproblematiseer word. Die bestaan van sulke betwiste konstrukte
gee te kenne dat multilaterale Vigsbestuur deur binêre en nulsombenaderinge gekenmerk word,
terwyl die algehele benadering veronderstel is om holisties te wees. Sommige vakkundiges
beweer dan ook dat MIV al hoe meer as ’n mediese probleem hanteer word, buite die konteks
van oorkoepelende ontwikkelingskwessies, seksuele en voortplantingsgesondheid, menseregte en
strukturele geweld. Vanwesenbeeck (2011) het onlangs ’n vereenvoudigde model van
sogenaamde ‘grootpad-’ en ‘smalpadoplossings’ vir die pandemie aan die hand gedoen wat
spesifiek die algehele beleids-/politieke reaksie problematiseer. Vanwesenbeeck se model voer
aan dat biomediese, vertikaal verspreide en aseksuele grootpadbenaderinge dikwels ten koste van
die meer gemeenskapsgerigte, seksuele en regtegebaseerde smalpadbenaderinge gekies word.
Dít, reken Vanwesenbeeck, is omdat huidige denke en norme met betrekking tot die mark,
moraliteit en medikalisasie eerder met die kontekslose, geslaglose en kwantifiseerbare kenmerke
van grootpadbenaderinge strook. Hierdie studie het die analitiese nut van Vanwesenbeeck se
model getoets met behulp van ’n gevallestudie van die beleids- en politieke narratiewe uit die
Internasionale Vigsvereniging se nege internasionale vigskonferensies vanaf 1996 tot 2012. Die
navorsingsvraag van hierdie studie was dus: Kan Vanwesenbeeck (2011) se model van grootpaden
smalpadoplossings geïdentifiseer word in, en lig werp op, die beleidsidees, probleemomskrywings en politieke teenpole wat uit die diskoers by die tweejaarlikse
internasionale vigskonferensies vanaf 1996 tot 2012 gespruit het? Hierdie hoofnavorsingsvraag
is aangevul deur drie verdere vrae oor (i) die sterkpunte en beperkinge van Vanwesenbeeck se
model, (ii) die algemene tendense en ontwikkelings in wêreldwye beleids-/politieke reaksies op
Vigs gedurende, voor en na die tweejaarlikse internasionale Vigskonferensies, en (iii) die impak
van die wêreldwye finansiële krisis op die wêreldwye Vigsreaksie. Met behulp van ’n
kwalitatiewe metodologie het hierdie studie bevind dat Vanwesenbeeck se model wél
geïdentifiseer kan word in, en lig werp op, sommige van die politieke diskoerse,
beleidsinwerkingstelling en teenpole waartoe die internasionale vigskonferensies tussen 1996 en
2012 gelei het. Die analitiese nut van Vanwesenbeeck se model word egter beperk deur die
oorvereenvoudiging van die grootpad-/smalpad-teenpole en die uitsluiting van alternatiewe idees
oor die prioritisering van grootpadoplossings, soos filantropie, sekuritasie/sensasionalisme en die
neoliberale ideologiese verband tussen medikalisasie en die mark, sowel as die verontagsaming
van die impak van die wêreldwye finansiële krisis.
