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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cetacea – Evolution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Cetacea – Evolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cetacea – Evolution"

1

Li, Jun, Songyang Shang, Na Fang, et al. "Accelerated Evolution of Limb-Related Gene Hoxd11 in the Common Ancestor of Cetaceans and Ruminants (Cetruminantia)." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 2 (2019): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400512.

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Reduced numbers of carpal and tarsal bones (wrist and ankle joints) are extensively observed in the clade of Cetacea and Ruminantia (Cetruminantia). Homebox D11 (Hoxd11) is one of the important genes required for limb development in mammals. Mutations in Hoxd11 can lead to defects in particular bones of limbs, including carpus and tarsus. To test whether evolutionary changes in Hoxd11 underlie the loss of these bones in Cetruminantia, we sequenced and analyzed Hoxd11 coding sequences and compared them with other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes in a taxonomic coverage of Cetacea, Ruminantia and other mammalian relatives. Statistical tests on the Hoxd11 sequences found an accelerated evolution in the common ancestor of cetaceans and ruminants, which coincided with the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in this clade. Five amino acid substitutions (G222S, G227A, G229S, A240T and G261V) and one amino acid deletion (G254Del) occurred in this lineage. In contrast, other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes do not show this same evolutionary pattern, but instead display a highly conserved pattern of evolution in this lineage. Accelerated evolution of Hoxd11, but not other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes, is probably related to the reduction of the carpal and tarsal bones in Cetruminantia. Moreover, we found two amino acid substitutions (G110S and D223N) in Hoxd11 that are unique to the lineage of Cetacea, which coincided with hindlimb loss in the common ancestor of cetaceans. Our results give molecular evidence of Hoxd11 adaptive evolution in cetaceans and ruminants, which could be correlated with limb morphological adaptation.

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McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, et al. "Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture." Systematic Biology 69, no. 3 (2019): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz068.

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Abstract The evolution of cetaceans, from their early transition to an aquatic lifestyle to their subsequent diversification, has been the subject of numerous studies. However, although the higher-level relationships among cetacean families have been largely settled, several aspects of the systematics within these groups remain unresolved. Problematic clades include the oceanic dolphins (37 spp.), which have experienced a recent rapid radiation, and the beaked whales (22 spp.), which have not been investigated in detail using nuclear loci. The combined application of high-throughput sequencing with techniques that target specific genomic sequences provide a powerful means of rapidly generating large volumes of orthologous sequence data for use in phylogenomic studies. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Cetacea, we combined sequence capture with Illumina sequencing to generate data for $\sim $3200 protein-coding genes for 68 cetacean species and their close relatives including the pygmy hippopotamus. By combining data from $&gt;$38,000 exons with existing sequences from 11 cetaceans and seven outgroup taxa, we produced the first comprehensive comparative genomic data set for cetaceans, spanning 6,527,596 aligned base pairs (bp) and 89 taxa. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of concatenated loci, as well as with coalescence analyses of individual gene trees, produced mostly concordant and well-supported trees. Our results completely resolve the relationships among beaked whales as well as the contentious relationships among oceanic dolphins, especially the problematic subfamily Delphinidae. We carried out Bayesian estimation of species divergence times using MCMCTree and compared our complete data set to a subset of clocklike genes. Analyses using the complete data set consistently showed less variance in divergence times than the reduced data set. In addition, integration of new fossils (e.g., Mystacodon selenensis) indicates that the diversification of Crown Cetacea began before the Late Eocene and the divergence of Crown Delphinidae as early as the Middle Miocene. [Cetaceans; phylogenomics; Delphinidae; Ziphiidae; dolphins; whales.]

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Dungan, Sarah Z., and Belinda S. W. Chang. "Epistatic interactions influence terrestrial–marine functional shifts in cetacean rhodopsin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1850 (2017): 20162743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2743.

