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Journal articles on the topic 'Chain carrier'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Semeriahina, Myroslava, and Mariia Hryhorak. "The role of the airline as a logistics provider in the passenger travel chains involving air transport." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020, no. 5 (February 2021): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2021-5-5.

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The article is devoted to the classification of air carrier as a logistics provider. Therefore, in the outsourcing pyramid of logistics providing, the place of the air carrier was determined taking into account its business model: legacy, low-cost, hybrid. Based on this, insourcing pyramid of airline logistics services involving air transport was developed and varieties of 3PL providers were identified: 3–PL, 3PL, 3+PL air carriers. 3–PL air carrier is a logistics provider that provides a range of services within the air supply / travel chain. 3PL air carrier is a logistics provider that provides a range of services in the full supply / travel chain, when booking individual components of such a chain is carried out through the websites of the air carrier and its partners. 3+PL air carrier is a logistics provider that provides a range of services in the full supply / travel chain, when booking such services is carried out integrated through the air carrier's website, and business processes are performed by the air carrier and its partners. It was studied the websites of airlines in order to find out the providing level of modern global passenger airlines operating on legacy, low-cost and hybrid business models and to identify the main trends among air carrier to ensure a complete passenger travel chain. The main feature of the world's air carriers is that most of them provide services at the level of 3PL-provider, and only the world's leading air carriers provide the organization of the passenger travel chain at the level of 3+PL-provider. The generalized scheme of providing for a passenger travel chain involving air transport for the purpose of definition of a role of each type of logistics provider and their collaboration in such chains was constructed. For example, 3–PL, 3PL, 3+PL air carriers can involve 2 PL-companies in the performance of business processes in the passenger chain. At the same time, the air carrier of 4PL-level will involve performers from 2 PL 3-PL, 3PL levels in the processes of the travel chain. On the virtual 5 PL platform, the passenger will independently choose performers from different levels of providing according to their own needs.

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2

Slabbert, G. A., J. J. Mcewan, and R. Paton. "Failure analysis of carrier chain pins." Engineering Failure Analysis 5, no. 2 (June 1998): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-6307(98)00009-0.

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3

Stolarov, Igor P., Zhanna V. Dobrokhotova, Galina N. Kryukova, Alexander E. Gekhman, and Michael N. Vargaftik. "A Chain Catalytic Reaction Involving Pd Cluster as Chain Carrier." Journal of Cluster Science 16, no. 3 (September 2005): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10876-005-0007-z.

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4

Qu, Sanyin, Chen Ming, Qin Yao, Wanheng Lu, Kaiyang Zeng, Wei Shi, Xun Shi, Ctirad Uher, and Lidong Chen. "Understanding the Intrinsic Carrier Transport in Highly Oriented Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Effect of Side Chain Regioregularity." Polymers 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080815.

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The fundamental understanding of the influence of molecular structure on the carrier transport properties in the field of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs) is a big challenge since the carrier transport behavior in conducting polymers reveals average properties contributed from all carrier transport channels, including those through intra-chain, inter-chain, inter-grain, and hopping between disordered localized sites. Here, combining molecular dynamics simulations and experiments, we investigated the carrier transport properties of doped highly oriented poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films with different side-chain regioregularity. It is demonstrated that the substitution of side chains can not only take effect on the carrier transport edge, but also on the dimensionality of the transport paths and as a result, on the carrier mobility. Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) study as well as temperature-dependent measurements of the electrical conductivity clearly showed ordered local current paths in the regular side chain P3HT films, while random paths prevailed in the irregular sample. Regular side chain substitution can be activated more easily and favors one-dimensional transport along the backbone chain direction, while the irregular sample presents the three-dimensional electron hopping behavior. As a consequence, the regular side chain P3HT samples demonstrated high carrier mobility of 2.9 ± 0.3 cm2/V·s, which is more than one order of magnitude higher than that in irregular side chain P3HT films, resulting in a maximum thermoelectric (TE) power factor of 39.1 ± 2.5 μW/mK2 at room temperature. These findings would formulate design rules for organic semiconductors based on these complex systems, and especially assist in the design of high performance OTE polymers.

