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Journal articles on the topic 'Chaco woodlands'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

Lentz, David L., Venicia Slotten, Nicholas P. Dunning, et al. "Ecosystem impacts by the Ancestral Puebloans of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (2021): e0258369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258369.

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The Ancestral Puebloans occupied Chaco Canyon, in what is now the southwestern USA, for more than a millennium and harvested useful timber and fuel from the trees of distant forests as well as local woodlands, especially juniper and pinyon pine. These pinyon juniper woodland products were an essential part of the resource base from Late Archaic times (3000–100 BC) to the Bonito phase (AD 800–1140) during the great florescence of Chacoan culture. During this vast expanse of time, the availability of portions of the woodland declined. We posit, based on pollen and macrobotanical remains, that the Chaco Canyon woodlands were substantially impacted during Late Archaic to Basketmaker II times (100 BC–AD 500) when agriculture became a major means of food production and the manufacture of pottery was introduced into the canyon. By the time of the Bonito phase, the local woodlands, especially the juniper component, had been decimated by centuries of continuous extraction of a slow-growing resource. The destabilizing impact resulting from recurrent woodland harvesting likely contributed to the environmental unpredictability and difficulty in procuring essential resources suffered by the Ancestral Puebloans prior to their ultimate departure from Chaco Canyon.

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2

Oliveira, Jaime, José Antonio Molina, and Gonzalo Navarro. "BOVEDA, the Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database: first stage, the Chacoan forests." Vegetation Classification and Survey 3 (October 24, 2022): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs.84418.

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Bolivia is a country exceptionally rich in biodiversity and home to about 20,000 vascular plant species and 15 plant formations. Therefore, it is particularly important to document the biodiversity of this territory. The aim of the Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database (BOVEDA; GIVD ID SA-BO-005) is to record floristic and ecological data of Bolivian vegetation. In the first stage, the database hosts 320 relevés from one of the most unique biogeographical units in the country, the Chaco. In total, 633 species belonging to 114 families have been recorded. Data on vegetation structure, soil, flooding regime and geomorphology have also been stored. The following nine vegetation structural types were identified: (1) deciduous forests of alluvial plains on well to moderately well drained soils; (2) deciduous to semideciduous Chaco forests transitional to the Andes; (3) deciduous and sclerophyllous Cerrado thorn-woodlands and shrublands transitional to the Chaco (Abayoy); (4) xeromorphic thorn shrubland and thickets on vertic, poorly drained soils; (5) woodlands and savannas on sand dunes and aeolian surfaces; (6) freshwater swamp forests; (7) saltwater swamp forests; (8) phreatophytic forests; (9) deciduous to semideciduous Chaco forests transitional to the Chiquitania. Further steps will be to incorporate new types of vegetation already recorded in the field such as Altiplano shrublands, Andean wetlands, Andean Polylepis forests, and vegetation of the dry inter-Andean valleys. Taxonomic reference: Jørgensen et al. (2015). Abbreviations: BOVEDA = Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases.

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Oliveira, Jaime, José Antonio Molina, and Gonzalo Navarro. "BOVEDA, the Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database: first stage, the Chacoan forests." Vegetation Classification and Survey 3 (October 24, 2022): 191–97. https://doi.org/10.3897/VCS.84418.

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Bolivia is a country exceptionally rich in biodiversity and home to about 20,000 vascular plant species and 15 plant formations. Therefore, it is particularly important to document the biodiversity of this territory. The aim of the Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database (BOVEDA; GIVD ID SA-BO-005) is to record floristic and ecological data of Bolivian vegetation. In the first stage, the database hosts 320 relevés from one of the most unique biogeographical units in the country, the Chaco. In total, 633 species belonging to 114 families have been recorded. Data on vegetation structure, soil, flooding regime and geomorphology have also been stored. The following nine vegetation structural types were identified: (1) deciduous forests of alluvial plains on well to moderately well drained soils; (2) deciduous to semideciduous Chaco forests transitional to the Andes; (3) deciduous and sclerophyllous Cerrado thorn-woodlands and shrublands transitional to the Chaco (Abayoy); (4) xeromorphic thorn shrubland and thickets on vertic, poorly drained soils; (5) woodlands and savannas on sand dunes and aeolian surfaces; (6) freshwater swamp forests; (7) saltwater swamp forests; (8) phreatophytic forests; (9) deciduous to semideciduous Chaco forests transitional to the Chiquitania. Further steps will be to incorporate new types of vegetation already recorded in the field such as Altiplano shrublands, Andean wetlands, Andean Polylepis forests, and vegetation of the dry inter-Andean valleys. Taxonomic reference: Jørgensen et al. (2015). Abbreviations: BOVEDA = Bolivian Vegetation Ecology Database; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases.

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4

Leynaud, Gerardo C., and Enrique H. Bucher. "Restoration of degraded Chaco woodlands: Effects on reptile assemblages." Forest Ecology and Management 213, no. 1-3 (2005): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.003.

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5

Pott, A., AKM Oliveira, GA Damasceno-Junior, and JSV Silva. "Plant diversity of the Pantanal wetland." Brazilian Journal of Biology 71, no. 1 suppl 1 (2011): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000200005.

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This is a review of current studies in diversity of the flora and main vegetation types in the Brazilian Pantanal. The flora of this wetland, nearly 2,000 species, constitutes a pool of elements of wide distribution and from more or less adjacent phytogeographic provinces, such as Cerrado, dry seasonal forests, Chaco, Amazonia and Atlantic Forest. The most numerous group includes wide-distribution species, mainly herbs, while the second contingent comes from the Cerrado. Endemic plants are rare, numbering only seven. The vegetation of the sedimentary floodplain is a mosaic of aquatics, floodable grasslands, riparian forests, savannas (cerrados), cerrado woodlands, dry forests, and a large area of mono-dominant savannas, and pioneer woodlands. The main vegetation types are briefly described with their characteristic species, and their estimated areas are given according to the latest mapping.

