Relevant bibliographies by topics / CGAP

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'CGAP'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "CGAP"

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Bastiaensen, Johan, and Guy Delmelle. "El desafío de las finanzas rurales en Nicaragua y Centroamérica." Revista Trace, no. 52 (July 6, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.52.2007.342.

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En la última versión del “Libro rosado” del Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP 2004) se elaboró una síntesis actualizada de las “buenas prácticas” en materia de microfinanzas para guiar las políticas de los donantes. En este documento-guía, el CGAP reconoce que el tema de las finanzas rurales es todavía un área de frontera, es decir, un área donde faltan suficientes experiencias exitosas para poder elaborar prácticas generalizadas (CGAP 2004: VI). Ni el CGAP ni tampoco esta contribución, serán capaces de generar una versión de las “lecciones aprendidas” en materia de los mercados financieros rurales. Sin embargo, los autores afirman que en Centroamérica existen algunas experiencias exitosas y prometedoras que permiten identificar algunas lecciones y pistas para la reflexión. Este diagnóstico se enfocará primordialmente en Nicaragua, debido al acceso directo que dichos investigadores tienen con este país. Cuando sea posible, se intentará incluir referencias amplias al ámbito centroamericano.Abstract: The last version of the so called “Pink Book” of the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP 2004) elaborated a recent synthesized version of the “good practice guidelines” in terms of micro financial management in order to guide donor’s policy. In this paper/guide, CGAP acknowledges that the main subject in rural finance still is a borderline, that is, an area where there is no sufficient successful experiences in order to be able to construct general practice guidelines (CGAP 2004: VI). Neither does CGAP nor this essay, will be able to consolidate another version of the “lessons learned” in terms of rural financial markets. Nonetheless, the authors state that some successful and promising experiences exist in Central America, which allow identifying some lessons learned as well as some clues worth thinking of. The present diagnosis will focus mainly in Nicaragua, due to direct access on behalf of the researchers. When possible, ample references to central American environment will be included.Résumé : La dernière version du “Livre rose” du Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP 2004), a récemment présenté une version synthétisée de « conseils de bons usages » en terme d’organisation de micro finances pour aider les donateurs dans l’orientation de leurs politiques. Dans ce document, le CGAP reconnaît que le thème principal des finances rurales reste frontalier, c’est-àdire une zone où la rareté des expériences réussies ne permet pas de mettre en place des pratiques généralisées (CGAP 2004: VI). Ni le CGAP ni ce texte, ne seront capables de renforcer une nouvelle version des « leçons apprises » en termes de marchés financiers ruraux. Cependant les auteurs affirment que quelques expériences réussies et prometteuses existent en Amérique centrale, permettant ainsi d’identifier les leçons apprises et les indices méritant la réflexion. L’ étude présente traitera principalement du Nicaragua car les chercheurs concernés ont des contacts directs avec ce pays. Chaque fois que possible nous tenterons d’y intégrer d’amples références au milieu centraméricain.
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Jiang, Zhengfan. "Identification and characterization of phosphodiesterases that specifically degrade 3’3’-cyclic GMP-AMP (INM2P.358)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 126.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.126.11.

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Abstract Cyclic di-nucleotides act as intracellular second messengers, modulating a variety of cellular activities including innate immune activation. Whereas phosphodiesterases (PDEs) hydrolyzing c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP have been identified, no PDEs for cGAMPs have been reported. Here we identified the first three cGAMP specific PDEs in V. cholerae (herein designated V-cGAP1/2/3 respectively). V-cGAPs belong to HD-GYP domain containing proteins, and specifically break 3’3’-cGAMP, but not other forms of cGAMP. 3’3’-cGAMP was linearized to 5’-pApG by all three PDEs, and was further hydrolyzed to 5’-ApG by V-cGAP1, which functions as both a phosphodiesterase and a 5’-nucleotidase. In vivo experiments demonstrated that V-cGAPs play non-redundant roles in cGAMP degradation. The high specificity of V-cGAPs on 3’3’-cGAMP suggests the existence of specified PDEs for other cGAMPs, including 2’3’-cGAMP in mammalian cells; and the absolute requirement of GYP motif for 3’3’-cGAMP degradation indicates that HD-domain containing PDEs in eukaryotes are probably not able to hydrolyze cGAMPs. The fact that all V-cGAPs attack 3’3’-cGAMP on one specific phosphodiester bond suggests that PDEs for other cGAMPs would utilize the similar strategy. These results will provide valuable information to search for and characterize the mammalian 2’3’-cGAMP-specific PDEs in future studies.
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LÊ VĂN, LUYỆN. "Identifying an Optimal Lending Rate for the Sustainable Development of Microfinance Institutions in Vietnam." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 217 (July 1, 2013): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2013.217.03.

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The paper discusses methods of identifying the optimal lending rate for microfinance institutions and focuses on the application of internationally-acclaimed CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) model to identifying the lending rate for microfinance institutions. The paper also aims at providing a scientific overview that may help readers understand microfinance institutions, their operations in Vietnam and ways of applying CGAP lending rate identification model to local conditions and offer one more option to policy makers and other institutions. The research employs quantitative methods and data presented by M7 group at the workshop ?Identification of Sustainable Interest Rate for Microfinance Institutions? held in H? N?i in March 2012.
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Wallbrink, Chris, and Wei Ping Hu. "Development of CGAP for Fatigue Damage and Crack Growth Analysis: Verification, Validation and Examples of Application." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.702.

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A computer program for fatigue life and crack growth analysis, entitled CGAP, has been developed at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation in support of the aircraft structural life assessment programs of the Australian Defence Force. The key objectives in developing this software platform were to provide a flexible, robust, economical, adaptable, and well verified and validated fatigue analysis tool. CGAP provides advanced capabilities for crack growth analyses, including crack growth in notch-affected plastic zones, and for probabilistic crack growth analyses. It also provides seamless interface to third-party models, such as FASTRAN and FAMS, enabling easy benchmarking against and collaborating with international partners. This paper summarises some of the recent developments in analytical and numerical fatigue damage and crack growth modelling, with emphasis on software verification and validation. Examples will be presented to illustrate its application.
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Rina Oktaviani, Carunia M. Firdausy, Yani Mulyaningsih, Nunung Nuryantono. "Trade-off Antara Kesinambungan Keuangan dan Jangkauan Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah di Perdesaan Jawa Barat." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 20, no. 1 (2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v20i1.180.

