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Journal articles on the topic 'Cetacea – Evolution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Li, Jun, Songyang Shang, Na Fang, et al. "Accelerated Evolution of Limb-Related Gene Hoxd11 in the Common Ancestor of Cetaceans and Ruminants (Cetruminantia)." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 2 (2019): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400512.

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Reduced numbers of carpal and tarsal bones (wrist and ankle joints) are extensively observed in the clade of Cetacea and Ruminantia (Cetruminantia). Homebox D11 (Hoxd11) is one of the important genes required for limb development in mammals. Mutations in Hoxd11 can lead to defects in particular bones of limbs, including carpus and tarsus. To test whether evolutionary changes in Hoxd11 underlie the loss of these bones in Cetruminantia, we sequenced and analyzed Hoxd11 coding sequences and compared them with other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes in a taxonomic coverage of Cetacea, Ruminantia and other mammalian relatives. Statistical tests on the Hoxd11 sequences found an accelerated evolution in the common ancestor of cetaceans and ruminants, which coincided with the reduction of carpal and tarsal bones in this clade. Five amino acid substitutions (G222S, G227A, G229S, A240T and G261V) and one amino acid deletion (G254Del) occurred in this lineage. In contrast, other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes do not show this same evolutionary pattern, but instead display a highly conserved pattern of evolution in this lineage. Accelerated evolution of Hoxd11, but not other 5′ HoxA and HoxD genes, is probably related to the reduction of the carpal and tarsal bones in Cetruminantia. Moreover, we found two amino acid substitutions (G110S and D223N) in Hoxd11 that are unique to the lineage of Cetacea, which coincided with hindlimb loss in the common ancestor of cetaceans. Our results give molecular evidence of Hoxd11 adaptive evolution in cetaceans and ruminants, which could be correlated with limb morphological adaptation.

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2

McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, et al. "Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture." Systematic Biology 69, no. 3 (2019): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz068.

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Abstract The evolution of cetaceans, from their early transition to an aquatic lifestyle to their subsequent diversification, has been the subject of numerous studies. However, although the higher-level relationships among cetacean families have been largely settled, several aspects of the systematics within these groups remain unresolved. Problematic clades include the oceanic dolphins (37 spp.), which have experienced a recent rapid radiation, and the beaked whales (22 spp.), which have not been investigated in detail using nuclear loci. The combined application of high-throughput sequencing with techniques that target specific genomic sequences provide a powerful means of rapidly generating large volumes of orthologous sequence data for use in phylogenomic studies. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Cetacea, we combined sequence capture with Illumina sequencing to generate data for $\sim $3200 protein-coding genes for 68 cetacean species and their close relatives including the pygmy hippopotamus. By combining data from $&gt;$38,000 exons with existing sequences from 11 cetaceans and seven outgroup taxa, we produced the first comprehensive comparative genomic data set for cetaceans, spanning 6,527,596 aligned base pairs (bp) and 89 taxa. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of concatenated loci, as well as with coalescence analyses of individual gene trees, produced mostly concordant and well-supported trees. Our results completely resolve the relationships among beaked whales as well as the contentious relationships among oceanic dolphins, especially the problematic subfamily Delphinidae. We carried out Bayesian estimation of species divergence times using MCMCTree and compared our complete data set to a subset of clocklike genes. Analyses using the complete data set consistently showed less variance in divergence times than the reduced data set. In addition, integration of new fossils (e.g., Mystacodon selenensis) indicates that the diversification of Crown Cetacea began before the Late Eocene and the divergence of Crown Delphinidae as early as the Middle Miocene. [Cetaceans; phylogenomics; Delphinidae; Ziphiidae; dolphins; whales.]

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3

Dungan, Sarah Z., and Belinda S. W. Chang. "Epistatic interactions influence terrestrial–marine functional shifts in cetacean rhodopsin." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1850 (2017): 20162743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2743.

