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A., Aswandi, B. L. Syaefullah, D. A. Iyai, and M. Jen Wajo. "UTILIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE POTENTIAL IN VARIOUS KINDS OF BANANA COB FLOUR BANANA IN KACANG GOATS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1583.
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The objective of this research was to observe the productivity in kacang goats which were given a complete feed containing flour of various types of banana plant weevils. The material studied in this study was six complete types of feed. Complete feed containing weevil flour from 5 banana plant varieties. Complete feed is prepared with a complete feed composition. The cattle used were 18 male bean goats, mean initial body weight, 15.42 ± 1.98 kg (CV: 13.73%) aged 10-15 months. Livestock is given complete feed containing banana weevil flour for 60 days. The cage is 12 m x 6m in size, construction has a floor platform as high as 140 cm, the enclosure is 1 x 1 m in size and 130 cm in height, equipped with a drinking area. The treatment was in the form of 6 complete types of feed with different formulations, consisting of CF0, CF1, CF2, CF3, CF4, and CF5 containing banana weevil flour with different varieties and control treatment (CF0). The research design used was a completely randomized design with five treatments of complete feed formulas containing hump flour of various banana varieties.The results of the research that the complete feed formulation containing Batu banana hump flour (CF2) and Kapok (CF3) produced the best productivity and performance response of Kacang goat. compared to treatment; CF0 CF1; CF4 and CF5.
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Scheer, Justin K., Jessica Tang, Johnny Eguizabal, Azadeh Farin, Jenni M. Buckley, Vedat Deviren, R. Trigg McClellan, and Christopher P. Ames. "Optimal reconstruction technique after C-2 corpectomy and spondylectomy: a biomechanical analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 12, no. 5 (May 2010): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.11.spine09480.
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Object Primary spine tumors frequently involve the C-2 vertebra. Complete resection of the lesion may require total removal of the C-2 vertebral body, pedicles, and dens process. Authors of this biomechanical study are the first to evaluate a comprehensive set of reconstruction methods after C-2 resection to determine the optimal configuration depending on the degree of excision required. Methods Eight human heads (from the skull to C-6) from 4 males and 4 females with a mean age of 68 ± 18 years at death were cleaned of tissue, while leaving ligaments and discs intact. Nondestructive flexion and extension (FE), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR) tests were conducted using a nonconstraining, pure moment loading apparatus, and relative motion across the fusion site (C1–3) was measured using a 3D motion tracking system. Specimens were tested up to 1.5 Nm at 0.25-Nm intervals for 45 seconds each. The spines were instrumented using 3.5-mm titanium rods with a midline occipitocervical plate (4.0 × 12–mm screws) and lateral mass screws (excluding C-2) at the C-1 (3.0 × 40 mm) and C3–5 levels (3.0 × 16 mm). Testing was repeated for the following configurations: Configuration 1 (CF1), instrumentation only from occiput to C-5; CF2, C-2 corpectomy leaving the dens; CF3, titanium mesh cage (16-mm diameter) from C-3 to C-1 ring and dens; CF4, removal of cage, C-1 ring, and dens; CF5, titanium mesh cage from C-3 to clivus (16-mm diameter); CF6, removal of C-2 posterior elements leaving the C3–clivus cage (spondylectomy); CF7, titanium mesh cage from C-3 to clivus (16-mm diameter) with 2 titanium mesh cages from C-3 to C-1 lateral masses (12-mm diameter); and CF8, removal of all 3 cages. A crosslink was added connecting the posterior rods for CF1, CF6, and CF8. Range-of-motion (ROM) differences between all groups were compared via repeated-measures ANOVA with paired comparisons using the Student t-test with a Tukey post hoc adjustment. A p < 0.05 indicated significance. Results The addition of a central cage significantly increased FE rigidity compared with posterior instrumentation alone but had less of an effect in AR and LB. The addition of lateral cages did not significantly improve rigidity in any bending direction (CF6 vs CF7, p > 0.05). With posterior instrumentation alone (CF1 and CF2), C-2 corpectomy reduced bending rigidity in only the FE direction (p < 0.05). The removal of C-2 posterior elements in the presence of a C3–clivus cage did not affect the ROM in any bending mode (CF5 vs CF6, p > 0.05). A crosslink addition in CF1, CF6, and CF8 did not significantly affect primary or off-axis ROM (p > 0.05). Conclusions Study results indicated that posterior instrumentation alone with 3.5-mm rods is insufficient for stability restoration after a C-2 corpectomy. Either C3–1 or C3–clivus cages can correct instability introduced by C-2 removal in the presence of posterior instrumentation. The addition of lateral cages to a C3–clivus fusion construct may be unnecessary since it does not significantly improve rigidity in any direction.
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Lucatelli, Pierleone, Corrado Fagnani, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, David Laszlo Tarnoki, Maria Antonietta Stazi, Miriam Salemi, Carlo Cirelli, et al. "Femoral Artery Ultrasound Examination." Angiology 68, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319716651777.
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We compared intima–media thickness (IMT) and the prevalence of plaques in the common carotid artery (CCA) and common femoral artery (CFA) in apparently healthy participants. This multicenter study included 322 participants (59.9% female; age 20-78 years, mean 52.1 ± 15.3 years) who underwent Echo-color Doppler examination of the CCA and CFA bilaterally. Prevalence and composition of plaque were recorded. A significant ( P < .01) difference between mean CCA-IMT and mean CFA-IMT was detected (0.70 vs 0.73 mm). Plaque prevalence was significantly higher in the CFA compared to the CCA (40.7% vs 30.4%). Atherosclerotic plaques were found in both CFA and CCA in 46% of the cases, solely in CFA in 38%, and in CCA alone in 17%. The observed difference in plaque prevalence was even greater when only fibrolipid isolated plaques were considered (CFA 39.4% vs CCA 22.1%). In a healthy general population, atherosclerotic plaques were present in the CFA but not in the CCA in over one-third of the cases. Further studies must confirm whether ultrasonography of the CFA might be introduced in the screening protocols for cardiovascular risk assessment.
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Saborido Basconcillo, Libia, Rahat Zaheer, Turlough M. Finan, and Brian E. McCarry. "Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthase in Sinorhizobium meliloti." Microbiology 155, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.022608-0.
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Cyclopropane fatty acyl synthases (CFA synthases) are enzymes that catalyse the addition of a methylene group across cis double bonds of monounsaturated fatty acyl chains in lipids. We have investigated the function of two putative genes, cfa1 and cfa2, proposed to code for CFA synthases in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Total fatty acid composition and fatty acid distributions within lipid classes for wild-type and cfa1 and cfa2 mutant strains grown under Pi starvation and in acidic culture conditions were obtained by GC/MS and by infusion ESI/MS/MS, respectively. For wild-type cells and the cfa1 mutant, total cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) increased by 10 % and 15 % under Pi starvation and acidic conditions, respectively; whereas in the cfa2 mutant, CFAs were less than 0.1 % of wild-type under both growth conditions. Reporter gene fusion experiments revealed that cfa1 and cfa2 were expressed at similar levels in free-living cells. Thus under the conditions we examined, cfa2 was required for the cyclopropanation of lipids in S. meliloti whereas the role of cfa1 remains to be determined. Analysis of intact lipids revealed that cyclopropanation occurred on cis-11-octadecenoic acid located in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position in phospholipids and that cyclopropanation in the sn-2 position occurred to a greater extent in phosphatidylcholines and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols under acidic conditions than under Pi starvation. The cfa2 gene was also required for cyclopropanation of non-phosphorus-containing lipids. Principal components analysis revealed no differences in the cyclopropanation of four lipid classes. We concluded that cyclopropanation occurred independently of the polar head group. Neither cfa1 nor cfa2 was required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Yusop, Hanafi, Meldi Suhatril, Mohamad Amirul Hafiz Abdul Hamid, Fetri Zainal, Md Fauzan Kamal Md Yapandi Md. Yapandi, and Nor Aishah Abbas. "Usage of Coal Fly Ash and Bottom Ash from Ash Ponds for Bricks and Precast Concrete Blocks – A Review." Journal of Sustainable Civil Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jscet.v1v2.50-62.
