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Merluzzi, Thomas V., Errol J. Philip, Dominic O. Vachon, and Carolyn A. Heitzmann. "Assessment of self-efficacy for caregiving: The critical role of self-care in caregiver stress and burden." Palliative and Supportive Care 9, no. 1 (February 25, 2011): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951510000507.
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AbstractObjective:Little attention has been given to assessing the importance of self-care and communication in the caregiving setting, especially caregiving for those who are terminally ill. The Caregiver Inventory (CGI), a measure of self-efficacy for caregiving that includes these two dimensions, was subjected to psychometric analyses.Method:One hundred and thirty-three primary caregivers completed the CGI; of those, 81 also completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), and a measure of caregiver tasks (ADLR-CG). Based on home visits, social workers also rated the caregiver tasks required (ADLR-SW). Exploratory Factor Analysis, as well as reliability and validity analyses were conducted.Results:Fit indices in M + I (V. 5.1) indicated a four factors solution: Managing Medical Information (α = 0.64), Caring for Care Recipient (α = 0.78), Caring for Oneself (α = 0.88), and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions (α = 0.76). The CGI was highly negatively related to stress (PSS, r = −0.54, p = 0.001) and burden (CBI, p = −0.37, p = 0.001); ADLR-CG was related to burden (r = 0.43, p = 0.001) but not stress. In regression and relative importance analyses, Care of Oneself and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions emerged as equal in terms of having the strongest and most robust negative relationships with stress and burden.Significance of Results:Results suggest that the CGI is a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy for caregiving, and indicate the importance of self-efficacy for self-care and for managing difficult communication in successfully navigating the demands of caregiving for terminally ill persons.
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Wagner, Bernhard. "Controlling cgi programs." ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 32, no. 4 (October 1998): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/302350.302360.
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Seibold, J. Otto. "CGI and I." ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/248307.248322.
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Sun, Zhentao. "What Does CGI Digital Technology Bring to the Sustainable Development of Animated Films?" Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 11, 2023): 10895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410895.
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This study examines the impact of the use of CGI digital technology on the sustainability of animated films. The study shows that because of the powerful virtual capabilities of CGI digital technology, CGI animated films that use CGI digital technology have a huge box office advantage over non-CGI animated films that do not use CGI digital technology, greatly increasing the profitability of animated films and expanding the scope for their sustainability. This study found that CGI digital technology enables animated films to achieve the same visual realism as live-action films, breaking down the barriers to viewing traditional animation and greatly enhancing the competitiveness of animated films. These results show that CGI digital technology has had a profound positive impact on the sustainable development of animation.
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Ferreira, Márcio Henrique, Douglas Geovanni Bon, Waldek Wladimir Bose, Carlos de Souza Cabezas, and Wilson Luis Guesser. "Thermomechanical fatigue behavior of CGI 450 and CGI 500 cast irons." Tecnologia em Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração 19 (2022): e2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/2176-1523.20222640.
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Damiani-Rodríguez, Percy G., and Johann M. Vega-Dienstmaier. "Selección de ítems para el desarrollo de un instrumento de evaluación de severidad de trastornos mentales en pacientes sin psicosis o déficit cognitivo." Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatria 82, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v82i1.3482.
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Objetivo: Seleccionar los ítems más relevantes para la creación de un instrumento de evaluación global de pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatorios sin psicosis ni déficit cognitivo. Material y Métodos: Se aplicaron 60 ítems, procedentes de diferentes escalas que evalúan principalmente severidad de síntomas, discapacidad y calidad de vida, a 313 pacientes con trastornos mentales de la consulta ambulatoria de psiquiatría del Hospital Cayetano Heredia (Lima, Perú). Al mismo tiempo, se evaluó la severidad de su sintomatología mental a través de la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global de Severidad (CGI-S). Se determinaron los ítems más relevantes en base a las cargas factoriales (CF) de cada ítem producto de un análisis factorial policórico y las correlaciones policóricas entre cada ítem y la CGI-S (cCGI). Resultados: Los 11 ítems más relevantes fueron: Calidad de vida global (CF=0,7958, cCGI=-0,4275), Bienestar psicológico (CF=0,7891, cCGI=-0,4507), Tristeza (CF=0,7601, cCGI=-0,4613), Sentimientos negativos (CF=0,7595, cCGI=-0,4269), Angustia (CF=0,7501, cCGI=-0,4824), Libertad y seguridad (CF=0,7402, cCGI=-0,4011), Suicidalidad (CF=0,7147, cCGI=-0,4766), Sentido de vida (CF=0,6998, cCGI=-0,4161), Crecimiento personal (CF=0,6987, cCGI=-0,4198), Espiritualidad, religión y creencias personales (CF=0,6936, cCGI=-0,3925) y Plenitud personal (CF=0,6869, cCGI=-0,4073). Conclusiones: Los 11 ítems seleccionados podrían constituir un instrumento corto de auto-reporte para la evaluación de enfermedad mental.
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Knapp, Nancy F., and Penelope L. Peterson. "Teachers' Interpretations of “CGI” after Four Years: Meanings and Practices." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 26, no. 1 (January 1995): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.26.1.0040.
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Twenty primary teachers were interviewed who, three or four years earlier, had participated in in-service workshops on Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI). Three patterns of CGI use seemed related to the meanings teachers constructed for CGI itself. Teachers who reported developing their use of CGI until it formed the mainstay of their mathematics teaching saw CGI conceptually. They also reported learning mainly through their interactions with students and other teachers and developing beliefs about the conceptual nature of mathematics, the constructivist nature of learning, and the students' central role in that learning. Teachers who reported never having used CGI more than supplementally saw CGI as a group of procedures and espoused more traditional beliefs in these areas. Teachers who reported using CGI more at first, but less currently, showed a marked incongruity between their espoused beliefs and reported practices. The authors ask whether additional reseacher support, collegial interaction, or perhaps prescriptiveness in the intervention might have helped teachers in this third group enact their conceptually based beliefs.
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Yu, Da-Hai, Carol Ware, Robert A. Waterland, Jiexin Zhang, Miao-Hsueh Chen, Manasi Gadkari, Govindarajan Kunde-Ramamoorthy, Lagina M. Nosavanh, and Lanlan Shen. "Developmentally Programmed 3′ CpG Island Methylation Confers Tissue- and Cell-Type-Specific Transcriptional Activation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 33, no. 9 (March 4, 2013): 1845–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01124-12.
