Journal articles: 'CGE framework'

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Berg, Charlotte. "Household Transport Demand in a CGE-framework." Environmental and Resource Economics 37, no. 3 (December 7, 2006): 573–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9050-y.

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Jensen, Henning Tarp, and Finn Tarp. "A Bank-Fund projection framework with CGE features." Journal of Policy Modeling 28, no. 2 (February 2006): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2005.09.002.

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Škare, Marinko, and Saša Stjepanović. "HOW IMPORTANT ARE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS FOR SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES – A CASE OF CROATIA." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 19, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2013.799612.

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This paper develops a general equilibrium model for the Republic of Croatia to evaluate CGE model use in macroeconomic management and forecasting. Since Croatia is a small open country subject to large external shock and growth constraints efficient macroeconomic management framework is fundamental. The lack of data prevents to follow historic economic variables over a longer period of time, which is why CGE models look as possible solution. CGE models use calibration to solve the problem of missing most macroeconomic variables. After developing the model, we use it to run different scenarios for economic policies using a CGE model for Croatia. Results show that CGE model can be an important instrument for policy makers in running macroeconomic policies for small open countries.

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Böhringer, Christoph, Thomas F. Rutherford, and Marco Springmann. "Clean-Development Investments: An Incentive-Compatible CGE Modelling Framework." Environmental and Resource Economics 60, no. 4 (February 22, 2014): 633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9762-3.

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Dellink, Rob, Marjan Hofkes, Ekko van Ierland, and Harmen Verbruggen. "Dynamic modelling of pollution abatement in a CGE framework." Economic Modelling 21, no. 6 (December 2004): 965–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2003.10.009.

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Patriquin, Mike N., Janaki RR Alavalapati, Adam M. Wellstead, Suzanne M. Young, Wiktor L. Adamowicz, and William A. White. "Estimating impacts of resource management policies in the Foothills Model Forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-164.

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This study examines the economic impact of policy changes in a forested region of the province of Alberta known as the Foothills Model Forest (FMF). The effects of policy changes in various sectors are analyzed in terms of all sectors of the regional economy with particular emphasis on the forestry sector. Unlike most analyses of regional policies, this study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework rather than a fixed-price framework to analyze economy-wide impacts of land use or forest policy changes. The application of this technique on a regional scale is rare in the scientific literature. Model results indicate that a decrease in forestry output somewhat offsets the positive economic impact generated by increased visitor activity. Failure to consider these trade-off impacts in the analysis will result in erroneous conclusions. The outcomes from three timely policy scenarios are examined in this paper. The results from the CGE framework suggest that policy makers face a greater degree of complexity than in current economic impact frameworks.

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GOLUB, ALLA A., and THOMAS W. HERTEL. "MODELING LAND-USE CHANGE IMPACTS OF BIOFUELS IN THE GTAP-BIO FRAMEWORK." Climate Change Economics 03, no. 03 (August 2012): 1250015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007812500157.

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This paper reviews an analysis of land use change impacts of expanded biofuel production with GTAP-BIO computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. It describes the treatment of energy substitution, the role of biofuel by-products, specification of bilateral trade, the determination of land cover changes in response to increased biofuel feedstock production, and changes in crop yields – both at the intensive and extensive margins. The paper responds to some of the criticisms of GTAP-BIO and provides insights into the sensitivity of land use change and GHG emissions to changes in key parameters and assumptions. In particular, it considers an alternative specification of acreage response that takes into account the degree of land heterogeneity within agro-ecological zone (AEZ) for different AEZs and countries. The paper concludes with the discussion of alternative specifications of land mobility across uses employed in CGE models and the agenda for further research to narrow parametric and structural uncertainty to improve the model's performance.

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Narayan, Paresh Kumar. "An econometric model of the determinants of private investment and a CGE model of the impact of democracy on investment and economic growth in Fiji." International Journal of Social Economics 35, no. 12 (October 17, 2008): 1017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290810911525.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to construct an econometric model of the determinants of private investment with a particular focus on the impact of democracy on investment.Design/methodology/approachThe first step was to econometrically derive the long‐run elasticities; then to modify the Fiji computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to incorporate the investment function. Also the econometrically derived long run elasticities in the CGE model were used.FindingsIt was found that democracy has a positive and statistically significant impact on private investment in Fiji. The paper's simulation of Fiji becoming a fully democratic country on investment and other macroeconomic fundamentals, based on a CGE model, reveals that real gross domestic product and real national welfare increase by around 0.01 and 0.05 per cent, respectively; government savings and revenue performance improves; there is a trade balance surplus; and both private consumption and disposable income increase by around 0.05 and 0.12 per cent, respectively.Originality/valueThis is the first study that uses a CGE model to examine the impact of democracy, via investment, on other macroeconomic fundaments. No other study is known to have modelled democracy in a CGE framework.