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Sebagaimana lembaga keuangan mikro konvensional, Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Syariah (LKMS), diharapkan dapat memfokuskan layanannya kepada rumah tangga miskin. Layanan bagi rumah tangga miskin menyebabkan biaya operasi lembaga yang tinggi, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan konflik dengan keberlanjutan keuangan. Tulisan ini menganalisis keberlanjutan dan jangkauan layanan LKMS untuk menunjukkan ada trade-off antara keduanya. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah stochastic frontier approach (SFA) untuk menganalisis keberlanjutan dan model Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (CGAP) untuk menganalisis jangkauan layanan LKMS. Hasil estimasi dengan SFA menunjukkan seluruh LKMS efisien. Model CGAP menunjukkan bahwa jangkauan layanananya lebih difokuskan kepada rumah tangga tani yang relatif sejahtera. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa ketika LKMS dituntut untuk efisien supaya berkelanjutan maka jangkauan layanannya beralih kepada rumahtangga tani yang relatif sejahtera (fenomena trade-off). Untuk mengatasi trade-off antara keberlanjutan dan jangkauan layanan bagi rumah tangga miskin diperlukan sinerji antara LKMS dengan pemerintah dan lembaga-lembaga sosial lainnya.
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Chen, Yaoliang, Ji Hong, Wanyun Cui, et al. "CGAP-Align: A High Performance DNA Short Read Alignment Tool." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (2013): e61033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061033.

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Elsafi, Mustafa Hassan, Elsadig Musa Ahmed, and Santhi Ramanathan. "Assessing the Sudanese microfinance institutions performance via a modified CGAP model." International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 28, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbir.2022.123002.

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Cheng, Jinkui, Xu Zeng, Guomin Ren, and Zhihua Liu. "CGAP: a new comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes." BMC Bioinformatics 14, no. 1 (2013): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-14-95.

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Munawaroh, Fauziyatul, Aisyah Amanda Hanif, Asri Ragil Kemuning, Iffa Mutmainah, Yenny Rachmawati, and Naufal Muharam Nurdin. "Efek Asam Klorogenat pada Ekspresi Mrna IL-6 dan CD86 Lobus Frontal Tikus Model Diabetes Mellitus." Plexus Medical Journal 3, no. 4 (2024): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/plexus.v3i4.1815.

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Pendahuluan: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) merupakan penyakit kronik dengan berbagai komplikasi, salah satunya yaitu Encephalopati Diabetikum (ED). Hiperglikemia pada DM akan mengakibatkan neuroinflamasi melalui jalur M1 proinflamatorik. Beberapa agen proinflamatori akan meningkat dengan aktifnya jalur ini, seperti IL-6. Neuroglia kemudian teraktivasi dan mengekspresikan CD86 pada membran sel. Asam klorogenat (CGA) merupakan senyawa polyphenol pada kopi yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperjelas efek CGA pada aktivasi mikroglia jalur M1 dengan melihat ekspresi mRNA IL-6 dan CD86 pada lobus frontal tikus dengan model DM. Metode: 24 ekor tikus jantan secara acak dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yaitu : kontrol, DM 1,5 bulan dan DM 2 bulan, dan kelompok dengan pemberian CGA dengan tiga dosis berbeda (CGA1, CGA2, CGA3). Jaringan lobus frontal diambil untuk analisa ekspresi mRNA IL-6 dan CD86 menggunakan RT-PCR. Hasil: Ekspresi mRNA IL-6 lobus frontal berbeda signifikan antara kelompok kontrol dengan DM1,5 (p=0.010); kontrol dengan DM2 (p=0.001); kelompok DM2 dengan CGA2 (p=0.028). Ekspresi mRNA CD86 lobus frontal trdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok kontrol dengan semua kelompok DM, baik dengan CGA atau tanpa CGA (p<0.05). Kelompok DM2 berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok CGA2 (p=0.000) dan kelompok CGA3 (p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Ekspresi mRNA penanda jaras proinflamatorik M1 (IL-6 dan CD86) pada neuroinflamasi lobus frontal akibat DM lebih rendah setelah pemberian CGA dengan dosis 25 mg/KgBB.
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Miquel Hernández, Montserrat, and Angelica Cazarín Martínez. "Las Juntas Auxiliares en Puebla y los Distritos de la ciudad de Madrid: la desconcentración como una alternativa de gestión municipal." Cuadernos de Gobierno y Administración Pública 6, no. 2 (2019): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cgap.63063.

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El objetivo de este artículo es contrastar la organización de las Juntas Auxiliares en el municipio de Puebla con los distritos del ayuntamiento de Madrid, y con ello determinar los efectos de estos órganos desconcentrados en la gobernanza y gobernabilidad, estableciendo la organización de los distritos en Madrid como referente para analizar la reforma en materia de juntas auxiliares en el municipio de Puebla. Las juntas y los distritos son órganos desconcentrados del municipio; sin embargo, es relevante establecer las diferencias en funciones y en organización que tienen, puesto que ambos órganos de gestión se encuentran en un proceso de cambio: los distritos en busca de mayor autonomía y en miras de una descentralización política; y las juntas dejaron de ser órganos de gobierno y con ello perdieron autonomía. La metodología utilizada es la revisión teórica de los conceptos clave de este trabajo; la contrastación del marco jurídico que da forma a ambos órganos administrativos y la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 12 presidentes auxiliares del municipio de puebla y a 6 concejales de distrito de la ciudad de Madrid, se realizaron con el fin de conocer la percepción de la autoridad local de los procesos de descentralización y desconcentración política.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CGAP"

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Ferreira, Joana Filipa Dias. "The role of STING on peroxisome-dependent signalling." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21999.