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Like many aquatic vertebrates, whales have blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions in the dim-light visual pigment, rhodopsin, that are thought to increase photosensitivity in underwater environments. We have discovered that known spectral tuning substitutions also have surprising epistatic effects on another function of rhodopsin, the kinetic rates associated with light-activated intermediates. By using absorbance spectroscopy and fluorescence-based retinal release assays on heterologously expressed rhodopsin, we assessed both spectral and kinetic differences between cetaceans (killer whale) and terrestrial outgroups (hippo, bovine). Mutation experiments revealed that killer whale rhodopsin is unusually resilient to pleiotropic effects on retinal release from key blue-shifting substitutions (D83N and A292S), largely due to a surprisingly specific epistatic interaction between D83N and the background residue, S299. Ancestral sequence reconstruction indicated that S299 is an ancestral residue that predates the evolution of blue-shifting substitutions at the origins of Cetacea. Based on these results, we hypothesize that intramolecular epistasis helped to conserve rhodopsin's kinetic properties while enabling blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions as cetaceans adapted to aquatic environments. Trade-offs between different aspects of molecular function are rarely considered in protein evolution, but in cetacean and other vertebrate rhodopsins, may underlie multiple evolutionary scenarios for the selection of specific amino acid substitutions.

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McGowen, Michael R., John Gatesy, and Derek E. Wildman. "Molecular evolution tracks macroevolutionary transitions in Cetacea." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29, no. 6 (2014): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.001.

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McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Joseph Williamson, Phillip A. Morin, and and Stephen J. Rossiter. "Positive Selection and Inactivation in the Vision and Hearing Genes of Cetaceans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (2020): 2069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa070.

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Abstract The transition to an aquatic lifestyle in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) resulted in a radical transformation in their sensory systems. Toothed whales acquired specialized high-frequency hearing tied to the evolution of echolocation, whereas baleen whales evolved low-frequency hearing. More generally, all cetaceans show adaptations for hearing and seeing underwater. To determine the extent to which these phenotypic changes have been driven by molecular adaptation, we performed large-scale targeted sequence capture of 179 sensory genes across the Cetacea, incorporating up to 54 cetacean species from all major clades as well as their closest relatives, the hippopotamuses. We screened for positive selection in 167 loci related to vision and hearing and found that the diversification of cetaceans has been accompanied by pervasive molecular adaptations in both sets of genes, including several loci implicated in nonsyndromic hearing loss. Despite these findings, however, we found no direct evidence of positive selection at the base of odontocetes coinciding with the origin of echolocation, as found in studies examining fewer taxa. By using contingency tables incorporating taxon- and gene-based controls, we show that, although numbers of positively selected hearing and nonsyndromic hearing loss genes are disproportionately high in cetaceans, counts of vision genes do not differ significantly from expected values. Alongside these adaptive changes, we find increased evidence of pseudogenization of genes involved in cone-mediated vision in mysticetes and deep-diving odontocetes.

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Aznar, F. J., J. A. Balbuena, and J. A. Raga. "Helminth communities of Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea: Pontoporiidae) in Argentinian waters." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 4 (1994): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-094.

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We studied the helminth communities of franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) to establish the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary factors in their organization. Forty-six animals obtained from by-catch in Argentinian waters from 1988 to 1990 were surveyed. The helminth communities were depauperate. Only five helminth species were detected, two of them (Hadwenius pontoporiae and Polymorphus (Polymorphus) cetaceum) accounting for about 99% of all specimens. Three species (H. pontoporiae, P. (P.) cetaceum, and Anisakis simplex) formed a recurrent group. Contrary to the stochasticity observed in other cetacean species, the helminth infracommunities were largely predictable, with little change over the years. The low vagility and coastal bottom-feeding habits of the franciscanas may account for this. The distribution of helminth species among their hosts was bimodal and colonization was nonrandom. This pattern might result from helminth specificity and tnhe specialized diet of the host. The depauperate condition of both the component community and infracommunities contrasts with general predictions for large aquatic endotherms. Comparison with franciscanas from Uruguay suggests that the helminth communities are unsaturated and have low potential for colonization. This probably shows the influence of host evolution on the helminth component community, as previously proposed for other cetacean species.