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As larger amounts of coal are burned every day to produce electricity for a growing population, more coal ash is produced and stockpiled in large landfills and ash ponds. The ever-increasing stockpiles of unutilized Coal Fly Ash (CFA) and Bottom Ash (CBA) are a growing health and environmental concern. Studies have shown that communities living near ash ponds are subjected to an increased risk of respiratory illness, and the stockpiles can also potentially cause environmental pollution due to leachate. The potential utilization of CFA and CBA is to use them as natural aggregate substitutes for construction materials such as mortar, bricks and precast concrete. This paper aims to review recent studies on the usage of CFA and CBA in producing brick and precast concrete blocks, the changes in the properties of the CFA or CBA bricks and precast concrete blocks compared to control samples, as well as the effects of seawater intrusion into the concrete mix, which indicate the potential effects of using CFA and CBA stored in coastal ash ponds.
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Menéndez, Esperanza, Cristina Argiz, and Miguel Ángel Sanjuán. "Coal ash Portland Cement Mortars Sulphate Resistance." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091640.
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Coal fly ash (CFA), coal bottom ash (CBA) are residues produced in thermo-electrical power stations as result of the coal combustion in the same boiler. Therefore, some characteristics of the coal fly ash (CFA) are comparable with those of the coal bottom ash (CBA). Nevertheless, coal bottom ash size is larger than coal fly ash one. Consequently, it was found that it is necessary to grind the coal bottom ash (CBA) to reach a similar size to that one of the CFA. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of Portland cement mortars made with coal fly ash (CFA), coal bottom ash (CBA) or mixes (CFA+CBA), against sulphate attack. The methodology is based on the expansion of slender bars submerged in a sodium sulphate solution (5%) according to the ASTM C-1012/C1012-13 standard. It has been found that mortars elaborated with CEM I 42.5 N (without ashes) presented the largest expansion (0.09%) after a testing period of 330 days. Mortars made with CEM II/A-V exhibited lower expansion (0.03%). Summing up, it can be established that mortar expansion decreases when the coal ash amount increases, independently of the type of coal ash employed. The novelty of this paper relies on the comparison between the performances of Portland cement mortars made with coal fly ash (CFA) or coal bottom ash (CBA) exposed to external sulphate attack. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091640 Full Text: PDF
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Rangaswamy, Vidhya, Robin Mitchell, Matthias Ullrich, and Carol Bender. "Analysis of Genes Involved in Biosynthesis of Coronafacic Acid, the Polyketide Component of the Phytotoxin Coronatine." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 3330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.13.3330-3338.1998.
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ABSTRACT Coronafacic acid (CFA) is the polyketide component of coronatine (COR), a phytotoxin produced by the plant-pathogenic bacteriumPseudomonas syringae. The genes involved in CFA biosynthesis are encoded by a single transcript which encompasses 19 kb of the COR gene cluster. In the present study, the nucleotide sequence was determined for a 4-kb region located at the 3′ end of the CFA biosynthetic gene cluster. Three open reading frames were identified and designated cfa8, cfa9, andtnp1; the predicted translation products of these genes showed relatedness to oxidoreductases, thioesterases, and transposases, respectively. The translational products of cfa8 andcfa9 were overproduced in Escherichia coliBL21; however, tnp1 was not translated in these experiments. Mutagenesis and complementation analysis indicated thatcfa8 is required for the production of CFA and COR. Analysis of a cfa9 mutant indicated that this gene is dispensable for CFA and COR production but may increase the release of enzyme-bound products from the COR pathway; tnp1, however, had no obvious function in CFA or COR biosynthesis. A genetic strategy was used to produce CFA in a P. syringae strain which lacks the COR gene cluster; this approach will be useful in future studies designed to investigate biosynthetic products of the CFA gene cluster.
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Palombo, Carlo, Carmela Morizzo, Martino Baluci, Daniela Lucini, Stefano Ricci, Gianni Biolo, Piero Tortoli, and Michaela Kozakova. "Large Artery Remodeling and Dynamics following Simulated Microgravity by Prolonged Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest in Humans." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/342565.
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The effects of simulated microgravity on the static and dynamic properties of large arteries are still mostly unknown. The present study evaluated, using an integrated vascular approach, changes in structure and function of the common carotid and femoral arteries (CCA and CFA) after prolonged head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR). Ten healthy men were enrolled in a 5-week HDTBR study endorsed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI). Arterial geometry, flow, stiffness, and shear rate were evaluated by ultrasound. Local carotid pulse pressure and wave reflection were studied by applanation tonometry. After five weeks of HDTBR, CFA showed a decrease in lumen diameter without significant changes in wall thickness (IMT), resulting in an inward remodeling. Local carotid pulse pressure decreased and carotid-to-brachial pressure amplification increased. The ratio of systolic-to-diastolic volumetric flow in CFA decreased, whereas in CCA it tended to increase. Indices of arterial stiffness and shear rate did not change during HDTBR, either in CCA or CFA. In summary, prolonged HDTBR has a different impact on CCA and CFA structure and flow, probably depending on the characteristics of the vascular bed perfused.
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Lambeth, Christopher, Rita Perri, Sharon Lee, Manisha Verma, Nicole Campbell-Rogers, George Larcos, Karen Byth, Kristina Kairaitis, Terence Amis, and John Wheatley. "Predictors for carotid and femoral artery intima-media thickness in a non-diabetic sleep clinic cohort." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252569.
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Introduction The impact of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) on arterial intima-media thickness (IMT), a surrogate measure for cardiovascular disease, remains uncertain, in part because of the potential for non-SDB vascular risk factor interactions. In the present study, we determined predictors for common carotid (CCA) and femoral (CFA) artery IMT in an adult, sleep clinic cohort where non-SDB vascular risk factors (particularly diabetes) were eliminated or controlled. Methods We recruited 296 participants for polysomnography (standard SDB severity metrics) and CCA/CFA ultrasound examinations, followed by a 12 month vascular risk factor minimisation (RFM) and continuous positive pressure (CPAP) intervention for participants with a range of SDB severity (RFM Sub-Group, n = 157; apnea hyponea index [AHI]: 14.7 (7.2–33.2), median [IQR]). Univariable and multivariable linear regression models determined independent predictors for IMT. Linear mixed effects modelling determined independent predictors for IMT change across the intervention study. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results Age, systolic blood pressure and waist:hip ratio were identified as non-SDB predictive factors for CCA IMT and age, weight and total cholesterol:HDL ratio for CFA IMT. No SDB severity metric emerged as an independent predictor for either CCA or CFA IMT, except in the RFM Sub-Group, where a 2-fold increase in AHI predicted a 2.4% increase in CFA IMT. Across the intervention study, CCA IMT decreased in those who lost weight, but there was no CPAP use interaction. CFA IMT, however, decreased by 12.9% (95%CI 6.8, 18.7%, p = 0.001) in those participants who both lost weight and used CPAP > = 4hours/night. Conclusion We conclude that SDB severity has little impact on CCA IMT values when non-SDB vascular risk factors are minimised or not present. This is the first study, however, to suggest a potential linkage between SDB severity and CFA IMT values. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000250932 and ACTRN12620000694910.
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Pereira Júnior, Carlos Donizete, Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães, Aline Cristina Souza da Silva, Aldo Rogelis Aquiles Rodrigues, Maria Aparecida da Glória, Vicente de Paula Antunes Teixeira, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, et al. "Influence of the Expression of Inflammatory Markers on Kidney after Fetal Programming in an Experimental Model of Renal Failure." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9151607.
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Objective. To evaluate the expression of inflammatory markers in experimental renal failure after fetal programming. Methods. The offspring aged two and five months were divided into four groups: CC (control dams, control offspring); DC (diabetic dams, control offspring); CFA (control dams, folic acid offspring, 250 mg/Kg); and DFA (diabetic dams, folic acid offspring). Gene expression of inflammatory markers MCP-1, IL-1, NOS3, TGF-β, TNF-α, and VEGF was evaluated by RT-PCR. Results. MCP-1 was increased in the CFA and DFA groups at two and five months of age, as well as in DC5 when compared to CC5. There was a higher expression of IL-1 in the CFA2, DFA2, and DC2 groups. There was a decrease in NOS3 and an increase in TNF-α in DFA5 in relation to CFA5. The gene expression of TGF-β increased in cases that had received folic acid at two and five months, and VEGF decreased in the CFA5 and DFA5 groups. DC5 showed increased VEGF expression in comparison with CC5. Conclusions. Gestational diabetes mellitus and folic acid both change the expression of inflammatory markers, thus demonstrating that the exposure to harmful agents in adulthood has a more severe impact in cases which underwent fetal reprogramming.