39
Katzenellenbogen, Judith Masha. "Use of data linkage to enhance burden of disease estimates in Western Australia : the example of stroke." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0117.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] The Disability-Adjusted Life Year index, developed by the Global Burden of Disease Study, is used extensively to compare disease burden between locations and over time. While calculation of the fatal component of this measure, Years of Life Lost, is relatively straight-forward, the non-fatal component, Years Lived with Disability, is based on parameters that are challenging to estimate. This thesis pioneers the use of the Western Australian Data Linkage System to enhance epidemiological parameters underpinning Years Lived with Disability, providing, by way of illustration, a robust quantitative profile of burden of stroke in the state of Western Australia at the turn of the 21st century. The principal methodological objective was to utilise data linkage analytic methods for the specific requirements of burden of disease estimation. The principal stroke-related objectives were: 1. To estimate the parameters underpinning the non-fatal burden of stroke (Years Lived with Disability) in Western Australia in 2000. 2. To estimate the total burden of stroke (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) in Western Australia in 2000. 3. To investigate differentials in stroke burden between different sub-populations in Western Australia. 4. To calculate projections of stroke burden for Western Australia in 2016. Years Lived with Disability from stroke were calculated for Western Australia from nonfatal stroke incidence, expected duration and disability (severity) weights. Non-fatal incidence was estimated using linked hospital and death records of first-ever hospitalised stroke 28-day survivors in 2000. This was then adjusted for out-of-hospital cases determined from the population-based Perth Community Stroke Study. iv Analysis of mortality in hospitalised 28-day survivors using linked data revealed that the excess mortality in prevalent, rather than incident cases was the main disease-specific parameter required for modelling stroke duration using DisMod II specialised software. ... Access to data linkage and population-based stroke studies in Western Australia allowed more accurate estimation of non-fatal stroke burden, with previous reports most likely underestimating disability as a contributor to total burden. Although predominantly affecting the growing aged population, stroke also affects a sizable number under the age of 65 years, the age group where differentials in stroke burden are the greatest. The findings highlight the continued need for primary prevention efforts for all ages, targeting especially younger people in disadvantaged groups. The shift to greater disability burden in the future and the needs of disadvantaged groups must be considered when planning stroke services. The multiple studies undertaken for this thesis contribute to ongoing improvement of data quality and methodological refinements underpinning estimates of Years Lived with Disability, specifically for stroke, but applicable also to other diseases. Similar linked data approaches can be used in other Australian states in the future once infrastructure is developed, thereby improving estimates of disease burden for health policy and planning in the future.
40
Karsten, Anja. "Knowledge and attitudes of religious leaders towards HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50387.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Religion plays a significant role in the structuring of people's identities and
perceptions and also has the potential to playa fundamental role to determine
how communities respond to HIV/AIDS. Faith-based organisations are
respected in their communities and have existing resources, structures and
systems in place. People who are diagnosed with HIV often turn to the
church where they receive emotional and spiritual support.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the knowledge of
religious leaders about HIV/AIDS and their attitudes towards people living with
it. A non-experimental quantitative research design was used in this study
and the data was gathered through a structured questionnaire.
The respondents were not exceptionally informed about the transmission of
the HI-virus, but their knowledge around the risk of specific sexual behaviour
was high and their attitudes towards PLHA generally positive.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geloof speel "n belangrike rol in die vorming van "n mens se identiteit en
persepsies en het ook die potensiaal om gemeenskappe se reaksie rakende
MIV/Vigs te bepaal. Geloofsorganisasies word in hul gemeenskappe
gerespekteer en het bestaande hulpbronne en stelsels in plek. Mense wat
MIV postitef gediagnoseer word, wend hul dikwels na hierdie organisasies
waar hul emosionele en geestelike ondersteuning ontvang.
Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die kennis en houdings van
geloofsleiers rondom MIV/Vigs en die mense wat daarmee leef te bepaal. "n
Nie-eksperimenteel kwantitatiewe navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, en die data
is deur middel van "n gestruktureerde vraelys ingesamel.
Hoewel die respondente se kennis omtrent die oordrag van die MI-virus nie
voldoende was nie, het hul die nodige kennis rondom die risiko van spesifieke
seksuele gedrag gehad. Hul houdings rondom MIV/Vigs en mense wat
daarmee leef was positief.
41
Mmusi, Bishy. "The development assumptions of Botswana television : an assessment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007668.
Full textAbstract:
This study researched a project to set up a national television service for Botswana to find out whether the service could be used for rural development generally, and in particular to assist the Ministry of Health to implement its health projects in the rural areas and including the fight against the AIDS disease. It reviews conceptions of development and also analyses various communication models that usefully inform the conceptualisation of a TV service that can contribute to development. The study was done by going through reports of feasibility studies on the project and through letters of official correspondence among officials of the Government of Botswana who debated the subject of whether or not the country should have a national TV service. The reports and correspondence were supplemented with interviews of key people involved in the implementation of the project, as well as interviews of officials of the Ministry of Health. The findings of the study are that the Botswana television service project started and ended on a footing that forgot about television, a medium that is dependent on professional and organisational capacity and purpose, and as a result the project did not take-off. A qualitative method was used as the study required in-depth interviews during which new issues kept on emerging and nothing could be pre-determined because the study took place as the project was being implemented. The study was completed in June 2000, at a point where the project should have been completed but it was discovered that the station could not go on air as a television service had not been conceptualised and there was no management structure in place and the Government of Botswana appealed to the British Government for the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation to come quickly to Botswana to rescue the project and put it on track, supposedly. The study has concluded that the Botswana television service project became stillborn because there was a lack of professional and intellectual capacity to conceptualise the service, and instead there had been too much concentration on the construction of the TV building and acquisition of equipment.