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Rendell, Luke, Mauricio Cantor, Shane Gero, Hal Whitehead, and Janet Mann. "Causes and consequences of female centrality in cetacean societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (2019): 20180066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0066.

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Cetaceans are fully aquatic predatory mammals that have successfully colonized virtually all marine habitats. Their adaptation to these habitats, so radically different from those of their terrestrial ancestors, can give us comparative insights into the evolution of female roles and kinship in mammalian societies. We provide a review of the diversity of such roles across the Cetacea, which are unified by some key and apparently invariable life-history features. Mothers are uniparous, while paternal care is completely absent as far as we currently know. Maternal input is extensive, lasting months to many years. Hence, female reproductive rates are low, every cetacean calf is a significant investment, and offspring care is central to female fitness. Here strategies diverge, especially between toothed and baleen whales, in terms of mother–calf association and related social structures, which range from ephemeral grouping patterns to stable, multi-level, societies in which social groups are strongly organized around female kinship. Some species exhibit social and/or spatial philopatry in both sexes, a rare phenomenon in vertebrates. Communal care can be vital, especially among deep-diving species, and can be supported by female kinship. Female-based sociality, in its diverse forms, is therefore a prevailing feature of cetacean societies. Beyond the key role in offspring survival, it provides the substrate for significant vertical and horizontal cultural transmission, as well as the only definitive non-human examples of menopause. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.

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Bloodworth, Brian E., and Daniel K. Odell. "Kogia Breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae)." Mammalian Species 819 (October 9, 2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/819.1.

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Carlson, Mary. "Evolution of the brain in Cetacea – is bigger better?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (1988): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00052845.

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Churchill, Morgan, Jonathan H. Geisler, Brian L. Beatty, and Anjali Goswami. "Evolution of cranial telescoping in echolocating whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)." Evolution 72, no. 5 (2018): 1092–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13480.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cetacea – Evolution"

1

Cooper, Lisa Noelle. "EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CETACEAN APPENDAGES." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1257036429.

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Adam, Peter James. "Morphological evolution in Cetacea skull asymmetry and allometry of body size and prey /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375523531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Lapseritis, Joy M. "Comparative analyses of aryl hydrocarbon receptor structure, function, and evolution in marine mammals." Thesis, Online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/1761.

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4

Hayteas, David Lawrence. "HPLC analysis of myoglobin tryptic peptides from selected species of cetaceans." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4086.

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Due to the large gaps in the fossil record, the evolutionary history of the mammalian order Cetacea is incomplete and controversial. Increasingly researchers are utilizing molecular and biochemical procedures to supplement cetacean paleontology. One of these methods is the comparison of amino acid sequences of myoglobin among species of this order. since this method is time-consuming and expensive, an alternative procedure is desirable.

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May-Collado, Laura Johanna. "Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance in the Evolution of Cetacean Tonal Sounds." FIU Digital Commons, 2007. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/44.

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Cetaceans are aquatic mammals that rely primarily on sound for most daily tasks. A compendium of sounds is emitted for orientation, prey detection, and predator avoidance, and to communicate. Communicative sounds are among the most studied Cetacean signals, particularly those referred to as tonal sounds. Because tonal sounds have been studied especially well in social dolphins, it has been assumed these sounds evolved as a social adaptation. However, whistles have been reported in ‘solitary’ species and have been secondarily lost three times in social lineages. Clearly, therefore, it is necessary to examine closely the association, if any, between whistles and sociality instead of merely assuming it. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolutionary history of Cetacean tonal sounds. The main goal of this dissertation is to cast light on the evolutionary history of tonal sounds by testing these hypotheses by combining comparative phylogenetic and field methods. This dissertation provides the first species-level phylogeny of Cetacea and phylogenetic tests of evolutionary hypotheses of cetacean communicative signals. Tonal sounds evolution is complex in that has likely been shaped by a combination of factors that may influence different aspects of their acoustical structure. At the inter-specific level, these results suggest that only tonal sound minimum frequency is constrained by body size. Group size also influences tonal sound minimum frequency. Species that live in large groups tend to produce higher frequency tonal sounds. The evolutionary history of tonal sounds and sociality may be intertwined, but in a complex manner rejecting simplistic views such as the hypothesis that tonal sounds evolved ‘for’ social communication in dolphins. Levels of social and tonal sound complexity nevertheless correlate indicating the importance of tonal sounds in social communication. At the intraspecific level, tonal sound variation in frequency and temporal parameters may be product of genetic isolation and local levels of underwater noise. This dissertation provides one of the first insights into the evolution of Cetacean tonal sounds in a phylogenetic context, and points out key species where future studies would be valuable to enrich our understanding of other factors also playing a role in tonal sound evolution.