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Schmidt-Trucksäss, Arno, Andreas Schmid, Christian Brunner, Nicole Scherer, Guido Zäch, Joseph Keul, and Martin Huonker. "Arterial properties of the carotid and femoral artery in endurance-trained and paraplegic subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 1956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1956.
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In humans, the relationships of blood flow changes to structure, function, and shear rate of conducting arteries have not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate these parameters of the elastic-type, common carotid artery (CCA) and the muscular-type, common femoral artery (CFA) in long-term highly active and extremely inactive individuals, assuming that the impact of activity-induced blood flow changes on conduit arteries, if any, should be seen in these subjects. We examined 21 highly endurance-trained athletes (A), 10 paraplegic subjects (P), and 20 sedentary subjects (S) by means of noninvasive ultrasound. As a result, the CFA diameter and compliance were highest in A (9.7 ± 0.81 mm; 1.84 ± 0.54 mm2/kPa) and lowest in P (5.9 ± 0.7 mm; 0.54 ± 0.27 mm2/kPa) compared with S (8.3 ± 1.0 mm; 0.92 ± 0.48 mm2/kPa) with P < 0.01 among the groups. Both parameters correlated with each other ( r = 0.62; P < 0.01). Compared with A (378 ± 84 s−1; 37 ± 15 s−1) and S (356 ± 113 s−1; 36 ± 20 s−1), the peak and mean shear rates of the CFA were almost or more than doubled in P (588 ± 120 s−1; 89 ± 26 s−1). In the CCA, only the compliance and peak shear rate showed significant differences among the groups (A: 1.28 ± 0.47 mm2/kPa, 660 ± 138 s−1; S: 1.04 ± 0.27 mm2/kPa, 588 ± 109 s−1; P: 0.65 ± 0.22 mm2/kPa, 490 ± 149 s−1; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggest a structural and functional adaptation in the CFA and a predominantly functional adaptation of the arterial wall properties to differences in the physical activity level and associated exercise-induced blood flow changes in the CCA. The results for humans confirm those from animal experiments. Similar shear rate values of S and P in the CFA support the hypothesis of constant shear stress regulation due to local blood flow changes in humans. On the other hand, the increased shear rate in the CFA in P indicates an at least partially nonphysiological response of the arterial wall in long-term chronic sympathectomy due to a change in local blood flow.
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Brooks, David M., Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán, Andrew P. Kloek, Francisco Alarcón-Chaidez, Aswathy Sreedharan, Vidhya Rangaswamy, Alejandro Peñaloza-Vázquez, Carol L. Bender, and Barbara N. Kunkel. "Identification and Characterization of a Well-Defined Series of Coronatine Biosynthetic Mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 2 (February 2004): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.2.162.
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To identify Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genes involved in pathogenesis, we carried out a screen for Tn5 mutants of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 with reduced virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana. Several mutants defining both known and novel virulence loci were identified. Six mutants contained insertions in biosynthetic genes for the phytotoxin coronatine (COR). The P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 COR genes are chromosomally encoded and are arranged in two separate clusters, which encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of coronafacic acid (CFA) or coronamic acid (CMA), the two defined intermediates in COR biosynthesis. High-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and exogenous feeding studies confirmed that Tn5 insertions in the cfa and cma genes disrupt CFA and CMA biosynthesis, respectively. All six COR biosynthetic mutants were significantly impaired in their ability to multiply to high levels and to elicit disease symptoms on A. thaliana plants. To assess the relative contributions of CFA, CMA, and COR in virulence, we constructed and characterized cfa6 cmaA double mutant strains. These exhibited virulence phenotypes on A. thalliana identical to those observed for the cmaA or cfa6 single mutants, suggesting that reduced virulence of these mutants on A. thaliana is caused by the absence of the intact COR toxin. This is the first study to use biochemically and genetically defined COR mutants to address the role of COR in pathogenesis.
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Zhang, Yong-An, Scott LaPatra, Jun Li, and Oriol Sunyer. "Adjuvant properties of trout C5a in subunit protein and DNA vaccines (47.31)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.47.31.
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Abstract The activation of the complement system results in the generation of C3a, C4a and C5a anaphylotoxins. C5a is the most potent and pro-inflammatory of all three anaphylatoxins. In mammals, C5a has been shown to influence the generation ofantigen-specific antibody responses, thereby acting as a molecular adjuvant. We have previously reported that rainbow trout C5a has potent chemotactic properties. In addition, we have also characterized a trout C5a receptor that is expressed at high levels both in granulocytes and B cells. In this study, we tested the possible role of trout C5a as a molecular adjuvant. To this end, we generated recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus glycoprotein (G), and a G-C5a fusion protein in E.coli. We showed that in contrast to G alone, G-C5a displayed a potent chemoattractant activity, indicating that the C5a portion of the fusion protein was functional. G-C5a was injected in incomplete freunds adjuvant (IFA) to one group of trout, while two other groups of trout were inoculated with the same dose of recombinant G in incomplete or complete freunds adjuvant (CFA) respectively. At six week postinjection, the serum antibody titers of the group injected with recombinant G-C5a in IFA were significantly higher than those of the group injected with G protein in IFA. Thus, these results suggest for the first time a role of C5a as molecular adjuvant in teleost fish. Experiments in progress will evaluate the effect of a boost injection on enhancing secondary and memory immune responses in the same fish. In addition, the presence of neutralizing antibodies against IHNV in the immunized fish will be reported.
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Rogers, John. "The CFA Network." CFA Institute Magazine 22, no. 4 (July 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v22.n4.1.
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Boot, Cécile R. L., Jan T. Groothuis, Herman van Langen, and Maria T. E. Hopman. "Shear stress levels in paralyzed legs of spinal cord-injured individuals with and without nerve degeneration." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00340.2001.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between inactivity and shear stress, the frictional force of blood against the endothelium, in spinal cord injury (SCI) subjects. SCI group offers a unique “model of nature” to study the effects of inactivity. Nine SCI subjects with upper (SCI-U) and 5 with a lower (SCI-L) motoneuron lesion and 10 able-bodied controls (C) were included. A venous blood sample was withdrawn to determine blood viscosity. Red blood cell velocities and arterial diameters of the common carotid artery (CCA) and common femoral artery (CFA) were measured by using echo-Doppler ultrasound in a supine position. No differences were observed in wall shear stress in the CCA between groups. In the CFA, peak and mean wall shear stress were significantly increased in SCI (14.1 and 1.2 Pa, respectively) compared with C (10.2 and 0.9 Pa, respectively). Because SCI-U and SCI-L showed no differences in shear stress levels, inactivity and not nerve degeneration seems to cause the elevated shear stress levels in the CFA in SCI. However, the lack of central neural control as a causal factor cannot be ruled out.
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Hicken, Malcolm, Peter Challis, Saurabh Jha, Robert P. Kirshner, Tom Matheson, Maryam Modjaz, Armin Rest, et al. "CfA3: 185 TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA LIGHT CURVES FROM THE CfA." Astrophysical Journal 700, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/700/1/331.
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Ruan, Xiaosai, David E. Knudsen, Katie M. Wollenberg, David A. Sack, and Weiping Zhang. "Multiepitope Fusion Antigen Induces Broadly Protective Antibodies That Prevent Adherence of Escherichia coli Strains Expressing Colonization Factor Antigen I (CFA/I), CFA/II, and CFA/IV." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 2 (December 18, 2013): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00652-13.