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Böhringer, Christoph, Thomas F. Rutherford, and Marco Springmann. "Erratum to: Clean-Development Investments: An Incentive-Compatible CGE Modelling Framework." Environmental and Resource Economics 60, no. 4 (March 18, 2015): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9908-y.

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O. Odior, Ernest Simeon, and Sabastine Arinze. "THE CONCEPT OF COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS." International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management Studies 04, no. 02 (2022): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38193/ijrcms.2022.4201.

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This paper contributes to the existing literature on the general concept on use of the Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models of importance in developing processes. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are used widely in policy analysis, especially in developed-country academic settings and also for the purpose of sharing these lessons with potential users in developing countries. The range of issues on which CGE models have had an influence is quite wide, and includes structural adjustment policies, international trade, public finance, agriculture, income distribution, and energy and environmental policy. This paper describes how to build multi sector computable general equilibrium models for policy analysis. The article presents the social accounting matrix (SAM) that provides the conceptual framework linking together different components of the model and furnishes much of the data as well.

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Křístková, Z., and A. Habrychová. "Modelling direct payments to agriculture in a CGE Framework – analysis of the Czech Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 11 (December 2, 2011): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/57/2010-agricecon.

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The paper deals with modelling of the direct payments subsidies to agriculture and their impact on the economy of the Czech Republic. With the use of the general equilibrium model, scenarios concerning an increase of subsidies reaching 100% of the national envelope and a complete removal of both SAPS and Top-Up payments are applied. The results show that if the full amount of subsidies is granted, the value added in agriculture and the connected sectors is stimulated, with a positive effect on the total GDP. However, if the direct payments are completely removed, negative effects on employment can be expected, suggesting that the direct payments play a positive role in the economy. The paper further points out that the effects of direct payments on the incomes of farmer households are limited, suggesting that the farmers’ living standard should be supported by other policy instruments than the direct payments

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Britz, Wolfgang, and Dominique van der Mensbrugghe. "CGEBox: A Flexible, Modular and Extendable Framework for CGE Analysis in GAMS." Journal of Global Economic Analysis 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 106–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/jgea.030203af.

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Vrontisi, Zoi, Jan Abrell, Frederik Neuwahl, Bert Saveyn, and Fabian Wagner. "Economic impacts of EU clean air policies assessed in a CGE framework." Environmental Science & Policy 55 (January 2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.004.

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Nechyba, Thomas. "Fiscal federalism and local public finance: A computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework." International Tax and Public Finance 3, no. 2 (May 1996): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00399911.

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Lejour, Arjan, Hugo Rojas-Romagosa, and Gerard Verweij. "Opening services markets within Europe: Modelling foreign establishments in a CGE framework." Economic Modelling 25, no. 5 (September 2008): 1022–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.01.007.

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Chaudhuri, Sumana, Shovan Ray, and Ganesh-Kumar. "Integrated Model of Computable General Equilibrium and Social Cost Benefit Analysis of an Indian Oil Refinery: Future Projections and Macroeconomic Effects." Journal of Infrastructure Development 10, no. 1-2 (June 2018): 96–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974930618813749.

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Cost benefit analysis (CBA) has long been used as a useful tool to appraise and evaluate the value of a range of investment projects to a society. Certain aspects of this method such as the appropriate discount rate is an important concern, because the choice of discount rates deeply affect the valuations of future income streams. Other aspects concerning financial flows and appropriate ‘shadow prices’ have also received considerable attention. However, when a megaproject with the character of a ‘universal intermediate’ is considered, its multiplier effects may be wide-ranging and permeate several economic and social layers and may be captured only in the aggregates. This study examines the costs and benefits of Vadinar refinery in Gujarat with a focus on this welfare dimension on society for the project. The framework explores a methodological breakthrough in CBA studies. In constituting the macroeconomic effects of expansion of the mega oil refinery, the wider economic impact (WEI) is estimated using the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and incorporated into the CBA. This assimilation of CBA with macroeconomic externality obtained from the CGE model framework is perhaps only one of its kind in economic analysis of major infrastructure projects of any country. CBA when combined with CGE as an analytical tool can be gainfully employed to appraise or evaluate large scale projects like oil refineries. JEL Classification: B41, C51, C52, C53, C54, C55, D50, D58, D60, D61, D62, H23, H43, L71, O22, Q43

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Li, Qiaomin, and Hee Cheol Moon. "The trade and income effects of RCEP: implications for China and Korea." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-03-2018-0020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to simulate the effects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on trade and income, with a particular interest in the effect on China and Korea. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model developed by Li et al. (2017) to simulate the effect of RCEP. The CGE model is grounded in the firm heterogeneity theory. Within this framework, the feature of dynamic movements of firms allows the CGE model to capture the extensive margin of trade increase. Aside from that, the CGE model separates foreign direct investment (FDI) from domestic investment, which helps to explain the effect of the removal of FDI barriers. Findings Results show that RCEP will increase trade of China by 1.5 percent. The income of China will increase by 2.5 percent. The trade increase of Korea will be $8bn, and its income will increase by 0.6 percent. In terms of welfare, China will gain $214bn and Korea will gain $23~35bn, taking 2~3 percent of Korea’s GDP. Also, the reduction of behind-the-border barriers presents very significant effects. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to quantitatively assess the potential effects of RCEP on trade and income. The positive findings would propel RCEP parties, especially China and Korea, to reach an agreement as soon as possible.