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6

Nieto, A. Madroño, and M. Pearman. "Distribution, status and taxonomy of the near-threatened Black-bodied Woodpecker Dryocopus schulzi." Bird Conservation International 2, no. 4 (1992): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002495.

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SummaryStudies of records of the Black-bodied Woodpecker Dryocopus schulzi through literature searches, communications with ornithologists, personal observations and data from museum specimens show that the distribution of the species is basically limited to xero-phytic chaco woodlands in western Paraguay, northern and central Argentina, and southern Bolivia. Its western limit is defined by the transition zone between the chaco and the semi-humid montane forest on the east Andean slopes of southern Bolivia and north-west Argentina; in the extreme south it extends into the dry deciduous woodlands n i the sierras of Córdoba and north-eastern San Luis. The taxonomic history of the species has been chequered; we present morphological and vocal differences from its closest relative that reaffirm its specific validity. It appears to have suffered an alarming decline over much of its former range in Argentina, and appears to survive only in two isolated population centres of significant importance, in Córdoba and adjacent San Luis and in the central part of the Paraguayan chaco. The main cause of its rarity is destruction of habitat for timber extraction and expansion of agriculture and cattle-raising.El estudio de registros del Carpintero Negro Dryocopus schulzi mediante revision biblio-gráfica, comunicaciones de ornitólogos, observaciones personales e información adjunta a especímenes en museos, muestra que la distribución de la especie básicamente se circunscribe al bosque chaqueño de carácter xerófilo del oeste de Paraguay, norte y centro de Argentina y sur de Bolivia. Su extremo occidental alcanza la zona de transición entre el chaco y los bosques semihúmedos montanos en las sierras orientales andinas del sur de Bolivia y del noroeste argentino; en el extremo sur se extiende hasta los bosques secos decíduos de las sierras cordobesas y del noreste de San Luis. La historia taxonómica de l a especie ha sido confusa; las diferencias morfológicas y vocales que aquí se presentan y comparan con su pariente más próximo reafirman su validez específica. Parece haber sufrido una disminución preocupante en la mayor parte de su distribución original en Argentina, y quedan aparentemente tan solo un par de núcleos poblacionales aislados de cierta importancia, en Córdoba y zona adyacente de San Luis y en la zona central del chaco paraguayo. La principal causa responsable de su rarefacción se debe a la destrucción del hábitat por la explotación de los recursos madereros y a la creciente expansión de la frontera agrícola y ganadera.

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Drake, Brandon L., WH Wills, and Erik B. Erhardt. "The 5.1 ka aridization event, expansion of piñon-juniper woodlands, and the introduction of maize (Zea mays) in the American Southwest." Holocene 22, no. 12 (2012): 1353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683612449758.

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Pollen analysis is frequently used to build climate and environmental histories. A distinct Holocene pollen series exists for Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. This study reports linear modeling and hypothesis testing of long distance dispersal pollen from radiocarbon-dated packrat middens which reveal strong relationships between piñon pine ( Pinus edulis) and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa). Ponderosa pollen dominates midden pollen assemblages during the early Holocene, while a rapid shift to a much higher proportion of piñon to ponderosa pine pollen between c. 5440 and 5102 cal. yr BP points to an aridization episode. This shift is associated with higher δ18O values in Southwest speleothem records relative to the preceding millennium. The period of aridization is followed by a sharp increase in El Niño/Southern Oscillation events that would have caused highly variable precipitation and lasted until c. 4200 cal. yr BP. Bayesian change-point analysis suggests that this aridization episode led to stable ecotonal boundaries for at least 3000 years. The piñon/ponderosa transition may have been caused by punctuated multiyear droughts, analogous to those in the 20th century. The earliest documented instance of Zea mays cultivation on the Colorado Plateau is around c. 3940 14C yr BP ( c. 4364 cal. yr BP) (Hall SA (2010) Early maize pollen from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Palynology 34(1): 125–137) in Chaco Canyon. The introduction of this labor-intensive cultigen from Mesoamerica may have been facilitated by changes in the regional ecosystems, specifically by an increase in piñon trees, that promoted increasing human territoriality. Linear modeling and hypothesis testing can complement traditional palynological techniques by adding greater resolution in vegetation patterning to climate/environmental histories.

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8

Sánchez, Rocío, Pedro G. Blendinger, Eugenia Moyano Wagner, and Eduardo Martín. "Hierarchical Habitat Selection and Reproductive Success of the Ringed Warbling-Finch in Chaco Woodlands." Condor 115, no. 4 (2013): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cond.2013.110206.

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9

Magliano, Patricio N., Roberto J. Fernández, Eva L. Florio, Francisco Murray, and Esteban G. Jobbágy. "Soil Physical Changes After Conversion of Woodlands to Pastures in Dry Chaco Rangelands (Argentina)." Rangeland Ecology & Management 70, no. 2 (2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2016.08.003.

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10

Sarkinen, Tiina, and Sandra Knapp. "Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region." PhytoKeys 74 (November 8, 2016): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159.

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The Gran Chaco Americano is a major savanna woodland system in South America that harbours great plant and animal diversity. Two new herbaceous species of the Morelloid clade of Solanum (largely corresponding to the traditional Solanum section Solanum) are described here from the Bolivian Chaco. Both species are morphologically similar to a group of related species with glandular pubescence and enlarged, foliaceous calyces that includes S. atriplicifolium Gillies ex Nees, S. nitidibaccatum Bitter, S. physalifolium Rusby, S. sarrachoides Sendtn. and S. tweedianum Hook. Solanum woodii Särkinen & S.Knapp, sp. nov. is unusual in the Morelloid clade in having tapering anthers on short filaments, and is superficially similar to the unrelated S. anomalostemon S.Knapp & M.Nee from dry forests in Peru. Solanum michaelis Särkinen & S.Knapp, sp. nov. is distinct in its enlarged calyx with a short tube and long lobes that apparently reflex at fruit maturity. Both new taxa are illustrated, their conservation status assessed, and their distributions mapped. We also provide a key to the glandular-pubescent herbaceous Solanum species of the Chaco vegetation to aid in identification of these taxa.

