Academic literature on the topic 'CGWAVE'

Tanjung Laut is water located in the administrative area of Bontang Regency, East Kalimantan. These waters are widely used for ship traffic to and from the Port. To find out the hydrodynamic conditions, especially waves that occur in the sea and propagate into these waters, it is necessary to analyze wave transformations to describe the conditions and impacts that occur due to wave propagation from the high seas that enter the port waters. The purpose of this study is to look at the shipping security channel. The method used in analyzing wind data from BMKG into wave data and modeling with cgwave mathematical models. Wave analysis is carried out with a cgwave model mathematical to determine the hydrodynamic conditions of the waves and to determine the shipping obstacles and to describe the plan waves that occur as one of the bases in determining the elevation of the pier and port breakwater structures. The results showed the conversion of wind speed and direction to be high, the period and direction of waves in the waters of Tanjung Laut in 2006-2016. The maximum significant wave height in the waters of Tanjung Laut occurred in 2007 was 3.91 meters with a period of 7.89 seconds. The results of statistical analysis using the wave recurrence method show that the wave height can occur or exceed for a 50 year return period is 4.80 meters to 5.54 meters, while the 10 year return period is 3.70 meters to 4.17 meters. The results of the waveform simulation with the cgwave are the wave height in the harbor pool ranging from 0.03 meters to 0.06 meters in the direction of waves from the Northeast, 0.03 meters to 0.07 meters in the direction of waves from the East, and 0.05 meters up to 0.09 meters in the direction of waves from the Southeast. Simulation results show that the conditions in the port pond are quite safe and calm against wave attacksTanjung laut merupakan pelabuhan perairan yang berada di wilayah administrasi Kabupaten Bontang Kalimantan Timur, dimana banyak digunakan untuk lalu lintas kapal yang menuju dan keluar dari Pelabuhan. Untuk mengetahui kondisi hidrodinamika khususnya gelombang yang terjadi di laut dan merambat ke perairan tersebut, perlu adanya analisa transformasi gelombang untuk menggambarkan kondisi dan dampak yang terjadi akibat perambatan gelombang dari laut lepas yang masuk ke kawasan perairan pelabuhan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat keamanan alur pelayaran. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menganalisa data angin dari BMKG menjadi data gelombang dan pemodelan dengan model matematik cgwave. Analisa gelombang dilakukan dengan model matematik model cgwave untuk mengetahui kondisi hidrodinamika gelombang dan untuk mengetahui hambatan pelayaran serta untuk menggambarkan gelombang rencana yang terjadi sebagai salah satu dasar dalam penentuan elevasi dermaga dan bangunan pemecah gelombang pelabuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan konversi kecepatan dan arah angin menjadi tinggi, periode dan arah gelombang di perairan Tanjung laut Tahun 2006-2016. Tinggi gelombang signifikan maksimum di perairan Tanjung Laut terjadi pada tahun 2007 adalah 3,91 meter dengan periode 7,89 detik. Hasil analisa statistik menggunakan metode kala ulang kejadian gelombang, menunjukkan tinggi gelombang dapat terjadi atau terlampaui untuk kala ulang 50 tahun adalah 4,80 meter sampai dengan 5,54 meter, sedangkan kala ulang 10 tahun adalah 3,70 meter sampai dengan 4,17 meter. Hasil simulasi trasformasi dgelombang dengan model cgwave adalah tinggi gelombang di kolam pelabuhan berkisar antara 0,03 meter sampai dengan 0,06 meter dengan arah datang gelombang dari Timur Laut, 0,03 meter sampai dengan 0,07 meter dengan arah datang gelombang dari Timur, dan 0,05 meter sampai dengan 0,09 meter dengan arah datang gelombang dari Tenggara. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan kondisi di kolam pelabuhan cukup aman dan tenang terhadap serangan gelombang.

Bantan Coast in Bengkalis Island that suffered worst abrasion due to wave attack. Protection of abrasion area against the wave can be done by proper lay-out of breakwater with certain configuration. To get the optimal configuration of breakwater, wave pattern around the breakwater were analyzed quantitatively. It was conducted to obtain the optimum condition of wave height reduction produced. Evaluation of breakwater lay-out effect to wave pattern can be done by numerical model approached. Wave pattern simulation that occurred due to the breakwater was done by Surface water Modelling System (SMS) - CGWAVE software module. This module is a 2-D depth average numerical model using finite element model. To get accurate simulation, a deviation of the numerical result and the measurement result at several locations was used as the indicator parameter in the calibration process. The results showed that from the result of calibration process was used 1.3 meters wave height and 5.4 seconds wave period. Three breakwaters 20 meters slit configuration produced a maximum value of wave height reduction and wave velocity reduction (in comparison wave simulation without breakwater). This configuration produces 60% height reduction and 14% velocity reduction.