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Mestrado em Biomedicina Molecular<br>Viruses are recognized by several cellular sensors from the innate immune system, activating signalling cascades which result in the production of interferons and other cytokines that affect the virus life cycle and hinder spreading to other cells. Although the RIG-I/MAVS and the STING pathways are assumed to signal, respectively, for RNA and DNA viruses, there is still some controversy on how these pathways interact with and influence each other. The interaction between STING and MAVS, previously reported to take place at mitochondria, supports a crosslink between these pathways. Our group has recently demonstrated that STING is also able to interact with the peroxisomal MAVS. With this work we aimed at studying in more detail the interplay between the STING pathway and the peroxisomal RIG-I/MAVS pathway. One of our approaches involved the knock-down of STING and stimulation of the RIGI/ MAVS pathway in cells that contained MAVS solely at peroxisomes, in order to study the importance of STING for the establishment of an effective peroxisome-dependent antiviral response. In parallel, we activated STING by transfecting 2’3’-cGAMP with the objective of performing RT-qPCR analysis of the peroxisome-dependent production of cytokines. The studies initiated with this thesis will contribute to the unravelling of the interplay between the STING pathways and the peroxisomal-dependent RIG-I/MAVS signalling.<br>Os vírus são reconhecidos por vários sensores do sistema imunitário inato, responsáveis pela ativação de cascatas de sinalização que levam à produção de interferões e citoquinas, impedindo o ciclo viral e a propagação da infeção às células vizinhas. Apesar de a via da RIG-I/MAVS e da STING serem respetivamente responsáveis pelo reconhecimento de vírus de ARN e ADN, existe ainda alguma controvérsia sobre como estas duas vias interagem. A interação entre a STING e a MAVS, anteriormente reportada nas mitocôndrias, sugere uma interligação entre as duas vias. O nosso grupo demonstrou recentemente que existe também uma interação entre a STING e a MAVS peroxisomal. Neste trabalho, o nosso objetivo consistiu em estudar a interligação entre a via da STING e a via RIG-I/MAVS peroxisomal. Começamos por silenciar a STING e a estimular a via RIG-I/MAVS numa linha celular que contem MAVS apenas nos peroxissomas, para estudar a influência da STING na resposta antiviral dependente dos peroxissomas. Por outro lado, tentamos ativar a STING através da transfeção da molécula 2’3’-cGAMP com o objetivo de analisar a produção de citoquinas e interferões dependentes da via peroxissomal por RT-qPCR. As experiências apresentadas nesta tese irão certamente contribuir para desvendar a interligação entre a via da STING e a via RIG-I/MAVS dependente dos peroxissomas.
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Kotera, Jun. "Studies on Characterization and Tissue Distribution of cGMP-binding cGMP-specific Phosphodiesterase." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181074.

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Müllershausen, Florian. "Desensitisierung der NO/cGMP-vermittelten Signaltransduktion." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968309941.

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Voß, Ulrike. "Immunhistochemische Lokalisation der cGMP-stimulierten Phosphodiesterase /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/243260539.pdf.

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Tian, Yuehui [Verfasser], and Georg [Gutachter] Nagel. "Characterization of novel rhodopsins with light-regulated cGMP production or cGMP degradation / Yuehui Tian ; Gutachter: Georg Nagel." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194836224/34.

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Yamahara, Kenichi. "Significance and therapeutic potential of the natriuretic peptides/cGMP/cGMP-depnendent protein kinase pathway in vascular regeneration." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147491.

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Santos, Paulo Gonçalo Pinto dos. "Expressão e distribuição de CGRP, VEGF e TGF-β na gengiva dos dentes de ratos com periodontite induzida por ligadura: aspectos imunohistoquímicos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2233.