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During development, a small but significant number of CpG islands (CGIs) become methylated. The timing of developmentally programmed CGI methylation and associated mechanisms of transcriptional regulation during cellular differentiation, however, remain poorly characterized. Here, we used genome-wide DNA methylation microarrays to identify epigenetic changes during human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation. We discovered a group of CGIs associated with developmental genes that gain methylation after hESCs differentiate. Conversely, erasure of methylation was observed at the identified CGIs during subsequent reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), further supporting a functional role for the CGI methylation. Both global gene expression profiling and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) validation indicated opposing effects of CGI methylation in transcriptional regulation during differentiation, with promoter CGI methylation repressing and 3′ CGI methylation activating transcription. By studying diverse human tissues and mouse models, we further confirmed that developmentally programmed 3′ CGI methylation confers tissue- and cell-type-specific gene activationin vivo. Importantly, luciferase reporter assays provided evidence that 3′ CGI methylation regulates transcriptional activation via a CTCF-dependent enhancer-blocking mechanism. These findings expand the classic view of mammalian CGI methylation as a mechanism for transcriptional silencing and indicate a functional role for 3′ CGI methylation in developmental gene regulation.
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Martin, Thomas, and Rolf Weber. "CGI — made in Germany." ATZautotechnology 3, no. 1 (January 2003): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246762.
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Mao, Xiaoyang, Daniel Thalmann, and Marina Gavrilova. "CGI 2017 Editorial (TVCJ)." Visual Computer 33, no. 6-8 (May 31, 2017): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-017-1366-9.
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Thalmann, Daniel, Panos Trahanias, and George Papagiannakis. "CGI 2016 Editorial (TVCJ)." Visual Computer 32, no. 6-8 (May 30, 2016): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-016-1271-7.
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Haro, J. M., S. Ochoa, M. Gervin, V. Mavreas, and P. Jones. "Assessment of remission in schizophrenia with the CGI and CGI-SCH scales." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, no. 2 (February 2007): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00928.x.
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Guo, Y., C. Y. Wang, H. Yuan, L. J. Zheng, and Y. X. Song. "Milling Forces of Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) and Gray Iron (GI)." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.32.
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Compacted graphite iron (CGI) has excellent comprehensive performance of strength, hardness, abrasion resistance, shock absorption and thermal conductivity as an ideal material for making engine parts. The material performance of CGI is compared with that of gray iron (GI) and spheroidal graphite Iron (SGI). Some research shows that the strong adhesion between the iron and the graphite forms semi-continuous chips when machining CGI which requires more energy than GI cutting, and there's no MnS layer on the cutting edge during CGI cutting. Thus, the cutting tool life of CGI is greatly reduced than GI. The experiment results indicate that the cutting forces of CGI milling are much higher than that of GI when the feed and the depth of cut increase.
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Schweiger, Martina, Achim Lass, Robert Zimmermann, Thomas O. Eichmann, and Rudolf Zechner. "Neutral lipid storage disease: genetic disorders caused by mutations in adipose triglyceride lipase/PNPLA2orCGI-58/ABHD5." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 297, no. 2 (August 2009): E289—E296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00099.2009.
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Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the excessive accumulation of neutral lipids in multiple tissues. Recently, two genes, adipose triglyceride lipase ( ATGL/ PNPLA2) and comparative gene identification-58 ( CGI-58/ABHD5), have been shown to cause NLSD. ATGL specifically hydrolyzes the first fatty acid from triacylglycerols (TG) and CGI-58/ABHD5 stimulates ATGL activity by a currently unknown mechanism. Mutations in both the ATGL and the CGI-58 genes are associated with systemic TG accumulation, yet the resulting clinical manifestations are not identical. Patients with defective ATGL function suffer from more severe myopathy (NLSDM) than patients with defective CGI-58 function. On the other hand, CGI-58 mutations are always associated with ichthyosis (NLSDI), which was not observed in patients with defective ATGL function. These observations indicate an ATGL-independent function of CGI-58. This review summarizes recent findings with the goal of relating structural variants of ATGL and CGI-58 to functional consequences in lipid metabolism.
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Li, Wu, Kuzu, Zhao, and Hong. "Investigation of Drilling Machinability of Compacted Graphite Iron under Dry and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)." Metals 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101095.
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Compacted graphite iron (CGI), which is used as a potential material in the auto industry, is a hard-to-machine material for the different minor elements and for the geometry of graphite with grey cast iron. The machinability of CGI in the drilling process was investigated with a 4-mm diameter fine-grain carbide twist drill under four lubrication conditions, dry (no compressed air), dry (with compressed air), MQL 5 ml/h, and MQL 20 mL/h in this paper. The maximum flank wear, types of wear, and cutting loads were studied for identifying the wear mechanism in drilling of CGI. The tool life in the four experiments of CGI drilling is 639 holes, 2969 holes, 2948 holes, and 2685 holes, respectively. The results showed that the main wear mechanism in drilling of CGI is adhesion and abrasion. Carbon, which originates from the graphite of CGI, can improve the lubrication in the drilling process by comparing with MnS in drilling grey cast iron. The thrust force and torque are more than 1000 N and 150 N*cm after 2700 holes in CGI drilling. Drilling of CGI under dry conditions (with compressed air) and MQL 5 ml/h is feasible.
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Yang, Dan, Haimei Chen, Xu Zeng, Ping Xie, Xincun Wang, and Chang Liu. "Macrophage CGI-58 Attenuates Inflammatory Responsiveness via Promotion of PPARγ Signaling." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 38, no. 2 (2016): 696–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443027.
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Background/Aims: Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), an adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) coactivator, strongly promotes ATGL-mediated triglyceride (TG) catabolism. Beyond its function in promoting lipolysis, other features of CGI-58 have been proposed. Here, we investigated the role of CGI-58 in the regulation of inflammatory responsiveness in macrophages. Methods: Macrophage-specific GCI-58 transgenic mice (TG) and wild type mice (WT) were fed a high fat diet (HFD), and RAW264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling was detected. The inflammatory responsiveness and mitochondrial function were examined. Results: TG mice showed lower serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and better mitochondrial function in macrophages compared with WT control. Knockdown of CGI-58 in RAW264.7 cells aggravated LPS-induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. CGI-58 overexpression and silencing in macrophages induced and inhibited PPARγ expression and activity, respectively. Most importantly, the PPARγ-specific agonist rosiglitazone significantly suppressed inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by CGI-58 deficiency. Furthermore, knockdown of PPARγ in macrophages significantly dampened the role of CGI-58 in suppression of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, CGI-58 inhibited histone deacetylation and the recruitment of histone deacetylase (HDAC) to the PPARγ promoter. Finally, ATGL deficiency did not affect inflammatory responsiveness and PPARγ signaling in macrophages. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that macrophage CGI-58 enhances PPARγ signaling and thus suppresses inflammatory responsiveness and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Sopu, Andreea, and Alina Rosca. "What are the predictors of CGI- severity in chronic schizophrenia patients." Romanian Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjpp.2020.4.2.