42
Beetge, Lijahne. "Themes related to children living with HIV/AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21549.
Full textAbstract:
Assignment (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This review examines themes related to children, especially children under the age of fifteen,
living with HIV/Aids. For review purposes themes include defining children living with HIV/Aids
as a vulnerable population, the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on children, children’s
coping with and perceptions of HIV/Aids. The global HIV/Aids pandemic has caused major
worldwide social change. The impact, especially the psychological impact of HIV/Aids on
children appears to be vast and at times disastrous in nature. HIV/Aids is estimated to affect
the lives of several generations of children and the impact of the pandemic will therefore
characterize their communities for decades to come as the numbers of affected and infected
children are on the increase. It has been noted by research done that children living with
HIV/Aids become impoverished, their insecurities worsen and their psychosocial and
psychological problems increase. In addition their educational and work opportunities decline,
their nurturing and support systems disintegrate, and child mortality rates rise. The necessity
of psychological support for children affected and infected by HIV/Aids is directly linked to the
rights of children listed in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the
South African Constitution. Research reviewed points out that a child’s physical and
psychological health is intertwined and therefore a child cannot be physically healthy without
also being psychologically secure. Research reviewed also points out that it is of the utmost
importance that the voices of children who live with HIV/Aids are heard, their involvement in
decision making and planning related to HIV/Aids is allowed and that their needs are met,
especially their psychological needs in relation to the pandemic. Overall the literature
reviewed in the past four years (2003-2006) highlights the significantly under-investigated,
under-researched themes such as psychological aspects related to children living with
HIV/Aids, both in South Africa and internationally. These aspects surrounding HIV/Aids, as
previously mentioned, also seem to be the least tangible and the most difficult for adults to
address or comprehend fully and yet they impinge on all aspects of developing children -
hence the identified need in this area for adequate research and psychological support, such
as program implementation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie literatuuroorsig bied ’n ondersoek na die wêreldwye sosiale verandering en uitwerking
wat die globale HIV/vigs-pandemie tot gevolg het. Daar word veral gelet op temas wat
verwantskap hou met kinders, veral kinders vyftien jaar oud en jonger wat leef met HIV/vigs.
Temas sluit in die definiëring van kinders as weerloos, kinders se hantering van HIV/vigs,
hulle persepsies van HIV/vigs en hulle sielkundige behoeftes en ander aspekte met
betrekking tot HIV/vigs. Die trefkrag van HIV/vigs blyk omvattend en by tye rampspoedig te
wees. Na beraming beïnvloed HIV/vigs verskeie geslagte van kinders en die uitwerking van
die pandemie sal dus dekades lank nog deel vorm van hulle gemeenskappe soos die aantal
kinders wat geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, toeneem. Navorsing toon dat kinders wat met
HIV/vigs leef, verarm. Verder vererger hulle onsekerhede en hulle psigososiale en
sielkundige probleme neem toe. Ook neem die kinders se opvoedkundige en
werkgeleenthede af, hulle versorgings- en ondersteuningsnetwerke disintegreer en
sterftesyfers neem toe. Die noodsaaklikheid van sielkundige ondersteuning vir kinders wat
deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer en geaffekteer is, word direk in verband gebring met die regte van
kinders soos gelys in die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie oor die Regte van die Kind en die
Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet. Die literatuuroorsig toon dat ‘n kind se fisieke en sielkundige
gesondheid ten nouste met mekaar verband hou en daarom kan ’n kind nie fisiek gesond
wees sonder om ook sielkundig geborge te wees nie. Verder dui navorsing ook op die
kardinale belang daarvan dat kinders wat leef met HIV/vigs se stemme gehoor word, hulle
betrokkenheid by besluitneming en beplanning verseker word en al hulle behoeftes bevredig
word, veral hulle sielkundige behoeftes wat met die pandemie verband hou. Oor die
algemeen beklemtoon die literatuuroorsig wat oor die afgelope vier jaar strek (2003-2006) dat
daar nie voldoende navorsing gedoen is met betrekking tot temas wat verwantskap hou met
kinders en HIV/vigs nie, nie alleen in Suid-Afrika nie, maar ook internasionaal. Hierdie
bevindings is kommerwekkend veral omdat Suid-Afrika ‘n land is met onrusbarende groot
getalle kinders wat deur HIV/vigs geïnfekteer is. Dit wil ook voorkom of hierdie aspekte wat te
make het met kinders en HIV/vigs nie baie duidelik is vir volwassenes nie en ook die
moeilikste is om te hanteer of ten volle te verstaan, hoewel dit alle aspekte van die kind se
ontwikkeling raak. Vandaar die behoefte op hierdie gebied aan voldoende navorsing en
sielkundige ondersteuning, soos program implementering.