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11

Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio, and Germán Baldi. "Regional patterns and controls of biomass in semiarid woodlands: lessons from the Northern Argentina Dry Chaco." Regional Environmental Change 13, no. 6 (2013): 1131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0422-x.

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Ferraina, Antonella, Germán Baldi, Diego Abelleyra, Javier Grosfeld, and Santiago Verón. "An insight into the patterns and controls of the structure of South America n Chaco woodlands." Land Degradation & Development 33, no. 5 (2022): 723–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4186.

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13

Charro, José Luis, Aida López-Sánchez, and Ramón Perea. "Traditional cattle vs. introduced deer management in Chaco Serrano woodlands (Argentina): Analysis of environmental sustainability at increasing densities." Journal of Environmental Management 206 (January 2018): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.007.

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14

Montellano, María G. Núñez. "White-barred Piculet (Picumnus cirratus) nestlings killed by White-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum) in dry Chaco woodlands of Argentina." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 132, no. 1 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.172.

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15

Vergara-Tabares, David L., Juan I. Whitworth-Hulse, and Guillermo Funes. "Germination response of Lithraea molleoides seeds is similar after passage through the guts of several avian and a single mammalian disperser." Botany 96, no. 7 (2018): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0232.

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Seed dispersal by vertebrate frugivores plays an important role in plant population dynamics and community structure. The gut treatment may modify the germination response of seeds; often the specific effects of seed ingestion are not consistent among frugivorous taxa. In the Chaco mountain woodlands of Argentina, an ecosystem threatened by human activities, frugivorous birds enhance the seed germination of the most abundant fleshy-fruited plants. However, the effect of the identity of dispersers on seed germination remains unknown. In this work, we evaluated and compared the seed germination response of Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (the dominant tree of the region) to gut passage through three Turdus species and the Pampa Fox (Lycalopex gimnocercus). Owing to anatomical differences between the Turdus species and Pampa Fox, we expected to observe higher seed germination in the seeds treated by the gut of Turdus species compared with those that have passed through the Pampa Fox’s gut. Our results showed that germination response of L. molleoides seeds was positively related to gut passage through Turdus species and Pampa Foxes (without differences among seed dispersers). Consequently, both the avian species and the Pampa Fox contribute positively to the dispersal and germination of L. molleoides seeds.

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Pott, Arnildo. "What is the Flora of the Pantanal Wetland?" Wetland Science & Practice 37, no. 4 (2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-203.

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The Brazilian Pantanal is a vast Neotropical wetland, in the upper Paraguay River basin. Rainfall and flooding are seasonal. The landscape is heterogeneous showing a mosaic of vegetation types. Overall, it is predominantly a savanna, with aquatic plants, riparian and dry forests, forest islets, woodlands, grasslands and many monodominant formations. The flora is composed of over 2,200 species of Angiosperms, and the species-richest families are Fabaceae (Pea Family) and Poaceae (Grass Family), each with over 300 species, followed by Asteraceae (Daisy Family) and Cyperaceae (Sedge Family), both with more than 100 species each. The species richest genera are Paspalum, Ipomoea (morning glories), Mimosa (sensitive plants), Croton, Eugenia, Ludwigia (primroses) and Arachis (wild peanuts). Very few are endemic species, as the region is geologically recent. The flora comes from surrounding domains, such as Cerrado, Chaco, Amazon, and Atlantic Forest, although most species have broad distribution. However, their arrangement and dynamics are unique in the Pantanal. Human population is quite low, except on the edges. Cattle ranching is the main economy for over 200 years. The conservation status of the Pantanal is still considered rather natural and pristine. Tourism is increasing, mainly for the abundant wildlife.

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Bianchi, M. B., S. A. Harris, P. E. Gibbs, and D. E. Prado. "A study of the mating system in Dolichandra cynanchoides (Bignoniaceae): an Argentinian Chaco woodlands liane with a late-acting self-incompatibility." Plant Systematics and Evolution 251, no. 2-4 (2005): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0227-y.

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Zeballos, Sebastián R., Paula A. Tecco, Marcelo Cabido, and Diego E. Gurvich. "Composición de especies leñosas en comunidades invadidas en montañas del centro de Argentina: su relación con factores ambientales locales." Revista de Biología Tropical 62, no. 4 (2014): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v62i4.12995.

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Invasions by exotic woody species are threatening ecosystem functions worldwide. The spread and subsequent replacement of native forest by exotic dominated stands is particularly evident nearby urban centers were exotic propagule pressure is highest. Yet, there is a lack of information on the environmental factors that underlie these replacements. In this study we addressed the following questions: (1) ¿is there a local spatial segregation between the dominant native and exotic woody species? and (2) if this local segregation does exist, is it driven by environmental features?. For this, in 2010 we established 31 plots distributed along 16 sampling site we surveyed the composition and abundance of all woody species with a basal diameter ≥ 5cm. To characterize the environment of each plot, we measured the topographic position (slope, exposure) and different properties such as soil physics (bulk density, soil impedance), structure (soil deep, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, nutrient and water content). Through a cluster analysis we were able to identify five different woody communities in coexistence: (1) Woodlands dominated by the exotic <em>Ligustrum lucidum</em>; (2) Mixed woodlands dominated by the native <em>Lithraea molleoides</em> and the exotic <em>Celtis australis</em>; (3) Scrublands dominated by the native <em>Condalia buxifolia</em>; (4) Scrublands dominated by the exotic <em>Cotoneaster glaucophyllus</em>, and (5) Scrubby grasslands with the exotic <em>Pyracantha angustifolia</em>. These communities were all associated with different local topographic and edaphic features. The environmental segregation among the identified communities suggests that woody invaders have the potential to colonize almost all the environments of the study site (though varying in the identity of the dominant exotic species). The observed patterns, even being restricted to a single well invaded area of mountain Chaco, may posit the spread of woody invaders towards native communities in the region

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Bravo, Sandra, Stella Bogino, Marta Leiva, et al. "Wood anatomy, fire wounds and dendrochronological potential of Prosopis pugionata Burkart (Fabaceae) in arid Argentine Chaco." IAWA Journal 42, no. 2 (2021): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10056.