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Introduction. The CGI-S score is an essential tool used in the evaluation of the severity of schizophrenia symptoms. It provides an objective and standardized measure of symptom severity that can be used to monitor treatment response and guide clinical decision-making. The CGI-S score alone may not provide sufficient information regarding the underlying factors contributing to the patient’s clinical presentation. Additionally, exploring the correlation between CGI-S score and other variables, such as sociodemographic and medical history factors, treatment history and other scales (PANNS, GAF, LUNSERS, SWN) can help clinicians better understand the factors that contribute to symptom severity and identify strategies to optimize treatment outcomes for patients with schizophrenia. Method. This study was conducted between 01.10.2009 – 01.10.2012, at the Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry Al. Obregia, Bucharest, Romania, on 110 patients, each of whom received a CGI-severity score at 7-day intervals. Excluding the small number of patients with a CGI-S score of 6 (6 out of 110), the study results are presented for 104 patients, divided into three categories based on the CGI-Severity score, respectively CGI-S 3,4, and 5. Descriptive analysis was performed on the subjects, and the ANOVA Tukey analysis was utilized to determine any significant correlation between the CGI-S score and other factors that could impact it. Results. We included 104 patients in our study, of whom 18.3% (n=19), 51.9% (n=54), and 29.8% (n=31) had a CGI-Severity score of 3, 4, and 5 points, respectively. Among them, 59.6% were female (n=62) and 40.4% were male (n=42), with a mean age of 40.19 (SD 10.35). We could not identify a statistically significant association between the CGI-S score and sociodemographic or medical history factors. However, we observed a significant negative association between the CGI-S score and the GAF and PANSS scales, with a p<0.006. We also found a significant association between CGI-S score and the level of medication procurement accessibility, with a p-value of 0.039 and a 95% CI (-1.65 to 0.04) between CGI-S scores of 3 and 4. Among other predictive factors for the CGI-S score, we identified the presence of adverse effects measured using the LUNSERS scale (in terms of extrapyramidal and psychic adverse effects) and a significant association between the CGI-S score and the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptics scale (in terms of physical function, self-control, and social integration; SWN), with a p<0.05. Conclusion. It is important to correlate the CGI-S scale in schizophrenia with other scales such as PANSS, GAF, SWN, LUNSERS, illness history, and the patient’s treatment history because this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the patient’s symptoms, level of functioning, and response to treatment. By using multiple scales and considering various aspects of the patient’s illness, clinicians can make more informed decisions about the most appropriate treatment approach and monitor the patient’s progress over time. This can ultimately lead to better outcomes for patients with schizophrenia.
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Saretsky, Todd, Paulette Ceesay, Wenjun Zhong, W. Joseph Herring, Christopher Lines, and Zaina Qureshi. "378 Use of a Clinician’s Global Impression of Severity scale to measure insomnia severity in Alzheimer’s disease-dementia patients." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.377.
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Abstract Introduction Full montage polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for the objective evaluation of sleep but is time consuming and inaccessible to most clinicians. A Clinician’s Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) scale can be used in clinical practice to provide a subjective assessment of patients’ insomnia severity. However, the utility of a CGI-S scale for assessing insomnia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-dementia is not well understood. In a recent Phase III randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (NCT02750306), patients on suvorexant with AD-dementia and insomnia showed improvements in both PSG total sleep time (TST) and CGI-S scores. We conducted additional analyses to examine the association between CGI-S and PSG-TST to inform on the possible use of a CGI-S scale to assess insomnia severity in patients with AD-dementia in real-world settings. Methods Patients (N=285) met clinical diagnostic criteria for both probable mild-to-moderate AD-dementia and insomnia. The primary endpoint was change-from-baseline in overnight PSG-TST at Week-4. A single-item CGI-S rating of insomnia with responses of 1 (normal, not ill at all) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients) was completed by a trained rater at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks. CGI-S was an exploratory endpoint. Post-hoc correlational analyses and analyses of distribution of change-from-baseline to Week-4 in CGI-S response categories were performed. Results Pearson correlation indicated a significant association at baseline between PSG-TST and CGI-S (r=-0.18, nominal p=0.004). A correlation of change-from-baseline to Week-4 also indicated an association between PSG-TST and CGI-S (r=-0.24, nominal p<.0001). The distribution of change in CGI-S response category results at Week-4 showed that, compared to placebo, numerically less patients on suvorexant remained stable or worsened by >1 response category (21.8% vs. 29.4%, respectively) and numerically more improved by ≥1 response category (73.3% vs. 67.9%, respectively). Conclusion Our findings suggest that a CGI-S scale may be a useful tool for assessing insomnia severity in mild-to-moderate AD-dementia patients. Future studies with these patients are needed to determine the utility of a CGI-S scale in real-world settings. Support (if any) This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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MEIJER, ERIK. "Server side web scripting in Haskell." Journal of Functional Programming 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796899003561.
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The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) for generating dynamic documents on web servers imposes much accidental complexity on the programmer. The Haskell/CGI library documented in this paper hides all this unpleasantness by using the common sense ‘design pattern’ of separating model and presentation. Low-level query string requests are represented by association lists, and primitive HTTP responses are easily constructed using a set of HTML generating combinators. The CGI programmer only needs to write a worker function that maps an abstract request into an abstract response. A (higher-order) wrapper function then transmutes the worker into a real low-level CGI script that deals with the exact format of concrete requests and responses as required by the CGI standard.
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ALBAYRAK, Ahmet. "BATI DIŞINDA SANATSAL FORM VE İMGELERİ KODLAMAK: CGI VIDEO VE CGI ORTAMI BAĞLAMI." Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 3, Number: 56 (January 1, 2017): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/jasss6975.
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S. Alsoboa, Sliman. "Exploring the Constructed Corporate Governance Index’s Effect on the Firm Performance and Firm Value: An Empirical Study on Service and Industrial Companies Listed in Amman Stock Exchange." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 31 (November 30, 2016): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n31p330.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate corporate governance’s quality for Shareholding Companies Listed on the Amman Stock Exchange; to see how corporate governance index (CGI) and firm performance and firm value are associated; and last but not the least is to check how CGI affects firm performance and firm value. A comprehensive CGI containing 112 points was constructed and analyzed for years 2010 and 2015. It reported that the Jordanian industrial and service companies have a good CGI during these two years. Pearson correlation has showed positive but weak relationships between CGI and all variables in the two years. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate corporate governance index effects on the performance and the value of firm. The results did not support the hypotheses that CGI significantly affects these two variables. To reach to better corporate governance in Jordanian industrial and service companies, the Jordanian authorities might need to modify the inconsistence between laws and corporate governance rules.
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Dietzel, Matthias, Clemens Kaiser, Katja Pinker, Evelyn Wenkel, Matthias Hammon, Michael Uder, Barbara Bennani Baiti, Paola Clauser, Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland, and Pascal Baltzer. "Automated Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Breast MRI: Potential Imaging Biomarker for the Prediction of Tissue Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy." Breast Care 12, no. 4 (2017): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480226.
