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Books on the topic 'Certainty of price'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Glais, Michel. Analyse des politiques de contrôle des prix dans certains secteurs, sous l'angle de la concurrence et des échanges intra-communautaires. Luxembourg: Office des publications officielles des Communautés européennes, 1987.

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2

United States International Trade Commission. Certain tobacco: Report to the President on investigation no. 22-47 under section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.

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3

Dead certain: The presidency of George W. Bush. New York, NY: Free Press, 2008.

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4

Report of "The Study Committee" on Cane Price Policy and Certain Other Aspects of Sugar Industry in Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad, [India]: Directorate of Sugar and Cane Commissioner, Andhra Pradesh, 1987.

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5

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Removing impediments to the planting of certain alternative crops and oats: Report (to accompany H.R. 2799) (including Congressional Budget Office cost estimate). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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6

Board, Financial Accounting Standards. Financial reporting and changing prices: Elimination of certain disclosures : an amendment of FASB Statement no. 33. Stamford, Conn. (P.O. Box 3821, Stamford 06905-0821): Financial Accounting Standards Board, 1986.

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7

Judiciary, United States Congress Senate Committee on the. To allow certain sellers of agricultural products to bring antitrust actions: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, on S. 2835 ... September 24, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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8

Prescription drug rebate program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 2890, H.R. 3405, and H.R. 5614, bills to amend the Public Health Service Act and the Social Security Act to establish limits on certain drug prices, July 31, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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9

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Communications. Telephone Operator Consumer Services Improvement Act of 1989: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Communications of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 1643, to provide protection to consumers in connection with certain telephone services, S. 1660, relating to telephone operator consumers services ... February 7, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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10

United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Communications. Telephone Operator Consumer Services Improvement Act of 1989: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Communications of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 1643, to provide protection to consumers in connection with certain telephone services, S. 1660, relating to telephone operator consumers services ... February 7, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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11

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Communications. Telephone Operator Consumer Services Improvement Act of 1989: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Communications of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 1643, to provide protection to consumers in connection with certain telephone services, S. 1660, relating to telephone operator consumers services ... February 7, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Amending the provisions of the Agricultural Act of 1949 relating to certain cross compliance requirements under the extra long staple cotton program: Report (to accompany H.R. 4556). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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13

Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Requesting the President and directing the Secretary of Health and Human Services provide certain documents to the House of Representatives relating to estimates and analyses of the cost of the medicare prescription drug legislation: Adverse report together with dissenting views (to accompany H.Res. 776) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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14

Trading, Great Britain Office of Fair. The World's Fair Limited and Marcus Publishing plc: Refusal to publish advertisements which contain certain price information : a report by the Director General of Fair Trading on two investigations under section 3 of the Competition Act 1980. [London]: Office of Fair Trading, 1987.

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15

Mr. Revere and I: Being an account of certain episodes in the career of Paul Revere, Esq. as recently revealed by his horse, Scheherazade, later pride of his Royal Majesty's 14th Regiment of Foot. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988.

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16

Closing the gaps in Hatch-Waxman: Assuring greater access to affordable pharmaceuticals : hearing before the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session on examining certain provisions of the 1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, assuring greater access to affordable pharmaceuticals, May 8, 2002. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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17

Office, General Accounting. International trade: U.S. business access to certain foreign state-of-the-art technology : report to the honorable Lloyd Bentsen, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1991.

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18

United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for a special enrollment period for certain military retirees and their dependents to enroll under part B of such title, without penalty for late enrollment, in order to participate in the TRICARE Senior Prime demonstration sites pursuant to the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1998.

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19

Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. In the matter of an application by Price Waterhouse Limited, the Receiver and Manager of the assets of the Innisfil Landfill Corporation, for a Certificate of Approval to continue to provide a facility for the purpose of receiving and disposing of waste from certain named municipalities for a period of five years, and for constructing, operating, maintaining, and rehabilitating a sanitary landfill site located on Part lots 8 and 9, Concession VI, in the Town of Innisfil. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of the Environment, 1991.

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20

Office, General Accounting. Department of Energy: Certain postretirement benefits for contractor employees are unfunded and program oversight could be improved : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development, Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2004.

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21

Board, Ontario Environmental Assessment. Innisfil Landfill Corporation intervenor funding program: In the matter of an application by Price Waterhouse Limited, the Receiver and Manager of the assets of the Innisfil Landfill Corporation, for a Certificate of Approval to continue to provide a facility for the purpose of receiving and disposing of waste from certain named municipalities for a period of five years, and for constructing, operating, maintaining, and rehabilitating a sanitary landfill site located on Part Lots 8 and 9, Concession VI, in the Town of Innisfil : dated at Toronto this 29th day of November, 1991. Toronto, Ont: Environmental Assessment Board, 1991.

