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Journal articles on the topic 'Chadian'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sánchez Cano, María Jesús, and Yeray Romero Matute. "Circunstancias que impiden o condicionan la adopción: el alcance de la denominada “cláusula chadiana” = Circumstances that prevent or condition the adoption: the scope of the so-called “chadian clause”." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4666.

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Resumen: A raíz del caso de la ONG francesa “El Arca de Zoé” y su tentativa de traslado ilícito a Francia de 103 menores, supuestamente huérfanos de la guerra del Chad, el legislador español incorporó en el art.4 LAI la denominada “cláusula chadiana”. Se trata de una serie de condiciones que inciden en la tramitación de la adopción y que sólo vinculan a las autoridades españolas. No obstante, cabe preguntarse si tales circunstancias pueden repercutir igualmente en el sector de la eficacia de las adopciones constituidas por las autoridades de un país respecto del cual rige una de las prohibiciones o condicionamientos previstos en este precepto.Palabras clave: “cláusula chadiana”, Ley de Adopción Internacional, adopción internacionalAbstract: Following the case of the French NGO “Zoé´s Ark” and its attempted illicit transfer to France of 103 children, supposedly orphans of the Chadian war, the Spanish legislator incorporated into the art.4 LAI the so-called “chadian clause”. This is a series of conditions that affect the processing of adoption and are linked to the Spanish authorities. However, it is questionable whether the circumstances can also affect the sector of the effectiveness of adoptions constituted by the authorities of a country to which one of the prohibitions or conditions provided in this precept.Keywords: “chadian clause”, The Intercountry Adoption Act, Intercountry Adoption

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Safotso, Gilbert Tagne, and Ndoubangar Tompté. "Chadian Learners’/Users’ Preferred Variety(ies) of English." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 6 (October 29, 2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p410.

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Although French and Arabic are the official languages of Chad, for the past twenty years Chadian learners and users of English have been having a strong interest in the language. Their number in Cameroonian, Nigerian, Ghanaian and Sudanese universities as well as in linguistic centres in N’Djamena testifies to this. It can be said that the petrol boom in the country has really changed the attitudes of Chadians towards English. They see in it the language of opening and opportunities. Given that in most major languages there are accents and variants, and most especially with English the lingua franca of the 21st century, it is important to know those learners’/users’ preferred variety (ies). This paper thus aims to know which variety (ies) of English Chadian learners/users prefer to hear or speak. The data was gathered through a questionnaire administered to 106 university students, 97 secondary school learners, 18 English language teachers and 29 workers of other sectors (N = 250). Results show that most Chadian learners/users prefer American or British English and a good percentage of them favour Ghanaian or Cameroon English.

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Souag, Lameen. "Pattern borrowing and hybridization in Mubi (East Chadic): The importance of congruence." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (July 2021): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0189.

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The plural system of Mubi (East Chadic, Afroasiatic) stands out cross-linguistically within Chadic and worldwide for its extensive use of pattern morphology, fixing the output's vowel qualities and shape while preserving the input's consonants. This paper demonstrates that, while some elements of this system may be conserved from earlier stages of Afroasiatic, others reflect the influence of Chadian Arabic, the regional lingua franca. The process of influence, however, turns out to involve not just straightforward pattern morpheme borrowing (exemplified here by the iambic pattern BaCaaDiFe), but also the reshaping of inherited patterns. The most frequent quadriliteral plural pattern, BuCooDuF, reflects Arabic influence in its shape – mediated by a change in mapping directionality – but Chadic inheritance in its distribution. This result supports the hypothesis that pattern morphology is more easily transferred between related languages.

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Nkongho, Magdaline Bakume, and Ernest Mbaiornom. "The Structuring of English Sentences by Chadian EFL Learners." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.2.10.

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Recent studies have shown that there is a positive attitude and an increase motivation in the learning of English language by Chadian learners. Despite this, the learners’ linguistic performances remain poor especially in their written productions which are often characterised by grammatical deviances and incomprehensible sentences. This study investigates several kinds of deviances that occur in the structure of English sentences produced by Chadian learners of English as Foreign Language (EFL). The study was carried out using corpora as the method for data collection. Thus, data were drawn from 175authentic narrative paragraphs written by 175Terminale A4 students from Lycée Adoum Dallah, Moundou in Chad. The analyses were based on Interlanguage and Error Analysis Theories. Findings revealed that miss elective errors were the widespread errors committed by Chadian learners of EFL as this category represents 39.17% of deviances. The results also indicate that sentences produced by Chadian learners of EFL were frequently affected by additive errors (27.76%) and omissionerrors (26.47%). Lastly, the study equally found that misordering errors were less committed as this category of errors represents a small proportion (6.58%) of deviances. These categories of errors were attributed to French language influences and intralingual factors.