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Like many aquatic vertebrates, whales have blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions in the dim-light visual pigment, rhodopsin, that are thought to increase photosensitivity in underwater environments. We have discovered that known spectral tuning substitutions also have surprising epistatic effects on another function of rhodopsin, the kinetic rates associated with light-activated intermediates. By using absorbance spectroscopy and fluorescence-based retinal release assays on heterologously expressed rhodopsin, we assessed both spectral and kinetic differences between cetaceans (killer whale) and terrestrial outgroups (hippo, bovine). Mutation experiments revealed that killer whale rhodopsin is unusually resilient to pleiotropic effects on retinal release from key blue-shifting substitutions (D83N and A292S), largely due to a surprisingly specific epistatic interaction between D83N and the background residue, S299. Ancestral sequence reconstruction indicated that S299 is an ancestral residue that predates the evolution of blue-shifting substitutions at the origins of Cetacea. Based on these results, we hypothesize that intramolecular epistasis helped to conserve rhodopsin's kinetic properties while enabling blue-shifting spectral tuning substitutions as cetaceans adapted to aquatic environments. Trade-offs between different aspects of molecular function are rarely considered in protein evolution, but in cetacean and other vertebrate rhodopsins, may underlie multiple evolutionary scenarios for the selection of specific amino acid substitutions.

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4

McGowen, Michael R., John Gatesy, and Derek E. Wildman. "Molecular evolution tracks macroevolutionary transitions in Cetacea." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29, no. 6 (2014): 336–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.04.001.

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5

McGowen, Michael R., Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Joseph Williamson, Phillip A. Morin, and and Stephen J. Rossiter. "Positive Selection and Inactivation in the Vision and Hearing Genes of Cetaceans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 7 (2020): 2069–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa070.

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Abstract The transition to an aquatic lifestyle in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) resulted in a radical transformation in their sensory systems. Toothed whales acquired specialized high-frequency hearing tied to the evolution of echolocation, whereas baleen whales evolved low-frequency hearing. More generally, all cetaceans show adaptations for hearing and seeing underwater. To determine the extent to which these phenotypic changes have been driven by molecular adaptation, we performed large-scale targeted sequence capture of 179 sensory genes across the Cetacea, incorporating up to 54 cetacean species from all major clades as well as their closest relatives, the hippopotamuses. We screened for positive selection in 167 loci related to vision and hearing and found that the diversification of cetaceans has been accompanied by pervasive molecular adaptations in both sets of genes, including several loci implicated in nonsyndromic hearing loss. Despite these findings, however, we found no direct evidence of positive selection at the base of odontocetes coinciding with the origin of echolocation, as found in studies examining fewer taxa. By using contingency tables incorporating taxon- and gene-based controls, we show that, although numbers of positively selected hearing and nonsyndromic hearing loss genes are disproportionately high in cetaceans, counts of vision genes do not differ significantly from expected values. Alongside these adaptive changes, we find increased evidence of pseudogenization of genes involved in cone-mediated vision in mysticetes and deep-diving odontocetes.

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6

Aznar, F. J., J. A. Balbuena, and J. A. Raga. "Helminth communities of Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea: Pontoporiidae) in Argentinian waters." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 4 (1994): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-094.

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We studied the helminth communities of franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) to establish the relative importance of ecological and evolutionary factors in their organization. Forty-six animals obtained from by-catch in Argentinian waters from 1988 to 1990 were surveyed. The helminth communities were depauperate. Only five helminth species were detected, two of them (Hadwenius pontoporiae and Polymorphus (Polymorphus) cetaceum) accounting for about 99% of all specimens. Three species (H. pontoporiae, P. (P.) cetaceum, and Anisakis simplex) formed a recurrent group. Contrary to the stochasticity observed in other cetacean species, the helminth infracommunities were largely predictable, with little change over the years. The low vagility and coastal bottom-feeding habits of the franciscanas may account for this. The distribution of helminth species among their hosts was bimodal and colonization was nonrandom. This pattern might result from helminth specificity and tnhe specialized diet of the host. The depauperate condition of both the component community and infracommunities contrasts with general predictions for large aquatic endotherms. Comparison with franciscanas from Uruguay suggests that the helminth communities are unsaturated and have low potential for colonization. This probably shows the influence of host evolution on the helminth component community, as previously proposed for other cetacean species.