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22

Ewan, McKendrick. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.4: Damages, Art.7.4.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0155.

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This commentary analyses Article 7.4.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning proof of harm by current price. If the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, Art 7.4.6 stipulates that it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time of termination as well as damages for any further harm. The aim of Art 7.4.6 is to provide a measure of certainty by stipulating the measure of damages recoverable in the case where the aggrieved party has not entered into a replacement transaction. The burden of proof is upon the aggrieved party to prove that it was entitled to terminate the contract between the parties and that there is a ‘current price’, and upon the non-performing party to prove that the aggrieved party did enter into a replacement transaction.

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23

Giorgio, Sacerdoti. Has China Become ‘Legally’ a Market-economy Country on 11 December 2016 under the WTO Antidumping Agreement? Analysing an Open Question. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0010.

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The rules applicable to the antidumping investigation on China’s exports after the expiration of subparagraph (a)(ii) of Section 15 of China's Accession Protocol on 11 December 2016 are contentious. China immediately challenged both the EU and US regimes at the WTO claiming that the general WTO rules on price comparability must now be applied to its exports. The chapter concludes that Section 15(a)(i) of China’s Accession Protocol, as subsisting, still allows importing countries to treat China as a non-market economy in certain conditions. As a consequence, there is recourse to constructed value based on the prices and costs of an analogue third country instead of the domestic ones in China, if the latter are being distorted by state intervention. However, recourse to this alternative methodology cannot be ‘automatic’ anymore and the issue of which party has to prove that the imports at issue are distorted by state intervention becomes crucial.

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24

Holton, Richard. Crime as Prime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828174.003.0006.

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This paper develops an account of core criminal terms like ‘murder’ that parallels Williamson’s account of knowledge. It is argued that while murder requires that the murderer killed, and that they did so with a certain state of mind, murder cannot be regarded as the conjunction of these two elements (the action, the actus reus, and the associated mental element, the mens rea). Rather, murder should be seen as a primitive notion, which entails each of them. This explains some of the problems around criminal attempt. Attempted murder cannot be seen simply as involving the state of mind of murder minus success; rather, it has to be seen as a self-standing offence, that of attempting to commit the murder.

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25

Eisenberg, Rebecca S. Intellectual Property and Public Health. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.35.

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This chapter considers the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and public health with a primary focus on US patent law and international law. The first part focuses on health innovation and considers the limits of patents and other exclusionary rights as a source of incentives for innovation to address certain public health priorities. It considers four categories of innovation that present a mismatch between public health priorities and private incentives for innovation: vaccines, anti-infectives, neglected diseases, and nonexcludable innovations. The second part considers conflicts between IP and public health arising from restrictions on access to patented technologies. It examines market and policy mechanisms to facilitate access to patented technologies, including price discrimination, public and private insurance, price controls, and legal restrictions on patents.

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26

Office, General Accounting. Analysis of certain aspects of the proposed agricultural efficiency and equity act of 1985: Report. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1985.

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27

Canada, Statistics, and Statistique Canada, eds. Average prices of selected farm inputs =: Le prix moyen de certaines entrées agricoles. Ottawa, Ont: Statistics Canada = Statistique Canada, 1993.

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28

Tidd, Ursula. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036347.003.0011.

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In the following short radio broadcast, in which Simone de Beauvoir reflects upon her engagement with the autobiographical genre and its relation to fiction, a meta-narrative of her autobiographical project is briefly emplotted. Beauvoir echoes here certain of her “in-flight” observations on autobiography in The Prime of Life...

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29

Back, Kerry E. Learning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0023.

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Continuous‐time filtering is explained, including the Kalman filter and filtering for a Markov chain with hidden states. Filtering theory is applied to analyze portfolio choice and equilibrium asset prices. When the expected return of an asset is unknown and is estimated from past returns, the myopic demand is a momentum strategy. When investors learn expected consumption growth from realized consumption growth, equilibrium prices are more sensitive to consumption shocks and the equity premium is higher. When the consumption growth rate follows a Markov chain with hidden states, return volatility tends to be higher when investors are less certain about which state the economy is in.

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30

Pedullà, Gabriele. Machiavelli’s Prince and the Concept of Tyranny. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0012.