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ABSTRACTDiarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years and continues to be a major threat to global health. EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) strains are the most common bacteria causing diarrhea in developing countries. ETEC strains are able to attach to host small intestinal epithelial cells by using bacterial colonization factor antigen (CFA) adhesins. This attachment helps to initiate the diarrheal disease. Vaccines that induce antiadhesin immunity to block adherence of ETEC strains that express immunologically heterogeneous CFA adhesins are expected to protect against ETEC diarrhea. In this study, we created a CFA multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA) carrying representative epitopes of CFA/I, CFA/II (CS1, CS2, and CS3), and CFA/IV (CS4, CS5, and CS6), examined its immunogenicity in mice, and assessed the potential of this MEFA as an antiadhesin vaccine against ETEC. Mice intraperitoneally immunized with this CFA MEFA exhibited no adverse effects and developed immune responses to CFA/I, CFA/II, and CFA/IV adhesins. Moreover, after incubation with serum of the immunized mice, ETEC orE. colistrains expressing CFA/I, CFA/II, or CFA/IV adhesins were significantly inhibited in adherence to Caco-2 cells. Our results indicated this CFA MEFA elicited antibodies that not only cross-reacted to CFA/I, CFA/II and CFA/IV adhesins but also broadly inhibited adherence ofE. colistrains expressing these seven adhesins and suggested that this CFA MEFA could be a candidate to induce broad-spectrum antiadhesin protection against ETEC diarrhea. Additionally, this antigen construction approach (creating an MEFA) may be generally used in vaccine development against heterogenic pathogens.
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Kim, Bae Hoon, Seungki Kim, Hyeon Guk Kim, Jin Lee, In Soo Lee, and Yong Keun Park. "The formation of cyclopropane fatty acids in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium." Microbiology 151, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27265-0.
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The formation of cyclopropane fatty acid (CFA) and its role in the acid shock response in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) was investigated. Data obtained by GC/MS demonstrated that the CFA level in S. typhimurium increased upon its entry to the stationary phase, as in other bacteria. The cfa gene encoding CFA synthase was cloned, and mutants of the cfa gene were constructed by allelic exchange. A cfa mutant could not produce CFA and was sensitive to low pH. Introduction of a functional cfa gene into a cfa mutant cell made the mutant convert all unsaturated fatty acids to CFAs and partially restored resistance to low pH. Interestingly, the alternative sigma factor RpoS, which was induced during the stationary phase, affected the production of C19 CFA but not C17 CFA. Western blotting analysis showed that the increase in expression of CFA synthase at early stationary phase was due to the alternative sigma factor RpoS.
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Rodrigues, Alexandra Soares, Sidnei Nunes Oliveira, Marcus Vinícius Galvão Loiola, Priscila Assis Ferraz, Marcos Chalhoub, Rodrigo Freitas Bittencourt, Endrigo Adonis Braga Araujo, Thereza Cristina Borio dos Santos Calmon Bittencourt, and Antonio de Lisboa Ribeiro Filho. "Contagem de folículos antrais em fêmeas Nelore submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo." Ciência Rural 45, no. 4 (April 2015): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140666.
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Objetivou-se categorizar a contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) em fêmeas Nelore e posteriormente determinar o efeito de alguns parâmetros reprodutivos e do escore de condição corporal (ECC) sobre a CFA, assim como, comparar a taxa de concepção entre fêmeas com distintas categorias de CFA submetidas a um protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF). Para tanto, 595 fêmeas Nelore foram submetidas a um protocolo para IATF; no D4 do protocolo, foi determinado o diâmetro ovariano (DOV), a presença de corpo lúteo (CL) e a CFA. As inseminações foram executadas utilizando-se sêmen criopreservado. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado por ultrassonografia. As fêmeas foram dividas conforme a categoria animal, dias pós-parto (DPP), DOV, presença de CL e ECC. De acordo com a média da CFA, sugeriu-se uma categorização da CFA, a qual considerou baixa CFA ≤32, intermediária CFA entre 32 e 48 e alta CFA ≥48 folículos/animal. A categoria animal, os DPP e o ECC não afetaram a CFA dos animais. Entretanto, houve diferença entre a média de CFA na classe com maior DOV em comparação com as demais. A presença de CL influenciou na CFA dos animais. Em relação à fertilidade, não foi demonstrado efeito da CFA sobre a taxa de concepção das fêmeas submetidas à IATF. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a CFA parece ser uma característica intrínseca, mantendo-se constante independente do status fisiológico do animal. Houve uma inter-relação positiva entre o DOV e CFA. A presença de CL influenciou a CFA. No entanto, a CFA não afeta a performance reprodutiva em programas de IATF
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Radwan, A. A. M., M. K. I. M. Satar, N. A. Hassan, and K. U. Rogo. "The Influence of Coal Fly Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 971, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/971/1/012012.
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Abstract Coal is one of the most important sources of energy, providing for over 40% of global electricity generation. Coal fly ash (CFA) is the by-product of thermal generation of energy in coal-fired power plant. CFA has been widely employed in the construction of concrete; however, there are only a few cases in which asphalt pavements have employed coal fly ash. This paper aims to determine the performances of CFA as filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. This study used four CFA contents as filler by weight of aggregate in the dry method, namely CFA-0, CFA-2, CFA-4, and CFA-6. The mixtures were tested for stability, flow, stiffness, moisture damage, and Cantabro loss test. The findings indicated that the stability values of asphalt mixtures containing CFA were higher than conventional mixture. In addition, incorporating CFA also improved resistance towards moisture damage and durability. As a result, it can be inferred that CFA can be employed as filler substitute in HMA mixtures.
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Cui, Xing, Jianwen Shi, Zhilong Ye, Zhaoji Zhang, Bin Xu, and Shaohua Chen. "Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Photocatalytic Activity of Titania Nanosheets on Coal Fly Ash Microspheres." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823078.
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In order to address the problem with titania distribution and recovery, series of Ti0.91O2/CFA photocatalysts (Ti0.91O2/CFA-n,n=2,4,6,and8) were fabricated by assembling Ti0.91O2nanosheets on coal fly ash (CFA) microspheres via the layer-by-layer assembly (LBLA) process and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), N2-sorption, and ultraviolet-visible absorption (UV-vis) techniques. The SEM images and UV-vis spectra illustrated that Ti0.91O2nanosheets were immobilized successfully on the CFA by the LBLA approach and changed the characteristics of CFA noticeably. The photocatalytic activity of Ti0.91O2/CFA was evaluated by the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. The results demonstrated that Ti0.91O2/CFA-6 showed the best photocatalytic activity among the series of Ti0.91O2/CFA irradiated for 60 min, with a decoloration rate above 43%. After photocatalysis, the Ti0.91O2/CFA could be easily separated and recycled from aqueous solution and Ti0.91O2nanosheets were still anchored on the CFA.
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Xu, Qiao, Yan Wei, Xinfeng Zhao, and Hailiang Xu. "Dynamics of Soil Carbon Fractions and Carbon Stability in Relation to Grassland Degradation in Xinjiang, Northwest China." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 5860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105860.
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Grassland degradation usually results in significant shifts in vegetation species composition and plant biomass, thus altering the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stability. Dynamics of labile carbon fractions after grassland degradation were well addressed; however, the changes in stable carbon fractions were poorly quantified. Soil samples at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth were collected from a native grassland (NA), a lightly degraded grassland (LD), a moderately degraded grassland (MD), and a severely degraded grassland (SD) in northwest China to assess the influence of grassland degradation on the total SOC content, four SOC fractions (very labile carbon, CF1; labile carbon, CF2; less labile carbon, CF3; non-labile carbon, CF4), and SOC stability. Compared with the NA, the contents under LD, MD, and SD at 0–20 cm depth reduced by 20.58%, 29.22%, and 64.58% for total SOC, 21.38%, 23.00%, and 63.66% for CF1, 13.81%, 20.58%, and 62.26% for CF2, 24.30%, 35.05%, and 68.63% for CF3, and 22.17%, 38.80%, and 63.82% for CF4, respectively. The linear relationships between the total SOC and the four fractions of CF1, CF2, CF3, and CF4 were significant in this study. The lability index of SOC under the NA, LD, MD, and SD was 1.57, 1.59, 1.67, and 1.57, respectively, and no significant difference was found among the four grasslands. To conclude, grassland degradation changes the contents of total SOC and its labile and stable fractions but did not change the SOC stability in northwest China.
