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Journal articles on the topic 'Certified Emission Reductions (cers)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kumar, Praveen, and Mohammad Firoz. "Accounting for certified emission reductions (CERs) in India." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 2 (2019): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-01-2019-0428.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the certified emission reduction (CERs) disclosure and reporting practices followed by Indian firms. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on all 131 Indian firms who received the CERs under the CDM of UNFCCC. The content analysis is being used to examine the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of CERs within the financial statements. Findings The study found that there is generally no uniformity of accounting for CERs. The firms adopted a diversity of accounting practices. More specifically, majority of companies (40.4

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2

Tiago Filho, Geraldo Lucio, Luciano José da Silva, Priscila Mayara Duarte, and Roberto Meira. "Market and Potential of Small Hydro Power Plant’s Certified Emission Reductions in Brazil." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2784.

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The Kyoto Protocol proposes the use of market instruments to meet the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the countries that signed it. One such instrument introducing carbon trading is the clean development mechanism (CDM). Transactions based on certified emission reduction units (CERs) tend to increase the attractiveness of a project because they increase the internal rate of return. This paper aims to survey projects and determine the potential for CDM as it relates to small hydro power (SHP) in Brazil, analyzing the economic growth in these endeavors if they sold CERs. Data for C

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3

Kumar, Praveen, and Mohammad Firoz. "How does capital market respond to Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) announcements in India." Managerial Finance 45, no. 7 (2019): 950–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2018-0635.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) information and a firm’s stock prices. Design/methodology/approach The present study is based on 193 CERs announcements by Indian firms over a 13-year period 2005–2017. The event study methodology is used to examine the impact of CERs announcements on a firm’s share prices. Findings The study suggests that the issuance of CERs did not produce any significant abnormal return. More specifically, the outcomes of event study shows that over a two-day event window from the event day to the

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Shang, Chuang Hong. "Research on Market Model for China Forest Carbon-Sink in Coal Mines." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1387.

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In post-Kyoto Protocol times, forest carbon-sink has become one of the key path choices to realize clean development for China. Currently, China’s carbon market system has not come into being. So it is necessary to take government-leading model to establish three market systems. They are property relations of coal forest, binding planning for GDP carbon emission intensity and credit trading system of forest carbon-sink. Based on market systems, certified emission reductions (CERs) and voluntary emission reductions (VERs) in mining industry can be developed.

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Show, K. Y., C. A. Ng, A. R. Faiza, L. P. Wong, and L. Y. Wong. "Calculation of energy recovery and greenhouse gas emission reduction from palm oil mill effluent treatment by an anaerobic granular-sludge process." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 12 (2011): 2439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.824.

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Conventional aerobic and low-rate anaerobic processes such as pond and open-tank systems have been widely used in wastewater treatment. In order to improve treatment efficacy and to avoid greenhouse gas emissions, conventional treatment can be upgraded to a high performance anaerobic granular-sludge system. The anaerobic granular-sludge systems are designed to capture the biogas produced, rendering a potential for claims of carbon credits under the Kyoto Protocol for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) would be issued, which can be exchanged between bus

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Muchelulea, Yusuf, and Kevin Mulama. "The Clean development mechanism." Journal of Management and Science 6, no. 1 (2016): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2016.10.

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The Clean development mechanism (CDM) is a new tool for promoting sustainable development in developing countries. It was established by the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It promises developed countries certified emission reductions (CERs) if they comply with their quantified emission targets and developing countries sustainable development benefits if they participate and invest in clean renewable technologies. Energy development through investments in clean technology transfer can contribute to sustainable development. However, susta

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7

Deshun, Liu, and Taishi Sugiyama. "Clean Development Mechanism for Power Infrastructures for China's Sustainable Development." Energy & Environment 13, no. 3 (2002): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502320268278.

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What is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)? The establishment of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a significant achievement in the political negotiations on the implementation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). CDM is stipulated in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol (KP), where assisting developing country Parties in achieving sustainable development is explicitly listed as a purpose in parallel with the others. Developed country Parties are to be assisted in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment (QELRC) und

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Tu, Tran Thi. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION OF BIOGAS DIGESTERS IN LIVESTOCK MANURE TREATMENT AT VAN CU RICE NOODLE CRAFT VILLAGE, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 4C (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12121.