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de Bruijn, Mirjam. "Expressions of Duress on Facebook by Chadian Urban Youth in the Diaspora and N’Djaména." Conflict and Society 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040119.

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Africa is at the lower end of internet use, but Facebook connectivity is rapidly increasing, linking diaspora and local people in mainly urban regions in Africa. A survey conducted in N’Djaména revealed that 1 in 10 people uses Facebook, which is an important platform for these connected Chadians to express feelings, write thoughts, and create networks (i.e., to create a social life). In countries where daily conflict, oppression, insecurity, and mistrust pervade social life, posts and messages engage with these circumstances in a certain dialogue, which can be understood as an expression of duress. This article follows three Facebook users from both the diaspora and N’Djaména, and I position their Facebook expressions and actions in the context of their personal lives in contemporary Chadian political and connectivity history. Facebook appears to be an escape route from the reality of duress, and a form of practical action coupled with political agency.

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Ouchemi, Choua, Ali Mahamat Moussa, Moussa Kalli, Taday Moussa, Telniaret Armel, Sadie Ismael Guire, and Sani Rachid. "Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome: First Chadian Observation." Surgical Science 08, no. 08 (2017): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ss.2017.88039.

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7

May, R., and S. Massey. "The Chadian Party System: Rhetoric and Reality." Democratization 9, no. 3 (September 2002): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714000269.

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8

Baggesgaard, Mads Anders. "Farvebilleder fra det mørke Afrika - Race, krop, økonomi og politik i Mahamet-Saleh Harouns Grigris." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 43, no. 119 (September 29, 2015): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v43i119.22247.

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Analyzing Tchadian director Mahamet-Saleh Haroun’s 2013 film Grigris the article discusses the political potentials of contemporary Sub-Saharan Film. The article rejects frameworks of African and Francophone cinema and argues that a localized understanding of this film in Chad provides a better understanding of the universal and global reach of the engagement with politics that is one of the film’s prime objectives. It is through an understanding of the local and regional society and history that it becomes evident how the film engages with political issues with reach far beyond the borders of Chad. This engagement is performed through the screening of bodies, of race highlighting the role that these entities play in Chadian society and Chadian politics.

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Safotso, Gilbert Tagne, and Ndoubangar Tompte. "Attitudes and Motivation of Chadian Learners of English." World Journal of Education 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v8n2p174.

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The spread of English as a world language has reached many non English speaking countries. In the ExpandingCircle (Kachru, 1988), many countries in Africa demonstrate more and more interest in learning it. This paperinvestigates Chadian learners’ attitudes and motivation in learning that language. The study’s subjects are made up of190 secondary / high school learners and 70 university students. The analysis is based on Gardner’s and Lambert’s(1972) integrative and instrumental motivation model. Results showed that both female and male students atsecondary /high school and university levels have a positive attitude towards English. They all have a highinstrumental motivation and their interest in learning English for communicative and traveling purposes is quitesignificant.

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Flury, C., B. N. R. Ngandolo, B. Müller, J. Zinsstag, and H. N. Kadarmideen. "Molecular characterization of two common Chadian cattle breeds." Animal Genetic Resources Information 44 (April 2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s101423390000287x.

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SummaryIn previous studies, significant differences in Mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence was reported between two Chadian cattle breeds. Those findings and the established differentiation due to phenotypic characteristics suggest that the two breeds (Arab and Mbororo) are genetically different. To evaluate the genetic structure and the differences between these breeds, the genetic diversity within and between breeds was evaluated based on a total of 205 multilocus genotypes (21 microsatellite loci).All of the loci under investigation were polymorphic and the number of alleles ranged from 4 to14 within the two populations. The analysis of population fixation resulted in a FST value of 0.006. Further the population assignment of the individual genotypes and the exact test of population differentiation did not support the hypothesis that the samples drawn from the two populations are genetically different. Population admixture and sample collection are discussed as possible reasons for the rejection of the hypothesis. Finally, recommendations for sample collection in extensive systems are given.

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Safotso, Gilbert Tagne. "A Study of Chadian Learners/ Speakers of English’s Pronunciation." English Language Teaching 11, no. 10 (September 13, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v11n10p1.

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With the development of English as the world’s lingua franca, there is a serious rush for the language by many countries, which have no past history with Britain, the US or any other country of the Inner Circle (Kachru 1988). Chad, which was colonized by France is one of those countries (Anderson 2008). In those countries, where English is generally learnt as a foreign language by an elitist group, the language progressively develops and has local stable features among it speakers. With the increasing number of Chadian learners of English in Nigerian, Sudanese and Cameroonian universities, as well as in other English-speaking countries, it is interesting to look at the way they pronounce English words. From the interlanguage framework, this study analyses some speech produced by postgraduate Chadian learners of English (N=20). The focus is on some difficult consonants, consonant clusters, vowels and word stress.