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7

Rendell, Luke, Mauricio Cantor, Shane Gero, Hal Whitehead, and Janet Mann. "Causes and consequences of female centrality in cetacean societies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1780 (2019): 20180066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0066.

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Cetaceans are fully aquatic predatory mammals that have successfully colonized virtually all marine habitats. Their adaptation to these habitats, so radically different from those of their terrestrial ancestors, can give us comparative insights into the evolution of female roles and kinship in mammalian societies. We provide a review of the diversity of such roles across the Cetacea, which are unified by some key and apparently invariable life-history features. Mothers are uniparous, while paternal care is completely absent as far as we currently know. Maternal input is extensive, lasting months to many years. Hence, female reproductive rates are low, every cetacean calf is a significant investment, and offspring care is central to female fitness. Here strategies diverge, especially between toothed and baleen whales, in terms of mother–calf association and related social structures, which range from ephemeral grouping patterns to stable, multi-level, societies in which social groups are strongly organized around female kinship. Some species exhibit social and/or spatial philopatry in both sexes, a rare phenomenon in vertebrates. Communal care can be vital, especially among deep-diving species, and can be supported by female kinship. Female-based sociality, in its diverse forms, is therefore a prevailing feature of cetacean societies. Beyond the key role in offspring survival, it provides the substrate for significant vertical and horizontal cultural transmission, as well as the only definitive non-human examples of menopause. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.

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8

Bloodworth, Brian E., and Daniel K. Odell. "Kogia Breviceps (Cetacea: Kogiidae)." Mammalian Species 819 (October 9, 2008): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/819.1.

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9

Carlson, Mary. "Evolution of the brain in Cetacea – is bigger better?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (1988): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00052845.

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10

Churchill, Morgan, Jonathan H. Geisler, Brian L. Beatty, and Anjali Goswami. "Evolution of cranial telescoping in echolocating whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)." Evolution 72, no. 5 (2018): 1092–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13480.

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11

Racicot, Rachel A., Robert W. Boessenecker, Simon A. F. Darroch, and Jonathan H. Geisler. "Evidence for convergent evolution of ultrasonic hearing in toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)." Biology Letters 15, no. 5 (2019): 20190083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0083.

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Toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) are the most diverse group of modern cetaceans, originating during the Eocene/Oligocene transition approximately 38 Ma. All extant odontocetes echolocate; a single origin for this behaviour is supported by a unique facial source for ultrasonic vocalizations and a cochlea adapted for hearing the corresponding echoes. The craniofacial and inner ear morphology of Oligocene odontocetes support a rapid (less than 5 Myr) early evolution of echolocation. Although some cranial features in the stem odontocetes Simocetus and Olympicetus suggest an ability to generate ultrasonic sound, until now, the bony labyrinths of taxa of this grade have not been investigated. Here, we use µCT to examine a petrosal of a taxon with clear similarities to Olympicetus avitus . Measurements of the bony labyrinth, when added to an extensive dataset of cetartiodactyls, resulted in this specimen sharing a morphospace with stem whales, suggesting a transitional inner ear. This discovery implies that either the lineage leading to this Olympicetus -like taxon lost the ability to hear ultrasonic sound, or adaptations for ultrasonic hearing evolved twice, once in xenorophids and again on the stem of the odontocete crown group. We favour the latter interpretation as it matches a well-documented convergence of craniofacial morphology between xenorophids and extant odontocetes.

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12

Alves, Luís Q., Juliana Alves, Rodrigo Ribeiro, Raquel Ruivo, and Filipe Castro. "The dopamine receptor D5 gene shows signs of independent erosion in toothed and baleen whales." PeerJ 7 (October 11, 2019): e7758. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7758.