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This paper used some calculation techniques of IPCC to quantify the economic and environmental benefit from greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation at Van Cu rice noodle craft village, Huong Toan commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province. The resulting calculation showed that the GHG emission amount of Van Cu rice noodle craft village was 1,572.3 tonnes of CO2e/ year, in which the GHG emission of households who had activities of swine breeding and rice noodle producing had accounted for 78% of total emissions of the whole village. There were 24 biogas digesters in 31 households had bui

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9

Newell, Peter, and Adam Bumpus. "The Global Political Ecology of the Clean Development Mechanism." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (2012): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00139.

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This article explores the ways in which the “global” governance of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) intersects with the “local” politics of resource regimes that are enrolled in carbon markets through the production and trade in Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). It shows how political structures and decision-making procedures set up at the international level to govern the acquisition of CERs through the Kyoto Protocol's CDM interact with and transform national and local level political ecologies in host countries where very different governance structures, political networks, and st

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Maertens, Grimme, Scheelhaase, and Jung. "Options to Continue the EU ETS for Aviation in a CORSIA-World." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (2019): 5703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205703.

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From 2021, an increasing percentage of the carbon emission growth in international air transport will be subject to offsetting under the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Presently, it is still unclear if, and how, the existing EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) for aviation will continue. We assess the environmental impacts of different options (not) to continue with the EU ETS for aviation alongside CORSIA, and also discuss resulting monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Our results indicate that any form of continuation of the E

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11

Burian, Martin, and Christof Arens. "The clean development mechanism." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 2 (2014): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2013-0033.

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Purpose – Since the registration of the first clean development mechanism (CDM) project in 2004, the CDM has seen a dynamic expansion: the CDM pipeline currently comprises 6,725 projects generating 2.73 billion certified emission reductions (CERs) up to 2012. These CERs result in a substantial financial flow from Annex I to Non-Annex I countries. But CDM projects also result in investments in low carbon technologies, a substantial share of which is focused on the energy sector. The total installed capacity of all CDM projects amounts to 288,944 MW. However, the CDM is not widely taken up in Af

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12

Mordasewicz, Karolina, and Marcin Kowalczyk. "Legal Aspects of Adaptation Finance under the UNFCCC Regime with Special Reference to the Adaptation Fund." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (2021): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341468.

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Abstract This article addresses the legal aspects of the financing of adaptation to climate change, with special consideration given to one of the climate funds – the Adaptation Fund (AF). In the complex structure of climate finance, the AF attracts attention as it differs from other funds in several aspects. As an exception from other United Nations (UNs) climate funds, AF has not been recognised as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention. AF is also an unprecedented example under the Convention of a fund serving in parallel two decision-making bodies (CMP and CMA) un

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13

Dhamija, Ajay K., Surendra S. Yadav, and P. K. Jain. "Usage and future prospects of CER: a survey of perceptions of top fifty Indian companies." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 11, no. 2 (2017): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-04-2016-0006.

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Purpose Certified emission reduction (CER) survey studies in the literature are quite restrictive in scope. These studies are based on convenience sampling and, therefore, cannot be relied upon. The current study comprehensively surveys the strengths, weaknesses and suggestive measures for clean development mechanism (CDM). This paper systematically aims to conduct the survey on top 50 companies in terms of CER volume. Design/methodology/approach The survey is aimed to target top 50 companies which account for 55 per cent of total number of CERs of all the Indian projects. The online survey li

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14

Gupta, Anil. "Clean development mechanism of Kyoto Protocol." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 2 (2014): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-09-2012-0051.

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Purpose – This paper aims to review the developments in India with respect to clean development mechanism (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol to assess the achievements during first Kyoto Protocol period (2008-2012) in climate change mitigation and suggest measure for better participation during the second commitment period. The paper further makes an attempt to explore the experience, concerns and expectations of the Indian project proponents of green projects registered with CDM Executive Board. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs two methods: informal interviews with executives of World Ba

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15

Seutche, Rice Verouska Nono, Marie Sawadogo, and Firmin Nkamleu Ngassam. "Valuation of CO2 Emissions Reduction from Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in Africa: A Case Study of Burkina Faso." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 4 (2021): 713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.34566.