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No momento em que há a agressão tecidual e a defesa inata é deflagrada, mediadores químicos são liberados no local afetado. Esses mediadores podem ser de origem celular tais como CGRP, VEGF e TGFß. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar a expressão e distribuição de CGRP, TGFß e VEGF na gengiva do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo de rato no 7 e 14 dias após a indução por ligadura; a expressão e distribuição de CGRP, TGFß e VEGF na gengiva do dente contralateral correspondente sem ligadura, no 7 e 14 dias, e se a indução da periodontite por ligadura no dente experimental provoca uma inflamação na gengiva do dente contralateral correspondente no 7 e 14 dias após a ligadura. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram selecionados 15 ratos Rattus Novergicus, Albinus, Wistar. O grupo experimental de 12 ratos foi dividido em 2 subgrupos compostos por 6 ratos cada um deles distribuídos da seguinte maneira: os do subgrupo A1 permaneceram com a ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo por 7 dias e foram sacrificados; os do subgrupo A-2 -permaneceram com a ligadura no primeiro molar inferior esquerdo por 14 dias e foram sacrificados. Outros três animais constituíram o grupo controle. Após o sacrifício dos 12 animais dos grupos experimentais e controle suas mandíbulas foram colocadas em ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) neutro para sofrerem descalcificação. Então foram processadas para inclusão em parafina e os cortes histológicos foram corados pela hematoxilina-eosina e submetidos à técnica imunohistoquímica para imunomarcação de CGRP, VEGF e TGFß. Aos 7 dias de ligadura observou-se na lâmina própria gengival, epitélio juncional e epitélio oral, expressiva marcação para CGRP. A expressão de VEGF foi intensa na lamina própria e com pouca ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. O TGFß apresentou pouca marcação na lâmina própria ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. Aos 14 dias de ligadura houve expressiva marcação de CGRP na lâmina própria, epitélios oral e juncional. O VEGF e o TGFß apresentaram muita marcação na lâmina própria e pouca ou nenhuma marcação no epitélio oral e juncional. Na gengiva dos dentes contralaterais nos 7 e 14 dias houve pouca marcação do CGRP do TGFß na lâmina própria e muita marcação do VEGF. Na gengiva dos dentes controle observou-se muita marcação do CGRP no epitélio juncional e oral e na lâmina própria. O TGFß e o VEGF se expressaram muito pouco ou não se expressaram. Devido à marcação expressiva do VEGF na lâmina própria dos dentes contralaterais, permanece inconclusiva a adequação do uso dos dentes contralaterais nos estudos experimentais das doenças periodontais, embora a expressão de TGFß e CGRP tenham sido menores nestes dentes. A maior marcação do CGRP, VEGF e TGFß nos animais com 14 dias de ligadura do que aos 7 dias demonstra a progressão do processo inflamatório crônico, não se observando processo de reparação cicatricial.<br>At the time of the tissue aggression the innate defense is triggered and the chemical mediators are released in the affected site. These mediators may have cell origin as the CGRP, VEGF and TGFß. The aim of this research were to evaluate the expression and distribution of the CGRP, VEGF and TGFß in the gingiva of the lower left first molar of rats in the seven and fourteen days after the ligature for inflammation induction; to analyse the expression and distribution of the CGRP, VEGF and TGFß in the gingiva of the correspondent counter lateral tooth without ligature in the seven and fourteen days and if the induction of periodontitis causes gingival inflammation of the counter lateral tooth after seven and fourteen days after ligature. For the development of this work were selected fifteen Rattus Novergicus, Albinus,Wistar. The experimental group of 12 rats was divided into 2 groups consisting of 6 rats each distributed of the following manner: the subgroup A1 remained with ligature in the first molar and left for 7 days before the sacrificed and the subgroup A-2 remained with the ligature for 14 days before the sacrificed. Another 3 animals constituted the control group. After the sacrificed of the 12 experimental and 3 control animals were immersedin neutral ethylenidiaminetetracetic (EDTA) for the decalcification. Then were processed for paraffin embedding. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and submitted to immunohistochemical techniques to imunostaining for CGRP, VEGF and TGFß. At 7 days of ligature was observed in the gingival lamina propria, junctional epithelium and oral epithelium, strong staining for CGRP. The intensive expression of VEGF occur in the lamina propria and scarce or no staining in the oral and junctional epithelium. The TGFß shows scarce staining in the lamina propria and no staining in the oral and junctional epithelium. At the fourteen days of ligature we observed strong staining of CGRP in the lamina propria and oral and junctional epithelium. The VEGF and TGFß show strong staining in the lamina propria and scarce or no staining in the junctional and oral epithelium. At the gingival of the counterlateral teeth in the 7 and 14 days there was scarce staining for CGRP and TGFß in the lamina propria and strong staining to VEGF. In the gingival of couterlateral teeth there was strong staining to CGRP in the junctional and oral epithelium and lamina propria. The TGFß and VEGF show scarce or none staining. Because the strong staining of VEGF in the lamina propria of the counterlateral teeth remain inconclusive the adequacy of the use of the counterlateral teeth in the experimental studies of the periodontal diseases, though the expression of the TGFß and CGRP has been smaller in this teeth. The bigger staining of CGRP, VEGF and TGFß in the animals with 14 days of ligature than those 7 days shows the evolution of the chronic inflammation process. We dont observe the process of tissue healing.
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Charles, Joseph William. "Studies On The Molecular Mechanism Of S-Tide Mediated Activation Of Pkg-Iα". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1005.

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cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) are key players in intracellular second messenger signaling within many cellular systems throughout the body. Most notably PKG is known for its role in smooth muscle relaxation (Pfeiffer et.al, 1999). The Iα PKG isozyme has been identified as the primary effector of the nitric oxide pathway (and serves to be a novel drug target). To date the overall knowledge of structure and function of PKG is lacking in terms of the mechanisms of activation and the structural orientations that coordinate them. Recently, our laboratory has solved the crystal structure of the regulatory domain of PKG Iα, which revealed a previously unknown α-helical domain dubbed the Switch Helix (SW) (Osborne et.al, 2011). The SW domain was found to be a site of interprotomer communication via hydrophobic interactions between its C-terminus and hydrophobic residues, named the nest located on the opposing protomer. Synthetic peptides derived from the SW domain, named S-tides, dosedependently activate PKG Iα (Moon et.al, 2015). In addition, the amino acid residues of the nest are in proximity to the cGMP binding site B. It was hypothesized that the binding site for S-tides (nest) and the cGMP binding site B interact and are co-dependent of one another. The hypothesis of this thesis is the binding site for the S-tides (nest) and the cGMP binding site B interact and are co-dependent of one another. To test this hypothesis two aims were constructed: Aim 1: To develop an S1.5 analog that utilizes both the nest and the B-site to increase S-tide activity, Aim 2: To explore the intricacies of these modes of activation and how they interact with each other to obtain a better understanding of the interplay between these two sites. First, based on the most potent S-tide S1.5 (YEDAEAKAKYEAEAAFFANLKLSD, Ka=6 μM), two analogs were synthesized. The peptide S2.5 which lacked the amino acids LSD at the C-terminus showed a three-fold lower activation constant (Ka= 15 μM), although the molecule retained its helicity as demonstrated by circular dichroism. The second analog, S3.5 contained unnatural amino acid components from a molecular modeling approach in an effort to further increase the affinity by interacting with the adjacent cGMP binding site B. However, S3.5 showed further reduction in activity with an activation constant of 70 μM. These findings led us to conclude that the failure of the SAR approach indicates a different mode of S-tide activation as had been previously thought. Next, we investigated the role of the cGMP binding site B in the mechanism of S-tide mediated PKG Iα activation. Co-activation assays with cGMP and S1.5 demonstrated that cGMP activation is not altered in the presence of S1.5. Furthermore, S1.5 mediated activation is negatively affected in the presence of cGMP. These results suggest that the B-site of cGMP does not positively enforce the S1.5 activation kinetics. Next, we employed the PKG Iα mutant E292A, which cannot bind cGMP to the B-site (Moon et.al., 2018). Interestingly, this mutant retains the activation kinetics of PKG Iα WT when activated via S1.5 and cGMP. Thus, the cGMP binding site B is not crucial in the activation mechanisms of activating PKG Iα with cGMP. Likewise, the cGMP binding site B is not crucial in the activation mechanisms of activating PKG Iα with S1.5. To further support these findings, the PKG Iα mutant C42A, which showed crippled cGMP activation kinetics could be activated with S1.5 with a potency similar to wild type. Taken together, the results in this thesis demonstrate that in contrast to the initial hypothesis the binding sites for S-tides and cGMP, although in proximity, show no experimental support of a positive interaction. These findings are significant as they reveal that S1.5 mediated activation of PKG is truly independent of cGMP, thereby providing a molecular platform for the therapeutic development of these unique peptides.
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Sheehe, Jessica Lynne. "The A-Site In The Pkg Iα Regulatory Domain Controls Both Cgmp- And Oxidative-Dependent Activation". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/950.