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Abstract Prosopis pugionata (Fabaceae) is a halophyte tree species that grows exclusively in Argentina’s arid environments, whose woodlands are mainly affected by fires and overgrazing. Here, we describe the wood anatomy and fire wounds of P. pugionata and their relationship with plant size and bark thickness. Besides, we attempt to determine the potential of P. pugionata for dendrochronological studies in order to date fire events throughout time. We tested the hypothesis that P. pugionataforms datable fire wounds, allowing its use for dendrochronological studies. The study area is located in the arid Argentine Chaco region. Seventeen individuals, varying from 15 to 65 years of age, were randomly sampled and bole disks were taken at 0.3, 1.3 and 2.3 m high. P. pugionatais a diffuse and semi-ring-porous hardwood species with growth rings delimited by marginal parenchyma bands. The bark is longitudinally fissured, with an average thickness of 0.19 cm, and a scarce increase with age. Seventy-seven percent of the samples showed fire wounds (). We identified fire scars (70%) and marks (30%), and differentiated them by wood growth interruption in the former. Sixty-one percent of fire wounds affected less than 20% of the cambial perimeter and there were no significant effects of age, bole diameter, bole height and bark thickness on the cambial damage percentage. After cross-dating, P. pugionata showed a mean correlation value between series of 0.5, which represents an accurate potential for dendrochronological studies. Twenty wildfires were dated from 1943 to 2007 in the study area with a fire frequency of 0.40 fires/year and a mean fire interval of 2.5 years. Wildfires frequency increased from 1980 to 0.48 fires/year and a mean fire interval of 2 years. Our results indicate that P. pugionata has the potential to date fires, considering its potential for dendrochronological studies, its ability to survive recurrent fires and forms identifiable wound scars in the wood.

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GURGEL-GONÇALVES, RODRIGO, and REINALDA BANDEIRA SILVA. "Analysis of the geographical distribution of Psammolestes Bergroth (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in South America, with new records of Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg." Zootaxa 2033, no. 1 (2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2033.1.4.

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The genus Psammolestes is comprised of three recognized Rhodniini species: P. arthuri, P. coreodes, and P. tertius. The geographical distribution of these triatomines in South America was analyzed using ecological niche modeling. Additionally, temperature, precipitation, and altitude limits for these species were estimated. The genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP) was applied to predict their geographical distribution. The models used were able to predict, with high probabilities, the occurrence of P. tertius in open woodlands of South America (mainly Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions), making it the Psammolestes species with the widest distribution. P. arthuri presented a discontinuous potential distribution covering the Venezuelan Llanos and southeastern/southwestern fringes of Amazonia. P. coreodes presented the southernmost area of distribution, occurring mainly in the Argentinean Chaco. The models also support potential areas of co-occurrence for P. tertius and P. coreodes in southwestern Brazil. Clear ecological niche differences were observed for the three species: while P. arthuri occurred in warm and humid areas, P. coreodes occupied the driest and coldest areas. P. tertius presented intermediate climatological limits and occurred in the highest altitudes. Although climatic factors may determine the triatomine distribution, biotic factors, such as the association with thornbirds (Phacellodomus), may also influence the geographical distribution of Psammolestes species. Finally, this study confirms the usefulness of ecological niche modeling as a tool for studies on biogeographical aspects of triatomines.

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Tecco, Paula A., Ana E. Ferreras, Diego E. Gurvich, and Guillermo Funes. "Similarities in recruitment but differences in persistence in two related native and invasive trees: relevance of regenerative and vegetative attributes." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 4 (2012): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11262.

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Ecological theory predicts that the success of exotic plants in new environments depends on a combination of both regenerative and vegetative attributes. Identifying those attributes may benefit from approaches that specifically compare related exotic and native species, thereby overcoming strong habitat dependence and phylogenetic bias. Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Fabaceae) is described as an aggressive woody invader in a broad range of ecosystems of Argentina, where it coexists with other leguminous trees. In the present study, we assessed whether the success of G. triacanthos in the lower areas of Chaco woodlands of central Argentina is determined (1) by differences from the dominant native, Prosopis alba, in its combination of several attributes that enhance the invader’s competitive ability, (2) by differences from P. alba in few key attributes that facilitate its spread, or (3) by strong functional similarities in response to environmental filtering by the invaded system. Our comparison of 19 functional traits of both species showed that regenerative and vegetative trends may vary independently, and that two contrasting strategies seem to underlie the success of G. triacanthos in this region. On the one hand, the invader might benefit by sharing regenerative attributes with the native relative that dominates the community, which is evidently a successful way of recruiting in the system. On the other hand, as recruitment is ensured, the species differs in several vegetative attributes, which may enhance its competitive ability in terms of growth rates and nutrient uptake.

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Díaz Vélez, María Celeste, Ana Elisa Ferreras, Wesley Rodrigues Silva, and Leonardo Galetto. "Does avian gut passage favour seed germination of woody species of the Chaco Serrano Woodland in Argentina?" Botany 95, no. 5 (2017): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0243.

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Frugivorous birds are key dispersal agents of many plant species and also may facilitate seed germination after gut passage. However, the general effects of gut passage on seed germination are still not clear, with positive, negative, and neutral effects reported on seed germination. We evaluated seed germination of seven bird-dispersed plant species of the Chaco Serrano Woodland in Córdoba, Argentina: Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm., Condalia spp. Cav., Lantana camara L., Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl., Lycium cestroides Schltdl., Schinus fasciculatus (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst., and Zanthoxylum coco Gillies. We compared germination percentages and germination speed among seeds ingested by birds, manually extracted seeds, and seeds from intact fruits to understand which mechanisms are acting on bird gut-passed seeds. For six plant species, the action of frugivorous birds increased seed germination percentages and germination speed, through scarification, deinhibition, or combined mechanisms. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms acting on seeds passed through bird gut. Also, we show the pivotal role that frugivorous birds exert on the seed germination of native woody plant species in the threatened ecosystem of the Chaco Serrano Woodland.