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Robson, Edward, and Vinayak V. Dixit. "Constructing a Database for Computable General Equilibrium Modeling of Sydney, Australia, Transport Network." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2606, no. 1 (January 2017): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2606-07.

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In the search for benefits to justify transport projects, economic appraisals have increasingly incorporated the valuation of impacts to the wider economy. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models provide a framework to estimate these impacts by simulating the interactions of urban economies and transport networks. In CGE models, households and firms are represented by microeconomic behavioral functions, and markets adjust according to prices. As markets both inside and outside the transport network are taken into account, a wide variety of measures that can assist in economic appraisals can be extracted. However, urban CGE models are computationally burdensome and require detailed, spatially disaggregate data. This paper discusses the methodology used to develop a database, including an input–output table, for the calibration of an urban CGE model for Sydney, Australia. Official and publicly available data sources were manipulated by using a number of mathematical and statistical techniques to compile a table for 249 regions and 20 sectors across Sydney. Issues, such as determining the appropriate level of aggregation, generating incomplete data, and managing conflicting data, that other input–output table developers may encounter when constructing multiregional tables were addressed in the study. The table entries themselves were mapped and explored, as they provide a useful study of the spatial economy of Sydney. Future work will focus on streamlining the construction of input–output tables and incorporating new data sources.

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Freire-González, Jaume, Veronica Martinez-Sanchez, and Ignasi Puig-Ventosa. "Tools for a circular economy: Assessing waste taxation in a CGE multi-pollutant framework." Waste Management 139 (February 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.016.

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O'Ryan, Raúl, Sebastian Miller, and Carlos J. de Miguel. "A CGE framework to evaluate policy options for reducing air pollution emissions in Chile." Environment and Development Economics 8, no. 2 (April 23, 2003): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x0300159.

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Successful economic growth in Chile based on open market and export strategy, is characterized by a high dependence on natural resources, and by polluting production and consumption patterns. There is an increasing concern about the need to make potentially significant trade-offs between economic growth and environmental improvements. Additionally, policy makers have been reluctant to impose standards that could have regressive consequences, making the poor poorer. Using the CGE model ECOGEM-Chile we study the direct and indirect effects of imposing environmental taxes in Chile for PM-10 as well as taxes on fuels. We analyze the effects over macroeconomic variables as well as sectoral, distributive, and environmental variables. The results show that the most significant impacts are on emissions and sectoral outputs. There are winners and losers. Macroeconomic and distributional impacts are low when low emission reductions are required, however they can be significant if a 50% reduction in emissions are imposed.

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Siddiqui, Rehana, Rizwana Siddiqui, and Zafar Iqbal. "The Impact of Tariff Reforms on Income Distribution in Pakistan: A CGE-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 4II (December 1, 1999): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i4iipp.789-804.

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Like most developing countries, Pakistan has undertaken drastic economic policy reforms since the mid-1980s. Under these structural reforms there is a general shift away from quantitative restrictions and price controls towards liberalisation and privatisation. The empirical studies1 analysing the impact of the reforms report mixed results. Economy wide framework like Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), based on the social accounting matrix, is well suited to analysing the effect of these structural reforms. The CGE models are developed to capture the medium to long-run effects through which adjustment programmes affect income distribution. These models are often used to evaluate the effects of trade and tax policies on income distribution in developing countries. There are three interacting channels through which these adjustment policies affect income distribution, viz., the relative price effect, the asset price effect and the shift in portfolio. However, in this study, we are analysing the effect of changes in relative prices only.

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He, Zhiyong. "Reader Scheduling for Tag Population Estimation in Multicategory and Multireader RFID Systems." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (July 10, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7901590.

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been used in numerous applications, e.g., supply chain management and inventory control. This paper focuses on the practically important problem of the rapid estimation of the number of tags in large-scale RFID systems with multiple readers and multicategory RFID tags. RFID readers are often static and have to be deployed strategically after careful planning to cover the entire monitoring area, but reader-to-reader collision (R2Rc) remains a problem. R2Rc decreases the reliability of the estimation of the tag population size, because it results in the failure of communication between the reader and tags. In this paper, we propose a coloring graph-based estimation scheme (CGE), which is the first estimation framework designed for multireader and multicategory RFID systems to determine the distribution of tags in different categories. CGE allows for the use of any estimation protocol to determine the number of tags, prevents R2Rc, and results in higher time efficiency and less power-consumption than the classic scheduling method DCS.