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The type Iα cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG Iα) is an essential regulator of vascular tone and systemic blood pressure. Located in the smooth muscle of resistance vessels, PKG Iα stimulates vasodilation through the phosphorylation of multiple intracellular substrates. Its primary regulator is the small molecule, 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); however, the Iα isoform can also be activated by oxidation. Despite the established physiological importance of PKG Iα, the structural underpinnings of these two activation mechanisms are largely unknown. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates the importance of the cGMP-binding domain A (CBD-A) in regulating both of these mechanisms of PKG Iα activation. Using a monomeric, N-terminally truncated form of PKG Iα (Δ53), Chapter 2 investigates the mechanism of inhibition through the autoinhibitory domain and the influence of dimerization on cooperative cGMP-dependent activation and cyclic nucleotide selectivity. We observed that autoinhibition occurs in cis, whereas cooperativity requires interprotomer contacts facilitated by the N-terminal dimerization domain. Furthermore, the loss of selectivity for cGMP over cAMP of this construct suggests the dimerization domain plays a critical role in preventing cross-reactivity with cAMP-dependent signaling. These observations culminate into an overarching model wherein binding of cGMP to CBD-A is necessary and sufficient for activation and cooperativity is driven by the dimerization domain. Chapter 3 investigates the cysteine residues that mediate oxidation-dependent activation of PKG Iα. Using PKG Iα constructs with point mutations at specific cysteine residues, it was found that oxidation-dependent activation is driven by C117 in CBD-A. Furthermore, the interprotomer disulfide bond that forms in the dimerization domain at C42 does not contribute to this mechanism. Finally, we propose a model wherein the disulfide bond that forms between C117 and the adjacent cysteine at position 195 acts as a protective mechanism to prevent activation and higher oxidation states form contacts with nearby residues in the linker region of PKG Iα to disrupt binding of the adjacent autoinhibitory domain to the catalytic domain. Finally, Chapter 4 provides a discussion of the results presented herein in context with previous studies and suggests future directions for the PKG field.
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Stodola, Marek. "Robotický manipulátor prostředky CGA." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401581.

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Conformal geometric algebra is defined in the thesis. Representations of geometric objects and possibilities of their geometric transformations are presented. Conformal geometric algebra is applied to the calculation of forward kinematics of a robotic manipulator UR10 from Universal Robots. It is also applied to determine the position of the machine based on the location and rotation of two cameras. Then it is used in an inverse task, where based on records from the two cameras, dimensions of the UR10 manipulator and possibilities of its movement, the mutual position of these cameras is determined. And consequently the possibilities of their location in space. Finally, the derived procedures are implemented in a custom program created in the CluCalc environment, using which a sample example verifying the correctness of these procedures is calculated.
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Books on the topic "CGAP"

1

Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest. Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest: CGAP. Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest, 2003.

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Kincaid, James K. CGAP certified government auditing professional examination study guide. 2nd ed. Institute of Internal Auditors, 2003.

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J, Sampias William, and Institute of Internal Auditors, eds. CGAP certified government auditing professional examination study guide. Institute of Internal Auditors, 2001.

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National Cancer Institute (U.S.), ed. CGAP Cancer Genome Anatomy Project, An Interdisciplinary program to establish the information and technological tools needed etc., (BookMarker). s.n., 2000.

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Akiode, Mofoluke. Factor Analysis Using the Principal Component (PCA) Method in SPSS With Data From CGAP Smallholder Household Survey (2016). SAGE Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781036216504.

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Walch, Victoria Irons. CGAP five-year assessment project: Report on archival activity in the United States since publication of Planning for an archival profession. Society of American Archivists, 1990.

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Walch, Victoria Irons. CGAP five-year assessment project: Report on archival activity in the United States since publication of Planning for an archival profession. Society of American Archivists, 1990.

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Expósito, Elena. A guía CGAC. Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Cultura e Deporte, Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea, 2008.

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Fogel, Efi, Dan Halperin, and Ron Wein. CGAL Arrangements and Their Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17283-0.

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Yolanda, López López, and Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea., eds. 10 anos CGAC. 1993-2003. Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "CGAP"

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Pépin, Geneviève, and Michael P. Gantier. "Assessing the cGAS-cGAMP-STING Activity of Cancer Cells." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_20.

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Choi, Kwangmin, Youngik Yang, and Sun Kim. "CGAS." In Comparative Genomics. Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-514-5_8.

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Seifert, Roland. "NO-cGMP System." In Basic Knowledge of Pharmacology. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18899-3_9.

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Seifert, Roland. "NO-cGMP-System." In Basiswissen Pharmakologie. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56303-8_9.

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Murala, Sireesha, Elanagan Nagarajan, and Pradeep C. Bollu. "Neuropeptides and CGRP." In Neurochemistry in Clinical Practice. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07897-2_13.

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Roller, Regina Elisabeth, Maria Cristina Polidori, and Katrin Singler. "Teaching CGA." In Practical Issues in Geriatrics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62503-4_15.