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To compare gene loci considering a phylogenetic framework is a promising approach to uncover the genetic basis of human diseases. Imbalance of dopaminergic systems is suspected to underlie some emerging neurological disorders. The physiological functions of dopamine are transduced via G-protein-coupled receptors, including DRD5 which displays a relatively higher affinity toward dopamine. Importantly, DRD5 knockout mice are hypertense, a condition emerging from an increase in sympathetic tone. We investigated the evolution of DRD5, a high affinity receptor for dopamine, in mammals. Surprisingly, among 124 investigated mammalian genomes, we found that Cetacea lineages (Mysticeti and Odontoceti) have independently lost this gene, as well as the burrowing Chrysochloris asiatica (Cape golden mole). We suggest that DRD5 inactivation parallels hypoxia-induced adaptations, such as peripheral vasoconstriction required for deep-diving in Cetacea, in accordance with the convergent evolution of vasoconstrictor genes in hypoxia-exposed animals. Our findings indicate that Cetacea are natural knockouts for DRD5 and might offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of some forms of vasoconstriction responses and hypertension in humans.

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13

BUCHHOLTZ, EMILY A., and STEPHANIE A. SCHUR. "Vertebral osteology in Delphinidae (Cetacea)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140, no. 3 (2004): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00105.x.

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14

Lopes-Marques, Mónica, André M. Machado, Luís Q. Alves, et al. "Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 6 (2019): 1270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz068.

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AbstractGenomes are dynamic biological units, with processes of gene duplication and loss triggering evolutionary novelty. The mammalian skin provides a remarkable case study on the occurrence of adaptive morphological innovations. Skin sebaceous glands (SGs), for instance, emerged in the ancestor of mammals serving pivotal roles, such as lubrication, waterproofing, immunity, and thermoregulation, through the secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of various neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, and squalene. Remarkably, SGs are absent in a few mammalian lineages, including the iconic Cetacea. We investigated the evolution of the key molecular components responsible for skin sebum production: Dgat2l6, Awat1, Awat2, Elovl3, Mogat3, and Fabp9. We show that all analyzed genes have been rendered nonfunctional in Cetacea species (toothed and baleen whales). Transcriptomic analysis, including a novel skin transcriptome from blue whale, supports gene inactivation. The conserved mutational pattern found in most analyzed genes, indicates that pseudogenization events took place prior to the diversification of modern Cetacea lineages. Genome and skin transcriptome analysis of the common hippopotamus highlighted the convergent loss of a subset of sebum-producing genes, notably Awat1 and Mogat3. Partial loss profiles were also detected in non-Cetacea aquatic mammals, such as the Florida manatee, and in terrestrial mammals displaying specialized skin phenotypes such as the African elephant, white rhinoceros and pig. Our findings reveal a unique landscape of “gene vestiges” in the Cetacea sebum-producing compartment, with limited gene loss observed in other mammalian lineages: suggestive of specific adaptations or specializations of skin lipids.

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15

Hogg, Carolyn. "Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 365, no. 2 (2008): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.06.009.

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16

Glezer, Ilya I., Myron S. Jacobs, and Peter J. Morgane. "Implications of the “initial brain” concept for brain evolution in Cetacea." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (1988): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0005281x.

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AbstractWe review the evidence for the concept of the “initial” or prototype brain. We outline four possible modes of brain evolution suggested by our new findings on the evolutionary status of the dolphin brain. The four modes involve various forms of deviation from and conformity to the hypothesized initial brain type. These include examples of conservative evolution, progressive evolution, and combinations of the two in which features of one or the other become dominant. The four types of neocortical organization in extant mammals may be the result of selective pressures on sensory/motor systems resulting in divergent patterns of brain phylogenesis. A modular “modification/multiplication” hypothesis is proposed as a mechanism of neocortical evolution in eutherians. Representative models of the initial ancestral group of mammals include not only extant basal Insectivora but also Chiroptera; we have found that dolphins and large whales have also retained many features of the archetypal or initial brain. This group evolved from the initial mammalian stock and returned to the aquatic environment some 50 million years ago. This unique experiment of nature shows the effects of radical changes in environment on brain-body adaptations and specializations. Although the dolphin brain has certain quantitative characteristics of the evolutionary changes seen in the higher terrestrial mammals, it has also retained many of the conservative structural features of the initial brain. Its neocortical organization is accordingly different, largely in a quantitative sense, from that of terrestrial models of the initial brain such as the hedgehog.