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Background: We aimed to investigate an automated semi-quantitative software as an imaging biomarker for the prediction of tissue response (TR) after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Methods: Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5T, protocol according to international recommendations) of 67 patients with biopsy-proven invasive breast cancer were examined before and after NAC. After completion of NAC, histopathologic assessments of TR were classified according to the Chevallier grading system (CG1/4: full/non-responder; CG2/C3: partial responder). A commercially available fully automatic software (CADstream) extracted MRI parameters of tumor extension (tumor diameter/volume: TD/TV). Pre- versus post-NAC values were compared (ΔTV and ΔTD). Additionally, the software performed volumetric analyses of vascularization (VAV) after NAC. Accuracy of MRI parameters to predict TR were identified (cross-tabs, ROC, AUC, Kruskal-Wallis). Results: There were 37 (34.3%) CG1, 7 (6.5%) CG2, 53 (49.1%) CG3, and 11 (10.2%) CG4 lesions. The software reached area under the curve levels of 79.5% (CG1/complete response: ΔTD), 68.6% (CG2, CG3/partial response: VAV), and 88.8% to predict TR (CG4/non-response: ΔTV). Conclusion: Semi-quantitative automated analysis of breast MRI data enabled the prediction of tissue response to NAC.
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Guesser, Wilson Luiz, Luis Carlos Guedes, Ailton L. Müller, Vagner B. Demetrio, and Alexsandro Rabelo. "A Fatigue and Fracture Study on High Strength Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.296.
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Fatigue strength and fracture of high strength cast irons, gray iron grade 300 and CGI grade 450, used for producing lightweight cylinder blocks, were studied. The results show endurance ratios of 0.27-0.28 and 0.38 for gray irons and CGI, respectively. The fracture surfaces in cast irons in general show the predominance of graphite and graphite/matrix interface; however, in CGI there is a larger proportion of fractured pearlitic matrix than in gray iron. This fact, and the differences in the morphology of the graphite/matrix interface, flat in gray iron, rough in CGI, explain the higher results of fatigue strength in CGI compared to gray iron. The results of fatigue strength are compared with the literature and with previous works.
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Arora, Akshita, and Shernaz Bodhanwala. "Relationship between Corporate Governance Index and Firm Performance: Indian Evidence." Global Business Review 19, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713812.
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The Indian corporate governance norms have been evolving over a period of time but limited number of studies have been undertaken with reference to corporate governance index (CGI) in the Indian context. The study aims to examine the relationship between CGI and firm performance. We construct CGI using important parameters of governance such as board structure, ownership structure, market for corporate control and market competition. Our panel data set comprises of listed firms and the estimation analysis has been carried out using random effects method. The study reveals significant positive relationship between CGI and firm performance metrics. CGI is an important and causal factor in explaining firm performance. The investors would also have positive perception about business firms maintaining high governance standards, thus reducing possible funding costs.
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Nayyar, Varun, Md Zubayer Alam, Jacek Kaminski, Anders Kinnander, and Lars Nyborg. "An Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Cutting-Edge Geometry on the Machinability of Compacted Graphite Iron." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2013010101.
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Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is considered as the potential replacement of flake graphite iron (FGI) for the manufacturing of new generation high power diesel engines. Use of CGI, that have higher strength and stiffness as compared to FGI, allows engine to perform at higher peak pressure with higher fuel efficiency and lower emission rate. However, not only for its potential, CGI is of an area of interest in metal cutting research because of its poor machinability as compared to that of FGI. The higher strength of CGI causes a faster tool wear rate in continuous machining operation even in low cutting speed as compared to that for FGI. This study investigated the influence of cutting edge geometry at different cutting parameters on the machinability of CGI in terms of tool life, cutting force and surface roughness and integrity in internal turning operation under wet condition. It has been seen that the cutting edge radius has significant effect on tool life and cutting forces. The results can be used to select optimum cutting tool geometry for continuous machining of CGI.
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Kott, Alan, and David Daniel. "S246. THE EFFECT OF INCORRECT SCALE ADMINISTRATION ON DATA QUALITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA CLINICAL TRIALS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.312.
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Abstract Background The availability of date and time stamps of interview start times on eCOA systems permits monitoring and documentation of the order of administration of scales and instruments at each visit. The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is a holistic instrument that synthesizes all information available from the subject, caregivers, medical notes, etc. and is therefore typically required to be rated last at a particular visit. In the current retrospective analysis of double blind eCOA collected schizophrenia data pooled from multiple clinical trials we assessed the percent of visits where CGI was not administered last among other efficacy assessments. Additionally we assessed whether the inappropriate administration order of Clinical Global Impression Scale was associated with discrepancies in the data and change from baseline between the CGI and the primary efficacy outcome. Methods Available eCOA data were pooled from schizophrenia double blind, placebo controlled clinical trials. Within the data, we identified those visits where the CGI was not administered last among other efficacy assessments (inappropriate administration order). Within each trial we identified as discordant those data where the actual primary efficacy score or its change from baseline differed by at least two standard deviations from the expected score after linear regression. For this procedure the CGI- S score used as a predictor and the primary efficacy outcome as dependent variable. Logistic regression was then used on pooled data to explore whether the incorrect order of CGI administration increased the odds of discordant ratings between the CGI and primary outcome measure. Results The dataset consisted of 5,784 paired ratings of the CGI and the primary efficacy outcome. Among these, a total of 4,628 visits allowed to calculate change from baseline. Inappropriate order of CGI administration was identified in a total of 443 visits (7.7% of all visits). Discrepancies between CGI-S and the primary efficacy outcome were identified in 292 visits (5.1% of data) and discrepancies between change from baseline in CGI-S and in the primary efficacy outcome were observed in 249 cases (5.3% of data). The presence of incorrectly administered CGI increased the odds of raw score discrepancy 1.6x (95%CI 1.1–2.4), and the odds of discrepancy in change from baseline 1.8x (95%CI 1.2–2.7), both significant with p <0.01. Discussion Our data indicate a relatively large percent of visits suffer from an incorrect scale administration order. We have previously explored a number of sources of possible noise in schizophrenia clinical trials. Current analyses identified a significant effect of incorrect scale administration on the presence of between scale discordances. Such findings indicate that order of CGI administration should be mandated in schizophrenia clinical trials and enforced by eCOA platforms. Additionally, violations to correct scale administration should be monitored through analytic programs and acted upon in case of repeated occurrences at the rater or site level.
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MacPherson, Rebecca E. K., Sofhia V. Ramos, Rene Vandenboom, Brian D. Roy, and Sandra J. Peters. "Skeletal muscle PLIN proteins, ATGL and CGI-58, interactions at rest and following stimulated contraction." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): R644—R650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00418.2012.