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Wen, Lai, Susanne Feil, and Robert Feil. "cGMP Signaling in Platelets." In Cardiac and Vascular Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66224-4_15.

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Kemp-Harper, Barbara, and Harald H. H. W. Schmidt. "cGMP in the Vasculature." In cGMP: Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68964-5_19.

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Kojda, G. "Der NO/cGMP-Signaltransduktionsweg." In Pentaerithrityltetranitrat. Steinkopff, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87803-9_2.

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Pereira, Gonçalo, and Paulo Santos. "CGAS – Gas Test Chamber." In INCREaSE 2019. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30938-1_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "CGAP"

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Xu, Zhuo, and Xiao Zhou. "CGAP: Urban Region Representation Learning with Coarsened Graph Attention Pooling." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/832.

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The explosion of massive urban data recently has provided us with a valuable opportunity to gain deeper insights into urban regions and the daily lives of residents. Urban region representation learning emerges as a crucial realm for fulfilling this task. Among deep learning approaches, graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown promise, given that city elements can be naturally represented as nodes with various connections between them as edges. However, many existing GNN approaches encounter challenges such as over-smoothing and limitations in capturing information from nodes in other regions, resulting in the loss of crucial urban information and a decline in region representation performance. To address these challenges, we leverage urban graph structure information and introduce a hierarchical graph pooling process called Coarsened Graph Attention Pooling (CGAP). CGAP features local attention units to create coarsened intermediate graphs and global features. Additionally, by incorporating urban region graphs and global features into a global attention layer, we harness relational information to enhance representation effectiveness. Furthermore, CGAP integrates region attributes such as Points of Interest (POIs) and inter-regional contexts like human mobility, enabling the exploitation of multi-modal urban data for more comprehensive representation learning. Experiments on three downstream tasks related to the UN Sustainable Development Goals validate the effectiveness of region representations learned by our approach. Experimental results and analyses demonstrate that CGAP excels in various socioeconomic prediction tasks compared to competitive baselines.
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Kreuter, M., J. S. Lee, A. Tzouvelekis, et al. "A modified blood cell GAP (cGAP) to prognosticate outcomes in IPF." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.1790.

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Allen, Marshall D., Raymundo Arróyave, and Richard Malak. "A Graph Algorithm for the Design of Functionally Graded Alloy Components." In ASME 2024 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2024-141977.

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Abstract One of the promising capabilities of metal additive manufacturing (AM) is the potential to manufacture metal parts with spatially varying alloy compositions. It is hypothesized that these compositionally graded alloy (CGA) parts can satisfy competing cost and performance requirements that cannot be met with a monolithic alloy. However, there are significant challenges in their design and manufacture, such as the formation of deleterious material phases and solidification cracking during AM. Prior work addresses the materials design of CGAs between two alloy targets in trivial geometries. However, there are no formal approaches to designing complex CGA parts, limiting the application of these promising materials for further research and implementation. In current practice, most manufactured CGAs are unidirectional, with composition changing in planar, cylindrical, or spherical layers. In this paper, we introduce a novel graph-based algorithm for designing manufacturable general CGA components. Given a component geometry with two or more alloy composition targets at select locations, the algorithm uses a labeled property graph representation of material compatibilities and properties to generate a valid alloy gradient throughout the entire part. We show that the algorithm will always find an alloy gradient solution if one exists, demonstrate it on subsea valve body design problem using the Fe-Ni-Cr ternary system, and study the algorithm’s scalability concerning several key problem discretization parameters.
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Ghaffarian, Reza. "Damage and Failures of CGA/BGA Assemblies Under Thermal Cycling and Dynamic Loadings." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63062.

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Commercial-off-the-shelf column/ball grid array packaging (COTS CGA/BGA) technologies in high-reliability versions are now being considered for use in high-reliability electronic systems. For space applications, these packages are prone to early failure due to the severe thermal cycling in ground testing and during flight, mechanical shock and vibration of launch, as well as other less severe conditions, such as mechanical loading during descent, rough terrain mobility, handling, and ground tests. As the density of these packages increases and the size of solder interconnections decreases, susceptibility to thermal, mechanical loading and cycling fatigue grows even more. This paper reviews technology as well as thermo-mechanical reliability of field programmable gate array (FPGA) IC packaging developed to meet demands of high processing powers. The FPGAs that generally come in CGA/PBGA packages now have more than thousands of solder balls/columns under the package area. These packages need not only to be correctly joined onto printed circuit board (PCB) for interfacing; they also should show adequate system reliability for meeting thermo-mechanical requirements of the electronics hardware application. Such reliability test data are rare or none for harsher environmental applications, especially for CGAs having more than a thousand of columns. The paper also presents significant test data gathered under thermal cycling and drop testing for high I/O PBGA/CGA packages assembled onto PCBs. Damage and failures of these assemblies after environmental exposures are presented in detail. Understanding the key design parameters and failure mechanisms under thermal and mechanical conditions is critical to developing an approach that will minimize future failures and will enable low-risk insertion of these advanced electronic packages with high processing power and in-field re-programming capability.
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Alliez, Pierre, and Andreas Fabri. "CGAL." In SIGGRAPH '16: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2897826.2927362.

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Fabri, Andreas, and Sylvain Pion. "CGAL." In the 17th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1653771.1653865.

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Liu, Feng, Soumyadeep Ghosh, Nick P. Johnson, and David I. August. "CGPA." In the The 51st Annual Design Automation Conference. ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2593069.2593105.

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Xu, Wanru, Jian Yu, Zhenjiang Miao, Lili Wan, and Qiang Ji. "Prediction-CGAN." In MM '19: The 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343031.3351073.

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Raipurkar, Prarabdh, Rohil Pal, and Shanmuganathan Raman. "HDR-cGAN." In ICVGIP '21: Indian Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490035.3490275.