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Buchholtz, Emily A., and Jessica K. Gee. "Finding sacral: Developmental evolution of the axial skeleton of odontocetes (Cetacea)." Evolution & Development 19, no. 4-5 (2017): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ede.12227.

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18

Pilleri, Giorgio. "Adaptation to water and the evolution of echolocation in the Cetacea." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 2 (1990): 135–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1990.9525482.

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19

Bisconti, Michelangelo, Luca Pellegrino, and Giorgio Carnevale. "Evolution of gigantism in right and bowhead whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti: Balaenidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 2 (2021): 498–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab086.

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Abstract The evolution of gigantic body size represents a key to understand the ecological role of baleen whales in oceanic ecosystems. Many efforts have been devoted to the formulation of equations relating different body parts to total body length and mass in living and fossil mysticetes, mainly focusing on balaenopterid and balaenopterid-like mysticetes. Right whales (family Balaenidae) have a unique head-to-body length ratio, suggesting that their body proportions cannot be predicted effectively using equations based primarily on non-balaenid mysticetes. A new morphometric dataset of living and fossil balaenids is provided herein, and new regression equations allow one to predict the body length and mass of extinct species based on the expected head-to-body length ratio of extant balaenids. The reconstructed values are mapped on a new phylogenetic analysis of the Balaenidae, inferring body size and mass at ancestral nodes. The variations of body size and mass in Balaenidae since the early Miocene are reconstructed, revealing that: (1) a reduction in total body length occurred in the early Pliocene; (2) the origin of the gigantic body size in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) is probably related to invasion of the Arctic Ocean in the last 3 Myr; and (3) the origin of the gigantic body size in the right whales (genus Eubalaena) occurred since the latest Miocene, probably concomitant with pulses of nutrients sustaining large zooplankton populations. We suggest that the evolution of gigantism in Balaenidae occurred independently in two lineages and, probably, in response to different palaeoenvironmental drivers.

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20

Beatty, Brian Lee, and Bruce M. Rothschild. "Decompression syndrome and the evolution of deep diving physiology in the Cetacea." Naturwissenschaften 95, no. 9 (2008): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0385-9.

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21

Bebej, Ryan M., Iyad S. Zalmout, Ahmed A. Abed El-Aziz, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar, and Philip D. Gingerich. "First remingtonocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt with implications for biogeography and locomotion in early cetacean evolution." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 5 (2015): 882–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2015.57.

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AbstractRemingtonocetidae are Eocene archaeocetes that represent a unique experiment in cetacean evolution. They possess long narrow skulls, long necks, fused sacra, and robust hind limbs. Previously described remingtonocetids are known from middle Eocene Lutetian strata in Pakistan and India. Here we describe a new remingtonocetid, Rayanistes afer, n. gen. n. sp., recovered from a middle to late Lutetian interval of the Midawara Formation in Egypt. The holotype preserves a sacrum with four vertebral centra; several lumbar and caudal vertebrae; an innominate with a complete ilium, ischium, and acetabulum; and a nearly complete femur. The ilium and ischium of Rayanistes are bladelike, rising sharply from the body of the innominate anterior and posterior to the acetabulum, and the acetabular notch is narrow. These features are diagnostic of Remingtonocetidae, but their development also shows that Rayanistes had a specialized mode of locomotion. The expanded ischium is larger than that of any other archaeocete, supporting musculature for powerful retraction of the hind limbs during swimming. Posteriorly angled neural spines on lumbar vertebrae and other features indicate increased passive flexibility of the lumbus. Rayanistes probably used its enhanced lumbar flexibility to increase the length of the power stroke during pelvic paddling. Recovery of a remingtonocetid in Egypt broadens the distribution of Remingtonocetidae and shows that protocetids were not the only semiaquatic archaeocetes capable of dispersal across the southern Tethys Sea.

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Rosel, Patricia E., Margo G. Haygood, and William F. Perrin. "Phylogenetic Relationships among the True Porpoises (Cetacea: Phocoenidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4, no. 4 (1995): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1995.1043.