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Zhang, Xiao-guang. "Solving a Partial Equilibrium Model in a CGE Framework: The Case of a Behavioural Microsimulation Model." International Journal of Microsimulation 10, no. 3 (2016): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34196/ijm.00165.

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Parrado, Ramiro, and Enrica De Cian. "Technology spillovers embodied in international trade: Intertemporal, regional and sectoral effects in a global CGE framework." Energy Economics 41 (January 2014): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.10.016.

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Solaymani, Saeed, Fatimah Kari, and Roza Hazly Zakaria. "Evaluating the Role of Subsidy Reform in Addressing Poverty Levels in Malaysia: A CGE Poverty Framework." Journal of Development Studies 50, no. 4 (November 25, 2013): 556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2013.841888.

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Gertz, Aaron B., James B. Davies, and Samantha L. Black. "A CGE Framework for Modeling the Economics of Flooding and Recovery in a Major Urban Area." Risk Analysis 39, no. 6 (February 14, 2019): 1314–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.13285.

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Mu, Yaqian, Can Wang, and Wenjia Cai. "Using Sectoral Approach as Complement to the INDC Framework: An Analysis Based on the CGE Model." Energy Procedia 105 (May 2017): 3433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.785.

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Huang, Shenhai, Chao Du, Xian Jin, Daini Zhang, Shiyan Wen, Yu’an Wang, Zhenyu Cheng, and Zhijie Jia. "The Boundary of Porter Hypothesis: The Energy and Economic Impact of China’s Carbon Neutrality Target in 2060." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239162.

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The process of carbon neutrality does have economic costs; however, few studies have measured the cost and the economic neutral opportunities. This paper uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate China’s carbon neutrality path from 2020 to 2060 and analyzes its economic impact. This paper innovatively adjusts the CGE modeling technology and simulates the boundary of the Porter hypothesis on the premise of economic neutrality. The results show that the carbon neutrality target may reduce the annual GDP growth rate by about 0.8% in 2020–2060. To make the carbon pricing method under the carbon neutrality framework meet the strong version of the Porter hypothesis (or economic neutrality), China must increase its annual total factor productivity by 0.56–0.57% in 2020–2060; this is hard to achieve. In addition, the study finds that China’s 2030 carbon target has little impact on the economy, but the achievement of the 2060 carbon neutrality target will have a significant effect. Therefore, the paper believes that the key to carbon neutrality lies in the coexistence of technological innovation and carbon pricing to ensure that we can cope with global warming with the lowest cost and resistance.

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Kyophilavong, Phouphet. "Mining booms and growth in Laos – empirical result from CGE model." International Journal of Development Issues 15, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-08-2015-0052.

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Purpose This study aims to lay out a framework to quantify the impacts of mining booms on the macro-economy in Laos. Design/methodology/approach A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to investigate the impact of the mining sector on the Laos’ economy by examining this sector’s increase in both stock and the productivity of capital. Findings It was found that higher capital stock and productivity lead to increased value added, production, exports and investment in the mining sector. These increases result in higher real gross domestic product, exports and investment. Unfortunately, the effects from the associated Dutch disease negatively impact real production and value added in the agriculture and industry. Suitable macroeconomic management and prudent administration of the windfall income from mining are therefore important. Practical implications The finding is important for policymakers to implement policy to deal with the negative impact of mining booms. Originality/value It is the first study to attempt to investigate the impact of the mining sector on the Lao economy using the CGE model. Second, we also provide recommendation to cope with the negative impact from mining booms which provide important implications for other developing countries that face the negative impact from mining booms.

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Liu, Jing, Thomas Hertel, and Farzad Taheripour. "Analyzing Future Water Scarcity in Computable General Equilibrium Models." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500065.

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Incorporating water into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model operating at global scale can be extremely demanding due to the absence of standardized data, the sheer dimensions caused by intersecting river basins with countries, and difficulties to model demand for and supply of water. This has led many authors to introduce water in their CGE modeling framework in different ways and at different spatial and sectoral aggregation levels. Of course, simplifying market for water and sacrificing the geographical realism risk introducing errors caused by inappropriate aggregation. In this paper, we use an elaborate global CGE model to investigate the three most commonly practiced simplifications: (1) tackling global questions in a national level model; (2) collapsing irrigated and rainfed crop production into a single sector; and (3) removing river basin boundaries within a country. In each case, we compare their performance in predicting the impacts of future irrigation scarcity on international trade, crop output, land use change and welfare, relative to the full scale model. As might be expected, the single region model does a good job of matching outcomes for that region, although changes in bilateral trade can entail significant errors. When it comes to the elimination of sub-national river basins and irrigation location, we find that, if the research question has to do with changes in national-scale trade, production and welfare changes, it may be sufficient to ignore the sub-national hydrological boundaries in global economic analysis of water scarcity. However, when decision makers have an interest in the distribution of inputs and outputs within a region, preserving the river basin and sectoral detail in the model brings considerable added value to the analysis.