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Buijtenhuijs, Robert. "The Chadian Tubu: Contemporary Nomads Who Conquered a State." Africa 71, no. 1 (February 2001): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.149.

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AbstractIn the literature on pastoralist groups and the state, nomads are usually seen as increasingly marginalised today, whereas in the past nomads have often been described as ‘state builders’. But one interesting, if atypical, case has been overlooked: how a contemporary group of nomads, though they did not create a state, nonetheless came to conquer and dominate an existing one. The article starts by describing how the Tubu of Chad established dominance over the central government in the late 1970s and early 1980s. An evaluation is then made of the consequences this take-over of the Chadian state had for Tubu society. Admittedly the date for this evaluation are rather cursory and tentative, but it is possible to identify certain tendencies.

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Diguimbaye-Djaibé, Colette, Markus Hilty, Richard Ngandolo, Hassane H. Mahamat, Gaby E. Pfyffer, Franca Baggi, Glyn Hewinson, Marcel Tanner, Jakob Zinsstag, and Esther Schelling. "Mycobacterium bovisIsolates from Tuberculous Lesions in Chadian Zebu Carcasses." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 5 (May 2006): 769–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1205.050691.

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14

Kouladoum, Jean-Claude, and Ibrahim Ngouhouo. "Socio-Economic Characteristics and Marriage Decisions of Chadian Households." Sumerianz Journal of Economics and Finance, no. 312 (December 4, 2020): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjef.312.218.223.

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The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the socio-economic characteristics of men and women on the marriage decision in Chad. The methodology used refers to the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The data used come from the Demographic and Health Multiple Indicator Survey in Chad (EDS-MICS, 2014-2015) and the Third Survey on Consumption and the Informal Sector in Chad (ECOSIT3, 2011). Results show that, firstly, with regard to the marriage decision of men, their socioeconomic category and the age of women enhance their decision to marry; while the absence of education of man significantly delays his marriage decision. Secondly, about the marriage decision of women, their socioeconomic category (including agricultural, non-farm, and private sectors) and the age of men significantly improve the marriage decision. In addition, the lack of education of man and the socio-professional category of father of woman (senior-middle manager) delays the marriage decision of woman. Moreover, the level of education of woman (higher level) significantly delays the marriage decision. that the Chadian government develop educational and employment policies for all to improve the accumulation and enhancement of human capital.

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15

Likius, Andossa, Michel Brunet, Denis Geraads, and Patrick Vignaud. "The oldest Camelidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) of Africa : new finds from the Mio-Pliocene boundary, Chad." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.2.187.