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Evidence indicates that skeletal muscle lipid droplet-associated proteins (PLINs) regulate lipolysis through protein-protein interactions on the lipid droplet surface. In adipocytes, PLIN1 is thought to regulate lipolysis by directly interacting with comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), an activator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Upon lipolytic stimulation, PLIN1 is phosphorylated, releasing CGI-58 to fully activate ATGL and initiate triglyceride breakdown. The absence of PLIN1 in skeletal muscle leads us to believe that other PLIN family members undertake this role. Our purpose was to examine interactions between PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5, with ATGL and its coactivator CGI-58 at rest and following contraction. Isolated rat solei were incubated for 30 min at rest or during 30 min of intermittent tetanic stimulation [150-ms volleys at 60 Hz with a train rate of 20 tetani/min (25°C)] to maximally stimulate intramuscular lipid breakdown. Results show that the interaction between ATGL and CGI-58 increased 128% following contraction ( P = 0.041). Further, ATGL interacts with PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5 at rest and following contraction. The PLIN2-ATGL interaction decreased significantly by 21% following stimulation ( P = 0.013). Both PLIN3 and PLIN5 coprecipitated with CGI-58 at rest and following contraction, while there was no detectable interaction between PLIN2 and CGI-58 in either condition. Therefore, our findings indicate that in skeletal muscle, during contraction-induced muscle lipolysis, ATGL and CGI-58 strongly associate and that the PLIN proteins work together to regulate lipolysis, in part, by preventing ATGL and CGI-58 interactions at rest.
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Lee, Jun-Yeong, Ian Davis, and Samuel Beck. "Nuclear Architecture Disruption During Aging Causes Misexpression of Genes Lacking CpG Islands." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2536.
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Abstract Global disorganization of chromatin architecture, characterized by disrupted nuclear lamina and associated heterochromatin, is commonly observed in various aging contexts, including premature aging diseases, cellular senescence, and normative aging. Although these conserved structural changes have been reported for over two decades, their impact on transcription and contribution to age-related degenerative changes remain unclear. Here we show that genes not associated with CpG islands (CGI- genes), which form heterochromatin when transcriptionally silent, are globally misexpressed in aged nuclei with disrupted chromatin architectures. Our data also show that CGI- gene misexpression is a direct outcome of nuclear architecture disruption. Notably, CGI- gene misexpression explains the molecular basis of various defects observed during aging, including loss of cellular identity and increased noises in transcription. We also show that uncontrolled secretory phenotypes commonly observed during aging are largely attributable to CGI- gene misexpression, which drives disruption of intercellular communication and fuel chronic inflammation in aged tissues. Our large-scale meta-analysis further demonstrates that CGI- gene misexpression is a common feature of mammalian aging and age-associated diseases. Interestingly, CGI- gene misexpression can be suppressed by anti-aging interventions. Our study suggests that age-associated CGI- gene misexpression is a novel biomarker of physiological aging which offers an effective therapeutic target for delaying or ameliorating degenerative changes associated with aging.
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Peters-Strickland, Timothy, Cathy Zhao, Pamela P. Perry, Anna Eramo, Phyllis M. Salzman, Robert D. McQuade, Brian R. Johnson, and Raymond Sanchez. "Effects of aripiprazole once-monthly on symptoms of schizophrenia in patients switched from oral antipsychotics." CNS Spectrums 21, no. 6 (August 17, 2016): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852916000365.
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ObjectiveTo assess the effects of aripiprazole once-monthly 400 mg (AOM 400) on clinical symptoms and global improvement in schizophrenia after switching from an oral antipsychotic.MethodsIn a multicenter, open-label, mirror-image, naturalistic study in patients with schizophrenia (>1 year, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision [DSM-IV-TR] criteria), changes in efficacy measures were assessed during prospective treatment (6 months) with AOM 400 after switching from standard-of-care oral antipsychotics. During prospective treatment, patients were cross-titrated to oral aripiprazole monotherapy (1–4) weeks followed by open-label AOM 400 (24 weeks). Mean change from baseline of the open-label AOM 400 phase in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores (total, positive and negative subscales) and Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) scores; mean CGI–Improvement (CGI-I) score; and proportion of responders (≥30% decrease from baseline in PANSS total score or CGI-I score of 1 [very much improved] or 2 [much improved]) were assessed.ResultsPANSS and CGI-S scores improved from baseline (P<0.0001) and CGI-I demonstrated improvement at all time points. By the end of the study, 49.0% of patients were PANSS or CGI-I responders.ConclusionsIn a community setting, patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized at baseline and switched to AOM 400 from oral antipsychotics showed clear improvements in clinical symptoms.
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Stamm, Matthew D. C. "CGI: An Evolution in Cinema." Film Matters 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fm.4.1.38_1.
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Legg, Stephen J. "Conformance specification in the CGI." Computer-Aided Design 19, no. 5 (June 1987): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(87)90262-4.
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Wolter, Franz-Erich, and Nicholas M. Patrikalakis. "Special Issue for CGI '98." Graphical Models 62, no. 1 (January 2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/gmod.1999.0516.
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Kang, Kyung Min, Jeoung Eun Lee, Ji Eun Park, Hyunjin Kim, Hee Yeon Jang, Minyeon Go, Dong Ryul Lee, and Sung Han Shim. "Changes in Methylation Patterns of Tumor Suppressor Genes during Extended Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures." Stem Cells International 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5575185.
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While studies on embryonic stem cells have been actively conducted, little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in extended culture systems. Here, we investigated whether CpG island (CGI) methylation patterns of 24 tumor suppressor genes could be maintained during extended hESC cultures. In total, 10 hESC lines were analyzed. For each cell line, genomic DNA was extracted from early and late passages of cell cultures. CGI methylation levels of 24 tumor suppressor genes were analyzed using methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA), pyrosequencing, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Different CGI methylation patterns of CASP8, FHIT, and CHFR genes were identified in between early and late passages in some hESC lines. CGI methylation levels of CASP8 significantly increased at late passage in CHA-36, CHA-40, and CHA-42 cell lines compared to those at early passage. The CGI methylation of the FHIT gene was higher at late passage than at early passage in CHA-15, CHA-31, CHA-32, and iPS (FS)-1 cell lines but decreased at the late passage in CHA-20 and H1 cell lines. Different CGI methylation patterns were detected for the CHFR gene only in iPS (FS)-1, and the level significantly increased at late passage. Thus, our findings show that CGI methylation patterns could be altered during prolonged ESC cultures and examining these epigenetic changes is important to assess the maintenance, differentiation, and clinical usage of stem cells.
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Beck, Samuel, and Junyeong Lee. "DISRUPTION OF CPG ISLAND-MEDIATED CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL HOMEOSTASIS DURING AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.756.