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Banaszkiewicz, Kamil, Tadeusz Marcinkowski, and Iwona Pasiecznik. "Fly Ash as an Ingredient in the Contaminated Soil Stabilization Process." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020565.
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Fly ash is the main by-product of coal combustion characterized by a large specific surface area. In addition to oxides, it also contains unburned coal and trace elements. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using fly ash from pit-coal combustion (CFA) for the treatment of benzene-contaminated soil (S). The CFA was used as a mixture with Portland cement (PC) (70% PC + 30% CFA). The soil was treated with a PC-CFA mixture in amounts of 40, 60, and 80% of soil mass. During the process, the concentration of benzene was monitored with the flame-ionization detector. Produced monoliths (S+(PC-CFA)x) were tested for compressive strength and capillary water absorption. The experiment confirmed that the PC-CFA mixture limited benzene emission. The highest reduction in benzene concentration (34–39%) was observed for samples treated with the PC-CFA mixture in an amount of 80% (S+(PC-CFA)80). The average compressive strength of monoliths S+(PC-CFA)40, S+(PC-CFA)60, and S+(PC-CFA)80 was 0.57, 4.53, and 6.79 MPa, respectively. The water absorption values were in the range of 15–22% dm.
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Cheng, Qian, Xing Yong Liu, and Min Li. "Experimental Study of Modified Coal Fly Ash Adsorption Properties on Ammonia-Nitrogen in Biogas Slurry." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2687.
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With the development of the biogas construction, a plenty of biogas slurry was generated. It brought destruction to the environment for the biogas slurry was rich in nutrient components, especially ammonia-nitrogen. Its important that biogas slurry should be treated before it returns to the environment. The zeolite is extensively used in ammonia-nitrogen adsorption for its good adsorption effect. In this study, a modified coal fly ash (CFA) which was produced from raw CFA and had similar structure with zeolite was used as the adsorbent to adsorb ammonia-nitrogen in biogas slurry. The optimum adsorption conditions of modified CAF on adsorbing ammonia-nitrogen in biogas slurry were explored. The results showed that the best conditions were: the mass of modified CAF 1.3g, the initial pH value of solution 5~7 and the adsorption time 20 min.
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Arciszewska, Żaneta, Sofia Gama, Monika Kalinowska, Grzegorz Świderski, Renata Świsłocka, Ewelina Gołębiewska, Monika Naumowicz, et al. "Caffeic Acid/Eu(III) Complexes: Solution Equilibrium Studies, Structure Characterization and Biological Activity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020888.
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Caffeic acid (CFA) is one of the various natural antioxidants and chemoprotective agents occurring in the human diet. In addition, its metal complexes play fundamental roles in biological systems. Nevertheless, research on the properties of CFA with lanthanide metals is very scarce, and little to no chemical or biological information is known about these particular systems. Most of their properties, including their biological activity and environmental impact, strictly depend on their structure, stability, and solution behaviour. In this work, a multi-analytical-technique approach was used to study these relationships for the Eu(III)/CFA complex. The synthesized metal complex was studied by FT-IR, FT-Raman, elemental, and thermal (TGA) analysis. In order to examine the chemical speciation of the Eu(III)/CFA system in an aqueous solution, several independent potentiometric and spectrophotometric UV-Vis titrations were performed at different M:L (metal:ligand) and pH ratios. The general molecular formula of the synthesized metal complex in the solid state was [Eu(CFA)3(H2O)3]∙2H2O (M:L ratio 1:3), while in aqueous solution the 1:1 species were observed at the optimum pH of 6 ≤ pH ≤ 10, ([Eu(CFA)] and [Eu(CFA)(OH)]−). These results were confirmed by 1H-NMR experiments and electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To evaluate the interaction of Eu(III)/CFA and CFA alone with cell membranes, electrophoretic mobility assays were used. Various antioxidant tests have shown that Eu(III)/CFA exhibits lower antioxidant activity than the free CFA ligand. In addition, the antimicrobial properties of Eu(III)/CFA and CFA against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans were investigated by evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Eu(III)/CFA shows higher antibacterial activity against bacteria compared to CFA, which can be explained by the highly probable increased lipophilicity of the Eu(III) complex.
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Inprasit, Chanya, and Yi-Wen Lin. "TRPV1 Responses in the Cerebellum Lobules V, VIa and VII Using Electroacupuncture Treatment for Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Murine Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093312.
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Inflammatory pain sensation is an important symptom which protects the body against additional tissue damage and promotes healing. Discovering long-term and effective treatments for pain remains crucial in providing efficient healthcare. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a successful therapy used for pain relief. We aimed to investigate effects and mechanisms of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-inducing inflammatory pain in the cerebellum, and the inhibition of this inflammatory hyperalgesia using EA at Zusanli acupoint (ST36). The results display a significant increase in mechanical and thermal sensitivities in the CFA and CFA + SHAM groups, which was significantly reduced in the CFA+EA and CFA + KO groups. This evidence was substantiated in the protein levels observed using immunoblotting, and presented with significant escalations after CFA inducing inflammatory hyperalgesia in CFA and CFA + SHAM groups. Then, they were significantly attenuated by EA in the CFA + EA group. Furthermore, the CFA + transient receptor vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1)−/− group indicated similar significant decreases of protein expression. Additionally, a concomitant overexpression in lobule VIa was also observed in immunofluorescence. These consequences suggest that CFA-induced inflammatory pain provokes modifications in cerebellum lobules V, VIa and VII, which can subsequently be regulated by EA treatment at the ST36 through its action on TRPV1 and related molecular pathways.
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Liaqat, Iram, and Harry Sakellaris. "Biofilm formation and binding specificities of CFA/I, CFA/II and CS2 adhesions of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and CfaE-R181A mutant." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 3 (September 2012): 969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822012000300018.
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McConnell, M. M., M. L. Hibberd, M. E. Penny, S. M. Scotland, T. Cheasty, and B. Rowe. "Surveys of human enterotoxigenicEscherichia colifrom three different geographical areas for possible colonization factors." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 3 (June 1991): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800067522.
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SUMMARYEnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) from Burma, central Africa (Rwanda and Zaire) and Peru, were screened by enzyme-linked immunoassays for the colonization factor antigens (CFAs) and putative colonization factors (PCFs): CFA/I, CFA/II, which consists of three coli surface-associated (CS) antigens, CS1, CS2 and CS3, CFA/III, CFA/IV (CS4, CS5, CS6), CS7, PCFO9, PCFO159.H4, PCFO166, and CS17. The highest proportion of ETEC with identifiable colonization factors (71%) were found in the strains from Burma, which were mainly positive for CFA/I (38%), but strains producing CFA/II (4%), CFA/IV (11%), CS7 (10%), CS17 (4%), PCFO159.H4 (2%) and PCFO166 (2%) were also found. Sixty-nine percent of the ETEC from central Africa were positive for known colonization factors. While CFA/I positive strains were important (12%), a higher number of ETEC producing CFA/IV (33%) and CS17 (24%) were found. Fifty-two percent of the Peruvian strains produced identifiable colonization factors. The largest group of strains produced antigens of the CFA/IV complex (17%), while ETEC producing CFA/II (6%), CFA/III and CS6 (2%), CS7 (6%), PCFO9 (6%), PCFO166 (8%) and CS17 (7%) were also found. These surveys show that there is a considerable variation in the proportions and types of colonization factor found in different geographical areas. From 29 to 48% of the ETEC did not possess an identifiable colonization factor. These were particularly of the LT only producing type. These results have important implications for vaccine formulation.
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Priatmadi, B. J., M. Septiana, R. Mulyawan, and A. R. Saidy. "Increases in pH of acid mine drainage with coal fly-ash application." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 976, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012020.