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Abstract A fragment of mandible and two metapodials complete unearthed from the fossiliferous aera of Kossom Bougoudi (KB3 and KB26), northern Chad are described. A comparative study allows to assign these specimens to Paracamelus gigas. The evolutionnary degree is compatible with an age around the Mio-Pliocene boundary (ca 5 Ma). Then, the Chadian remains are the oldest adequately dated record of this family in Africa. They are contemporaneous with the oldest known evidence of the genus Paracamelus from the late Miocene of Asia and Europe. Introduction. – During several field seasons in northern Chad, the “Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne” (M. P. F. T) discovered new sites in the Kossom Bougoudi (KB) fossiliferous area, west of australopithecine sites [Brunet et al., 1995, 1997; Brunet and M.P.F.T, 2000]. These sites yielded a rich vertebrate fauna (fish, reptiles, birds and mammals), and have been biochronologically dated at around 5 Ma old, close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary [Brunet and M. P. F.T, 2000]. Among the mammal fauna, some remains of Camelidae provide the earliest evidence of this group in Africa, which was previously thought to be younger than 4 Ma, at Laetoli [Harris, 1987] and Koobi Fora [Harris, 1991]. Specimens from sites KB3 and KB26 are described here. Description Material : KB3.97.316 : right mandible fragment with p3, p4-m1 roots and m2-m3 teeth; KB3.99.03 : right metatarsus; KB26.97.03 : right metatarsus The mandible is rather robust with a high horizontal ramus. The mental foramen is located below m1. The p3 alveolus and p4 roots attest elongated premolars. The lingual face of the molars is flat. The third lobe of m3 is less labially shifted than in the living camels. There is no cement, nor cingulum. The metatarsals are long and robust (tab. III), and show a deep groove on the proximal anterior and posterior faces. The distal condyles are divergent and separated by a deep interarticular notch. They are symmetrical and of the same size differences, in contrast with the extant species where the external condyle is more slender than the internal one. Comparison. – The mandible (KB3.97.316) differs from the Camelus species mandible by having (1) a robust and deeper horizontal ramus, (2) a well developed p3, (3) a third lobe of m3 less labially shifted (4) Chadian metatarsals are morphologically different from those the living camels and being extremely long (tab. II). All characters of the Chadian specimens are congruent with Zdansky’s [1926] and Teilhard and Trassaert’s [1937] descriptions of genus Paracamelus. The KB horizontal ramus is deeper than that of P. alutensis (tab. I) from the early Pleistocene of Oltet Valley, Romania [Stefanescu, 1910]. The premolar row is longer. Unfortunately, a detailed comparison with P. aguirrei from the late Miocene (MN13) of Venta del Moro and Librilla, Spain is impossible because this species was defined on skeletal elements (upper molars, calcaneum, phalanxes) not yet recovered from Chad. However, the estimated alveolar length of p3 (20 mm) is similar to those of P. aguirrei (18,8 – 21,6 mm according to Morales [1984]). Lengths of KB tooth row (tab. I) and metatarsals (tab. II) fit into the range of variation recorded by Zdansky [1926] and by Teilhard and Trassaert [1937] for P. gigas from the late Miocene of China. The Chadian material cannot be assigned to the species P. alexejevi from the Pliocene (MN15) of Ukraine, because this species is smaller than P. aguirrei and P. gigas [Morales, 1984]. In conclusion, specimens from Chad do not display any important difference with Chinese species P. gigas and can tentatively be referred to this species. Biochronology and paleobiogeography. – The earliest known Old World camel correspond to P. aguirrei from the late Miocene (MN13) of Venta del Moro and Librilla in Spain [Morales et al., 1980; Made and Morales, 1999]. After Made and Morales [1999], this species is probably the ancestor of P. alexejevi from of Odessa Catacombs (MN15), Ukraine. In Europe, the chronological range of P. alutensis covers the Plio-Pleistocene. This species is present in the lower Pleistocene of Oltet Valley, Romania [Stefanescu, 1910] and in the early and Middle Pliocene (MN16) of Russia [Baigusheva, 1971]. It is also present in the late Pliocene of Sarikol Tepe, Turkey [Kostopoulos and Sen, 1999]. In China, the earliest record of P. gigas is about 5.5 Ma [Flynn, 1997; Made and Morales, 1999]. In conclusion the chronological range of Paracamelus is from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene. However, the Chadian specimens size is close to P. gigas (first occurrence in China around 5.5 Ma) and P. aguirrei from late Miocene (MN13) of Europe. The occurrence of Paracamelus at KB and its absence from the younger Chadian sites (3-4 Ma) of Koro-Toro and Kollé [Brunet et al., 1995; 1996] as well as in the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Africa, are congruent with an age close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary for the sites of KB. This interpretation is confirmed by the associated fauna, that indicates ca 5 Ma old for the whole of KB fossiliferous area [Brunet and M.P.F.T, 2000]. The age of the Chadian Paracamelus is close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary, slightly younger than specimens from late Miocene of China [Zdansky, 1926; Flynn, 1997], Spain [Morales et al., 1980] and Turkey [Made et al., 2002]. This demonstrates that the group had a wider distribution than previously thought. It indicates that the Camelidae reach a widespread distribution soon after their arrival from northern America [Webb, 1965; Pickford et al., 1993]. Conclusion. – The Chadian material displays distinctive features which allows to refer it to Paracamelus gigas. This taxon, poorly documented in Eurasia, has not been previously recognised in Africa. It will contribute to deciphering the phylogenetic relationships between various species of Paracamelus and the extant Camelus.

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Strank, A. R. E. "Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Woo Dale Borehole, Derbyshire and the age of the Dinantian-Basement unconformity." Journal of Micropalaeontology 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.5.1.1.

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Abstract. Detailed micropalaeontological analysis of the Woo Dale Borehole shows that Dinantian strata of Holkerian and Arundian age lie unconformably on top of the pre-Carboniferous basement beds. The Chadian and Tournaisian are missing. The chronostratigraphy here recognised is compared with that proposed by Cope (1973) and the differences in the two interpretations explained in the light of recent palaeontological and Midlands regional research.

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Ali, Abdirahman A., Peter C. Thomson, and Haja N. Kadarmideen. "Association between microsatellite markers and bovine tuberculosis in Chadian Zebu cattle." Open Journal of Animal Sciences 03, no. 01 (2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2013.31004.

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Brunet, Michel. "Two new Mio-Pliocene Chadian hominids enlighten Charles Darwin's 1871 prediction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1556 (October 27, 2010): 3315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0069.