This paper proposes a computational method for estimating moored ship motion taking into consideration harbor resonance, and provides a way to estimate the effect that harbor resonance has on moored ship motion. The computation of harbor resonance used the CGWAVE model, and the computation of moored ship motion used the three-dimensional Green’s function method. This method was verified with field motion measurement data from actual moored ships and wave field data and down time record data from Pohang New Harbor. The resonance periods obtained from wave field data in Pohang New Harbor were 80, 33, 23, and 8 min, which were the long waves, and 42, 54, and 60 s, which were the infra-gravity waves inside the harbor slip. The simulation results for harbor resonance were compared to the actual wave field data. This study investigated whether harbor resonance has an effect on moored ship motion using simulated results of ship motion both with and without harbor resonance included. In the case of harbor resonance included, moored ship motion increased by 10–30% when compared with the results without harbor resonance included. We found that harbor resonance has a greater effect on the surge and heave motion of a large-sized ship and on the roll and the yaw motion of a small-sized ship.

Abstract Several methods are available for genome-wide association analysis, including the classical GWAA (cGWAA) based on fixed, single-SNP regression; efficient mixed-model association expedited (EMMAX) that fits single-SNP regressions together with a relationship matrix to account for population structure; and single-step GWAA (ssGWAA) where all data, including non-genotyped animals, are used. The objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the ability of ssGWAA to account for population structure and correctly identify quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN); and 2) compare ssGWAA with cGWAA and EMMAX. Three simulated datasets were used, which mimic fish, beef cattle, and dairy cattle populations. The fish population was composed of 2,040 fish, out of which 1,040 were genotyped and had phenotypes for a trait with heritability of 0.25. The beef cattle population had 6,010 animals in the pedigree, but only 1,500 with phenotypes (h2 = 0.35) and genotypes. Lastly, the dairy cattle population had 40,800 pedigreed animals, of which 20,000 females had phenotypes (h2 = 0.32) and 2,400 males were genotyped. All phenotypes, pedigree, and genotypes were used in ssGWAA, whereas only genotypes and phenotypes were used in cGWAA and EMMAX for the fish and beef cattle analyses. For the dairy cattle analysis using the last two methods, deregressed proofs had to be used instead of phenotypes. The ability to correctly identify QTN and the number of statistically significant SNP (P < 0.05/number of SNP) was assessed among methods. In all populations, cGWAA was able to identify some of the strongest QTN but showed a large number of false positives. EMMAX and ssGWAA did not show false associations and correctly identified the top QTN, with more signals observed in ssGWAA. The ssGWAA accounts for population structure and is a proper association method, especially for livestock populations where sparse genotyping is a reality and phenotypes may not be recorded in genotyped animals.

SummaryA common problem for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) is lack of power for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and precision for fine mapping. Here, we present a statistical method, termed single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP), which increases both power and precision without increasing genotyping costs by taking advantage of phenotypes from other related and unrelated subjects. The procedure achieves these goals by blending traditional pedigree relationships with those derived from genetic markers, and by conversion of estimated breeding values (EBVs) to marker effects and weights. Additionally, the application of mixed model approaches allow for both simple and complex analyses that involve multiple traits and confounding factors, such as environmental, epigenetic or maternal environmental effects. Efficiency of the method was examined using simulations with 15 800 subjects, of which 1500 were genotyped. Thirty QTLs were simulated across genome and assumed heritability was 0·5. Comparisons included ssGBLUP applied directly to phenotypes, BayesB and classical GWAS (CGWAS) with deregressed proofs. An average accuracy of prediction 0·89 was obtained by ssGBLUP after one iteration, which was 0·01 higher than by BayesB. Power and precision for GWAS applications were evaluated by the correlation between true QTL effects and the sum of m adjacent single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects. The highest correlations were 0·82 and 0·74 for ssGBLUP and CGWAS with m=8, and 0·83 for BayesB with m=16. Standard deviations of the correlations across replicates were several times higher in BayesB than in ssGBLUP. The ssGBLUP method with marker weights is faster, more accurate and easier to implement for GWAS applications without computing pseudo-data.

Aim: To evaluate the influence of the parameters L* a* b* on the variation of the color of bovine tooth enamel submitted to artificial darkening, after simulated brushing, with whitening toothpastes containing blue covarine. Methods: To undertake this study in vitro, 60 specimens (SP) were divided into 6 groups (n=10): control group (CGwater) and 5 test groups (GT1-Colgate Total 12, GT2-Oral-B 3D White Perfection, GT3- Colgate Luminous Instant White, GT4-CloseUp White Diamond Attraction, GT5-Sorriso Xtreme White). The specimens were darkened with coffee and submitted to simulated brushing for 6, 12, and 24 months. The alteration in the color was evaluated using CIELAB parameters and the ΔL, Δa, Δb and ΔE were calculated. The data was analyzed through generalized linear models using the R program and considering a level of significance of 5%. Results: The parameters L*, a* and the ΔL, Δa obtained better results in the test group than in the control group. There were no statistical differences between CG and the test groups for the evaluation of the b* parameter. In the evaluation of the Δb, the GT3 differed statistically from the CG. In relation to the ΔE, all the group tests showed a variation in color statistically greater than that of the CG and the GT4 showed the greatest variation, not differing from the GT3 during the periods studied. Conclusion: The mechanical and optical whitening agents positively influenced the values L*a* and b*, as well as in its variations and in the ΔE. It is important to emphasize, however, that to analyze tooth whitening it is necessary to evaluate their parameters together.