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This chapter concludes the volume with an examination of Machiavelli as a theorist who enacted a willful and radical break with the past, yet endorsed most of his predecessors’ tenets. It begins with Machiavelli’s provocative omission of the term ‘tyrant’—in favor of the euphemism ‘new prince’—and his reassessment of ‘tyrannical’ behaviors as princely prudence. These maneuvers earned Machiavelli the ire of generations of commentators, yet the chapter argues that they misread him. Rather than denying the existence of pragmatically and morally evil lords, Machiavelli redraws the boundary between them and good rulers. Instrumental in this is his concept of glory, which can only be recognized retrospectively as it reveals itself in the fullness of time. Thus, Machiavelli implies, it is impossible to know for certain whether a present ruler is a good prince or a tyrant.

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31

Brower, Jeffrey E. Aquinas on the Individuation of Substances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806035.003.0004.

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Aquinas has much to say about individuation over the course of his career. Although certain aspects of his views appear to undergo development, there is one aspect that remains constant throughout—namely, his commitment to assigning both prime matter and quantity an essential role in the individuation of substances. This paper examines the vexed issue of how either prime matter or quantity, as Aquinas understands them, could have any role to play in this context. In the course of doing so, the author attempts to put to rest a number of longstanding worries about the coherence of Aquinas’s views about individuation, as well as to draw out some of his broader commitments in metaphysics and natural philosophy that have yet to be fully appreciated.

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32

Rigal, Alexandre. Habitudes en mouvement. MetisPresses, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37866/0563722.

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Aujourd’hui, en Europe plus qu’ailleurs, les habitudes de déplacement se transforment au rythme de la prise de conscience environnementale. Les réseaux de transports en commun se développent et les adeptes des mobilités douces se multiplient. Pourtant les automobilistes demeurent majoritaires. Bien que l’urgence climatique requière un changement radical de nos modes de vie, certaines habitudes restent profondément ancrées dans les usages, et c’est notamment le cas de la voiture. De nombreux témoignages montrent néanmoins qu’un changement pas à pas vers des pratiques plus durables est possible et se révèle souvent épanouissant. Cet ouvrage, issu d’une riche enquête de terrain, nous appelle à repenser nos habitudes dans un juste équilibre entre préférences personnelles et intérêt commun, et amorce une théorie de la prise et de la perte d’habitude à l’échelle individuelle, tout en proposant des solutions concrètes.

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33

Barry, Patrick. The Syntax of Sports, Class 3: The Rule of Three. Maize Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12227832.

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It’s not an accident that hall of fame coaches, Pulitzer Prize-winning writers, and the marketing teams at the most innovative companies in the world often rely on a certain three-part structure when trying to communicate their ideas. This third volume of The Syntax of Sports series explores the mechanics of that structure and shows how it can add a compelling mix of clarity and sophistication to your writing.

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34

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.1: General provisions, Art.3.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0052.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.1.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the validity of a mere agreement. Art 3.1.2 stipulates that a contract is concluded, modified or terminated by the simple agreement of the parties, without any further requirement. The prime purpose of Art 3.1.2 is to exclude any further requirements that the applicable domestic law might set up in that respect and to create legal certainty. This commentary discusses the impact of the doctrine of cause on the consideration and enforceability of the contract and on cases that would be dealt with under the label of immorality or illegality. It also considers the exclusion of the doctrine of real contract.

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35

Harris, LaShawn. Black Women, Urban Labor, and New York’s Informal Economy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040207.003.0002.

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This chapter offers an overview of black women informal workers both as wage earners and entrepreneurs, positioning their experiences at the center of New York's informal labor market. It highlights working-class black women's socioeconomic conditions and the ways in which economic distress coupled with varying perceptions of urban public space and racial uplift motivated some women's attraction to nontraditional modes of labor. New York black women viewed the economic and social opportunities offered by off-the-books labor as a path toward altering the recipe of possibilities for themselves. But securing extralegal and unlicensed labor that disrupted normative gender roles and racial hierarchies and ideas about public decorum came at a price. Collateral consequences were certainly part of some black women's trajectory as underground workers and entrepreneurs. This chapter also considers the dangers and obstacles associated with self-employment and laboring for employers willing to pay them under the table.

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36

Reveley, Nelson. Eating. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190456023.003.0003.

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This chapter asks how, in a good world created by a good God, humans should understand the inherent tragedy that all flourishing comes at a price: others’ demise. Food and eating seem to pose the ultimate question of Christian theodicy: must our very sustenance require the destruction of other lives? Critiquing parallels others make between life-giving predation and the redemptive value of Christ’s crucifixion, the chapter argues that there is ultimately something unanswerable about the suffering and death that attend eating in creation. Nevertheless, the chapter maintains that God’s goodness can still be witnessed and experienced in the elements of eating that image divine grace, transcendence, creativity, care, generosity, and compassion. Furthermore, it holds that certain eating practices can cultivate people’s attentiveness and capacity to minimize and mitigate the destruction entailed in eating.