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The idea of an evolutionary sequence for humans is quite recent. Over the last 150 years, we have discovered unexpected ancestors, numerous close relatives and our deep evolutionary roots in Africa. In the last decade, three Late Miocene hominids have been described, two about 6 Ma ( Ardipithecus and Orrorin ) in East Africa and the third dated to about 7 Ma ( Sahelanthropus) in Central Africa. The specimens are too few to propose definite relationship to other species, but clearly these belong to a new evolutive grade distinct from Australopithecus and Homo . Moreover, all of them were probably habitual bipeds and lived in woodlands, thus falsifying the savannah hypothesis of human origins. In light of all this recent knowledge, Charles Darwin predicted correctly in 1871 that Africa is the birthplace of humans, chimpanzees and our close relatives.

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Crosta, Suzanne. "(In)Visibility And Representation: Social Justice In Recent Chadian Documentary Films." Critical Interventions 11, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19301944.2017.1401382.

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Haire, Karen. "‘Re-storying’ Africa: The harvest festival in Chadian writer, J.B. Seid." South African Journal of African Languages 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2007.10587283.

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21

Marchal, R. "The Roots of the Darfur Conflict and the Chadian Civil War." Public Culture 20, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2008-002.

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Zinsstag, Jakob, Esther Schelling, Saada Daoud, Josef Schierle, Peter Hofmann, Colette Diguimbaye, Doumagoum Moto Daugla, et al. "Serum Retinol of Chadian Nomadic Pastoralist Women in Relation to their Livestocks’ Milk Retinol and beta-Carotene Content." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.4.221.

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Human serum retinol and livestock milk retinol levels were assessed as part of a study on the health status of Chadian nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in close partnership between Chadian public health and livestock institutions. Of the examined women (n = 99), 43% were moderately retinol-deficient (0.35 mol/L < × < 0.7 mol/L 95% CI; 33–54%), and 17% severely retinol-deficient (< 0.35 mol/L 95% CI; 10–26 %). None of the interviewed women (n = 87) reported the consumption of fruit, and only two of fresh vegetables were reported consumed in the past 24 hours. Milk is the almost exclusive source of vitamin A for these populations. Goats (n = 6) had the highest average milk retinol level (329 ± 84 mug/kg [mean ± SEM]), followed by cattle (n = 25; 247 ± 32 mug/kg), and camels (n = 12; 120 ± 18 mug/kg). Milk retinol levels did not differ between the rainy and dry seasons. Human serum retinol depends significantly on livestock milk retinol levels (partial slope 0.23; 95% CI: 0.008–0.47). Our study supports the use of goat and cow milk as an important source of vitamin A in pastoral nomadic settings. However, the levels still require to be complemented further by promoting green leafy vegetables, fruits, and supplements.

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Donovan, Stephen K., and Cornelis J. Veltkamp. "Barycrinus (Crinoidea) from the Lower Carboniferous of England." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 6 (November 1990): 988–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000020059.

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The Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) cyathocrinine cladid crinoid Barycrinus, which is common in North America, has hitherto been recognized from Britain only on the evidence of one species, Barycrinus ribblesdalensis (Wright), based on rare dorsal cups. Barycrinus sp. pluricolumnals and plurimeres are common in the Salthill Cap Beds (Chadian), Salthill Quarry, Clitheroe, Lancashire, but are not conspecific with B. ribblesdalensis. Salthill ossicles are never preserved as individual columnals due to the relative weakness of the intermeric versus the longitudinal ligaments.

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Work, David M., and Charles E. Mason. "Mississippian (late Osagean) ammonoids from the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation, north-central Kentucky." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 6 (November 2004): 1128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000043936.

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The Mississippian ammonoids Polaricyclus conkini new species, P. ballardensis (Gordon, 1965), Winchelloceras knappi new species, and Cantabricanites? greenei (S. A. Miller, 1892) occur with Gnathodus texanus Zone conodonts near the base of the New Providence Shale Member of the Borden Formation in north-central Kentucky. Both ammonoids and conodonts indicate an early late Osagean (lower Keokuk equivalent) age corresponding to the middle or, more probably, the late Chadian (latest Tournaisian or early Viséan) portion of the Fascipericyclus–Ammonellipsites Zone.

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Brachet, Julien, and Judith Scheele. "Fleeting Glory in a Wasteland: Wealth, Politics, and Autonomy in Northern Chad." Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 3 (June 25, 2015): 723–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417515000262.

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AbstractIn January 2012, a newderdé(traditional leader) of the Teda in northern Chad was officially appointed. Held in the Tibesti, a remote, notoriously unruly but strategically important part of the Sahara, the investiture ceremony was attended by Teda from throughout the country and neighboring Libya and Niger, as well as by an impressive number of Chadian civil servants and international diplomats. Yet the ceremony itself was short and messy. Similarly, the historical underpinnings of the institution of thederdéand the selection process were unclear, leaving much room for debate. This uncertainty appears to lie at the heart of the institution of thederdé. Far from a resurgence of “traditional authority” to make up for “state failure” or to partake in the restructuring of postcolonial states—as observed elsewhere on the African continent—the investiture ceremony confirmed the decentralized nature of Teda social organization and the absence of even attempted governance, both with regards to the Chadian state and local political institutions. What mattered from a local point of view were not long-term strategies of power and control, but rather the immediate and gloriously wasteful distribution of wealth. Admiring eyes were turned not toward thederdéor the state officials who appointed him, but instead toward high-ranking military officers, well-dressed urban Libyan Teda, and trans-border smugglers, models of rapid but often short-lived success. This provides a counterexample to the current emphasis on governance and power in the analysis of African states and politics.