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23

Oelschläger, Helmut A. "Comparative morphology and evolution of the otic region in toothed whales (Cetacea, Mammalia)." American Journal of Anatomy 177, no. 3 (1986): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001770306.

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24

Toledo, G., and A. Langguth. "Maxillary teeth in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus (Cetacea: Physeteridae)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (2015): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.082314.

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AbstractSperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, have 18 to 28 pairs of well developed conical mandibular teeth, but maxillary teeth are vestigial and supposedly rare. The aim of this study is to report a new case of erupted maxillary teeth in P. macrocephalus, the first description for Brazil. On 29 October 2008 a female sperm whale was found stranded in Campina's Beach (06° 46' S, 34° 55' W), Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. Inspection on the gums revealed three upper teeth on the right maxilla, corresponded to mandibular teeth 9 to 11 in a rostrocaudal sequence. The maxillary teeth were nearly straight, strongly worn in the tip and had no pulp cavity remaining. Most literature states that maxillary teeth are absent or rarely present, somewhat questionable, since other authors never failed to expose them by an incision in the gum. Data show that upper teeth have been overlooked, and its real frequency can only be determined by thorough dissections. This is important, since the study of maxillary teeth can provide information about evolution, functional morphology and age determination in sperm whales.

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Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. "A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1604 (2006): 2955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3664.

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Extant baleen whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti) are all large filter-feeding marine mammals that lack teeth as adults, instead possessing baleen, and feed on small marine animals in bulk. The early evolution of these superlative mammals, and their unique feeding method, has hitherto remained enigmatic. Here, I report a new toothed mysticete from the Late Oligocene of Australia that is more archaic than any previously described. Unlike all other mysticetes, this new whale was small, had enormous eyes and lacked derived adaptations for bulk filter-feeding. Several morphological features suggest that this mysticete was a macrophagous predator, being convergent on some Mesozoic marine reptiles and the extant leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ). It thus refutes the notions that all stem mysticetes were filter-feeders, and that the origins and initial radiation of mysticetes was linked to the evolution of filter-feeding. Mysticetes evidently radiated into a variety of disparate forms and feeding ecologies before the evolution of baleen or filter-feeding. The phylogenetic context of the new whale indicates that basal mysticetes were macrophagous predators that did not employ filter-feeding or echolocation, and that the evolution of characters associated with bulk filter-feeding was gradual.

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Aznar, F. J., A. O. Bush, J. A. Balbuena, and J. A. Raga. "Corynosoma cetaceum in the Stomach of Franciscanas, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea): An Exceptional Case of Habitat Selection by an Acanthocephalan." Journal of Parasitology 87, no. 3 (2001): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3285089.

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27

Racicot, Rachel A., and Matthew W. Colbert. "Morphology and Variation in Porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) Cranial Endocasts." Anatomical Record 296, no. 6 (2013): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22704.

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28

Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu, and R. Ewan Fordyce. "Ancestor–descendant relationships in evolution: origin of the extant pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata." Biology Letters 11, no. 1 (2015): 20140875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0875.

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Ancestor–descendant relationships (ADRs), involving descent with modification, are the fundamental concept in evolution, but are usually difficult to recognize. We examined the cladistic relationship between the only reported fossil pygmy right whale, †Miocaperea pulchra , and its sole living relative, the enigmatic pygmy right whale Caperea marginata , the latter represented by both adult and juvenile specimens. †Miocaperea is phylogenetically bracketed between juvenile and adult Caperea marginata in morphologically based analyses, thus suggesting a possible ADR—the first so far identified within baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti). The †Miocaperea–Caperea lineage may show long-term morphological stasis and, in turn, punctuated equilibrium.

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DALEBOUT, M. L., A. VAN HELDEN, K. VAN WAEREBEEK, and C. S. BAKER. "Molecular genetic identification of southern hemisphere beaked whales (Cetacea: Ziphiidae)." Molecular Ecology 7, no. 6 (1998): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00380.x.