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Abstract Coal fly-ash (CFA), waste materials resulted from coal processing in power plants, contains oxides that have capability to neutralize hydrogen ions of acid mine drainage (AMD). A batch reactor experiment was conducted by adding different amounts of CFA (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Mg ha−1) to reclaimed mining soils (RMS) to quantify the effect of CFA addition on changes in the pH of AMD. AMD was then flowed into the reactors following the incubation of the mixtures of RMS and CFA for 7 days, and the changes in pH of AMD in the reactors were monitored over 35 days. Results of the study showed pH and specific surface areas (SSA) of soils increased significantly with the addition of CFA. pH of AMD over 35 days also improved with CFA application, in which the degree of pH improvement was controlled by the amounts of added CFA. The addition of CFA <200 Mg ha−1 was not able to result in pH of AMD >6.0, and AMD pH of 6.0 was obtained when the amount of applied CFA reached to 200 Mg ha−1. Increasing pH of AMD is attributed to the CaO and MgO contained in the CFA neutralizing the H+ ions of AMD. Results of the study demonstrate the potential of CFA in remediation of AMD, in particularly in increasing pH of AMD.
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Musyoki, Josephine Kamene, Jayne Mugwe, Kennedy Mutundu, and Mbae Muchiri. "Determinants of Household Decision to Join Community Forest Associations: A Case Study of Kenya." ISRN Forestry 2013 (January 10, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/902325.
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Forests contribute significantly to the livelihoods of forest adjacent communities. Under the Kenya's new Forest Act (2005), community participation in forest conservation is provided for through formation of Community Forest Associations (CFAs). This study focused on Ontukigo and Ngare Ndare CFAs involved in participatory management of Ontulili and Ngare Ndare forests in North Central Kenya. It aimed at identifying household factors associated with decision to participate in PFM and the differences between CFA and non-CFA members in their participation in forest conservation activities. Semi structured questionnaires were administered to randomly selected 80 CFA and 80 non-CFA members. Factors influencing household decision to join CFA included household size (, ), age (, ), number of cows (, ) and sheep (, ) owned by CFA (6.6) and non-CFA (4.2), farm size (, ) and forms of land tenure. Other factors included distance of homestead from forest (, ), sources of fodder (, ), access to forest products (, ), crop land (, ), and awareness of Forest Act 2005 (, ). Participation in forest conservation was positively influenced by CFA membership (, ). Majority of CFA members (80%) participated highly in forest patrol, fire control, tree nurseries, and tree planting activities.
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Lu, Xuhang, Bo Liu, Qian Zhang, Quan Wen, Shuying Wang, Kui Xiao, and Shengen Zhang. "Recycling of Coal Fly Ash in Building Materials: A Review." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010025.
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Coal fly ash (CFA) is a type of solid waste produced in the process of coal combustion, which is rich in silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and a small number of heavy metals and radioactive elements. Therefore, CFA is considered a secondary resource with high recovery value. Currently, CFA is mainly reused in the fields of building materials, mine backfilling, soil conditioners and fertilizers, among which the production of building materials is one of the most important ways to realize large-scale utilization of CFA. This paper introduces the physical and chemical properties, classification and environmental impact of CFA and summarizes the utilization status of CFA in building materials such as cement, concrete, ceramics and geopolymers, as well as the management policy of CFA. In addition, the existing problems in the utilization of CFA as a building material are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed.
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Noh, Ain’ Sabreena Mohd, Tan Dai Chuan, Nurul Ajilah Mohamed Khir, Anani Aila Mat Zin, Anis Kausar Ghazali, Idris Long, Che Badariah Ab Aziz, and Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail. "Effects of different doses of complete Freund’s adjuvant on nociceptive behaviour and inflammatory parameters in polyarthritic rat model mimicking rheumatoid arthritis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): e0260423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260423.
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Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) has been used to develop the arthritic or inflammatory condition in the animal, but there is a lack of information concerning high CFA doses on nociceptive behaviour and inflammatory parameters. This study aimed to compare the effects of different high doses of CFA in rat to closely mimic nociceptive and inflammatory parameters of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): Control (C), CFA-induced polyarthritic groups at 5.0 mg/mL (CFA 5.0), 7.5 mg/mL (CFA 7.5) and 10.0mg/mL (CFA 10.0). The rats’ right hindpaw was inoculated with CFA intradermally and developed into a polyarthritic state within 20 days. Nociceptive behavioural assessments, including von Frey and hot plate tests and spontaneous activities, were conducted on day 0, 7, 15 and 20. Bilateral ankle joints diameter and circumference, full blood count, joints and paw histological examinations were also conducted throughout the study period. Based on the results, CFA 5.0 and CFA 7.5 groups showed a significant increase in spontaneous activities and development of thermal hyperalgesia but no change in body weight and food intake, no development of tactile allodynia and haematological indices, and no significant morphological changes of joints histology. Meanwhile, CFA 10.0 group demonstrated significant and constant changes in all nociceptive and inflammatory parameters investigated. In conclusion, CFA at the dose of 10mg/mL has the most potential and reliable dosage to develop polyarthritis in a rat model to mimic RA condition in humans.
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Ayoola, Oluwagbemiga O., Rahman A. Bolarinwa, Uvie U. Onakpoya, Tewogbade A. Adedeji, Chidiogo C. Onwuka, and Bukunmi M. Idowu. "Intima-media thickness of the common femoral artery as a marker of leg ulceration in sickle cell disease patients." Blood Advances 2, no. 22 (November 19, 2018): 3112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023267.
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Abstract Leg ulceration is a debilitating chronic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) the pathogenesis of which is yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that SCD patients with histories of previous leg ulcers would have intima hyperplasia of the common femoral artery (CFA). We enrolled 44 SCD patients and 33 age-matched and sex-matched controls with hemoglobin AA. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and sonographic intima-media thickness (IMT) of the CFA were determined. The median CFA IMT in SCD limbs with history of leg ulcers (SWLU) was 1.0 mm, whereas it was 0.7 mm in SCD limbs with no history of leg ulcer (SNLU) and 0.60 mm in controls (P < .001). Among the SNLU, 70.3% had CFA IMT <0.9 mm, whereas only 29.7% had CFA IMT ≥0.9 mm. Conversely, only 20.8% of SWLU had CFA IMT <0.9 mm, whereas the remaining 79.2% had CFA IMT ≥0.9 mm. All the controls had CFA IMT <0.9 mm. Binary logistic regression to determine the odds of having leg ulcer among SCD limbs with CFA IMT of ≥0.9 mm yielded an odds ratio of 9, indicating that SCD limbs with CFA IMT ≥0.9 mm had a 9 times greater risk of having leg ulcer compared with those with CFA IMT <0.9 mm. There is a significant increase in the CFA IMT of SCD limbs with ulcer compared with controls and SCD limbs without ulcer, suggesting that arterial vasculopathy plays a major role in the formation of these ulcers.
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Stojkovic, Ana, Ivana Shopovska, Hiep Luong, Jan Aelterman, Ljubomir Jovanov, and Wilfried Philips. "The Effect of the Color Filter Array Layout Choice on State-of-the-Art Demosaicing." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143215.
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Interpolation from a Color Filter Array (CFA) is the most common method for obtaining full color image data. Its success relies on the smart combination of a CFA and a demosaicing algorithm. Demosaicing on the one hand has been extensively studied. Algorithmic development in the past 20 years ranges from simple linear interpolation to modern neural-network-based (NN) approaches that encode the prior knowledge of millions of training images to fill in missing data in an inconspicious way. CFA design, on the other hand, is less well studied, although still recognized to strongly impact demosaicing performance. This is because demosaicing algorithms are typically limited to one particular CFA pattern, impeding straightforward CFA comparison. This is starting to change with newer classes of demosaicing that may be considered generic or CFA-agnostic. In this study, by comparing performance of two state-of-the-art generic algorithms, we evaluate the potential of modern CFA-demosaicing. We test the hypothesis that, with the increasing power of NN-based demosaicing, the influence of optimal CFA design on system performance decreases. This hypothesis is supported with the experimental results. Such a finding would herald the possibility of relaxing CFA requirements, providing more freedom in the CFA design choice and producing high-quality cameras.
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Kwan, Chiman, Jude Larkin, and Bulent Ayhan. "Demosaicing of CFA 3.0 with Applications to Low Lighting Images." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 3423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123423.