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37

Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. Private Intellectuals and Public Perplexity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0016.

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This chapter describes a more obscure chapter in the history of market design: the attempt on the part of certain market designers to supposedly “fix” the economic meltdown of 2008 by proposing to construct markets that would sell “toxic assets” at their true prices. This reveals the hubris of market designers, but also the disdain in which they were eventually held by the Treasury officials responsible for the TARP. The chapter reveals some of the drawbacks of the belief that market failures can be remedied by more markets retailed by economists.

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38

Jubin, Olaf. Tim Rice. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.21.

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Although his major passion has always been pop music, Tim Rice is in certain respects the most successful British lyricist in musical theatre history. But what exactly is a ‘Tim Rice musical’? It turns out that the lyricist with a unique voice is most prominently at work in those musicals which he conceived himself and which investigate themes such as the plight of individuals who stand out from the crowd because of their talent and the way they are treated by the people that admire them—or tear them down. This ‘pop star scenario’ also addresses such aspects as the unpredictable behaviour of the crowd, the discrepancy between public and private image, the danger that the latter will be consumed by the former, personal ambition and its price, as well as the dissatisfaction and potential downfall that follows after early success.

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39

van Leeuwen, Matthijs, and Martha Roggenkamp. Regulating Electricity Storage in the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0009.

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The chapter discusses the EU regulatory framework governing electricity storage. The obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent increase of electricity production from intermittent renewable energy sources is causing problems for balancing demand and supply, thus also balancing networks. Electricity storage is key to managing any excess electricity production and avoiding negative prices. However, this development takes place in a liberalized energy market, where network operators must act independently from production and supply. Establishing the purpose of electricity storage and where storage can or should be placed is crucial. The authors present the reasons for and the types of electricity storage available; analyse the EU legal framework ; identify potential obstacles; and present pros and cons for positioning storage in the electricity system. Finally, they discuss whether the EU Commission’s proposal to legislate electricity storage meets the requirements for providing cost efficiency and thus provides sufficient regulatory certainty.

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40

Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 15 Counterparty Risk in the Trading Book. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0015.

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This chapter sets out rules that result in certain exposures being treated as having a greater degree of risk than their actual mark to market value. In order to explain this, consider a bank which owns 100 of shares in A, but also has a derivative in place with X under which it is entitled to be paid the value of 100 shares in A. Both positions give rise to the same risk as to the future price of A, and both will be valued by reference to the value of the shares in A. However, if the value of the shares in A increases, the bank's credit exposure to X will increase. The rules set out in this chapter seek to capture this extra level of risk by treating the value of the derivative as being slightly higher than its mark to market value; thereby requiring a slightly higher level of capital to be held against it. This is the counterparty credit risk requirement (CCR).

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41

Singer, Abraham A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698348.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the main argument of the book, describing key concepts such as the idea of “norm-governed productivity,” the use of norms to structure cooperation instead of prices. It then defines the concept of the corporation, describing the institution’s key features, and lays out the general structure of the book. Finally, it considers some conceptual and methodological issues that frame the rest of the book: the distinction between economic and political approaches, and the problem of trying to subsume the topic wholly into one or the other; and an argument for why a normative analysis of the corporation has to take certain features of markets and capitalism for granted.

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42

Olmsted, Frederick Law. The Park for Detroit: Being a Preliminary Consideration of Certain Prime Conditions of Economy for the Belle Isle Scheme. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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43

Dorronsoro, Gilles, and Olivier Grojean, eds. Identity, Conflict and Politics in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845780.001.0001.

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Ethnic and religious identity-markers compete with class and gender as principles shaping the organization and classification of everyday life. But how are an individual's identity-based conflicts transformed and redefined? Identity is a specific form of social capital, hence contexts where multiple identities necessarily come with a hierarchy, with differences, and hence with a certain degree of hostility. It examines the rapid transformation of identity hierarchies affecting Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, a symptom of political fractures, social-economic transformation, and new regimes of subjectification. They focus on the state's role in organizing access to resources, with its institutions often being the main target of demands, rather than competing social groups. Such contexts enable entrepreneurs of collective action to exploit identity differences, which in turn help them to expand the scale of their mobilization and to align local and national conflicts. The authors also examine how identity-based violence may be autonomous in certain contexts, and serve to prime collective action and transform the relations between communities.

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44

Alexandrowicz, C. H. Empirical and Doctrinal Positivism in International Law (1974–75). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0024.