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Mu, Yaqian, Wenjia Cai, Samuel Evans, Can Wang, and David Roland-Holst. "Employment impacts of renewable energy policies in China: A decomposition analysis based on a CGE modeling framework." Applied Energy 210 (January 2018): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.086.

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Chitiga, M., and R. Mabugu. "The impact of tariff reduction on poverty in Zimbabwe, A CGE top-down approach." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i1.1287.

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This paper uses a relatively new approach to quantify the effects of trade liberalisation on poverty. It relies on the combination of a standard, social accounting, matrix-based, computable general equilibrium model and household micro-data. These two tools are used sequentially in order to simulate the impact of trade policy reform. This framework enables the decomposition of the effects of trade liberalisation, which in turn allows for an analysis of alternative social policy packages. The methodology is applied to Zimbabwe for illustration. The results show that poverty is reduced by tariff reduction, although the poor households get the least benefits.

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Tirado, Dolores, Javier Lozano, and Carlos Mario Gómez. "Efectos económicos regionales de las transferencias de agua: el papel de la mobilidad de los factores en el caso del sector agrícola de Baleares." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 10, no. 2 (October 8, 2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2010.02.03.

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Using a CGE model for the Balearic Islands, we simulate the effects of an agricultural water market in the farming sector facing reductions in the water endowment. The market lessens the negative effects on farming communities of short-term water restrictions associated with cyclical droughts. However, in scenarios of permanent reductions, such as those envisaged by global warming predictions or those that result from the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, a water market may aggravate the negative effects of water shortage. Therefore, the paper shows that generalizations cannot be made about the effects of water markets on farming communities.

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Deng, Xiangzheng, Jiyuan Liu, Yingzhi Lin, and Chenchen Shi. "A Framework for the Land Use Change Dynamics Model Compatible with RCMs." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/658941.

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A framework of land use change dynamics (LUCD) model compatible with regional climate models (RCMs) is introduced in this paper. The LUCD model can be subdivided into three modules, namely, economic module, vegetation change module, and agent-based module. The economic module is capable of estimating the demand of land use changes in economic activities maximizing economic utility. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling framework is introduced and an approach to introduce land as a production factor into the economic module is proposed. The vegetation change module provides the probability of vegetation change driven by climate change. The agroecological zone (AEZ) model is supposed to be the optimal option for constructing the vegetation change module. The agent-based module identifies whether the land use change demand and vegetation change can be realized and provides the land use change simulation results which are the underlying surfaces needed by RCM. By importing the RCMs' simulation results of climate change and providing the simulation results of land use change for RCMs, the LUCD model would be compatible with RCMs. The coupled simulation system composed of LUCD and RCMs can be very effective in simulating the land surface processes and their changing patterns.

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Liang, Shuang, Xinyue Lin, Xiaoxue Liu, and Haoran Pan. "The Pathway to China’s Carbon Neutrality Based on an Endogenous Technology CGE Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106251.

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Global warming resulting from greenhouse gas emissions has been a worldwide issue facing humanity. Simultaneously, governments have the challenging task of striking a judicious balance between increased economic growth and decreased carbon emissions. Based on the energy-environment-economy triple coupling (3E-CGE) model, we endogenously integrate climate-friendly technologies into the model’s analysis framework through logic curves and refine and modify the CGE model’s energy use and carbon emission modules. We conduct a scenario simulation and sensitivity analysis on carbon tax, carbon-trading, and climate-friendly technological progress, respectively. The results reveal that carbon tax and carbon trading contribute to reducing carbon emissions in the short-term but achieving the goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality will cause the collapse of the economic system. In the long-term, climate-friendly technologies are key to achieving the dual carbon goal; the development of such technologies can also stimulate economic development. The best path for China to achieve its dual carbon goals and economic development in the next 40 years involves effectively combining the carbon tax, carbon trading, and a climate-friendly technological progress. Specifically, China can begin trading carbon in high-emissions industries then impose industry-wide carbon taxes.

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Bassi, Andrea M., Valeria Costantini, and Elena Paglialunga. "Modelling the European Union Sustainability Transition: A Soft-Linking Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 6303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116303.