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Torres, P. A., A. B. Abril, and E. H. Bucher. "Microbial succession in litter decomposition in the semi-arid Chaco woodland." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37, no. 1 (2005): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.04.042.

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Mazzarino, M. J., L. Oliva, A. Abril, and M. Acosta. "Factors affecting nitrogen dynamics in a semiarid woodland (Dry Chaco, Argentina)." Plant and Soil 138, no. 1 (1991): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00011811.

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Varela, R. Omar, and Enrique H. Bucher. "Seed Dispersal by Chelonoidis chilensis in the Chaco Dry Woodland of Argentina." Journal of Herpetology 36, no. 1 (2002): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0137:sdbcci]2.0.co;2.

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Fracchia, Sebastian, Adriana Aranda, Analia Gopar, Vanesa Silvani, Laura Fernandez, and Alicia Godeas. "Mycorrhizal status of plant species in the Chaco Serrano Woodland from central Argentina." Mycorrhiza 19, no. 3 (2009): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0231-8.

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Bianchi, Marta B., Peter E. Gibbs, Darién E. Prado, and José L. Vesprini. "Studies on the breeding systems of understorey species of a Chaco woodland in NE Argentina." Flora 195, no. 4 (2000): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30992-1.

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Abril, Adriana B., Patricia A. Torres, and Enrique H. Bucher. "The importance of phyllosphere microbial populations in nitrogen cycling in the Chaco semi-arid woodland." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 1 (2005): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001981.

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In tropical rain forest, the interface between leaf surfaces and the atmosphere is a fundamental pathway for nutrient cycling (particulary nitrogen), possibly even more important than the soil–plant interface (Parker 1994, Silver et al. 1996). Most important nutrient exchanges in the phyllosphere–atmosphere interface are mediated by microbial populations. For example, some authors have considered that nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere is the main mechanism for nitrogen gain in humid tropical ecosystems, because of the substantial nutrient demand resulting from a high plant productivity and the constraint imposed by the generally low nitrogen availability in soil (Ruinen 1974, Salati et al. 1982, Silver et al. 1996).

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Varela, Omar, Ainhoa Cormenzana-Méndez, Lucía Krapovickas, and Enrique H. Bucher. "Seasonal Diet of the Pampas Fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) in the Chaco Dry Woodland, Northwestern Argentina." Journal of Mammalogy 89, no. 4 (2008): 1012–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-125.1.

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Díaz Vélez, María Celeste, Wesley R. Silva, Marco A. Pizo, and Leonardo Galetto. "Movement Patterns of Frugivorous Birds Promote Functional Connectivity among Chaco Serrano Woodland Fragments in Argentina." Biotropica 47, no. 4 (2015): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12233.

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BIANCHI, MARTA B., and PETER E. GIBBS. "Late-acting self-incompatibility in Capparis retusa (Capparaceae), a species of Chaco woodland in NE Argentina." Revista Brasileira de Botânica 23, no. 4 (2000): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-84042000000400005.

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Moreno, María Laura, María Guadalupe Fernández, Silvia Itati Molina, and Graciela Valladares. "The Role of Small Woodland Remnants on Ground Dwelling Insect Conservation in Chaco Serrano, Central Argentina." Journal of Insect Science 13, no. 40 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.013.4001.

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Bucher, Enrique H., Patricia A. Torres, and Adriana B. Abril. "Litter quality and litter removal by the native fauna in the western Chaco woodland of Argentina." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 3 (2003): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003377.

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Most researchers assume litter decomposition to take place at the site where litterfall occurs, mostly by soil micro-organisms and microfauna of less than 1 mm in size. Accordingly, the litterbag method has become the standard technique for evaluating litter decomposition rates (Schlesinger 1985, Wedderburn & Carter 1999). However, there is evidence indicating that at least in tropical arid ecosystems litter can be removed from the site in substantial amounts by animals, including large vertebrates. For example, litter is removed for forage or as building material for nests by ants (particularly leaf-cutting ants) and termites (Bucher 1982, Scholes & Walker 1993). Moreover, ruminant species (including domestic cattle and goats) supplement their food intake by feeding on falling leaf litter during the dry season in African savannas (Owen-Smith & Cooper 1987) and in the Chaco savannas of Argentina (Morello & Saravia-Toledo 1959). These observations suggest that litter removal may be an important component of the decomposition process, particularly in tropical semi-arid environments where lack of soil moisture decreases microbial activity, increasing litter availability for herbivores.

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Cotroneo, S. M., E. J. Jacobo, M. M. Brassiolo, and R. A. Golluscio. "Restoration ability of seasonal exclosures under different woodland degradation stages in semiarid Chaco rangelands of Argentina." Journal of Arid Environments 158 (November 2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.08.002.

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Cagnolo, Luciano, Marcelo Cabido, and Graciela Valladares. "Plant species richness in the Chaco Serrano Woodland from central Argentina: Ecological traits and habitat fragmentation effects." Biological Conservation 132, no. 4 (2006): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.012.

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Huais, Pablo Yair, Tobias Kuemmerle, Javier Nori, Ana N. Tomba, Javier Maximiliano Cordier, and Matthias Baumann. "Only one-third of protected areas in the Chaco effectively curb woodland loss, but their impact extends beyond their boundaries." Biological Conservation 308 (August 2025): 111196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111196.

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Semper-Pascual, Asunción, Cole Burton, Matthias Baumann, et al. "How do habitat amount and habitat fragmentation drive time-delayed responses of biodiversity to land-use change?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (2021): 20202466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2466.