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Burkina Faso like many other African countries hosts many renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) projects that are not registered to the clean development mechanism (CDM), but which could represent potential CDM opportunities. This study seeks to determine these projects’ impact on the level of CO2 emissions in the country, and to determine their CDM potential by quantifying their carbon emissions reduction, using approved CDM methodologies adapted to the projects. 21 RE projects and 7 EE projects were considered, and all proven to be additional. Results revealed that, 68709.424 MWh

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16

Francois, Mélissa, and Bertrand Hamaide. "Certified emission reductions weights for improved CDM projects." Environmental Policy and Governance 21, no. 1 (2010): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.560.

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17

Galinato, Gregmar I., and Shinsuke Uchida. "Evaluating Temporary Certified Emission Reductions in Reforestation and Afforestation Programs." Environmental and Resource Economics 46, no. 1 (2009): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-009-9338-9.

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18

Koop, Gary, and Lise Tole. "Modeling the relationship between European carbon permits and certified emission reductions." Journal of Empirical Finance 24 (December 2013): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2013.10.005.

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19

Galinato, Gregmar I., Aaron Olanie, Shinsuke Uchida, and Jonathan K. Yoder. "Long-term versus temporary certified emission reductions in forest carbon sequestration programs*." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 55, no. 4 (2011): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2011.00555.x.

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20

Galinato, Gregmar I., and Shinsuke Uchida. "The Effect of Temporary Certified Emission Reductions on Forest Rotations and Carbon Supply." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 59, no. 1 (2010): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2010.01203.x.

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21

Rahman, Shaikh M., and Grant A. Kirkman. "Costs of certified emission reductions under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol." Energy Economics 47 (January 2015): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.10.020.

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22

Yang, Tian Jian, and Jin Huang. "The Application of the Baseline and Monitoring Methodologies to the Renewable Energy for Base Stations Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 84-85 (August 2011): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.84-85.139.

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With the gradual increasing consciousness of reducing the CO2 emission around the world, more and more attention are paid to the study of CDM project and the methodologies which are used to determine the amount of Certified Emission Reductions. Based on the approved methodologies, we study the application of the methodologies to the practical situation of the renewable energy for the base stations. That provides very good foresight in combining the CDM project with the ICT industry technology.

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23

Cole, Matthew A., David J. Maddison, and Liyun Zhang. "Testing the emission reduction claims of CDM projects using the Benford’s Law." Climatic Change 160, no. 3 (2019): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02593-5.

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AbstractBenford’s Law suggests that the first digits of numerical data are heavily skewed towards low numbers. Data that fail to conform to Benford’s Law when conformity is to be expected may have been manipulated. Using Benford’s Law, we conduct digital frequency analysis on the emission reduction claims of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Digital frequency analysis indicates that although emission reduction claims made in project design documents do not conform to Benford’s Law, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that data on certified emission reductions do. Benford’s Law offers a ra

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24

Olschewski, Roland, Pablo C. Benítez, G. H. J. de Koning, and Tomás Schlichter. "How attractive are forest carbon sinks? Economic insights into supply and demand of Certified Emission Reductions." Journal of Forest Economics 11, no. 2 (2005): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2005.04.001.

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25

Yuan, Donghai, Xujing Guo, Yuan Cao, et al. "Case Study on Incentive Mechanism of Energy Efficiency Retrofit in Coal-Fueled Power Plant in China." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/841636.

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An ordinary steam turbine retrofit project is selected as a case study; through the retrofit, the project activities will generate emission reductions within the power grid for about 92,463 tCO2e per annum. The internal rate of return (IRR) of the project is only −0.41% without the revenue of carbon credits, for example, CERs, which is much lower than the benchmark value of 8%. Only when the unit price of carbon credit reaches 125 CNY/tCO2, the IRR could reach the benchmark and an effective carbon tax needs to increase the price of carbon to 243 CNY/tce in order to make the project financially

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26

Nussbaumer, Patrick. "On the contribution of labelled Certified Emission Reductions to sustainable development: A multi-criteria evaluation of CDM projects." Energy Policy 37, no. 1 (2009): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.033.