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de Buffrénil, Vivian, Jacques Castanet, and Frédérique Rimblot. "Maturation génitale des varans du nil mâles (Varanus niloticus) dans trois populations du Sahel." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-216.

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Genital maturation of male monitor lizards, a subject poorly documented up to now in spite of the heavy exploitation of these animals, was studied on a sample of 211 Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus) from Chad (Lake Chad), Mali (central delta of the Niger), and Nigeria (Hadejia-N'Guru wetlands). Snout-vent lengths (LC) in the sample ranged from 15.6 to 85.5 cm. After a morphometric study of the monitors, their testes were sampled, weighed at ±0.01 g and fixed for histology. The age of each specimen was estimated by skeletochronology. The testes of monitors less than 36 cm LC (Malian specimens) or 40 cm LC (Chadian and Nigerian individuals) do not contain mature spermatozoa, whereas the testes of larger specimens do. Most Malian monitors aged 18 months (1.5 years) have mature spermatozoa. Conversely, in Chadian and Nigerian individuals, mature gametes appear only in specimens aged 30 months (2.5 years). These data indicate that genital maturity in the Nile monitor is reached at 36-40 cm LC and 1.5-2.5 years according to the populations. The growth in mass of the testes, compared with LC, is an accurate indicator of body size at sexual maturity, and confirms the precocity of Malian specimens. Conversely, testis growth is poorly related to age. These results are discussed with reference to the possible accommodation of Nile monitor populations to heavy exploitation by means of precocious recruitment of the male breeding stock.

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Maazaz, Ismaël. "A Southern connection: Chadian extraversion policies and the repercussions for the Libyan territory." Égypte/Monde arabe, no. 18 (June 15, 2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ema.3951.

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Liu Tiebing, Fan Delian, and Ye Jie. "Origin of the black shale-hosted Chadian phosphorus-manganese deposit, Shaanxi Province, China." Economic Geology 91, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.48.

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29

Evack, Jennifer Giovanoli, Remo S. Schmidt, Sylwia D. Boltryk, Till S. Voss, Annour A. Batil, Bongo N. Ngandolo, Helena Greter, Jürg Utzinger, Jakob Zinsstag, and Oliver Balmer. "Molecular Confirmation of a Fasciola Gigantica × Fasciola Hepatica Hybrid in a Chadian Bovine." Journal of Parasitology 106, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/19-66.

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30

Naoura, Gapili, Mahamat Alhabib Hassane, Djinodji Reoungal, Serferbe Signaboubo, and Eva Weltzien Rattunde. "Genetic Diversity of South Chadian Sorghum Landraces Assessed Through Quantitative and Qualitative Traits." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i4.26920.

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Plant genetic resources and germplasm are fundamental sources for plant breeding, and the assessment of the genetic diversity among germplasm accessions is useful to facilitate the more efficient use of plant genetic resources. The current study was carried out to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance to select genotypes and traits for breeding. In the experiment undertaken, fifty-three sorghum landraces were evaluated for selected seven qualitative and fourteen quantitative traits using randomized complete block design in three repetitions. There were differences (p< 0.001) among landraces for all assessed traits indicating a high degree of variability. Higher genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for grain weight of main panicle, number of leaf remain green and weight of main panicle. Estimates of phenotypic variances were higher than genotypic variance for all the studied quantitative traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for majority of assessed traits. This study allowed noting a positive relationship between number of day to flowering with plant height and stay green, and a negative correlation between plant height and weight of main panicle. A dendrogram revealed four main clusters of genotypes. The D2 statistics confirmed the highest inter-cluster distance between all clusters. This indicated existence of the possibility to improve genotypes through hybridization from any pair of clusters.

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Sougnabé, Pabamé, and Patrice Grimaud. "Emergence of pastoral systems in Chadian savannah: For what territorial and social integration?" Sécheresse 23, no. 4 (October 2012): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/sec.2012.0366.

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32

Armstrong, H. A., and M. A. Purnell. "Dinantian conodont biostratigraphy of the Northumberland Trough." Journal of Micropalaeontology 6, no. 2 (November 1, 1987): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.6.2.97.