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Land-use change is a root cause of the extinction crisis, but links between habitat change and biodiversity loss are not fully understood. While there is evidence that habitat loss is an important extinction driver, the relevance of habitat fragmentation remains debated. Moreover, while time delays of biodiversity responses to habitat transformation are well-documented, time-delayed effects have been ignored in the habitat loss versus fragmentation debate. Here, using a hierarchical Bayesian multi-species occupancy framework, we systematically tested for time-delayed responses of bird and mammal communities to habitat loss and to habitat fragmentation. We focused on the Argentine Chaco, where deforestation has been widespread recently. We used an extensive field dataset on birds and mammals, along with a time series of annual woodland maps from 1985 to 2016 covering recent and historical habitat transformations. Contemporary habitat amount explained bird and mammal occupancy better than past habitat amount. However, occupancy was affected more by the past rather than recent fragmentation, indicating a time-delayed response to fragmentation. Considering past landscape patterns is therefore crucial for understanding current biodiversity patterns. Not accounting for land-use history ignores the possibility of extinction debt and can thus obscure impacts of fragmentation, potentially explaining contrasting findings of habitat loss versus fragmentation studies.

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Rathod, Jagruti, Sonal Deshkar, and Geeta Padate. "Diversity of avifauna in Urban City, Vadodara, Gujarat." Biolife 5, no. 2 (2022): 224–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7364259.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Birds were surveyed in and around 9 different terrestrial habitats in Vadodara city in the semi-arid zone of Gujarat, India for two years (2005-2007). The habitats were mainly divided in to 3 categories disturbed, moderately disturbed and undisturbed. The density and diversity indices like species richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity index, evenness and abundance of birds were calculated for all the habitats to find out status of birds in the particular area compared to the other areas to find out the influence of urbanization on the same. Total 82 species of birds were observed. The areas with good vegetation, parks, and old type of buildings with moderate human disturbances support good diversity as well as density of birds. The study supports that highly disturbed areas have higher density of birds due to the presence of the urban exploiters such as pigeons. Moderately disturbed areas had higher density as well as diversity due to the presence of urban exploiter as well as native species whereas undisturbed areas had low bird density but high diversity because of native species of birds and vice -versa. Highly disturbed areas had the highest density of birds due to presence of urban exploiters but low species richness. One important point observed in the study was moderately disturbed areas have comparatively higher density as well as diversity of birds indicating that human settlements do favor terrestrial bird populations. <strong>Key words:</strong> Birds, urban areas, Urban exploiters <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Ali, S. (1996)<em>. The book of Indian Birds</em>.11<sup>th</sup> ed. Bombay Natural Society, Bombay. Ali, S. and Ripley, D. S. (1969). <em>Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan</em>, Vol III, Oxford University Press, Bombay. Balmford, A., Moore, J. L., Brooks, T., Burgess, N., Hansen, L. A., Williams, P. and Rahbek, C. (2001). Conservation Conflicts Across Africa. <em>Science</em>, <strong>291: </strong>2616-2619. Beissinger SR, Osborne DR (1982) Effects of urbanization on avian community organization. Condor 84:75–83. Chace, J. F. and Walsh, J. J. (2004). Urban effects on native avifauna: a review. <em>Landscape and Urban Planning</em>. 1-24. Clergeau, P., Savard L. J. P., Mennechez, G. and Falardeau, G. (1998). Bird Abundance And Diversity Along An Urban-Rural Gradient: A Comparative Study Between Two Cities On Different Continents. <em>The Condor</em>, <strong>100 </strong>(3): 413-425. Cooke, A. S. (1980). Observations on how close certain passerine species will tolerate an approaching human in rural and suburban areas. <em>Biol. Conser</em>., <strong>18</strong>: 85-88. Dhindsa, M. S. and Saini, H. K. (1994). Agricultural ornithology: an Indian perspective. <em>J. Biosc,</em>. <strong>19</strong> (4): 391-402. Fernandez- Juricic, E., Jimenez, M. D. and Lucas, E. (2001). Bird tolerance to human disturbances in urban parks of Madrid (Spain): Management implications. In : <em>Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world</em>. eds Marzluff, J. M., Bowmen, R. and Donnelly, R. Kluwer Academic publishers, Bostan. Flather, C. H. and Sauer, J. R. (1996). Using landscape ecology to test hypothesis about large-scale abundance patterns in migratory birds. <em>Ecology</em>, <strong>77</strong>: 28-35. Fraterrigo JF, Wiens JA (2005) Bird communities of the Colorado Rocky Mountains along a gradient of exurban development. Landsc Urban Plan 71:263–275 Geis, A. D. (1976). Effects of Building Design and Quality on Nuisance Bird Problems. Proceedings of the 7<sup>th</sup> Vertebrate Pest Conference, held at University of Nebraska, Lincoln. ( http:/ / digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc7/21 ) Grimmett R.; Inskipp S. and Inskipp R. (1999). <em>Pocket Guide to the Birds of Indian Sub Continent</em>. Oxford University Press. New Delhi. Huston, M. (1993). Biological Diversity, Soils, and Economics. <em>Science</em>, <strong>262</strong>: 1676-1679. Jokimaki, J. and  Suhonen, J. (1993). Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland: a biogeographical comparison. <em>Ornis Fenn</em>., <strong>70</strong>: 71-77. Kark, S., Lwaniuk, A., Schalimtzek, A., Banker, E. (2007). Living in the city: can anyone become an “urban exploiter” ? <em>J. Biogeogr,</em> <strong>34</strong>: 638-651. Knight, R. L. and Temple, S. A. (1995). Wildlife and recreationists: coexistence through management. 327-333. Koskimies, P. (1989). Bird as a tool in environmental monitoring. <em>Annales Zoologici Fennici</em>, <strong>26</strong>: 153-166. Krebs, C. J. (1985). <em>Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance.</em> Third edition, Harper and Row Publishers, New York. Marsh, R. E. and Howard, W. E. (1982). A PCO’s  guide to controlling feral pigeons. Pest Control Technology, <strong>10</strong>: 85-86, 88-89, 110. Marzluff, J. M. 2001. Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. In : <em>Avian conservation: research and management</em>. J. M. Marzluff and R. Sallabanks, Eds. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Morrisson, M. L. (1986). Bird populations as indicators of environmental changes. <em>Current Ornithology</em>, <strong>3: </strong>429-451. O’Connell, T.J., Jackson, L.E. and Briijs, R.P. 2000. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central Appalachians. <em>Eco. Appl</em>., <strong>10: </strong>1706-1721. Padate, G. S., Barve, S. A., Garg, S., Jatinder, K., Patel, G. S., Jagirdar, N., Sapna, S. and Vani, N. (1998). In: Bird Species richness as Influenced by Degree of Human Intervention in Baroda. <em>Birds in agricultural Ecosystem, </em>158-165<em>.</em> Eds. Dhindsa, M. S., Rao, P. S. and Parasharya, B. M. Society for Applied Ornithology, Hyderabad. Padate, G.S., Sapna, S. and Devkar, R.V. (2001). Status of Birds in Vadodara District (Central Gujarat). <em>Pavo</em>, <strong>39</strong>(1&2): 83-94. Parasharya, B. M. (2005). Parakeet counting at Vallabh Vidyanagar. Flamingo, <strong>3 </strong>(4): 12. Parasharya, B. M., Borad, C. K. and Rank, D. N. (2004). <em>A checklist of the Birds of Gujarat</em>. Published by Bird Conservation Society, Gujarat. Pimentel, D., Stachow, U., Takacs, D. A., Brubaker, H. W., Dumas, A. R., Meaney, J. J., Oneil, A. S., Onsi, D. E. and Corzilius, D. B. (1992). Conserving biological diversity in agricultural forestry systems: most biological diversity exists in human-managed ecosystems. <em>Bioscience,</em> <strong>42</strong>: 354-362. Rathod, J. Y. (2009). <em>Avifauna of urban area: its Significance and implication Under various human disturbances</em>. Thesis submitted to The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara. Reynaud, P. A. and Thioulouse, J. (2000). Identification of birds as biological markers along a neotropical urban-rural gradient (Cayenne, French Guiana), using co-inertia analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 59: 121-140. Sateesh Pujari, & Estari Mamidala. (2015). Anti-diabetic activity of Physagulin-F isolated from Physalis angulata fruits. The American Journal of Science and Medical Research, 1(2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7352308 Riffell, S. K., Gutzwiller, K. J. and Anderson, S. H. (1996). Does repeated human intrusion cause cumulative declines in avian richness and abundance? <em>Ecol. Appl</em>., <strong>6</strong>: 492-505. Rodgers, J. A. and Smith, H. T. (1995). Set-back distances to protect nesting bird colonies from human disturbance in Florida. <em>Conserv. Biol</em>., <strong>9</strong>: 89-99. Rodgers, W. A. 1991. <em>Techniques for wildlife census in India A field manual</em>. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India. Shwartz, A., Shirley, S and Kark, S. (2007). How do habitat variability and management regime shape the spatial heterogeneity of birds within a large Mediterranean urban park? <em>Landscape and Urban Planning</em>, 1-11. Strife, M. F. (2004). The Effects of Rural residential Development on Birds in Quaking Aspen Communities in Jackson Hole, WY. Thaker K. N. and Jasrai Y. T. (2005). Sprawling Sayaji park: Importance in the present scenario. <em>Urban pollution issues and solutions</em>, 103-114. Eds. Arya, A. Bedi, S. J., Jasrai, Y. T. and Patel V. S. Published by Nidhi book center, Delhi. Tilghman, N. G. (1987). Characteristics of Urban Woodlands affecting Breeding Bird Diversity and Abundance. <em> Landscape and Urban Planning</em>., <strong>14</strong>: 481-495. Traut, A. H. (2003). Urban Lakes and Waterbirds: Effects of Development on Distribution and Behavior. A thesis presented to the graduate school of the University of Florida in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. University of Florida. Welty J. C. and Baptista L. (1988).  <em>In</em>: <em>The life of birds,</em> fourth edition. Saunders College Publishing. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Montreal, Toronto, London, Sydney, Tokyo.