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Low lighting images usually contain Poisson noise, which is pixel amplitude-dependent. More panchromatic or white pixels in a color filter array (CFA) are believed to help the demosaicing performance in dark environments. In this paper, we first introduce a CFA pattern known as CFA 3.0 that has 75% white pixels, 12.5% green pixels, and 6.25% of red and blue pixels. We then present algorithms to demosaic this CFA, and demonstrate its performance for normal and low lighting images. In addition, a comparative study was performed to evaluate the demosaicing performance of three CFAs, namely the Bayer pattern (CFA 1.0), the Kodak CFA 2.0, and the proposed CFA 3.0. Using a clean Kodak dataset with 12 images, we emulated low lighting conditions by introducing Poisson noise into the clean images. In our experiments, normal and low lighting images were used. For the low lighting conditions, images with signal-to-noise (SNR) of 10 dBs and 20 dBs were studied. We observed that the demosaicing performance in low lighting conditions was improved when there are more white pixels. Moreover, denoising can further enhance the demosaicing performance for all CFAs. The most important finding is that CFA 3.0 performs better than CFA 1.0, but is slightly inferior to CFA 2.0, in low lighting images.
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Krueckeberg, Suzanne M., Kathy A. Kapp-Simon, and Sheila C. Ribordy. "Social Skills of Preschoolers with and without Craniofacial Anomalies." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 30, no. 5 (September 1993): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1993_030_0475_ssopwa_2.3.co_2.
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The study compared the social skills of preschoolers with and without craniofacial anomalies (CFA). Fifty-two children completed self-perception and facial expression tasks and a social skills interview. Parents and teachers also rated the children's social skills. Children with CFA gave less friendly responses to hypothetical social situations and were rated as less attractive by graduate students. Girls with CFA reported above average self-perceptions. Parents and teachers rated the children with CFA as having a level of social skills equal to the children without CFA. Different factors were predictive of level of social skills for CFA and control children.
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Alrisi, Nada, and Fatma AL-Badi. "Child-Friendly Authentication (CFA)." International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinaries: Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 58–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54938/ijemdcsai.2022.01.1.70.
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A child-friendly authentication system that uses graphic images is an excellent solution to avoid potential electronic risks to children from attackers. This report provides a summary of building a child-friendly authentication system by replacing the traditional text-based authentication method with an image-based authentication method. Where some studies and authors’ research have presented the benefits of using images as passwords and that it is considered the best compared to the text password, on the grounds that the human mind has more ability to remember images faster than text. In addition, this report included some of the applications and examples of using this technology in advance for adults. This report covered many critical points related to building a graphical authentication system for children. The results of previous research have added valuable information to this report. Finally, this report contains the challenges we may encounter while applying this technique, and how to avoid them.
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Parpaillon, Hervé. "Parcours philosophiques en CFA." Spirale. Revue de recherches en éducation 35, no. 1 (2005): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/spira.2005.1343.
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Sullivan, Rodney N. "Response from CFA Institute." Financial Analysts Journal 64, no. 6 (November 2008): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v64.n6.4.
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Kyriazos, Theodoros A. "Applied Psychometrics: The Application of CFA to Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices (CFA-MTMM)." Psychology 09, no. 12 (2018): 2625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.912150.
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Chang, Ying-Ying, Johannes Eichel, and John E. Cronan. "Metabolic Instability of Escherichia coli Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthase Is Due to RpoH-Dependent Proteolysis." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 4288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.15.4288-4294.2000.
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ABSTRACT Cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) are generally synthesized as bacterial cultures enter stationary phase. In Escherichia coli, the onset of CFA synthesis results from increased transcription of cfa, the gene encoding CFA synthase. However, the increased level of CFA synthase activity is transient; the activity quickly declines to the basal level. We report that the loss of CFA activity is due to proteolytic degradation dependent on expression of the heat shock regulon. CFA synthase degradation is unaffected by mutations in the lon, clpP, andgroEL genes or by depletion of the intracellular ATP pools. It seems likely that CFA synthase is the target of an unidentified energy-independent heat shock regulon protease. This seems to be the first example of heat shock-dependent degradation of a normal biosynthetic enzyme.
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Borowitz, Drucy, Michael W. Konstan, Anna O'Rourke, Morty Cohen, Leslie Hendeles, and Frederick T. Murray. "Coefficients of Fat and Nitrogen Absorption in Healthy Subjects and Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-12.1.47.
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BACKGROUND We sought to compare the differences of coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) and coefficient of nitrogen absorption (CNA) in healthy individuals and those with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to study the precision of CFA and CNA. METHODS Sixteen healthy and 23 subjects with CF and pancreatic insufficiency ate a high-fat, high-protein diet for 72 hours; stool was collected between blue food dye markers to determine CFA and CNA. Subjects with CF withheld pancreatic enzymes. Tests were repeated on 5 of the CF and 10 of the healthy subjects. RESULTS In healthy subjects, mean CFA was 93.5% ± 2.7%; mean CNA was 88.1% ± 5%. Median test-retest in 10 healthy subjects was +0.7% CFA (range, −8.1% to + 5.9%) and +0.9% CNA (range, −14.6% to +6.8%). For subjects with CF, mean CFA was 38.5% ± 14.7% and mean CNA was 52.2% ± 11.4%. Median test-retest change in 5 subjects with CF was −6.9% CFA (range, −19.7% to +42.8%) and +14.7% CNA (range, −6.4% to +42.8%). CONCLUSIONS CFA and CNA have inconsistent precision in CF. The limitations of CFA as a measure of steatorrhea correction in CF should be recognized in studies of pancreatic enzyme supplements.
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Jeon, Gwang Gil. "Efficient Color Configurations for Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.319.
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mageries are acquired by digital cameras using a single sensor covered with a color filter array (CFA). The most generally employed CFA pattern is Bayer CFA. Therefore in the acquired CFA imagery, each pixel includes only one of three colors: they are red, green, and blue. This CFA color interpolation methods reconstruct losing color information of the other two primary colors for every single pixel. In a single pair of Bayer CFA, there are two green pixels and one red pixel and one blue pixel. In this paper, we interchanged green pixel with other colors. The performance comparison is shown in Experimental results section.
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Lawson, Matthew J., Zoe C. Prytherch, Tim P. Jones, Rachel A. Adams, and Kelly A. BéruBé. "Iron-Rich Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Particles Induce Apoptosis in Human Bronchial Cells." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 8368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238368.
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Svalbard is an arctic archipelago where coal mining generates all electricity via the local coal-fired power station. Coal combustion produces a waste product in the form of particulate matter (PM) coal fly ash (CFA), derived from incombustible minerals present in the feed coal. PM ≤10 µm (diameter) may be “inhaled” into the human respiratory system, and particles ≤2.5 µm may enter the distal alveoli to disrupt normal pulmonary functions and trigger disease pathways. This study discovered that Svalbard CFA contained unusually high levels of iron-rich magnetic minerals that induced adverse effects upon human lungs cells. Iron is a well-characterised driver of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a driving force for cell death and disease. CFA physicochemical characterisation showed non-uniform particle morphologies indicative of coal burnt at inefficient combustion temperatures. The bioreactivity (ROS generation) of PM2.5/10 fractions was measured using plasmid scission assay (PSA, DNA damage) and haemolysis assays (erythrocyte lysis), with PM2.5 CFA showing significant bioreactivity. CFA leached in mild acid caused a significant increase in toxicity, which could occur in CFA waste-stores. The CFA and leachates were exposed to a surrogate model of human bronchial epithelia that confirmed that CFA induced apoptosis in bronchial cells. This study shows that CFA containing magnetic iron-rich minerals mediated adverse reactions in the human lung, and thus CFA should be considered to be an environmental inhalation hazard.
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Zhang, Xu-Jie, Ya-Qin Zhong, Zi-You Ma, Ya-Zhen Hu, Jian-Guo Su, and Yong-An Zhang. "Insights into the Antibacterial Properties of Complement Peptides C3a, C4a, and C5a across Vertebrates." Journal of Immunology 209, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2101019.