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5

Sampietro, M., X. Y. Yang, E. Sacchi, and P. M. Mannucci. "Restriction of Polymerase Chain Reaction Products for Carrier." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 63, no. 03 (1990): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1645079.

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6

WAGNER, WILLIAM B., and ROBB FRANKEL. "Carrier Service: Shipper Hedge Against Supply Chain Competition." International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 2, no. 1 (April 1999): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13675569908901573.

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7

Clarke, Richard L. "The use of EDI and internet technologies in the U.S. motor carrier industry." Journal of Transportation Management 12, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/967766700.

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Computer to computer data exchange by companies in a supply chain have been wellrecognized as an effective means of reducing cost and decreasing paperwork errors. In many cases, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers have become electronically linked to better manage inventory, ordering, and billing information. However, supply chains, by definition, also include common carriers that move goods between supply chain partners but may not have a long-term relationship with either the shipper or his customers. This could be the missing or weak link in an otherwise effective supply chain. The purpose of this paper is to examine the state-of-the-art of EDI in the motor carrier industry to identify possible trends.

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8

Arii, Hidekazu, Kenichi Nakabayashi, Kunio Mochida, and Takayuki Kawashima. "Intramolecular Chain Hydrosilylation of Alkynylphenylsilanes Using a Silyl Cation as a Chain Carrier." Molecules 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080999.

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9

Cronan, John E. "The chain-flipping mechanism of ACP (acyl carrier protein)-dependent enzymes appears universal." Biochemical Journal 460, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20140239.

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ACPs (acyl carrier proteins) play essential roles in the synthesis of fatty acids, polyketides and non-ribosomal polypeptides. ACP function requires the modification of the protein by attachment of 4′-phosphopantetheine to a conserved serine residue. The phosphopantetheine thiol acts to tether the starting materials and intermediates as their thioesters. ACPs are small highly soluble proteins composed of four α-helices. The helices form a bundle that acts as a hydrophobic sleeve that sequesters the acyl chains and activated thioesters from solvent. However, in the synthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids the enzymes of the pathway must access the thioester and the proximal carbon atoms in order to perform the needed chemistry. How such access is provided without exposure of the acyl chains to solvent has been a longstanding question due to the lack of acyl-ACP–enzyme complexes, a situation generally attributed to the brevity of the interactions of acyl-ACPs with their cognate enzymes. As discussed in the present review the access question has now been answered by four recent crystal structures, each of which shows that the entire acyl chain plus the 4′-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group partitions from the ACP hydrophobic sleeve into a hydrophobic pocket or groove of the enzyme protein, a process termed chain flipping.

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10

Wagner, William B., and Robert Frankel. "The Convergent Carrier: A Critical Factor in Supply Chain Compression." International Journal of Logistics Management 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574090010806100.

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Due to the increasingly competitive global business environment supply chain compression (reducing or eliminating the number of unnecessary logistical activities in a given supply chain) will be imperative for carriers, shippers and customers. Consequently, a premium will be paid for those carriers that are convergent. That is, convergent carriers performance must exceed expectations regarding achievement of established logistics cost and service objectives by performing whatever functions are required to satisfy supply chain participants. Such carriers will proactively work with both shippers and their customers to compress the supply chain by limiting unwanted actions while accomplishing mutually beneficial goals. In so doing, service to their customers is being elevated to the next level.

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11

Yokoo, T., S. Itoh, S. Ibuka, H. Yoshizawa, and J. Akimitsu. "Spin and Hole Dynamics in Carrier-Doped Quantum Haldane Chain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 568, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 042035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/568/4/042035.