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Vassilakos, Demetrios. "Evolution of MHC diversity in cetacean species : implications for the role of a pathogen environment." Thesis, Durham University, 2004. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2967/.

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Previous studies have indicated that the evolution of diversity in the immune system genes responsible for antigen presentation in terrestrial mammals is driven by selection. However, it is not clear whether mammals in the marine environment would experience the same selective pressures as terrestrial mammals, given their different pathogen environment. The diversity and pattern of radiation of exon-2 (peptide binding region) of the DQBl locus of Class II MHC molecule was investigated in a broad range of cetacean species, including an extended sample of six focal species (three Mysticeti and three Odontoceti species). The role of natural selection and of the evolutionary history of this locus was evaluated based on phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses, in order to assess the following hypotheses: i) the marine pathogen environment presents comparable selection pressures to those of the terrestrial environment, ii) social behaviour and structure will affect pathogenic pressure and iii) populations of cetacean species with a world-wide distribution across different habitats and geographic regions are under differential selective pressure. The phylogenetic comparison of the cetacean species was consistent with the trans-species evolution pattern described for terrestrial mammals. Furthermore, high non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates suggest that polymorphism at this locus in cetaceans is maintained by natural selection. The higher number of trans- species lineages and non-synonymous substitution rates exhibited by social species suggest that social behaviour and social structure may affect pathogenic pressure. Population differentiation according to DQBl locus reveals a contrasting pattern to that inferred by neutral markers (microsatellite DNA) supporting the hypothesis that habitat and geographic regions may place populations under differential selection pressure. The results of the present investigation suggest that the pattern of evolution of the immune response in cetaceans is similar to that in terrestrial mammal species.

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Milinkovitch, Michel. "Phylogenetic analyses of molecular data in vertebrates with special emphasis on the implications of mitochondrial DNA sequences for reevaluating morphological and behavioral evolution in cetaceans." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212689.

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Yu, Hsin-Yi, and 余欣怡. "Songs of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Taiwan and evolution of communication in cetaceans." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51640372386967834928.

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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>海洋生物研究所<br>90<br>Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) belong baleen whales. They migrate between high-latitude summer feeding regions and low-latitude wintering regions where calving and make place.There were 1~60 humpback whales whaled every year during 1920~1967 in southern Taiwan. However, only a few sights were recorded in the past twenty years. A male humpback whale was sighted on the east coast of Taiwan in March, 2000. His songs recorded during between three-day tailing were analysed. There were five themes and nine units in the songs, a complete song duration lasted about 14.2 minutes. The maximal sound pressure level was 189.6 dB (n=32, SEM =2.81). The acoustic characters (i.e., signal duration, time between two signals, theme duration, fundamental frequency) of the songs were not significant different. A visual comparison of the spectrograms of the sound units from this particalar whale with those northwest Pacific Ocean showed similarity. This individual was a member of the population in the northwest Pacific Ocean. This conclusion was also supported by the result of Photo-ID of its fluke. Ceatceans live in the water and develop the special model to produce sounds. There are two kinds of communicative signals: pulses and whistles. These two signals were characters of phylogenetic relationship and the outgroup was red deer. There were two monophyletic groups. Evolution of communicative signals in cetaceans was whistle existent and added the pulses signals. Last, the whistles lost and only with pulses. The fumctions of pulse signals in communication was unknown in delphinidae. Sperm whales, pygmy sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, Baird’s beaked whales and Hector’s dolphins were only use pulse signals. The reason of this change was unclear.