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27

Song, Nguyen Van, Thai Van Ha, Tran Duc Thuan, et al. "Development of Rice Husk Power Plants Based on Clean Development Mechanism: A Case Study in Mekong River Delta, Vietnam." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126950.

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In this research, we planned and conducted estimations for developing a pilot-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project for group plant activities in the Vietnam electricity/energy sector. The overall aim of this paper is to assess the power generation potential of rice husk power plants in the Mekong Delta. We intend to set up a rice husk energy balance flowchart for the whole Mekong River Delta in the year 2021 and suggest policies that can be used for the power generation of unused rice husk, to avoid having them pollute rivers and canals. We put forward a safe and environmentally fri

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Xu, Xiangyang, Joanna Horabik, and Zbigniew Nahorski. "Pricing of uncertain certified emission reductions in a Chinese coal mine methane project with an extended Rubinstein-Ståhl model." Climatic Change 124, no. 3 (2014): 617–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1057-8.

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Sreekanth, K. J., S. Jayaraj, and N. Sudarsan. "Economic Impact of CDM Implementation through Alternate Energy Resource Substitution." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 1 (2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.1.13-18.

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Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) hasgarnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the globalcarbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towardssustainable development particularly in rural domestic utility sector that mainly includes lightingand cooking applications, with electricity as the source of energy. A detailed survey has undertakenin the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to study the rural domestic energy consumptionpattern. The data collected was analyzed that

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Perera, Luiz Carlos Jacob, Roberto Borges Kerr, Herbert Kimura, and Fabiano Guasti Lima. "Investing in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects in Brazil." Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management 3, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv3n1p1-14.

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The discussion about Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects has its roots in global warming and its consequences. CDM projects enable developed countries to offset the pollution generated by the acquisition of Certified Emission Reductions (CER), concerning the reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions in developing countries. The article discusses the CDM in a comprehensive manner, based on the opinion of experts, and investigates the future of this market from 2012, the post-Kyoto period. The main results show that the CDM follows the principles of Sustainable Development, focusing o

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Stafford, William, Brett Cohen, Simisha Pather-Elias, et al. "Technologies for recovery of energy from wastewaters: Applicability and potential in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3003.

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This study explored technologies for recovering energy from wastewater through production of biomass, combustion and gasification, generation of biogas, production of bioethanol, heat recovery and microbial fuel cells. A first order desktop analysis of the potential for applying these solutions to wastewaters in South Africa revealed that 3 200 to 9 000 MWth of energy has potential for recovery, equating to at most 7% of South Africa’s current electrical power supply. Formal and informal animal husbandry, fruit and beverage industries and domestic blackwater were identified as wastewaters with

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32

Kaku, K., and A. Ikeguchi. "Approximation of baselines and greenhouse gas reduction scenarios for a small-scale Clean Development Mechanism on agriculture and livestock in ASEAN." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07207.

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The baselines for greenhouse gas (GHG) and greenhouse gas reduction scenarios were approximated in Thailand so that a small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could be introduced into other Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. In developing countries, a CDM is defined as the certified emission reduction from a baseline of any project (i.e. by applying new technologies) that could be exchanged for credits, and this credit of certified emission reductions could be acquired by Japan and ASEAN countries. Small-scale CDMs are project activities that reduce anthropogenic em

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CONTE, MARC N., and MATTHEW J. KOTCHEN. "EXPLAINING THE PRICE OF VOLUNTARY CARBON OFFSETS." Climate Change Economics 01, no. 02 (2010): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007810000091.

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This paper identifies factors that explain the large variability in the price of voluntary carbon offsets. We estimate hedonic price functions using a variety of provider- and project-level characteristics as explanatory variables. We find that providers located in Europe sell offsets at prices that are approximately 30% higher than providers located in either North America or Australasia. Contrary to what one might expect, offset prices are generally higher, by roughly 20%, when projects are located in developing or least-developed nations. But this result does not hold for forestry-based pro

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"South Africa: Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs)." Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series 47, no. 6 (2010): 18742A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2010.03358.x.