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Fernandez, Pedro David, Matthias Baumann, Lisandro Blanco, et al. "Improving the estimation of grazing pressure in tropical rangelands." Environmental Research Letters, February 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adb445.

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Abstract Livestock grazing is a key land use globally, with major environmental impacts, yet the spatial footprint of grazing remains elusive, particularly at broad scales. Here, we combine livestock system indicators based on remote sensing and livestock vaccination data with a biophysical grass growth model to assess forage production, livestock carrying capacity, and grazing pressure on rangelands in the South American Dry Chaco. Specifically, we assess how considering different livestock systems (e.g., fattening in confinement, grazing with supplementary feeding, woodland grazing) changes estimations of grazing pressure. Our results highlight an average carrying capacity of 0.48 Animal Units Equivalents (AUE) per hectare for the Chaco (0.72 for pastures, 0.43 for natural grasslands, 0.37 for woodlands). Regional livestock requirements ranged between 0.02 to 6.43 AUE ha-1, with cattle dominating livestock requirements (91.6% of total AUE). Considering livestock systems with different production intensities markedly altered the rangeland carrying capacity and degradation estimations. For example, considering confinements and supplementary feeding drastically reduced the pasture area with potential overgrazing, from about 58,000 km² to <19,000 km² (i.e., 13.5% vs. 5.7% of the total rangeland area). Conversely, considering the typically unaccounted-for cattle of woodland smallholders markedly increased the potentially degraded woodland area, from 3.2% (~1,000 km2) to 12.1% (3,700 km2) of the total woodland area. Our work shows how ignoring production intensity can bias grazing pressure estimations and, therefore, conclusions about rangeland degradation connected to livestock production. Mapping indicators characterizing the intensity of livestock systems thus provide opportunities to understand better grazing impacts and guide efforts towards more sustainable livestock production.