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Kershaw, Francine Lindsay Anne. "Understanding the evolution of two species of highly migratory cetacean at multiple scales and the potential value of a mechanistic approach." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8736QBP.

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An improved understanding of how behavior influences the genetic structure of populations would offer insight into the inextricable link between ecological processes and evolutionary patterns. This dissertation aims to demonstrate the need to consider behavior alongside genetics by examining the population genetic structure of two species of highly migratory cetacean across multiple scales and presenting an exploration of some potential lines of enquiry into the behavioral mechanisms underlying the patterns of genetic population structure observed. The first empirical chapter presents a population genetic analysis conducted on a data set of new and existing samples of Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni spp.) collected from the Western and Central Indo-Pacific and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Levels of evolutionary divergence between two subspecies (B. e. brydei and B. e. edeni) and the degree of population structure present within each subspecies were explored. The subsequent three empirical chapters represent a series of population- and individual-level genetic analyses on a data set of more than 4,000 individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae) sampled from across the South Atlantic and Western and Northern Indian Oceans over two decades. Patterns of genetic population structure and connectivity between breeding populations are examined across the region, and are complemented by an assessment of genetic structure on shared feeding areas for these populations in the Southern Ocean. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that a hierarchy of behavioral processes operating at different spatial scales is likely influencing patterns of genetic population structure in highly migratory baleen whales. Notably, for humpback whales, the widely assumed model of maternal fidelity to feeding areas and natal philopatry to breeding areas was found not to be applicable at all spatial scales. From an applied perspective, the complex population patterns observed are not currently accounted for in current management designation and recommendations for applying these findings to the management and protection of these species are presented. As these empirical studies highlight the importance of behavior as a potential mechanism for shaping the genetic structure of species, the final chapter offers a research prospectus describing how behavioral and genetic data may be integrated using new individual-based modeling techniques to integrate data and information from the fields of behavioral ecology and population genetics.

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Books on the topic "Cetacea – Evolution"

1

Mchedlidze, G. A. General features of the paleobiological evolution of Cetacea. A. A. Balkema, 1986.

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2

Lo, Che-hsi. Terrestrial mesonychia to aquatic cetacea: Transformation of the basicranium and evolution of hearing in whales. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1999.

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M, Schoch Robert, ed. Horns, tusks, and flippers: The evolution of hoofed mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

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Luo, Zhexi. Terrestrial Mesonychia to aquatic Cetacea: Transformation of the basicranium and evolution of hearing in whales. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1999.

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M, Thewissen J. G., ed. The emergence of whales: Evolutionary patterns in the origin of Cetacea. Plenum Press, 1998.

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Heyning, John E. Cetacean Evolution. Academic Press, 2004.

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Cetaceans: Evolution, Behavior and Conservation. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cetacea – Evolution"

1

Buchholtz, Emily A. "Implications of Vertebral Morphology for Locomotor Evolution in Early Cetacea." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_11.

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Geisler, Jonathan H., and Zhexi Luo. "Relationships of Cetacea to Terrestrial Ungulates and the Evolution of Cranial Vasculature in Cete." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_6.

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Brockelman, Warren Y., Anuttara Nathalang, David B. Greenberg, and Udomlux Suwanvecho. "Evolution of Small-Group Territoriality in Gibbons." In Primates and Cetaceans. Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_11.

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Ketten, Darlene R. "The Cetacean Ear: Form, Frequency, and Evolution." In Marine Mammal Sensory Systems. Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3406-8_3.

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Heyning, John E., and James G. Mead. "Evolution of the Nasal Anatomy of Cetaceans." In Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0858-2_5.

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Pabst, D. Ann, Sentiel A. Rommel, and William A. McLellan. "Evolution of Thermoregulatory Function in Cetacean Reproductive Systems." In The Emergence of Whales. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_13.

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Groves, Colin. "Current views on taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus." In Pigs and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199207046.003.0009.