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Boissonnat, Jean-Daniel, Frédéric Cazals, Frank Da, et al. "Programming with CGAL." In the fifteenth annual symposium. ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/304893.305001.

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Reports on the topic "CGAP"

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Jansson, Tor, Isabelle Barres, Damian von Stauffenberg, et al. Directrices de consenso en el campo de las microfinanzas: Definición de términos, coeficientes y ajustes financieros para las microfinanzas. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010326.

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El propósito de este documento es proponer una definición estándar para cada uno de los términos financieros seleccionados y plantear un método común de cálculo para determinados coeficientes financieros. Fue producido en colaboración entre el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Grupo Consultivo de Ayuda a la Población más Pobre (CGAP) del Banco Mundial, con los aportes de varias organizaciones privadas del sector microfinanciero.
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von Stauffenberg, Damian, Tor Jansson, Naomi Kenyon, and María-Cruz Barluenga-Badiola. Indicadores de desempeño para instituciones microfinancieras: Guía técnica. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010333.

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Los indicadores incluidos en la presente Guía corresponden a una de las cuatro categorías principales: calidad de la cartera, eficiencia y productividad, gestión financiera y rentabilidad. Esta guía no pretende abarcar la totalidad de los indicadores, sino los más importantes que, tomados en su conjunto, proporcionan una visión general del desempeño, riesgos y situación financiera de una institución de microfinanzas. Se destacan las 14 definiciones más comúnmente utilizadas dentro de las publicadas por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), el Grupo Consultivo para Asistencia a los Más Pobres (CGAP), la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) y las agencias calificadoras MCRIL y PlaNet Rating y se ilustra la manera en que son usadas. Ofrece una explicación y un análisis de los indicadores a quienes estén interesados en comprender su aplicación y sus puntos débiles.
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ปุญญโชติ, สุทธาสิณี, та ฉัตรศรี เดชะปัญญา. การวิเคราะห์การเปลี่ยนแปลงระดับของสารสื่อประสาทชนิดปกป้องในทางเดินอาหารและในพลาสมาเพื่อใช้บ่งชี้การสูญเสียหน้าที่ของระบบป้องกันของทางเดินอาหารในสัตว์ที่มีความเครียด : รายงานวิจัย. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2013. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2013.88.

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การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาถึงผลของความเครียดต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงของระดับความเข้มข้น สารสื่อประสาทชนิดแคลซิโทนินยีนรีเลทเปปไทด์ (CGRP) และซับสแตนท์ พี (SP) ซึ่งเป็นสารเปปไทด์จากระบบประสาทรีเฟล็กซ์รับความรู้สึก ว่ามีความสัมพันธ์ต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงการขับหลั่งของเยื่อบุลำไส้ใหญ่ซึ่งเป็นระบบปกป้องของเยื่อบุทางเดินอาหารเมื่อได้รับความเครียดที่ระยะเวลาต่าง ๆ กัน โดยการเหนี่ยวนำให้หนูขาวเพศผู้พันธุ์วิสต้ามากักขังไว้ในที่จับสัตว์ทดลองเพื่อให้เกิดความเครียดทางจิตใจวันละ 1 ชั่วโมงเป็นระยะเวลาสั้น (3 วัน) กึ่งเรื้อรัง (7 วัน) และเรื้อรัง (14 วัน) กลุ่มละ 5 ตัว โดยมีกลุ่มควบคุม 3 กลุ่มที่ไม่ถูกกักขัง เมื่อครบเวลาทำการสลบสัตว์ทดลอง ทำการเจาะเก็บพลาสมาจากหัวใจ และแยกเก็บเนื้อเยื่อลำไส้ใหญ่ส่วนปลายเพื่อนำมาวัดระดับของ CGRP และ SP ด้วยวิธีอิไลซา นำลำไส้ใหญ่ส่วนปลายที่เหลือมาวัดการขับหลั่งด้วยการวัดค่าการเปลี่ยนแปลงทางกระแสไฟฟ้า (isc) ที่ตอบสนองต่อสารกระตุ้นจากแคปไซซิน (CAP) หรือจากสารสื่อประสาท CGRP และ SP ด้วยอุปกรณ์ Ussing chamber-voltage clamp พบว่าเยื่อบุลำไส้ใหญ่จากหนูเครียดทุกกลุ่ม มีค่า Isc ในภาวะพักน้อยกว่ากลุ่มควบคุม 40% (P&lt;0.05) บ่งชี้ให้เห็นถึงการลดลงของการขับหลั่งสารประจุลบ เช่น คลอไรด์ และพบว่าการเพิ่มหรือการลดลงของ ISC ตอบสนองต่อการกระตุ้นด้วย CAP ที่ด้านฐานของเยื่อบุจากหนูที่ได้รับความเครียดทุกกลุ่มลดลง 70-90% ตามลำดับ แต่การเพิ่ม Isc ต่อ CGRP หรือ SP ไม่แตกต่างจากกลุ่มควบคุม อย่างไรก็ตาม CGRP เพิ่มค่า Isc ของลำไส้จากหนูกลุ่ม 14 d อย่างมีนัยสำคัญเมื่อเทียบกับกลุ่มควบคุม (p&lt;0.05) ในการศึกษาครั้งนี้พบว่าลำไส้ใหญ่ของหนูที่ได้รับความเครียดมีระดับ CGRP ลดลงมากกว่า 90% โดยสอดคล้องกับการตอบสนองต่อ CAP ที่ลดลง (r=0.7946) โดยไม่พบการลดลงของ SP ในลำไส้ใหญ่ อย่างไรก็ตามกลับพบ่าระดับของ CGRP และ SP เพิ่มขึ้นในพลาสมาของหนูที่ได้รับความเครียด 3 7 และ 14 วันตามลำดับ โดยการเพิ่มของพลาสมา SP สัมพันธ์กับการสูญเสียการทำหน้าที่ของริเฟลกซ์ขับหลั่ง ผลการศึกษานี้แสดงให้เห็นว่าความเครียดแม้ว่าจะเป็นเพียงระยะสั้นจะทำให้เกิดการสูญเสียการทำหน้าที่ของระบบประสาทรับความรู้สึกเนื่องจากผลในการลดลงของ CGRP ในลำไส้ใหญ่ และการสูญเสียการทำงานดังกล่าวสามารถพยากรณ์ได้จากการตรวจพบของการเพิ่มขึ้นของระดับ SP ในพลาสมา
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4

Aura, T. Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA). RFC Editor, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3972.