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Abstract. Conodont faunas from Dinantian strata of the Northumberland Trough and Tweed Basin are described. Five zones are recognised. These zones are correlated with the standard British Stages and where possible with European and American sections. Chadian and Arundian faunas are dominated by Taphrognathus, Cloghergnathus and Cavusgnathus which typically occur in shallow intertidal and shallow subtidal environments. Holkerian and Asbian strata are barren of conodonts. In the Brigantian deeper-water genera including Gnathodus are represented. The shallow water nature of the lower faunas causes difficulty in correlation with goniatite-bearing sequences in the Craven Basin but reasonable correlations can be made to Ravenstonedale and the Avon Gorge.

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33

Morris, Paul G. "Some new Lower Carboniferous cardiarinid brachiopods from the Milldale Limestones (Visean, Chadian) of North Staffordshire, England." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1994, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/267.

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34

Debos, M. "Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian 'Ex-Liberators' in the Central African Republic." African Affairs 107, no. 427 (February 16, 2008): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adn004.

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35

Otero, Olga, Aurélie Pinton, Hassan Taisso Mackaye, Andossa Likius, Patrick Vignaud, and Michel Brunet. "The fish assemblage associated with the Late Miocene Chadian hominid (Toros-Menalla, Western Djurab) and its palaeoenvironmental significance." Palaeontographica Abteilung A 292, no. 1-3 (October 4, 2010): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/pala/292/2010/21.

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36

BANNELIER, KARINE, and THEODORE CHRISTAKIS. "Under the UN Security Council's Watchful Eyes: Military Intervention by Invitation in the Malian Conflict." Leiden Journal of International Law 26, no. 4 (November 8, 2013): 855–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156513000447.

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AbstractResponding to an urgent request by the authorities of Mali, France launched Operation Serval against several terrorist armed groups in January 2013. The French troops were assisted by a Chadian contingent and by forces progressively deployed by other African countries within a UNSC authorized African force (Resolution 2085). While the French and African military operations in Mali were clearly legal, they raise important questions of jus ad bellum in relation to the two legal arguments put forward to justify them: intervention by invitation, and UNSC authorization. In this paper we first discuss the general rules of international law applying to intervention by invitation. We explain that such an intervention could sometimes be contrary to the principle of self-determination and we propose a purpose-based approach. We then apply these rules to the situation in Mali and conclude that the French and Chadian interventions were legal because, on the one hand, the request was validly formulated by the internationally recognized government of Mali and, on the other hand, their legitimate purpose was to fight terrorism. The UNSC approved this legal basis and ‘helped’ France and Chad appeal validly to it by listing the enemy as ‘terrorist groups’. It gave its ‘blessing’ to these interventions, without authorizing them, and observed the events with relief. The adoption of Resolution 2100 on 25 April 2013 raises new legal questions. The Council creates a UN peace enforcement mission in Mali, MINUSMA, which has a robust use-of-force mandate. Created just a few weeks after the DRC Intervention Brigade, this force seems to indicate an ongoing evolution (revolution?) in UN peacekeeping, notwithstanding the assurances by some UNSC member states that MINUSMA will avoid ‘offensive counter-terrorism operations’. At the same time Resolution 2100 gives a restricted use-of-force mandate to France (to protect MINUSMA), without challenging the legal validity of intervention by invitation for all other tasks. The conflict in Mali might thus remain for some time yet between the latitude of UNSC authorization and the longitude of unilateral intervention by invitation.

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Tilsley, J. W., and D. Korn. "Chadian (Tournaisian – Viséan, Carboniferous) ammonoids from the Milldale Limestone Formation of the southern Peak District, England." Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 57, no. 3-4 (November 2009): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pygs.57.3-4.217.

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38

Angelo, Anaïs. "Mahamat-Saleh Haroun, dir. Grigris. 2013. 103 minutes. French and Chadian Arabic. Chad. Pili Films. €20.00." African Studies Review 57, no. 1 (April 2014): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2014.24.

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39

Duringer, Philippe, Michel Brunet, Yves Cambefort, Andossa Likius, Hassan T. Mackaye, Mathieu Schuster, and Patrick Vignaud. "First discovery of fossil dung beetle brood balls and nests in the Chadian Pliocene Australopithecine levels." Lethaia 33, no. 4 (December 2000): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002411600750053844.

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40

Kelly and Jones. "A revised Mississippian (Courceyan – Chadian) geology of the Clogher Valley, counties Fermanagh and Tyrone (Northern Ireland)." Irish Journal of Earth Sciences 38 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/ijes.2019.38.6.

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41

Müller, Borna, Penelope Vounatsou, Bongo Naré Richard Ngandolo, Colette Diguimbaye-Djaïbe, Irene Schiller, Beatrice Marg-Haufe, Bruno Oesch, Esther Schelling, and Jakob Zinsstag. "Bayesian Receiver Operating Characteristic Estimation of Multiple Tests for Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Chadian Cattle." PLoS ONE 4, no. 12 (December 9, 2009): e8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008215.