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Abstract Complement peptides C3a, C4a, and C5a are important components of innate immunity in vertebrates. Although they diverged from a common ancestor, only C3a and C4a can act as antibacterial peptides in Homo sapiens, suggesting that C5a has evolved into a purely chemotactic molecule; however, the antibacterial properties of C3a, C4a, and C5a across vertebrates still require elucidation. In this article, we show that, unlike those in H. sapiens, Mus musculus C3a, C4a, and C5a all possess antibacterial activities, implying that the antibacterial properties of C3a, C4a, and C5a have evolved divergently in vertebrates. The extremely different net charge, a key factor determining the antibacterial activities of cationic antimicrobial peptides, of vertebrate C3a, C4a, and C5a supports this speculation. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of overlapping peptides covering vertebrate C3a, C4a, and C5a further strongly supports the speculation, because their activity is positively correlated with the net charge of source molecules. Notably, the structures of C3a, C4a, and C5a are conserved in vertebrates, and the inactive overlapping peptides can become antibacterial peptides if mutated to possess enough net positive charges, indicating that net charge is the only factor determining the antibacterial properties of vertebrate C3a, C4a, and C5a. More importantly, many vertebrate C3a-, C4a-, and C5a-derived peptides possess high antibacterial activities yet exhibit no hemolytic activities, suggesting the application potential in anti-infective therapy. Taken together, our findings reveal that vertebrate C3a, C4a, and C5a are all sources of antibacterial peptides that will facilitate the design of excellent peptide antibiotics.
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Zhao, Yinsuo, Lucia A. Hindorff, Amy Chuang, Melanie Monroe-Augustus, Michael Lyristis, Mary L. Harrison, Frederick B. Rudolph, and George N. Bennett. "Expression of a Cloned Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthase Gene Reduces Solvent Formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2831-2841.2003.
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ABSTRACT The cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene (cfa) of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was cloned and overexpressed under the control of the clostridial ptb promoter. The function of the cfa gene was confirmed by complementation of an Escherichia coli cfa-deficient strain in terms of fatty acid composition and growth rate under solvent stress. Constructs expressing cfa were introduced into C. acetobutylicum hosts and cultured in rich glucose broth in static flasks without pH control. Overexpression of the cfa gene in the wild type and in a butyrate kinase-deficient strain increased the cyclopropane fatty acid content of early-log-phase cells as well as initial acid and butanol resistance. However, solvent production in the cfa-overexpressing strain was considerably decreased, while acetate and butyrate levels remained high. The findings suggest that overexpression of cfa results in changes in membrane properties that dampen the full induction of solventogenesis. The overexpression of a marR homologous gene preceding the cfa gene in the clostridial genome resulted in reduced cyclopropane fatty acid accumulation.
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Cocchi, Marco, Doina De Angelis, Leone Mazzeo, Piergianni Nardozi, Vincenzo Piemonte, Riccardo Tuffi, and Stefano Vecchio Ciprioti. "Catalytic Pyrolysis of a Residual Plastic Waste Using Zeolites Produced by Coal Fly Ash." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101113.
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The plastic film residue (PFR) of a plastic waste recycling process was selected as pyrolysis feed. Both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis experiments were performed and coal fly ash (CFA) and X zeolites synthesized from CFA (X/CFA) were used as pyrolysis catalysts. The main goal is to study the effect of low-cost catalysts on yields and quality of pyrolysis oils. NaX/CFA, obtained using the fusion/hydrothermal method, underwent ion exchange followed by calcination in order to produce HX/CFA. Firstly, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG and DSC, respectively) analyses evaluated the effect of catalysts on the PFR degradation temperature and the process energy demand. Subsequently, pyrolysis was carried out in a bench scale reactor adopting the liquid-phase contact mode. HX/CFA and NaX/CFA reduced the degradation temperature of PFR from 753 to 680 and 744 K, respectively, while the degradation energy from 2.27 to 1.47 and 2.07 MJkg−1, respectively. Pyrolysis runs showed that the highest oil yield (44 wt %) was obtained by HX/CFA, while the main products obtained by thermal pyrolysis were wax and tar. Furthermore, up to 70% of HX/CFA oil was composed by gasoline range hydrocarbons. Finally, the produced gases showed a combustion energy up to 8 times higher than the pyrolysis energy needs.
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Yang, Yu Fen, Guo Sheng Gai, Xiang Yang Hao, and Q. R. Chen. "Surface Nano-Particle Coating of Fly Ash." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2100.
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The purpose of the work is to investigate the problems associated with utilization of purified fly ash (PFA) as filler in polymer. The goal is to expand the application field of fly ash. The wet-collected fly ash used in this study was sampled from Huaneng Dezhou Power Plant. Preparation of PFA and composite fly ash (CFA) with nano-structured surface was described in detail. Experimental results show that CFA with rough surface and high whiteness-value had successfully been prepared in Ca(OH)2-H2O-CO2 system. The specific surface area of CFA was thrice or above higher than that of PFA with 2.86 m2·g-1. The whiteness-value of CFA was increased to the range from 63.67 to 73.13 which is more double than that of PFA with 33.54. Filling tests show that the mechanical properties of CFA/PE(polyethylene) composites are superior to these of PFA/PE composites at the same filling ratio of 30/100. This means that change of CFA surface morphology increases contacting opportunities between CFA and polymer matrix and improve the matching state between them when CFA is blended with PE. The results show that CFA as filler appears to have good application, and yet, little serious research has been conducted in the field.
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Yang, Kai, Zejun Tang, and Jianzhang Feng. "Coal Fly Ash and Polyacrylamide Influence Transport and Redistribution of Soil Nitrogen in a Sandy Sloping Land." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010047.
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Sandy soils are prone to nutrient losses, and consequently do not have as much as agricultural productivity as other soils. In this study, coal fly ash (CFA) and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) granules were used as a sandy soil amendment. The two additives were incorporated to the sandy soil layer (depth of 0.2 m, slope gradient of 10°) at three CFA dosages and two PAM dosages. Urea was applied uniformly onto the low-nitrogen (N) soil surface prior to the simulated rainfall experiment (rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min). The results showed that compared with no addition of CFA and PAM, the addition of CFA and/or PAM caused some increases in the cumulative NO3−-N and NH4+-N losses with surface runoff; when the rainfall event ended, 15% CFA alone treatment and 0.01–0.02% PAM alone treatment resulted in small but significant increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NO3−-N concentration (p < 0.05), meanwhile 10% CFA + 0.01% PAM treatment and 15% CFA alone treatment resulted in nonsignificant small increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NH4+-N concentration (p > 0.05). After the rainfall event, both CFA and PAM alone treatments increased the concentrations of NO3−-N and NH4+-N retained in the sandy soil layer compared with the unamended soil. As the CFA and PAM co-application rates increased, the additive effect of CFA and PAM on improving the nutrient retention of sandy soil increased.
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Yang, Kai, Zejun Tang, and Jianzhang Feng. "Coal Fly Ash and Polyacrylamide Influence Transport and Redistribution of Soil Nitrogen in a Sandy Sloping Land." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010047.
Full textAbstract:
Sandy soils are prone to nutrient losses, and consequently do not have as much as agricultural productivity as other soils. In this study, coal fly ash (CFA) and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) granules were used as a sandy soil amendment. The two additives were incorporated to the sandy soil layer (depth of 0.2 m, slope gradient of 10°) at three CFA dosages and two PAM dosages. Urea was applied uniformly onto the low-nitrogen (N) soil surface prior to the simulated rainfall experiment (rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min). The results showed that compared with no addition of CFA and PAM, the addition of CFA and/or PAM caused some increases in the cumulative NO3−-N and NH4+-N losses with surface runoff; when the rainfall event ended, 15% CFA alone treatment and 0.01–0.02% PAM alone treatment resulted in small but significant increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NO3−-N concentration (p < 0.05), meanwhile 10% CFA + 0.01% PAM treatment and 15% CFA alone treatment resulted in nonsignificant small increases in the cumulative runoff-associated NH4+-N concentration (p > 0.05). After the rainfall event, both CFA and PAM alone treatments increased the concentrations of NO3−-N and NH4+-N retained in the sandy soil layer compared with the unamended soil. As the CFA and PAM co-application rates increased, the additive effect of CFA and PAM on improving the nutrient retention of sandy soil increased.