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Falk, Joern, Martin Angelmahr, Wolfgang Schade, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Socio-economic impacts and challenges associated with the electrification of a remote area in rural Tanzania through a mini-grid system." Energy, Ecology and Environment, June 10, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40974-021-00216-3.

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AbstractElectricity is an indispensable building block for sustainable development. As national and international electrification measures in rural areas of Tanzania are progressing slowly, a solar-powered mini-grid system with second-life battery storage was commissioned on an island in Lake Victoria in 2019 to support local development. This article evaluates the socio-economic impacts associated with electrification through this system. On average, 42.31 kWh of electricity could be provided per day. The daily demand of the main infrastructure (hospital and school) was 18.75 kWh on average.

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Maharani, Agatha Sevilla, Muhamad Muhdar, and Rahmawati Alhidayah. "PENGGUNAAN CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS SEBAGAI BUKTI OBJEK TRANSAKSI CARBON CREDITING." Jurnal de jure 12, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36277/jurnaldejure.v12i2.467.

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Indonesia ikut serta dalam skema jual-beli karbon sebagai upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim. Karbon merupakan benda tidak berwujud yang diperjualbelikan berdasarkan pada perjanjian. Penelitian ini diajukan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan yaitu pertama menganalisis skema perdagangan karbon menurut Hukum Perdata khususnya jual-beli. Kedua menganalisa mengenai Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) sebagai bukti objek transaksi Carbon Crediting.Dalam hukum perdata Indonesia tidak mengenal karbon sebagai objek hukum, tetapi Indonesia telah melakukan jual-beli karbon sebagai bentuk adaptasi dan mitigasi p

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37

Galinato, Gregmar I. I., and Shinsuke Uchida. "Evaluating Temporary Certified Emission Reductions in Reforestation and Afforestation Programs." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1079116.

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38

Yu, Fei, Patrick Grady, and Robert Knipp. "Regulatory Stringency in Issuing Certified Emission Reductions and Price Effects in Secondary Markets." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2316560.

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39

Galinato, Gregmar I. I., and Shinsuke Uchida. "The Effect of Temporary Certified Emission Reductions on Optimal Forest Rotations and the Supply of Sequestered Carbon." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1001776.

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40

Sreekanth, K. J., S. Jayaraj, and N. Sudarsan. "CDM Implementation in Domestic Energy Sector : Indian Scenario." International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering, July 2012, 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijarme.2012.1061.

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Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has garnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the global carbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towards sustainable development particularly in rural domestic cooking sector. A detailed survey was undertaken in the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to evaluate the rural domestic energy consumption pattern. The data collected was analyzed through standard statistical software yielding insight into the interrelationships of the var

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41

Sreekanth, K. J., S. Jayaraj, and N. Sudarsan. "CDM Implementation in Domestic Energy Sector : Indian Scenario." International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering, July 2012, 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47893/ijarme.2012.1061.

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Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has garnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the global carbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towards sustainable development particularly in rural domestic cooking sector. A detailed survey was undertaken in the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to evaluate the rural domestic energy consumption pattern. The data collected was analyzed through standard statistical software yielding insight into the interrelationships of the var

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42

"An Analysis of Decision Factors on the Price of South Korea’s Certified Emission Reductions in Use of Vector Error Correction Model." Sustainability 9, no. 10 (2017): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9101768.

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43

Febijanto, Irhan. "PENGURANGAN GAS RUMAH KACA DARI LIMBAH CAIR DI PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT PT PERUSAHAAN NUSANTARA, RIAU." Jurnal Rekayasa Lingkungan 5, no. 3 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jrl.v5i3.1899.

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Waste water utilization in palm oil mills (POMs) in Indonesia is limited only for land application and in some palm oil mills the waste water is unutilized and it is only discharged to a river. The technology of methane gas utilization produced from waste water have been developed, unfortunately economical barrier is a big problem to implement it in the POMs. Since Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been being introducing in Indonesia, many foreign investors who looking for Certified Emission Reduction (CER) visit and investigate potential reductions in Indonesia. Using CDM Mechanism, it w

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