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Abstract Aging causes the global disorganization of nuclear chromatin architecture. In a normal young nucleus, silent heterochromatin is associated with the nuclear lamina layer underlying nuclear envelope, thus spatially separated from euchromatin at the nuclear center. Notably, aging causes the disruption of nuclear lamina and the decondensation of associated heterochromatin. However, it is not clearly understood how these changes of chromatin architectures contribute to age-related diseases. Through large-scale computational analyses, we present that CpG islands (CGIs) give important clues to answering this question. CGIs are DNA elements with high Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine dinucleotide frequencies. In human, about 60% of total genes contain CGIs at their promoters (CGI+ genes) and are broadly expressed throughout the body. The other 40% of genes that do not have CGIs (CGI- genes) exhibit tissue-restricted expression patterns. Our results demonstrate that, in normal young nuclei, only CGI- genes can reside within lamina-associated heterochromatin when transcriptionally inactive, while CGI+ genes associate with nuclear central euchromatin even when they are repressed. In parallel, we show that age-associated heterochromatin decondensation can specifically de-repress tissue-specific CGI- genes leading to their uncontrolled expressions. Our results further demonstrate that global misregulation of CGI- genes increases the noise in gene transcription that, in turn, causes the loss of cellular identities during aging. Taken together, our study establishes critical implication of CGI-mediated chromatin architecture in age-associated degenerative changes and loss of tissue homeostasis.
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GHAZALEH, Faika A., George A. OMBURO, and Robert W. COLMAN. "Evidence for the presence of essential histidine and cysteine residues in platelet cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase." Biochemical Journal 317, no. 2 (July 15, 1996): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3170495.
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cAMP is a major regulator of platelet function. cGMP-inhibited phosphodiesterase (cGI-PDE) is the predominant platelet enzyme hydrolysing cAMP. The pH–rate profile plot for this enzyme yields pKa values of 6.5 and 9.0, consistent with histidine and cysteine residues respectively. Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP) inactivates cGI-PDE in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was rapidly reversed by hydroxylamine. It was estimated that 2 mol of histidine residues per mol of enzyme were responsible for the loss of catalytic activity, as deduced from the correlation of the difference spectrum at 240 nm of the DEP-modified cGI-PDE with the enzymic activity. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) and 5,5´-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) inactivate cGI-PDE in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, suggesting the selective modification of a cysteine residue. AMP protects the enzyme against DEP, NEM and DTNB, suggesting the presence of histidine and cysteine residues at the active site of cGI-PDE. [14C]DEP incorporation in the presence of AMP or cGMP indicates the protection of two histidine residues by each nucleotide. These residues are different for each agent, since the combination of AMP and cGMP protects four histidine residues. [3H]NEM incorporation showed that 1 mol of cysteine per mol of cGI-PDE was protected by AMP, but not by cGMP. We conclude that cGI-PDE possesses two essential histidine residues for activity, two additional histidines for cGMP inhibition, and one cysteine residue at the active site.
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Xue, Tian, Chung-Wah Siu, Deborah K. Lieu, Chu-Pak Lau, Hung-Fat Tse, and Ronald A. Li. "Mechanistic Role of I f Revealed by Induction of Ventricular Automaticity by Somatic Gene Transfer of Gating-Engineered Pacemaker (HCN) Channels." Circulation 115, no. 14 (April 10, 2007): 1839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.659391.
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Background— Although I f , encoded by the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channel gene family, is known to be functionally important in pacing, its mechanistic action is largely inferential and indeed somewhat controversial. To dissect in detail the role of I f , we investigated the functional consequences of overexpressing in adult guinea pig left ventricular cardiomyocytes (LVCMs) various HCN1 constructs that have been engineered to exhibit different gating properties. Methods and Results— We created the recombinant adenoviruses Ad-CMV-GFP-IRES (CGI), Ad-CGI-HCN1, Ad-CGI-HCN1-ΔΔΔ, and Ad-CGI-HCN1-Ins, which mediate ectopic expression of GFP alone, WT, EVY235-7ΔΔΔ, and Ins HCN1 channels, respectively; EVY235-7ΔΔΔ and Ins encode channels in which the S3–S4 linkers have been shortened and lengthened to favor and inhibit opening, respectively. Ad-CGI-HCN1, Ad-CGI-HCN1-ΔΔΔ, and Ad-CGI-HCN1-Ins, but not control Ad-CGI, transduction of LVCMs led to robust expression of I f with comparable densities when fully open (≈−22 pA/pF at −140 mV; P >0.05) but distinctive activation profiles (V 1/2 =−70.8±0.6, −60.4±0.7, and −87.7±0.7 mV; P <0.01, respectively). Whereas control (nontransduced or Ad-CGI–transduced) LVCMs were electrically quiescent, automaticity (206±16 bpm) was observed exclusively in 61% of Ad-HCN1-ΔΔΔ–transduced cells that displayed depolarized maximum diastolic potential (−60.6±0.5 versus −70.6±0.6 mV of resting membrane potential of control cells; P <0.01) and gradual phase 4 depolarization (306±32 mV/s) that were typical of genuine nodal cells. Furthermore, spontaneously firing Ad-HCN1-ΔΔΔ–transduced LVCMs responded positively to adrenergic stimulation ( P <0.05) but exhibited neither overdrive excitation nor suppression. In contrast, the remaining 39% of Ad-HCN1-ΔΔΔ–transduced cells exhibited no spontaneous action potentials; however, a single ventricular action potential associated with a depolarized resting membrane potential and a unique, incomplete “phase 4–like” depolarization that did not lead to subsequent firing could be elicited on simulation. Such an intermediate phenotype, similarly observed in 100% of Ad-CGI-HCN– and Ad-CGI-HCN1-Ins–transduced LVCMs, could be readily reversed by ZD7288, hinting at a direct role of I f . Correlation analysis revealed the specific biophysical parameters required for I f to function as an active membrane potential oscillator. Conclusions— Our results not only contribute to a better understanding of cardiac pacing but also may advance current efforts that focus primarily on automaticity induction to the next level by enabling bioengineering of central and peripheral cells that make up the native sinoatrial node.
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Alsayouf, Hamza A., Haitham Talo, and Marisa L. Biddappa. "Core Signs and Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Improved after Starting Risperidone and Aripiprazole in Combination with Standard Supportive Therapies: A Large, Single-Center, Retrospective Case Series." Brain Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050618.
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Background: There are a number of medications prescribed to address comorbid challenging behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including risperidone and aripiprazole. This retrospective case series reports the use of these drugs in children aged 2 to 13 years. Methodology: A total of 82 children (mean age, 5 years; 79% male) with ASD treated at the Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center in Dubai between January 2020 and September 2021 were included in this retrospective case series. All patients had comorbid challenging behaviors that were resistant to standard supportive therapies alone and warranted pharmacological intervention. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale—2nd Edition Standard form (CARS2-ST) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)—Severity (CGI-S) and CGI—Improvement (CGI-I) scales were used to assess the severity of ASD at baseline and to monitor response to treatment with risperidone or aripiprazole. Results: Besides the expected improvement in comorbid challenging behaviors, 79/82 patients (96%) attained a CGI-I score of 2 or 1 following treatment, and 35/82 patients (43%) achieved both a CGI-I score of 1 and minimal-to-no symptoms as per the CARS2-ST test, with complete resolution of their ASD signs and symptoms. The differences in the overall mean CARS2-ST and CGI-S scores pre- and post-treatment were statistically significant (Z = −7.86, p < 0.0001 for both), with pre- and post-treatment mean values of 42 and 23 for CARS2-ST, respectively, and 6 and 2 for CGI-S, respectively. The main side effects were asymptomatic elevated prolactin (n = 12) and excessive weight gain (n = 2). Conclusions: ASD core symptoms and comorbid behaviors in young children improved following chronic treatment with antipsychotic medications, either with or without medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, when combined with standard supportive therapies. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed to verify these findings.