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30

Fordyce, R. Ewan, Patrick G. Quilty, and James Daniels. "Australodelphis mirus, a bizarre new toothless ziphiid-like fossil dolphin (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from the Pliocene of Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 14, no. 1 (2002): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000561.

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Australodelphis mirus (Delphinidae n. gen., n. sp) is a small extinct Early Pliocene dolphin known from five individuals from shallow-water strata of the Sørsdal Formation, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Australodelphis mirus is the first higher vertebrate named from the Oligocene-Pleistocene interval on land in Antarctica, and is the first cetacean fossil from the polar margin of circum-Antarctic Southern Ocean that postdates the break-up of Gondwana. The dolphin is convergent in skull form with some living beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp.; Family Ziphiidae) in its long, narrow and toothless upper jaw and face, but skull suture patterns, basicranial sinuses, and ear-bones indicate close relationship with living long-beaked dolphins (Delphinidae). Australodelphis mirus perhaps was a suction-feeding squid-eater which occupied quiet near-shore shelf waters influenced by glaciers but probably lacking major sea-ice. Possible ecological equivalents of A. mirus (small ziphiids, long-beaked dolphins) do not occupy Antarctic waters today, perhaps excluded by cold conditions and/or sea-ice cover. Earlier Pliocene cetaceans worldwide reveal significant extinct and sometimes bizarre taxa, and extant families with ranges quite different from today, pointing to climate-related changes in cetacean ecology in the last 2–3 million years.

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Endo, Yoshinori, Ken-ichiro Kamei, and Miho Inoue-Murayama. "Genetic signatures of lipid metabolism evolution in Cetacea since the divergence from terrestrial ancestor." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31, no. 11 (2018): 1655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13361.

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Harrison, R. J., M. M. Bryden, D. A. McBrearty, and R. L. Brownell Jr. "The ovaries and reproduction in Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea: Platanistidae)." Journal of Zoology 193, no. 4 (2009): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb01504.x.

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Hohn, A. A., A. J. Read, S. Fernandez, O. Vidal, and L. T. Findley. "Life history of the vaquita,Phocoena sinus(Phocoenidae, Cetacea)." Journal of Zoology 239, no. 2 (1996): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05450.x.

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34

Nawojchik, Robert. "FIRST RECORD OF MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE) FROM RHODE ISLAND." Marine Mammal Science 10, no. 4 (1994): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1994.tb00505.x.

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35

L., Daniel Navarro. "A Stranding Record of Globicephala macrorhynchus (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Yucatan, Mexico." Southwestern Naturalist 33, no. 2 (1988): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671907.

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36

Drake, Summer E., Samuel D. CRISH, John C. George, Raphaella Stimmelmayr, and J. G. M. Thewissen. "Sensory Hairs in the Bowhead Whale,Balaena mysticetus(Cetacea, Mammalia)." Anatomical Record 298, no. 7 (2015): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23163.

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37

Domning, Daryl P. "Common Patterns of Evolution Among Ungulates Evolving Into Marine Mammals: Examples from Cetacea and Sirenia." Paleontological Society Special Publications 8 (1996): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200001076.

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38

Jefferson, Thomas A., and Barbara E. Curry. "A global review of porpoise (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) mortality in gillnets." Biological Conservation 67, no. 2 (1994): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90363-8.

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39

Fitzgerald, Erich M. G. "Archaeocete-like jaws in a baleen whale." Biology Letters 8, no. 1 (2011): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0690.

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The titanic baleen whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti) have a bizarre skull morphology, including an elastic mandibular symphysis, which permits dynamic oral cavity expansion during bulk feeding. How this key innovation evolved from the sutured symphysis of archaeocetes has remained unclear. Now, mandibles of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Janjucetus hunderi show that basal mysticetes had an archaeocete-like sutured symphysis. This archaic morphology was paired with a wide rostrum typical of later-diverging baleen whales. This demonstrates that increased oral capacity via rostral widening preceded the evolution of mandibular innovations for filter feeding. Thus, the initial evolution of the mysticetes' unique cranial form and huge mouths was perhaps not linked to filtering plankton, but to enhancing suction feeding on individual prey.