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42

Colleyn, Jean-Paul. "Brachet Julien & Scheele Judith.— The Value of Disorder. Autonomy, Prosperity and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara." Cahiers d'études africaines, no. 240 (December 2, 2020): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.32858.

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43

Somerville, Ian D., Angela R. E. Strank, and Anthony Welsh. "Chadian faunas and flora from dyserth: Depositional environments and palaeogeographic setting of Viséan strata in northeast wales." Geological Journal 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2007): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350240105.

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44

YOUNG, HELEN. "A Case Study of the Chadian Refugees in Western Sudan: The Impact of the Food Assessment Mission." Journal of Refugee Studies 5, no. 3-4 (1992): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/5.3-4.327.

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45

Mignenan, Victor. "Collective Intelligence and University Entrepreneurial Performance: An Exploratory Study Among Teacher Researchers and Students from Chadian Universities." Science Journal of Business and Management 9, no. 2 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjbm.20210902.17.

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46

Behrends, Andrea. "Fighting for oil when there is no oil yet." Focaal 2008, no. 52 (December 1, 2008): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2008.520103.

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The area around the border of Sudan and Chad, where Darfur lies, has been an unimportant and unknown backwater throughout history. Today, however, Darfur is all over the international press. Everybody knows about the grim war there. There is no oil currently in production in Darfur. However, there is oil in the south of neighboring Chad and in Southern Sudan, and there might be oil in Darfur. This article considers a case of fighting for oil when there is no oil yet. It takes into account the role of local actors doing the fighting, that is, the army, rebels, and militias; national actors such as the Sudanese and Chadian governments; and international actors, such as multinational oil companies, the United States, China, and the United Nations. It explains how oil can have disintegrative consequences even when it is still only a rumor about a future possibility.

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de Bonis, Louis, Stephane Peigne, Andossa Likius, Hassane T. Makaye, Michel Brunet, and Patrick Vignaud. "First occurrence of the ‘hunting hyena’ Chasmaporthetes in the Late Miocene fossil bearing localities of Toros Menalla, Chad (Africa)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.4.317.

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Abstract Late Miocene localities of Toros Menalla (Chad) have yielded many bones of fossil vertebrates with a lot of mammalian remains. Among the mammals, there are several Carnivora taxa, especially hyenids. The family Hyaenidae is very well developed during this period with classical bone crusher species but also with flesh eater taxa which are called hunting hyenas. The genus Chasmaporthetes is one of these taxa. It was described from North America, Asia, Euro-pa and South Africa but it is recorded for the first time in central Africa. The Chadian specimens are close to the South African species C. australis (Hendey, 1974) but differs through some morphological and metrical details. C. australis is a huge hunting hyena, a little bigger than the extant species Crocuta crocuta, the spotted hyena. An isolated premolar recorded in the locality Sahabi (Libya) belongs probably to the same group. The spreading of this large hunting species is probably correlated with the abundance of large ungulates in the local faunas.

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Owens, R. M., and J. W. Tilsley. "An atheloptic trilobite assemblage from the Carboniferous of North Devon." Geological Magazine 132, no. 6 (November 1995): 713–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800018938.

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AbstractNew collections of trilobites have been made from Dinantian rocks in North Devon, distributed among seven genera. Of these, Wagnerispina, Archegonus (Phillibole), Liobole, Aprathia, and probably Lichanocoryphe gen. nov., are primitive phillipsiids belonging to the subfamily Archegoninae. Reasons are given here for the others, Tawstockia and Spatulina, previously considered to be primitive phillipsiids of the subfamily Cystispininae, to belong to the higher phillipsiids, as effaced, blind members respectively of the Linguaphillipsiinae and Cummingellinae. The species of these genera from North Devon discussed here, three of which are new, are either small-eyed or blind, and form an atheloptic assemblage; they occur in hemipelagic sediments of the Codden Hill Chert Group in the Barnstaple district, and the Kersdown Chert Formation in the Bampton district. Ammonoids associated with the trilobites indicate an early Viséan, late Chadian age for the fauna, and the same or similar trilobite species and subspecies occur in the Březina Shales of Moravia, suggesting that they are approximately coeval.

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Ngandolo, Bongo Naré Richard, Borna Müller, Colette Diguimbaye-Djaïbe, Irene Schiller, Beatrice Marg-Haufe, Monica Cagiola, Michael Jolley, et al. "Comparative assessment of fluorescence polarization and tuberculin skin testing for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Chadian cattle." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.003.

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Thiele, Elizabeth A., Mark L. Eberhard, James A. Cotton, Caroline Durrant, Jeffrey Berg, Kelsey Hamm, and Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben. "Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): e0006747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006747.

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