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12

Agrell, Per J., Johan Lundin, and Andreas Norrman. "Supply Chain Management: Horizontal carrier coordination through cooperative governance structures." International Journal of Production Economics 194 (December 2017): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.10.025.

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13

Abu-Safia, H., I. Abu-Aljarayesh, H. M. El-Ghanem, and N. A. Yusuf. "Carrier and chain formation dependence of birefringence in magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 103, no. 1-2 (January 1992): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)90229-h.

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14

Mayo, Kevin H., and J. H. Prestegard. "Acyl carrier protein from E. coli. Structural characterization of short-chain acylated acyl carrier proteins by NMR." Biochemistry 24, no. 26 (December 1985): 7834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00347a049.

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15

Laquai, Frédéric, Gerhard Wegner, and Heinz Bässler. "What determines the mobility of charge carriers in conjugated polymers?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1855 (April 11, 2007): 1473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2027.

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In a conjugated polymer, the mobility of charge carriers is not a well-defined coefficient of a particular material as it is in an inorganic crystalline semiconductor but depends on the time domain of detection. On a time-scale of typically 100 fs, the on-chain mobility is ultra-high and controlled by the electronic band width of the polymer chain. When a carrier hits a chain imperfection, subsequent mesoscopic on-chain motion is retarded and controlled by intrachain disorder to which the chain environment contributes. Macroscopic transport commences after a time when interchain carrier jumps become rate limiting. It is routinely probed by time-of-flight experiments and can be rationalized in terms of random walk within a rough energy landscape. Experimental signatures of the various modes of transport are discussed.

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16

Sztain, Terra, Thomas G. Bartholow, D. John Lee, Lorenzo Casalino, Andrew Mitchell, Megan A. Young, Jianing Wang, J. Andrew McCammon, and Michael D. Burkart. "Decoding allosteric regulation by the acyl carrier protein." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 16 (April 12, 2021): e2025597118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025597118.

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Enzymes in multistep metabolic pathways utilize an array of regulatory mechanisms to maintain a delicate homeostasis [K. Magnuson, S. Jackowski, C. O. Rock, J. E. Cronan, Jr, Microbiol. Rev. 57, 522–542 (1993)]. Carrier proteins in particular play an essential role in shuttling substrates between appropriate enzymes in metabolic pathways. Although hypothesized [E. Płoskoń et al., Chem. Biol. 17, 776–785 (2010)], allosteric regulation of substrate delivery has never before been demonstrated for any acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent pathway. Studying these mechanisms has remained challenging due to the transient and dynamic nature of protein–protein interactions, the vast diversity of substrates, and substrate instability [K. Finzel, D. J. Lee, M. D. Burkart, ChemBioChem 16, 528–547 (2015)]. Here we demonstrate a unique communication mechanism between the ACP and partner enzymes using solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics to elucidate allostery that is dependent on fatty acid chain length. We demonstrate that partner enzymes can allosterically distinguish between chain lengths via protein–protein interactions as structural features of substrate sequestration are translated from within the ACP four-helical bundle to the protein surface, without the need for stochastic chain flipping. These results illuminate details of cargo communication by the ACP that can serve as a foundation for engineering carrier protein-dependent pathways for specific, desired products.

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17

Safriani, Lusi, Risdiana, Ayi Bahtiar, Annisa Aprilia, I. Kawasaki, and Isao Watanabe. "μSR Study of Charge Carrier Motion in Active Layer P3HT:ZnO:PCBM Hybrid Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.131.

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The so-called hybrid (organic-inorganic) solar cell has been developed due to the combining advantage between organic material such as Poly(3-hexylthiohene)/P3HT and inorganic material such as zinc oxide (ZnO). By adding fullerene derivative (6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester/PCBM) to the hybrid solar cell, the performance of solar cell is predicted to be increased. We have studied the charge carrier motion in blend of P3HT:ZnO:PCBM using LF-μSR with and without light irradiation to clarify the charge carrier motion in bulk ternary system of hybrid material. We found that charge carrier motion in P3HT:ZnO:PCBM changes from intra-chain to inter-chain diffusion. One-dimensional intra-chain diffusion is observed in the sample at low temperature below 15 K, while three-dimensional inter-chain is observed at high temperature above 25 K.