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The European Green Deal (EGD) is the most ambitious decarbonisation strategy currently envisaged, with a complex mix of different instruments aiming at improving the sustainability of the development patterns of the European Union in the next 30 years. The intrinsic complexity brings key open questions on the cost and effectiveness of the strategy. In this paper we propose a novel methodological approach to soft-linking two modelling tools, a systems thinking (ST) and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, in order to provide a broader ex-ante policy evaluation process. We use ST to highlight the main economic feedback loops the EGD strategy might trigger. We then quantify these loops with a scenario analysis developed in a dynamic CGE framework. Our main finding is that such a soft-linking approach allows discovery of multiple channels and spillover effects across policy instruments that might help improve the policy mix design. Specifically, positive spillovers arise from the adoption of a revenue recycling mechanism that ensures strong support for the development and diffusion of clean energy technologies. Such spillover effects benefit not only the European Union (EU) market but also non-EU countries via trade-based technology transfer, with a net positive effect in terms of global emissions reduction.

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GELAN, A., and G. SCHWARZ. "The effect of single farm payments on less favoured areas agriculture in Scotland: a CGE analysis." Agricultural and Food Science 17, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960608784182317.

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This study quantifies impacts of common agricultural policy reform on farming in Less Favoured Areas (LFAs) in Scotland. LFAs are characterised by low agricultural productivity, because of unfavourable natural conditions, which allow only extensive farming systems such as cattle and sheep rearing. The differential impacts of the single farm payment on LFA farming is examined using a CGE modeling framework that accounts for inter-sectoral linkage effects. The simulation results indicate that the policy reform has considerably larger adverse effects on LFA farms than non-LFA farms and emphasize the need to consider spatially differential impacts in further adjustments to policy reforms taking into account local circumstances.;

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Savard, Luc. "Poverty and Inequality Analysis within a CGE Framework: A Comparative Analysis of the Representative Agent and Microsimulation Approaches." Development Policy Review 23, no. 3 (April 19, 2005): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2005.00289.x.

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Li, Qiaomin, Robert Scollay, and John Gilbert. "Analyzing the effects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership on FDI in a CGE framework with firm heterogeneity." Economic Modelling 67 (December 2017): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.07.016.

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Xu, Ping, Weiyu Wang, and Chunxia Wei. "Economic and Environmental Effects of Public Transport Subsidy Policies: a Spatial CGE Model of Beijing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3843281.

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Public transport plays an important role in the environment. This study established a Spatial Computable General Equilibrium (SCGE) model to examine the economic and environmental effects of public transport subsidy policies. The model includes firms, consumers, and traffic modules in one framework. Statistical data from Beijing were used in calibration to obtain benchmark equilibrium. Based on the equilibrium, simulations compared citywide social welfare, jobs-housing spatial population distribution, and environmental outputs under four subsidy policies: fare subsidy, cash grants, road expansion, and public transport speedup. Based on the results regarding the effects of public transport policies, conclusions can be drawn about which policies will have greater overall social influence and should therefore be used.

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Memon, Muhammad Salih, Dr Nadeem Bhatti, Faiz Muhammad Shaikh, and Dr Anwar Ali Shah G.Syed. "IMPACT OF PAK-INDIA TRADE ON ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN BY USING COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBIUM MODEL (CGE)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 2672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v11i1.4936.

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This research investigates the Impact of PAK-INDIA trade on Economy of Pakistan. Data were collected from GTAP-7 database and six sectors were included in the database, Textile, Pharmaceutical, Automobile parts and engineering, Agriculture, Financial and Insurance services and logistics.Â Data were analyzed by using GEM-software.Â Different simulation run on GTAP-7 database and various tariff rates applied.Â It was revealed that if India were removing the sensitive list item, in this scenario both countries would have positive impact on GDP, Export, Import and Employment of Pakistan.Â The results indicates that there in Agriculture, textile, Auto Pakistanâ€™s is head on India in MFN status.Â In Pharmaceutical, Financial services and Logistics India has positive gain. Â It was further revealed that if Pakistan is given MFN status to India, Pakistanâ€™s import decreased and Export increased and overall positive impact on Economy. This research analyzes the potential economic costs and benefits of Pak-India trade in Textile, Pharmaceutical, Automobile parts and engineering, Agriculture, Financial and Insurance services and logistics. Â The first scenario is when normal trading relation with India will be restored; it means that both countries will give the MFN (Most Favored Nations) status to each other. In the second scenario, the SAFTA will be operative and there will be free trade between India and Pakistan and both countries will remove all tariffs and custom duties from each othersâ€™ imports. The Global trade analysis GTAP model is used to analyze the possible impact of SAFTA on Pakistan in a multi country, multi sector applied General equilibrium frame work. After employing the simplified static analysis framework, the analysis based on simulations reveals that current demand for Pakistani Textile, Pharmaceutical, Automobile parts and engineering, Agriculture, Financial and Insurance services and logistics will expand after the FTA and consumer surplus will increase. The drop in the domestic prices of dates will increase the production of many downstream industries, which will have pleasant multiplier effects on the economy of Pakistan. The government may reduce MFN tariffs on industrial dates before implementing the FTA. A key rule of multilateral trade system is that the reduction in trade barriers should be applied on a most-favored nation basis (MFN) to all WTO members. The only exception to the MFN principle built into the GATT legal framework is the provision for reciprocal free trade within customs unions and free trade areas (GATT article XXIV). Following the analytical framework discussed by PO managerial (2001), we employ the simplified static analysis by using CGE model for policy implication, which reveals that Pakistan will gain benefit from Pak-India trade. Results based on this research reveal that on SAFTA, grounds, here will be net export benefits in Pakistanâ€™s economy.