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This chapter first considers the attacks levelled against nineteenth-century German historian Leopold Ranke in post-war German literature on Afro–Asian history (including the history of the law of nations). It then turns to the transformation of international law caused by the appearance or reappearance of the Afro–Asian States, arguing that doctrinal positivism must not be applied to such transformation. Positivism is by its nature empirical and should respect and follow the facts of international life without any a priori discrimination. Ranke and his followers were wrong in identifying Western history with universal history and classifying nations into those who make history and those who lack history. The pride of nations in their history must be mutually respected, the chapter states. This chapter argues that it will certainly take the sting of bitterness out of the colonial controversy, which is no more than an ordinary chapter of power politics.

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45

Craig, Paul, and Gráinne de Búrca. 27. Competition Law:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198714927.003.0027.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on another principal provision concerned with competition policy: Article 102 TFEU. The essence of Article 102 is the control of market power, whether by a single firm or, subject to certain conditions, a number of firms. Monopoly power can lead to higher prices and lower output than would prevail under more normal competitive conditions, and this is the core rationale for legal regulation in this area. Article 102 does not, however, prohibit market power per se. It proscribes the abuse of market power. Firms are encouraged to compete, with the most efficient players being successful.

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46

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The Effects of Unexpected Circumstances—Impossibility, Impracticability, and Frustration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0045.

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In unexpected circumstances cases relief normally should be granted to the adversely affected party if the parties shared a tacit incorrect assumption that the nonoccurrence of some circumstance during the life of the contract was certain rather than problematic, and the incorrectness of that assumption would have provided a basis for judicial relief if the assumption had been explicit rather than tacit. Relief should also normally be granted to the adversely affected party if as a result of a dramatic and unexpected general rise in prices, and therefore costs, performance would result in an unbargained-for loss to a promisor. Where judicial relief is based on a shared tacit assumption the promisor should not be liable for expectation damages. Where relief is based on an unbargained-for risk the promisor should be liable for a modified form of expectation damages.

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47

Prescription drug rebate program: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Environment of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 2890, H.R. 3405, and H.R. 5614, bills to amend the Public Health Service Act and the Social Security Act to establish limits on certain drug prices, July 31, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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48

Adelstein, Richard. Tort Liability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694272.003.0007.

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Torts are involuntary seizures of entitlements of a certain kind in a particular exchange environment, and tort liability attempts to ensure that tortfeasors compensate their victims for the costs these takings impose. Liability is the law’s answer to externality. It doesn’t seek to deter torts absolutely, but to control them through the principle of corrective justice, which separates efficient from inefficient torts by liability prices and deters only the latter. This chapter examines how these involuntary exchanges are governed by tort liability to do corrective justice and imperfectly completed through individual and class action tort suits for compensatory damages. Tort liability is shown to effectively encourage efficient torts, in which the value of the unlawful cost imposition to the tortfeasor exceeds the external costs of the tort, and thus provide a means to move entitlements to higher-valuing owners in an environment of involuntary takings by private takers.

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49

Cullen, Christopher. The Triple Concordance system and Liu Xin’s ‘Grand Unified Theory’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0005.

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In 9 CE, the powerful courtier Wang Mang deposed the infant prince of Han and took power as first emperor of his own dynasty. To help him sustain this claim, Liu Xin created what amounted to a Grand Unified Theory, in which all the important regularities of nature were explained with reference to numbers. We shall look in detail at the Triple Concordance system that resulted from this initiative, and follow through some examples of calculation based on it. Here we shall meet for the first time certain common features of all such systems. Liu Xin also undertook an ambitious project to use his new system to reconstruct the records of astronomical phenomena in a number of historical texts. Liu Xin’s work gives us an in-depth view of how one of the central figures in the early development of Chinese mathematical sciences saw the world.

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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson. Gender and Rural Livelihoods: Agricultural Commercialization and Farm/Non-Farm Diversification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0004.

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This chapter examines possible discrimination against female farm managers with respect to prices or market segmentation. Patterns of commercialization are fluid. Particular countries stand out with respect to certain crops, however: for maize, a growing bias against female farm managers can be noted in Zambia. Mozambique, Malawi, and to a lesser extent Tanzania stand out in terms of non-grain food crops, where market participation by male farm managers had increased relative to female-headed households. Poorer commercial possibilities are tied strongly to production factors, where lack of labour and land prevent the generation of a marketable surplus. An important distinction is that between women who manage their own farms and women who live in households headed by men: for the former the lack of access to agrarian resources prevents generation of a marketable surplus for the latter the outcomes from sales are controlled by their husbands.

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