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Motene, Khantse. "The experiences of AIDS orphaned adolescents in Thaba-Bosiu, Maseru." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1025.
Full textAbstract:
“We owe them fathers, and a family and loving homes they never knew because we know deep in our hearts that they are all our children too,” These are words from the musical Miss Saigon by Boubill and Schonberg as quoted by van Dyk (2005:278) which prompted the researcher’s interest in the study. According to a study by Kimane and Mturi (2000:8), a good number of AIDS orphaned adolescents have the responsibility of the care of siblings. Moreover, they are economically active, forced to earn income for their own survival or for their unemployed siblings or extended family household. They are the young people one sees in the streets of Lesotho’s principle cities, selling fruit or collecting fares in local taxis. For girls, the situation is particularly dire. While they too sell goods on the streets or some are employed as domestic workers, many find the lure of commercial sex work and the promise of cash irresistible (Kimane and Mturi, 2000:8). However, Fraser (2004:143) denotes that some children, when faced with stressful conditions, construct socially adverse situations as challenges and opportunities and access adequate amounts of available individual and environmental resources. This general frame of reference through which individuals appraise and react to events and situations in the environment is termed resiliency (Fraser, 2004:143). The aim of the study was to explore and describe the experiences of AIDS orphaned adolescents. A qualitative approach with an exploratory-descriptive research design was employed to meet the aims of the study. The research was conducted in Thaba-Bosiu, Maseru. Purposive sampling was used to access a research sample with the assistance of a service rendering organisation in Lesotho. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with eight AIDS orphaned adolescents between the ages of 15 -18 years. Data was analysed according to the framework provided by Tesch (in Creswell, 1994:153) and Guba’s model (in Krefting, 1991:217) was employed for data verification. It was anticipated that the study would contribute to the recommendations towards the development of more effective programmes for the AIDS orphans in Lesotho. In addition, undertaking this research was viewed as critical as it would provide the much needed scientific basis on which the Social Work professional body would be able to reflect on its AIDS orphan support strategies.
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Jones, Lynne. "The impact of HIV/AIDS on children in Swaziland : opportunities for, and constraints on, scaling up interventions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9049bceb-9ae7-48d0-b501-78c9ef45446d.
Full textAbstract:
This research focuses on vulnerable children in Swaziland, the country with the highest level of adult HIV prevalence in the world, where nearly 25 percent of children will be orphaned by 2010. It investigates the experiences of relatively poor urban children growing up in the epidemic and the coping strategies the children and their adult carers adopt. Through the lens of both children and adult carers, it explores the ways sexual knowledge is gained and used by older children in the context of HIV/AIDS as well as the experience of coping with widespread bereavement. In this way, it adds to the literature on childhoods in the 'South' and the increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of children's lived experiences. Rather than being seen as passive, the agency of both vulnerable children and their adult carers emerges as they seek to improve their livelihoods. The way this agency connects with government, NGO and community structures is revealed by showing the opportunities for and constraints on gaining access to education and health-care. The interwoven roles of government, international donors, NGOs and civil society is explored by assessing the relative merits of supporting vulnerable children by either welfare assistance to poor families or new forms of 'community' care structures or institutionalised residential care. The critical importance of relationships and power relations between key actors in different organisations and the effect this has on implementation of interventions for children is discussed as well as the relevance of these findings to vulnerable children in other settings.