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Kim, Euijune, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, and Chowoon Hong. "An Application of an Integrated Transport Network– Multiregional CGE Model: a Framework for the Economic Analysis of Highway Projects." Economic Systems Research 16, no. 3 (September 2004): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953531042000239356.

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Lkhagva, Davaajargal, Zheng Wang, and Changxin Liu. "Mining Booms and Sustainable Economic Growth in Mongolia—Empirical Result from Recursive Dynamic CGE Model." Economies 7, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7020051.

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This research aims to lay out a framework to quantify the impacts of mining booms on the macro-economy in Mongolia, a country that is increasingly dependent upon its mining sector. The study uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the long-term effects on the economy with three sets of scenarios: (1) a moderate boom in the productivity of agriculture, manufacturing, coal mining and coal service sectors; (2) a drop in the world price of coal and metal ores; and (3) the combination of these two scenarios. We assume that these shocks are seismic, and the findings are important for policymakers to implement policy to deal with the negative impact of mining booms. Our study result shows that reinvestment in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors could help to mitigate the resource curse, and suggests that suitable macroeconomic management and prudent administration of the mining sector’s windfall income are important.

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Van Wyk, Lukas, Melville Saayman, Riaan Rossouw, and Andrea Saayman. "Regional economic impacts of events: A comparison of methods." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 28, 2015): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v18i2.593.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and comparison of three related methods for modelling the short-run economic impact of events, namely the partial Input-Output (I-O), Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. An analysis of strengths and limitations of these different methods suggests that it may be considerations such as the underlying assumptions specific to each model, data collection, expected output, research objectives, and costs involved that determine the choice of modelling framework. Data from surveys conducted at the Aardklop National Arts Festival during 2010 were used in the comparative analyses, which were executed by means of two regional (i.e. provincial-level) models and one small-region (i.e. place-specific) model constructed for the small town.

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Feng, Chun-Chiang, Kuei-Feng Chang, Jin-Xu Lin, and Shih-Mo Lin. "The Distributional Effect of A Carbon Tax on Income in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041530.

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Environmental issues have become more important worldwide. A carbon tax is a strong tool for cutting carbon emissions directly through the internalization of the external costs of pollution. To mitigate the impact of carbon taxation, it is necessary to recycle the tax revenue into other taxes, subsidies, and transfers. In Taiwan, carbon tax policy has been under consideration. To analyze the effect of carbon tax and tax revenue recycling, this paper adopts a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model—General Equilibrium Model for Energy, Environment, and Technology (GEMEET)—under a comprehensive economic systems framework. The results show that a suitable recycling mechanism is a key factor for the success of green tax reform for a significant improvement in the economy, environment, and in income distribution, simultaneously.

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Cernat, Lucian, and Alessandro Antimiani. "Untapping the Full Development Potential of Trade Along Global Supply Chains: ‘GVCs for LDCs’ Proposal." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 5 (September 1, 2021): 697–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021029.

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There is clear evidence that existing preferential schemes contributed significantly to boosting least-developed country (LDC) exports (Klasen et al., 2016). Many seem to believe the multilateral trading system could offer little to LDCs as they have already obtained market access to critical markets under the current preferential schemes. Despite the LDCs’ reluctance to positively engage in recent WTO discussions, there is room for the global trading system and new multilateral initiatives to promote the participation of LDCs in global value chains (GVCs). Given that LDC exports are often further processed and ‘travel’ down the GVCs as part of third-country exports still facing tariffs, one could envisage a global preferential scheme based on LDC value-added, i.e., products originating in any WTO members should receive an ‘LDC preferential treatment’ proportionate to the value of LDC’s inputs content embodied in their exports, whenever exported to any other WTO member. We conceptualize this new ‘GVCs for LDCs’ proposal and estimate its economic potential using a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modelling framework. If LDC preferential market access is changed from the simple ‘direct export’ approach (e.g., the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP)-like schemes currently in operation) to a GVC approach, LDC exports would receive a considerable boost (a 2.5% annual increase worth over USD 10 billion per year) and increased market premium for their products. WTO, World Trade Organisation, CGE modelling, GTAP, development, Least Developed Countries, LDCs, global value chains, GVC, Generalized System of Preferences, GSP

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Wang, Chongye. "A Dynamic CGE Model for Consumer Trust Mechanism within an E-Commerce Market." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5220654.