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Bagnulo, M., and J. Arkko. Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) Extension Field Format. RFC Editor, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4581.

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Bagnulo, M., and J. Arkko. Support for Multiple Hash Algorithms in Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs). RFC Editor, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4982.

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มณีศรี เลอกรองด์, ศุภางค์, ธนัญญา ทองตัน та อนันต์ ศรีเกียรติขจร. ผลของการได้รับยาพาราเซตตามอลอย่างเรื้อรังที่มีผลต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลง blood-brain barrier : การศึกษาในสัตว์ทดลองและในเซลล์เพาะเลี้ยง : รายงานวิจัยฉบับสมบูรณ์. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2012. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2012.21.

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ยาพาราเซตามอลเป็นยาที่ได้รับความนิยมใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลาย โดยใช้เป็นยาลดไข้และบรรเทาอาการปวด ผลการวิจัยที่ผ่านมาส่วนใหญ่ยืนยันว่ายาพาราเซตามอลมีฤทธิ์ในการปกป้องเซลล์เมื่อใช้ยาในขนาดเพื่อการรักษา แต่อย่างไรก็ตามในช่วง 10 ปีมานี้เริ่มมีรายงานถึงผลเสียของการใช้ยาชนิดนี้แม้ว่าจะใช้ยาในขนาดเพื่อการรักษา ในหลายระบบ รวมถึงระบบไหลเวียนเลือด และในผลงานวิจัยของคณะเราก่อนหน้านี้พบว่า หนูที่ได้รับยาพาราเซตามอลอย่างเรื้อรังร่วมกับการกระตุ้นให้เกิดปรากฎการณ์คอร์ติคัล สเปรดดิ้ง ดีเปรสชัน มีความไวของเซลล์ประสาทที่บริเวณผิวสมองต่อการกระตุ้นเพิ่มมากขึ้น รวมถึงมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงของปริมาณเลือดในหลอดเลือดสมองด้วย ซึ่งความผิดปกติที่เกิดขึ้นอาจจะสามารถนำไปสู่ความผิดปกติของการทำงานของหลอดเลือดสมองได้ ซึ่งยังไม่มีการศึกษาวิจัยมาก่อน ดังนั้นในงานวิจัยนี้จึงมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาผลของการได้รับยาพาราเซตามอลอย่างเรื้อรัง ที่ความเข้มข้น 200 มิลลิกรัมต่อน้ำหนักตัว 1 กิโลกรัม ต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงของ BBB integrity ในสมองหนูที่ได้รับและไม่ได้รับการกระตุ้นด้วยปรากฏการณ์คอร์ติคัล สเปรดดิ้ง ดีเปรสชัน รวมถึงผลของยาต่อการแสดงออกของสารสื่อประสาท calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) จากเซลล์ประสาทใน trigeminal ganglion ซี่งผลการวิจัยพบว่า หนูที่ได้รับยาพาราเซตามอลอย่างเรื้อรังไม่มีความผิดปกติต่อระดับเอนไซม์ตับ แต่กลับพบว่าหนูกลุ่มดังกล่าวมีความผิดปกติของหลอดเลือดสมองส่วน capillary โดยมีจำนวนของ microvilli และ pinocytic vesicles เพิ่มมากขึ้นกว่าหนูกลุ่มควบคุม และความผิดปกตินี้เพิ่มมากขึ้นเมื่อมีการกระตุ้นด้วยปรากฏการณ์คอร์ติคัล สเปรดดิ้ง ดีเปรสชัน ร่วมด้วย อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ เช่นเดียวกับการพบการบวมของ astrocytic foot plate นอกจากนี้ยังไบการแสดงออกของ cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 และ VCAM-1) เพิ่มมากขึ้นในกลุ่มหนูที่ได้รับยาพาราเซตามอลอย่างเรื้อรังร่วมกับการกระตุ้นให้เกิดปรากฏการณ์คอร์ติคัล สเปรดดิ้ง ดีเปรสชัน ซึ่งบ่งชี้ถึงภาวะความผิดปกติของหลอดเลือดในหนูกลุ่มดังกล่าว และผลการศึกษาโปรตีนที่เป็นองค์ประกอบของ tight junction (ZO-1, ZO-2 และ occludin) ในหนูกลุ่มนี้ก็พบว่า มีการแสดงออกของโปรตีนกลุ่มนี้ ลดน้อยลงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ และผลของยาพาราเซตามอลยังทำให้เซลล์ประสาทใน trigeminal ganglion มีการแสดงออกของสารสื่อประสาท CGRP เพิ่มมากขึ้นด้วย จากผลการวิจัยนี้จึงสรุปได้ว่า การได้รับยาพาราเซตามอลอย่างต่อเนื่องนั้นส่งผลเสียต่อระบบสมดุลของหลอดเลือดสมอง โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในภาวะที่มีการกระตุ้นด้วยปรากฏการณ์คอร์ติคัล สเปรดดิ้ง ดีเปรสชัน ร่วมด้วย
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Wildman, Raymond A. Postprocessing of Voxel-Based Topologies for Additive Manufacturing Using the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL). Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada618594.

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Gonzalez-Cadavid, Nestor F. Pharmacological Prevention and Reversion of Erectile Dysfunction after Radical Prostatectomy, By Modulation of Nitric Oxide/Cgmp Pathways. Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484482.

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Gonzalez-Cadavid, Nestor F. Pharmacological Prevention and Reversion of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy, by Modulation of Nitric Oxide/cGMP Pathways. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547286.

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