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Makhubele, Jabulani Calvin. "The impact of culture on the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas :a social work perspective." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2027.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2004.<br>The aim of this study was to explore the impact of culture on the prevention and
reatment of HIV/AIDS amongst people in low-resourced areas like Malamulele. he study focused on the lifestyles, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions around ultural elements and practices, which might impact negatively on the prevention nd treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There were three groups of research espondents namely: learners from three high schools in Malamulele, some arents of the learners and the traditional/cultural leaders.
The researcher ollected both qualitative and quantitative data. The data was gathered through he use of an interview schedule (questionnaire), focus group discussions and ound-table discussion sessions. The data was presented, analysed and nterpreted by means of tables and charts.
t was found that people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge about HIV/AIDS, causes, symptoms and how the disease is transmitted. Despite the fact that awareness and educational campaigns and programmes are being rendered, people in low-resourced (rural) areas have little knowledge and needed skills about prevention and treatment of the pandemic. Polygamy and extra-marital relations by men is still highly valued and viewed at high esteem. Religious structures seem to be detached to the issue of HIV/AIDS as they mentioned that talking about HIV/AIDS is immoral and against their principles. The study also tried to explore the extent to which people in low-resourced areas view and use condoms as a protective means.
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Gitonga, Priscilla Nyawira. "Music as social discourse : the contribution of popular music to the awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS in Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/962.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a critical, theoretical study focussing is on the contribution that popular music makes towards raising awareness and promoting the prevention of HIV/Aids in Nairobi, Kenya. Towards this end, an analysis of the lyrics and musical gestures of four Kenyan pop music songs is undertaken in order to highlight their communicative capabilities in this regard. These songs, namely, are Lulumbe by Wasike wa Musungu, Juala by Circute and Jo-el, Vuta Pumz by The Longombas, and Dunia Mbaya Chunguze by Princess Jully. The context in which these musical analyses occur is provided in: - An overview of the Kenya of today, in particular that of the diverse and hybrid ethnic, linguistic, musical and cultural practices of Nairobi, and of the various youth cultures in that city, as well as in an overview of the extent of the HIV/Aids pandemic in Kenya, especially amongst the youth of Nairobi, with some reflection on existing interventions. - An overview of current trends in popular music analysis and an explanation of the author’s own eclectic semiotic analytical methodology within this context. The study concludes that a repeating strategy may be discerned on the part of the composers and performers in question, namely, to first engage audiences through language and music with which they are familiar, and then to encourage audiences to confront the unknown and unfamiliar in music and language, but also ultimately in terms of their social practices. The known and the familiar is highlighted both in the lyrics and in the music itself. It includes use of commonlyspoken languages and dialects, popular musical styles typical of the particular sub-culture, and references to the day-to-day experiences of the ordinary person.
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Jaquess, David L. "Psychosocial variance in the outcomes of pediatric HIV." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172642/.
Full text
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Tjiveze, Wakaa. "An investigation of socio-ecological issues and risks and capabilities in the 'my future is my choice' HIV and AIDS programme : a case in northern Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017769.