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del Giorgio, Olivia, Matthias Baumann, Tobias Kuemmerle, and Yann le Polain de Waroux. "Revealing land control dynamics in emerging agricultural frontiers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122, no. 23 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2407916122.

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The expansion of commodity agriculture into tropical and subtropical woodlands degrades ecosystem functionality, biodiversity, and the livelihood base of millions of people. Understanding where and how agricultural frontiers emerge is thus important. Yet, existing monitoring approaches typically focus on mapping deforestation and do not capture the shifts in land access and ownership that lay the ground for agricultural expansion, thereby missing early stages of frontier development. We develop an approach that captures these early dynamics and apply it to the entire 1,1 million km 2 of the Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot. Through the detection of linear features indicative of land claims and the analysis of their spatial–temporal dynamics, we reveal that the footprint of agricultural frontiers in the region extends far beyond that of deforestation. Most of the Chaco shows signs of land claiming, and although claiming activity is especially concentrated close to active deforestation, emergent claiming in remote parts of the Bolivian and Paraguayan Chaco indicates rapidly growing interest in land in these regions. Finally, the strong spatial correlation between land claiming and the disappearance of smallholder homesteads points to the social repercussions of early agricultural frontier expansion in the Chaco. By offering a transferable template to map land-control indicators at scale, our approach enables a better understanding of frontier processes and more accurate targeting of policy interventions in emerging agricultural frontiers globally.

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Blanco, Lisandro Javier, José María Paruelo, Martín Oesterheld, and Walter Damián Agüero. "Radiation use efficiency of the herbaceous layer of dry Chaco shrublands and woodlands: Spatial and temporal patterns." Applied Vegetation Science 25, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12653.

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Baumann, Matthias, Néstor Ignacio Gasparri, Ana Buchadas, et al. "Frontier metrics for a process-based understanding of deforestation dynamics." Environmental Research Letters, August 22, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8b9a.

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Abstract Agricultural expansion into tropical and subtropical forests often leads to major social-ecological trade-offs. Yet, despite ever-more detailed information on where deforestation occurs, how agriculture expands into forests remains unclear, which is hampered by a lackof spatially and temporally detailed reconstruction of agricultural expansion. Here, we developed and mapped a novel set of metrics that quantify agricultural frontier processes at unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. Specifically, we first derived consistent annual time series of land-use/cover to, second, describe archetypical patterns of frontier expansion, pertaining to speed, diffusion and activity of deforestation, as well as post-deforestation land use. We exemplify this approach for understanding agricultural frontier expansion across the entire South American Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot. Our study provides three major insights. First, agricultural expansion has been rampant in the Chaco, with more than 19.3 million ha of woodlands converted between 1985 and 2020, including a surge in deforestation after 2019. Second, land-use trajectories connected to frontier processes have changed in major ways over the 35-year study period we studied, including substantial regional variations. For instance, while ranching expansion drove most of the deforestation in the 1980s and 1990s, cropland expansion dominated during the mid-2000s in Argentina, but not in Paraguay. Similarly, 40% of all areas deforested were initially used for ranching, but later on converted to cropping. Accounting for post-deforestation land-use change is thus needed to properly attribute deforestation and associated environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions or biodiversity loss, to commodities. Finally, we identified major, recurrent frontier types that may be a useful spatial template for land governance to match policies to specific frontier situations. Collectively, our study reveals the diversity of frontier processes and how frontier metrics can capture and structure this diversity to uncover major patterns of human-nature interactions, which can be used to guide spatially-targeted policies.

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Levers, Christian, Maria Piquer-Rodriguez, Florian Gollnow, et al. "What is still at stake in the Gran Chaco? Social-ecological impacts of alternative land-system futures in a global deforestation hotspot." Environmental Research Letters, April 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad44b6.

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Abstract Commodity agriculture continues to spread into tropical dry forests globally, eroding their social-ecological integrity. Understanding where deforestation frontiers expand, and which impacts this process triggers, is thus important for sustainability planning. We reconstructed past land-system change (1985-2015) and simulated alternative land-system futures (2015-2045) for the Gran Chaco, a 1.1 million km² global deforestation hotspot with high biological and cultural diversity. We co-developed nine plausible future land-system scenarios, consisting of three contrasting policy narratives (Agribusiness, Ecomodernism, and Integration) and three agricultural expansion rates (high, medium, and low). We assessed the social-ecological impacts of our scenarios by comparing them with current biodiversity, carbon density, and areas used by forest-dependent people. Our analyses revealed four major insights. First, intensified agriculture and mosaics of agriculture and remaining natural vegetation have replaced large swaths of woodland since 1985. Second, simulated land-system futures until 2045 revealed potential hotspots of natural vegetation loss (e.g. western and southern Argentinian Chaco, western Paraguayan Chaco), both due to the continued expansion of existing agricultural frontiers and the emergence of new ones. Third, the strongest social-ecological impacts were consistently connected to the Agribusiness scenarios, while impacts were lower for the Ecomodernism and Integration scenarios. Scenarios based on our Integration narrative led to lower social impacts, while Ecomodernism had lower ecological impacts. Fourth, comparing recent land change with our simulations showed that 10 % of the Chaco is on a pathway consistent with our Agribusiness narrative, associated with adverse social-ecological impacts. Our results highlight that much is still at stake in the Chaco. Stricter land-use and conservation planning are urgently needed to avoid adverse social-ecological outcomes, and our results charting the option space of plausible land-system futures can support such planning.

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L. Musicante, Mariana, and Adriana Salvo. "Nesting biology of four species of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in Chaco Serrano woodland, Central Argentina." Revista de Biología Tropical 58, no. 4 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5403.

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