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40

Uhen, Mark D., and David Taylor. "A basilosaurid archaeocete (Cetacea, Pelagiceti) from the Late Eocene of Oregon, USA." PeerJ 8 (October 2, 2020): e9809. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9809.

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Background Basilosaurid archaeocetes are known from the Late Eocene of virtually all coastlines bearing coeval marine rocks except the North Pacific Basin, until now. Here we report on three consecutive posterior thoracic vertebrae of a large, basilosaurid archaeocete from a Late Eocene horizon in the Keasey Formation in Oregon. Methods These vertebrae were morphologically and morphometrically compared to other vertebrae of similar age from around the world. Results The specimens were determined to be different from all currently named species of fossil cetacean, but most similar to those found in the Gulf Coast region of North America. These vertebrae represent the first confirmed specimen of a Late Eocene basilosaurid from the North Pacific. These and other basilosaurids known only from vertebrae are reviewed here in the context of Late Eocene paleoceanography and cetacean evolution.

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41

Werth, Alexander J., Carolina Loch, and R. Ewan Fordyce. "Enamel Microstructure in Cetacea: a Case Study in Evolutionary Loss of Complexity." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 27, no. 4 (2019): 789–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09484-7.

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42

Brownell, Robert L., Lloyd T. Findley, Omar Vidal, Alejandro Robles, and N. Silvia Manzanilla. "EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND PIGMENTATION OF THE VAQUITA, PHOCOENA SINUS (CETACEA: MAMMALIA)." Marine Mammal Science 3, no. 1 (1987): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1987.tb00149.x.

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Baker, Alan N. "STATUS, RELATIONSHIPS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF MESOPLODON BOWDOINI ANDREWS, 1908 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)." Marine Mammal Science 17, no. 3 (2001): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00999.x.

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Bebej, Ryan M., and Kathlyn M. Smith. "Lumbar mobility in archaeocetes (Mammalia: Cetacea) and the evolution of aquatic locomotion in the earliest whales." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182, no. 3 (2017): 695–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx058.

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Whitmore,, Frank C. "General Features of the Paleobiological Evolution of Cetacea. Russian Translations Series, Volume 23.G. A. Mchedlidze." Quarterly Review of Biology 61, no. 2 (1986): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414927.

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46

Ruiz-García, Manuel, Eulalia Banguera, and Heiber Cardenas. "Morphological analysis of threeInia (Cetacea: Iniidae) populations from Colombia and Bolivia." Acta Theriologica 51, no. 4 (2006): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03195188.

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Werth, Alexander J. "Cetaceans as Exemplars of Evolution and Evolutionary Ecology: A Glossary." Oceans 1, no. 2 (2020): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans1020006.

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Extant cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) and their extinct ancestors offer some of the strongest and best-known examples of macroevolutionary transition as well as microevolutionary adaptation. Unlike most reviews of cetacean evolution, which are intended to chronicle the timeline of cetacean ancestry, document the current knowledge of cetacean adaptations, or simply validate the brute fact of evolution, this review is instead intended to demonstrate how cetaceans fittingly illustrate hundreds of specific, detailed terms and concepts within evolutionary biology and evolutionary ecology. This review, arrayed in alphabetical glossary format, is not meant to offer an exhaustive listing of case studies or scholarly sources, but aims to show the breadth and depth of cetacean research studies supporting and investigating numerous evolutionary themes.

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Breese, Dawn, and Bernie R. Tershy. "RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF CETACEA IN THE CANAL DE BALLENAS, GULF OF CALIFORNIA." Marine Mammal Science 9, no. 3 (1993): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00460.x.

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Monteiro-Neto, Cassiano, Francisco Jose C. A. Vila, TARCISIO T. Alves-Jr, et al. "BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE) TO ACOUSTIC PINGERS, FORTALEZA, BRAZIL." Marine Mammal Science 20, no. 1 (2004): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01145.x.

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50

Loch, C., LJ Grando, JA Kieser, and PC Simões-Lopes. "Dental pathology in dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae) from the southern coast of Brazil." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 94, no. 3 (2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02339.

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