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This study aims to use the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to evaluate the economic consequences of foreign direct online purchases on the chain economy and to forecast the future development of e-commerce. We expected that international online direct shopping reduced transaction costs in two ways: duty equivalent were reduced, and direct import prices were reduced. The development of e-commerce markets for products, services, and information is important for consumer trust. Customers are becoming more interested in these industries because companies increased in number and users. Rules and regulations that are customized to the demands of both businesses and consumers are important for the industries’ continued growth. This study proposes a CGE model and analyzed the dynamic trust mechanisms of individual customers in the financial inclusion market to achieve the entire equilibrium state of the rural financial sector and maintain the stable development of the financial inclusion consumer market. Through the initiation of the era of big data, e-commerce has become a key part of the development of the new economy. In order to ensure the reliability, security, and service quality of e-commerce transactions in different transaction environments, how to accurately and quantitatively express and predict the trust relationship enhance the trust of both parties. This paper uses artificial intelligence to check relevant materials, then passes the problem to experts for processing, analyzes the security issues in e-commerce, summarizes the e-commerce security system framework centered on trust management, and describes the contextual trust management model. Experimental outcomes show that the proposed technique can accurately assess the trust of individual consumers and plan the e-commerce market based on the trust mechanism.

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Xie, W., N. Li, J. D. Wu, and X. L. Hao. "Modeling economic costs of disasters and recovery involving positive effects of reconstruction: analysis using a dynamic CGE model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 6 (November 8, 2013): 6357–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-6357-2013.

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Abstract. Disaster damages have negative effects on economy, whereas reconstruction investments have positive effects. The aim of this study is to model economic causes of disasters and recovery involving positive effects of reconstruction activities. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is a promising approach because it can incorporate these two kinds of shocks into a unified framework and further avoid double-counting problem. In order to factor both shocks in CGE model, direct loss is set as the amount of capital stock reduced on supply side of economy; A portion of investments restore the capital stock in existing period; An investment-driven dynamic model is formulated due to available reconstruction data, and the rest of a given country's saving is set as an endogenous variable. The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake is selected as a case study to illustrate the model, and three scenarios are constructed: S0 (no disaster occurs), S1 (disaster occurs with reconstruction investment) and S2 (disaster occurs without reconstruction investment). S0 is taken as business as usual, and the differences between S1 and S0 and that between S2 and S0 can be interpreted as economic losses including reconstruction and excluding reconstruction respectively. The study showed that output from S1 is found to be closer to real data than that from S2. S2 overestimates economic loss by roughly two times that under S1. The gap in economic aggregate between S1 and S0 is reduced to 3% in 2011, a level that should take another four years to achieve under S2.

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Balié, Jean, and Badri Narayanan. "What Should be the Focus of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa? A CGE Analysis." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 13, no. 4 (November 2019): 401–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801019868392.

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While a lot of research has been conducted on agricultural subsidies and other forms of policy transfers in developed and developing countries alike, substantial data constraints have characterised those conducted in developing countries. For this study, we employ a novel and uniquely developed dataset on these policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), to analyse the impact of policy reforms, using the latest available GTAP 9.1 Data Base, in the widely employed GTAP framework, for the first time. We simulate the scenarios of removal of output subsidies, removal of ‘market development gaps’ within and outside the country. Our results indicate that removing market development gaps is likely to increase the agricultural output without affecting trade much, while removing the subsidies could harm output a lot by import-substitution of the costly domestic output. We conclude that governments in SSA may do well to focus on developing their markets better rather than cutting the assistance to their farmers, which could in fact be counter-productive instead of raising the efficiency of domestic farmers through competition. JEL Classification: C68, Q11, Q13, Q17, Q18

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Pratama, Rozy A., and Tri Widodo. "The Impact of Nontariff Trade Policy of European Union Crude Palm Oil Import on Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Rest of the World Economy: An Analysis in GTAP Framework." Jurnal Ekonomi Indonesia 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52813/jei.v9i1.28.

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Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest producers and exporters of palm oil in the world vegetable oil market. Palm oil and its derivative products are the highest contributors to foreign exchange in 2018. This study aims to analyze the impact of the European Union import non-tariff trade policies on the Indonesian and Malaysian economies The analysis uses the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of world trade on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) program. The results of this study found that the non-tariff import policy by the European Union had a negative impact on the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia. Moreover, the policy also has a negative impact on countries in Southeast Asia and the European Union. This shows that the enactment of non-tariff import trade policies for Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil products has a global impact.

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Journal articles on the topic 'CGE framework'

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