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YU, Xing Xian, David A. LEWIN, Alan ZHONG, Jennifer BRUSH, Peter W. SCHOW, Steven W. SHERWOOD, Guohua PAN, and Sean H. ADAMS. "Overexpression of the human 2-oxoglutarate carrier lowers mitochondrial membrane potential in HEK-293 cells: contrast with the unique cold-induced mitochondrial carrier CGI-69." Biochemical Journal 353, no. 2 (January 8, 2001): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3530369.
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Using differential mRNA expression analysis, a previously uncharacterized gene was found to be up-regulated 2-fold in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice exposed to cold (4°C) for 48h. Contig and homology analysis revealed that the gene represents the murine orthologue to a sequence from a public database encoding a putative human protein (CGI-69). The presence of mitochondrial carrier domains in the human protein, its transmembrane topology and cold-induction of the mouse CGI-69 gene in BAT prompted an analysis of the idea that CGI-69 may represent a new uncoupling protein (UCP) functional homologue. However, transfection of human CGI-69 isoforms in HEK-293 cells yielded no change in mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), despite localization of FLAG-tagged CGI-69 to mitochondria of MCF7 cells. Surprisingly, overexpression of the human 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) protein (originally designed as a negative control) sparked a significant drop in ∆Ψm, possibly signalling a previously unappreciated uncoupling activity for the OGC.
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Leucht, Stefan, John M. Kane, Werner Kissling, Johannes Hamann, Eva Etschel, and Rolf Engel. "Clinical implications of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores." British Journal of Psychiatry 187, no. 4 (October 2005): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.4.366.
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BackgroundDespite the widespread use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the clinical meaning of its total score and cut-off values used to define treatment response are unclear.AimsTo link the BPRS to Clinical Global Impression (CGI) ratings.MethodEquipercentile linking of BPRS and CGI ratings from seven drug trials in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia (n=1979).Results‘Mildly ill’ according to the CGI approximately corresponded to a BPRS total score of 31, ‘moderately ill’ to a BPRS score of 41 and ‘markedly ill’ to a BPRS score of 53. ‘Minimally improved’ according to the CGI score was associated with percentage BPRS reductions of 24, 27 and 30% at weeks 1, 2 and 4, respectively. The corresponding numbers for a CGI rating of ‘much improved’ were 44, 53 and 58%ConclusionsThe results provide a clearer understanding of how to interpret BPRS total and percentage reduction scores in clinical trials with patients acutely ill with schizophrenia who are experiencing positive symptoms.
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Ghasemi, Rohollah, and Anders E. W. Jarfors. "Scratch Behaviour of Silicon Solid Solution Strengthened Ferritic Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI)." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.318.
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The present study focuses on scratch behaviour of a conventional pearlitic and a number of solid solution strengthened ferritic Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) alloys. This was done by employing a single-pass microscratch test using a sphero-conical diamond indenter under different constant normal loads conditions. Matrix solution hardening was made by alloying with different content of Si alloy; (3.66, 4.09 and 4.59 wt%. Si) which are named as low-Si, medium-Si and high-Si ferritic CGI alloys, respectively. A good correlation between the tensile and scratch test results was observed explaining the influence of CGI’s matrix characteristics on scratch behaviour both for pearlitic and fully ferritic solution strengthened ones. Both the scratch depth and scratch width showed strong tendency to increase with increasing the normal load, however the pearlitic one showed more profound deformation compared to the solution strengthened CGI alloys. Among the investigated alloys, the maximum and minimum scratch resistance was observed for high-Si ferritic CGI and pearlitic alloys, respectively. It was confirmed by the scratched surfaces analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as well. In addition, the indenter’s depth of penetration value (scratch depth) was found as a suitable measure to ascertain the scratch resistance of CGI alloys.Keywords: Silicon solution strengthening, CGI, Abrasion, Scratch testing, Scratch resistance
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Stanton, Bruce A. "Renal potassium transport: the pioneering studies of Gerhard Giebisch." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 298, no. 2 (February 2010): F233—F234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00669.2009.
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This essay looks at the historical significance of six APS Classic Papers that are freely available on line: Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 206: 674–686, 1964 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/206/4/674 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in rat nephron. Am J Physiol 211: 529–547, 1966 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/211/3/529 ). Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G. Microperfusion study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transfer in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 211: 548–559, 1966 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/211/3/548 ). Duarte CG, Chomety F, Giebisch G. Effect of amiloride, ouabain, and furosemide on distal tubular function in the rat. Am J Physiol 221: 632–640, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/2/632 ). Malnic G, De Mello Aires M, Giebisch G. Potassium transport across renal distal tubules during acid-base disturbances. Am J Physiol 221: 1192–1208, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/4/1192 ). Wright FS, Strieder N, Fowler NB, Giebisch G. Potassium secretion by distal tubule after potassium adaptation. Am J Physiol 221: 437–448, 1971 ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/221/2/437 ).
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Cao, Minghua, Konstantinos P. Baxevanakis, and Vadim V. Silberschmidt. "Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Thermomechanical Performance of Compacted Graphite Iron." Metals 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030473.
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Compacted graphite iron (CGI) has gained significant attention in automotive industry applications thanks to its superior thermomechanical properties and competitive price. Its main fracture mechanism at the microscale—interfacial damage and debonding between graphite inclusions and a metallic matrix—can happen under high-temperature service conditions as a result of a mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the two phases of CGI. Macroscopic fracture in cast iron components can be initiated by interfacial damage at the microscale under thermomechanical load. This phenomenon was investigated in various composites but still lacks information for CGI, with its complex morphology of graphite inclusions. This research focuses on the effect of this morphology on the thermomechanical performance of CGI under high temperatures. A set of three-dimensional finite-element models was created, with a unit cell containing a single graphite inclusion embedded in a cubic domain of the metallic matrix. Elastoplastic behaviour was assumed for both phases in numerical simulations. The effect of graphite morphology on the thermomechanical performance of CGI was investigated for pure thermal loading, focusing on a high-temperature response of its constituents. The results can provide a deeper understanding of the correlation between graphite morphology and CGI fracture mechanisms under high temperatures.
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Panov, A. G., D. A. Gurtovoy, and I. F. Shaekhova. "About the Possibility of Increase in CGI Properties by Austempering." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.224.