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There has never been any dispute that the family Suidae, being even-toed ungulates, belong to the Artiodactyla but their position within this order has undergone some revision over the past 10 years. The standard taxonomic arrangement is that of Simpson (1945). Though Simpson’s taxonomic philosophy was explicitly not based on phylogeny, his classification of the Artiodactyla has nonetheless been interpreted as reflecting the general outlines of artiodactyl evolution. This general schema is shown in Fig. 1.1, which is based largely on Thenius (1979), except that Thenius went against the general view by aligning the Tragulidae with the Cervidae. Since the 1970s, there has been a growing consensus that taxonomy should reflect phylogeny as far as possible, and in this context the revolution in the understanding of artiodactyl evolution that took place during the 1990s (summarized by Waddell et al. 1999) has left the taxonomy of the Artiodactyla in some disarray, particularly because it is now clear that the Cetacea (whales and dolphins) are nested deep within it, as a sister group to the hippos. The new phylogenetic understanding is shown in Fig. 1.2, and a new classification is proposed in Table 1.2. Some comments on this new classification follow: • Waddell et al. (1999), in combining the Cetacea with the Artiodactyla, call the combined order Cetartiodactyla. Helgen (2003), however, has argued that, since the Cetacea are actually nested within the artiodactyls, rather than being their sister-group, it is appropriate to continue to use the name Artiodactyla for the order. The pigs therefore continue to be artiodactyls, not cetartiodactyls. • The new names introduced by Waddell et al. (1999) are given no taxonomic rank, and I have given them ranks here. But under the Whippomorpha I have left the two subdivisions, Ancodonta and Cetacea, unranked rather than introduce parvorders and the like. • In Fig. 1.2 I have followed the phylogeny of Hassanin & Douzery (2003), but I have not given names and ranks to all their clades. Even given the turmoil into which the taxonomy of the Artiodactyla has been thrown, still no one disputes that the closest living relatives of the pigs are the peccaries (family Tayassuidae).

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Fordyce, R. Ewan. "Cetacean Evolution." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804327-1.00088-1.

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Fordyce, R. Ewan. "Cetacean Evolution." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00053-5.

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Marino, L. "Cetacean Brain Evolution." In Evolution of Nervous Systems. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00073-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cetacea – Evolution"

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Ribeiro, Michelle, Mariana Nery, Érica de Souza, and Elisa Ramos. "When being obese is healthy: molecular evolution of genes related to metabolism in cetaceans." In Congresso de Iniciação Científica UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/revpibic2720192235.

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Kavuri, Chaitanya, Satbir Singh, Sundar Rajan Krishnan, Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan, and Stephen Ciatti. "Computational Analysis of Combustion of High and Low Cetane Fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19178.

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Past research has shown that combustion of low cetane fuels in CI engines results in higher fuel conversion efficiencies. However, when high-cetane fuels like diesel are substituted with low-cetane fuels like gasoline, the engine operation tends to suffer from high CO emissions at low loads and combustion noise at high loads. In this paper, we present a computational analysis of a light-duty CI engine operating on diesel, kerosene and gasoline. These fuels cover a range of cetane numbers from 46 for diesel to 25 for gasoline. Similar to experiments, the model predicted higher CO at low load operation with gasoline. Predictions of in-cylinder details were utilized to understand differences in combustion characteristics of the three fuels. The in-cylinder mass contours and the evolution of model predicted in-cylinder mixture in Φ–T coordinates were then used to explain the emission trends. From the analysis, over-mixing due to early single injection was identified as the reason for high CO with low load gasoline Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). Additional simulations were performed by introducing techniques like cetane enhancement, adding hot EGR and variation of the injection scheme. Their effects on low load gasoline LTC were studied. Finally, it is shown that use of a dual pulse injection scheme with hot EGR helped to reduce the CO emissions for low load gasoline LTC while maintaining low NOx emissions.

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Slater, Graham J., and Graeme T. Lloyd. "IS PHYLOGENETIC PALEOBIOLOGY SCALABLE? A META-ANALYTIC PHYLOGENY OF CETACEANS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF BODY SIZE EVOLUTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322610.

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