ResumenEn esta investigación se comparó la comprensión lectora argumentativa en español, lenguamaterna, de estudiantes en formación universitaria bilingüe de 4º semestre de Licenciatura en Lenguas Modernas –Grupo Experimental [GE]– con la de sus homólogos en formación universitaria en LM de 4º semestre en las Licenciaturas de Matemáticas, Español y Literatura, y Biología y Educación Ambiental –Grupo de Control [GC]–. Se halló que elGE superó al GC en la prueba de Inserción de conectoresen un texto argumentativo escrito en LM y que el GE se diferenció de cada una de las tres licenciaturas. Se concluyó que la superioridad del GE sería la consecuencia de la experiencia bilingüe acumulada durante los primeros cuatro semestres de la Licenciatura.Palabras clave: bilingüismo, formación universitaria bilingüe, conectores, comprensión lectora argumentativa.AbstractIn this research project, argumentative reading comprehension skills (in Spanish as mother tongue) of students from the Modern Languages Teaching program were compared to equivalent students of the Mathematics, Spanish and Literature, Biology en Environmental Education teaching programs. The first (Modern Languages) is the Experimental Group (EG) and the second, is the Control Group (CG). It was foundthat EG got better results than CG in a test about inserting connectors in a written argumentative text in Spanish; CGwas remarkably different fromthe other three teaching programs. It could be concluded that the high performance of EG is due to the result of bilingual experience gathered through the first four semesters of the Teaching program.Key words: Bilingualism, university bilingual education, argumentative reading comprehension.

Abstrak Pantai Desa Matang Danau adalah pantai yang berhadapan langsung dengan Laut Natuna. Laut Natuna memang memiliki gelombang yang cukup besar yang merambat dengan arah dominan dari barat. Pantai Matang danau bermaterial berupa pasir bercampur lempung. Pantai ini sudah cukup lama mengalami aberasi akibat gelombang dan arus sejajar pantai. Pada penelitian ini dicoba melakukan perhitungan dan simulasi model CGWAVE untuk memperkirakan arah datang dan besarnya gelombang dari laut dalam menuju pantai. Dari pemodelan tersebut diketahui bahwa arah datang gelombang tidak tegak lurus dengan pantai sehingga timbul arus sejajar pantai yang akan mempengaruhi pergerakan sedimen sepanjang pantai. Gelombang pecah juga cukup dekat dengan garis pantai sehingga mengakibatkan rawan terhadap abersi. Kata-kata kunci: pantai, gelombang, abrasi

Le strutture portuali devono per loro natura soddisfare le condizioni imposte dalla catena logistica, rinnovando il proprio layout laddove ve ne sia la necessità. Il Porto di Leixões (uno dei principali porti marittimi del Portogallo, situato vicino alla città di Porto) ha in programma la costruzione di un nuovo terminal per consentire l’attracco delle grandi navi container. A tal fine, gli studi condotti hanno dimostrato la necessità di espandere l’attuale molo, alterando tuttavia le condizioni ondose della zona. In particolare, la spiaggia urbana di Matosinhos, che si estende per 1 km a sud del porto, potrebbe subire modifiche del moto ondoso tali da danneggiare o quantomeno alterare l’utilizzo turistico della stessa. La suddetta spiaggia è ad oggi adibita alla pratica del surf, ospitando surfisti di ogni livello, ed è interesse della comunità locale valutare l’effettivo impatto del progetto. Lo scopo della tesi è studiare e quantificare l’impatto dell’estensione del molo sulle condizioni ondose della spiaggia di Matosinhos, attraverso simulazioni numeriche riferite alla situazione corrente e post intervento. La modellazione matematica della propagazione delle onde dal largo all’interno della zona protetta verrà svolta attraverso due modelli: STWAVE e CGWAVE, utilizzando il software SMS (Surface-water Modeling System) come interfaccia grafica.

In coastal areas, climate change is causing mean sea level rise and more frequent storm surge events. This means the breakwaters are expected to withstand the action of more severe incident waves and larger overtopping rates than they were designed for. Therefore, these impacts may have a negative effect on the functionality such as overtopping above the acceptable limits, in addition to stability of these structures. A breakwater which has been partly damaged by a storm stronger than the design storm has weak spots that can easily be damaged further. One way of protecting these breakwaters subjected to climate change is to build a submerged breakwater on the seaward side. This study focuses on the use of numerical model for optimal dimension of a submerged breakwater to be used as a protective measure for an existing structure. Comparisons are made between transmission coefficient predicted in the numerical model and those calculated from different formulae in literature. The variation in transmission coefficient due to different relative submergence and relative width parameters for waves with different steepness is studied and curves showing the dependence of these parameters on wave transmission are made. These results are then used for a test case in Kiberg, Norway where a submerged breakwater is proposed in front of a existing damaged rubble mound breakwater. The optimal geometry generated on the basis of curves is then implemented in the local-scale finite element wave prediction model, CGWAVE.