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The first results of the complex researches by NChI KFU, KAMAZ and RC Modificator of influence of heat treatment on CGI structure and properties are presented in the article. It is shown that austempering of CGI raises its strength characteristics more than twice and, thanks to good foundry properties, exclusively highs the resistance of deformation, good damping capacity and machinability, allows to expand CGI applications, in particular, instead of the alloyed SGI, including ADI.
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Mendell, Lorne M. "The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3024–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/classicessays.00025.2005.
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This essay looks at the historical significance of five APS classic papers that are freely available online: McPhedran AM, Wuerker RB, and Henneman E. Properties of motor units in a homogeneous red muscle (soleus) of the cat. J Neurophysiol 28: 71–84, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/1/71 ). Wuerker RB, McPhedran AM, and Henneman E. Properties of motor units in a heterogeneous pale muscle (m. gastrocnemius) of the cat. J Neurophysiol 28: 85–99, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/1/85 ). Henneman E, Somjen G, and Carpenter DO. Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 28: 560–580, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/560 ). Henneman E and Olson CB. Relations between structure and function in the design of skeletal muscles. J Neurophysiol 28: 581–598, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/581 ). Henneman E, Somjen G, and Carpenter DO. Excitability and inhibitability of motoneurons of different sizes. J Neurophysiol 28: 599–620, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/599 ).
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Kokko, Juha P., and Jeff M. Sands. "Significance of urea transport: the pioneering studies of Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 291, no. 6 (December 2006): F1109—F1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/classicessays.00311.2006.
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This essay looks at the historical significance of five APS classic papers that are freely available online: Murdaugh HV Jr, Schmidt-Nielsen B, Doyle EM, and O'Dell R. Renal tubular regulation of urea excretion in man. J Appl Physiol 13: 263–268, 1958. ( http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/13/2/263 ) Schmidt-Nielsen B. Renal tubular excretion of urea in kangaroo rats. Am J Physiol 170: 45–56, 1952. ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/170/1/45 ) Schmidt-Nielsen B. Urea excretion in white rats and kangaroo rats as influenced by excitement and by diet. Am J Physiol 181: 131–139, 1955. ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/181/1/131 ) Schmidt-Nielsen B, Osaki H, Murdaugh HV Jr, and O'Dell R. Renal regulation of urea excretion in sheep. Am J Physiol 194: 221–228, 1958. ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/194/2/221 ) Truniger B and Schmidt-Nielsen B. Intrarenal distribution of urea and related compounds: effect of nitrogen intake. Am J Physiol 207: 971–978, 1964. ( http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/207/5/971 )
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Lepping, P., R. Whittington, R. S. Sambhi, S. Lane, R. Poole, S. Leucht, P. Cuijpers, R. McCabe, and W. Waheed. "Clinical relevance of findings in trials of CBT for depression." European Psychiatry 45 (September 2017): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.07.003.
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AbstractCognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is beneficial in depression. Symptom scores can be translated into Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale scores to indicate clinical relevance. We aimed to assess the clinical relevance of findings of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT in depression. We identified RCTs of CBT that used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). HAMD scores were translated into Clinical Global Impression – Change scale (CGI-I) scores to measure clinical relevance. One hundred and seventy datasets from 82 studies were included. The mean percentage HAMD change for treatment arms was 53.66%, and 29.81% for control arms, a statistically significant difference. Combined active therapies showed the biggest improvement on CGI-I score, followed by CBT alone. All active treatments had better than expected HAMD percentage reduction and CGI-I scores. CBT has a clinically relevant effect in depression, with a notional CGI-I score of 2.2, indicating a significant clinical response. The non-specific or placebo effect of being in a psychotherapy trial was a 29% reduction of HAMD.
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Ngollo, Magwana, and Beny Mwenda. "Effects of corporate governance disclosure on profitability of public listed firms in Tanzania." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 10, no. 5 (December 31, 2022): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v10i5.20628.
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This study investigated the effect of corporate governance information (CGI) disclosure on firms' profitability in the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE). Twenty-one listed companies were studied for a period ranging from 2006 to 2021 using a mixed research method with an explanatory sequential design. Return on equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA) was employed as dependent variables in the panel data analysis. CGI disclosure was an independent variable. The control variables were geographical diversification, firm age, size, and sales growth. Secondary data was obtained from DSE. Qualitative data was gathered via semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis and a random effect model with two estimates (1 and 2) were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. The findings suggested a positive and significant effect of CGI disclosure on firm profitability. The findings add to the body of knowledge by signifying stakeholder theory. The study concluded that Disclosure of CGI might undeniably result in increased profitability. We recommended that firm managers look closely at CGI disclosure, enhance their disclosure practices, and invest in disclosure strategies that benefit stakeholders.
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Khanna, Pankaj. "A Critical Governance Infrastructure Framework at ODL Institutions and Best Practices for its Protection during and beyond New Normal." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 10 (October 13, 2023): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n10.005.
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The outbreak of Covid-19 has forced us to extend distance education beyond territorial boundaries, mainly due to limitations caused by pandemic conditions. A critical governance infrastructure (CGI) for open and distance learning (ODL) institutions is presented to manage the "new normal" institutional governance activities quite efficiently and effectively. The CGI is supplemented with control systems to efficiently monitor critical information and control critical parts of institutional centres and associated services. Its vulnerabilities to basic attacks (such as cyber attacks and physical attacks) have been analysed. The emerging new challenges and risks for ODL governance, the cyber security crises, and its protection management are presented. Lastly, best practices for protecting and managing the CGI are recommended so as to achieve a safe, robust, and resilient CGI for the ODL institutions. It is inferred that the incorporation of such a CGI into the institutional education system would play a prominent role in establishing an uninterrupted and efficient governance system that is necessary for the sustainable development and growth of the ODL institution concerned during and beyond the "new normal".
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Constantine-Paton, Martha. "Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 2741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00061.2008.
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This essay looks at six APS classic papers published by D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel that first identified a developmental critical period for environment influenced receptive field plasticity in the visual pathway. These classic papers are freely available online. These are listed here, in chronological order. Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Effects of visual deprivation on morphology and physiology of cells in the cat's lateral geniculate body. J Neurophysiol 26: 978–993, 1963 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/26/6/978 ). Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J Neurophysiol 26: 994–1002, 1963 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/26/6/994 ). Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Single-cell responses in striate cortex of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J Neurophysiol 26: 1003–1017, 1963 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/26/6/1003 ). Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. J Neurophysiol 28: 1029–1040, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/6/1029 ). Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. J Neurophysiol 28: 1041–1059, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/6/1041 ). Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Extent of recovery from the effects of visual deprivation in kittens. J Neurophysiol 28: 1060–1072, 1965 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/28/6/1060 ).
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Rabinowitz, Jonathan, Stephen Levine, and Guadalupe Martinez. "CONCORDANCE BETWEEN MEASURES OF FUNCTIONING, SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND CHANGE: GAF, CGI-S, CGI-C AND PANSS." Schizophrenia Research 117, no. 2-3 (April 2010): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.726.
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