Full textAbstract:
The HIV and AIDS crisis can be presented as a socio-ecological issue, with an ever-increasing impact on both human beings and the environment. Teaching about socio-ecological issues and the consideration of individual capabilities has become crucial within HIV and AIDS education programmes. Issues of deforestation, land degradation and other environmental problems have worsened since the advent of HIV and AIDS, especially in developing countries. The My Future is My Choice (MFMC) programme has been identified as an important HIV and AIDS education initiative that caters for young people in Namibian secondary schools (Grades 8-12). One of the themes within the programme (Facing HIV and AIDS) is highlighted in this study. This study was constituted as a case study of one school in rural Omuthiya, in the Oshikoto region. The study investigated the opportunities for the integration of a focus on socio-ecological issues and risks, within the MFMC education programme. The study also investigated the way in which the program develops learners‟ capabilities to respond to HIV and AIDS related socio-ecological issues and risks/vulnerabilities. The study also presents the constraints and enabling factors influencing the implementation of the programme. This study used a qualitative, interpretive case study methodology. The research methods included the analysis of eight documents and nineteen semi-structured interviews, with the Programme Coordinator, the Programme Facilitator, the School Principal and with the programme participants. The analysis also included two focus group discussions with a group of learners; and two classroom observations; and the learners' submissions (reflection sheets). Convenience sampling was used, and ethical issues were taken into consideration throughout the study. The study revealed the following as key findings: The aims and objectives of the HIV and AIDS education programme can enhance and constrain the development of capabilities, as well as opportunities and challenges for the integration of a focus on socio-environmental issues and risks as additional learning content. Teaching and learning methods that are participatory and rooted within the learner centered approach can make the integration of HIV and AIDS inherent socio-environmental issues and risks into the MFMC education programme possible. The values and beliefs inherent within the MFMC education programme stand as opportunities for the successful development of capabilities in the education programme. The study concluded by recommending that capabilities within the MFMC programme be developed through teaching learners about their rights, respect for human dignity, and the right to health and to living the life free from discriminatory practices, as a moral entitlement of each and every individual. While teaching learners about their right to health and the importance of healthy diets, this study found that the programme could include learning about food production and handling practices for the benefit of those living with HIV and AIDS, while caring for the environment. Another recommendation was that future research should consider actively involving young people in decision-making with regard to the programme, as this will allow them to choose and decide on what knowledge and skills they need and want to acquire. The study further explained that this will promote the programme participants‟ sense of agency, and their freedom to choose what they value being and doing as an important element in enhancing learner capabilities. Ultimately, this will also enable the learners to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge they need in order to respond to the socio-ecological problems they face in their communities.
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Malatji, Modjadji Linda. "The experiences of women living with HIV and AIDS in Mankweng area, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/696.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A. (Social work)) --University of Limpopo, 2007<br>The impact of AIDS has an overwhelming effect on women as they are unable to fulfill their multiple roles. For many women, a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS carries a profound physical, psychological and social burden. Gender inequities, poverty and a growing prevalence of HIV in developing countries have increased the vulnerability of women to HIV infection. Women’s lack of social and economic independence and their low status in their marital households also increase their vulnerability to HIV. They are susceptible to stigma and discrimination when they are identified as being HIV-positive. Negative social responses in these situations may result in them being rejected by their families and denied access to resources.
A qualitative exploratory-descriptive study was conducted with fifty six women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in the Mankweng area and surrounding villages. Six focus groups interviews were conducted to elicit information about their experiences and perceptions on the way families, communities, health and social service professions treat them. A quantitative approach was also used to indicate the number of participants who shared similar views on a particular issue.
The striking feature about the participants’ explanation of HIV and AIDS is that, they associated HIV/AIDS with makgoma (contaminations). The participants also reported that dealing with the consequences of the disease is a huge challenge. They also face challenges in managing their illness. Their problems are compounded by accusations from their partners, family members and the community who blame them for the infection. This creates stress for them that may be detrimental to their physical and emotional health. The participants freely expressed views on HIV/AIDS, aspects that are positive and unsupportive of people living with HIV/AIDS. They shared their physical, social, psychological, cultural and economical challenges. The findings also revealed that an overwhelming number (89%) of WLWHA are struggling with negotiating for condom use. Some of their partners are reluctant to use condoms thus, risking re-infection that is detrimental to their health. The participants’ plea is for the health and social service professionals to become sensitive and compassionate towards them.<br>Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
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Haddad, Khristina. "Women, AIDS, and invisibility in the United States : using feminist theory to understand sources and consequences of definitions." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68098.
Full textAbstract:
The practical project of this thesis is to create a critical account of the experiences of women in the AIDS crisis in the United States. The theoretical project is to refine a concept of invisibility of various kinds of problems and obstacles women have been confronted with. The question that both parts of this project seek to answer is roughly the following: "What is it that we can learn about improving the lives of women by looking at the AIDS crisis as a lens into American social conditions at the end of the Twentieth Century?" Feminist theories provide a basis for this inquiry as well as the theoretical work on a concept of invisibility.