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18

Tayyem, Muna T., Mohammad B. Zughul, and Mansour H. Almatarneh. "Molecular dynamics simulation of N-octyl-N-quaternized chitosan derivatives as a drug carrier." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 04 (June 2018): 1850025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633618500256.

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The dynamic amphiphilic behavior of N-octyl-N-quaternized chitosan derivatives in aqueous solution is investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is found that quaternization decreases the intra-chain hydrogen bond formation which leads to reduced rigidity of the chitosan backbone. The effect of octyl substitution is much less pronounced. Analysis of hydrogen bonding reveals the presence of a hydrogen bond within the quaternized glucosamine unit, which causes the distortion of the usual chair conformation. Also, H-bond formation with the solvent water molecules was found to stabilize the intra-chain HO3-O5 hydrogen bond. Additionally, an aqueous solution containing the 10%-N-octyl-50%-N-quaternized chitosan derivative (1O5QCS) and the anti-cancer drug 10-hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) was also investigated using MD simulations. It was found that van der Waals and electrostatic forces have virtually equal contributions to the nonbonded interactions responsible for complexation. Furthermore, H-bond formation between drug and drug carrier contributes to lactone ring stability and subsequent bioavailability.

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19

Bahtiar, A., Lusi Safriani, Annisa Aprilia, Risdiana, Harsojo, Triwikantoro, Darminto, et al. "Study of Charge Carrier Dynamics of P3HT:PCBM Blend for Active Material Solar Cell Using Muon Spin Relaxation." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.168.

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Poly (3-hexylthiohene) (P3HT) has attracted much attention due to their chemical and thermal stability as well as their potential to be used as an active material in solar cells. Recently, bulk-heterojunction BHJ solar cell has been intensively developed due to its potential for high power conversion efficiency and low cost solar cells. Many studies have been done to understand the effect of PCBM to the morphology of the P3HT:PCBM blend and to performance of its solar cells. However, the clearly explanation about the effect of PCBM to the charge carrier dynamics in P3HT is not well understood yet. We have studied charge carrier dynamics in active material of solar cell P3HT:PCBM along and perpendicular to the chain by means of longitudinal field (LF) muon-spin-relaxation (μSR) method to elucidate the intra and inter-chain charge carrier in polymer hybrid P3HT:PCBM. We found the charge carrier transport changes from intra-chain to inter-chain diffusion. One dimensional intra-chain diffusion is observed in the samples at low temperatures below 10K, while three dimensional inter-chain is observed at high temperatures above 15K. This temperature is lower than that of P3HT only.

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20

Safriani, Lusi, Risdiana, A. Bahtiar, Annisa Aprilia, Rustam E. Siregar, Rahmat Hidayat, Tobat P. I. Saragi, I. Kawasaki, and Isao Watanabe. "Charge Carrier Dynamics of Active Material Solar Cell P3HT:ZnO Nanoparticles Studied by Muon Spin Relaxation (μSR)." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.477.

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Poly (3-hexylthiohene) (P3HT) has attracted much attention due to their chemical and thermal stability as well as their potential to be used as an active material in solar cells. Recently, hybrid solar cell has been developed due to the combining advantages of organic material (P3HT) and inorganic material such as nanoparticle zinc oxide (ZnO). ZnO is an inorganic material with high electron mobility and easy to prepare as electron acceptor to dissociate excitons formed in conjugated polymer as the active material of solar cells. ZnO also can be prepared as a nanoparticle that can resolve a problem of small exciton diffusion length of P3HT. However, the clearly explanation about the effect of ZnO to the charge carrier dynamics in P3HT is not fully understanding yet. We have studied charge carrier dynamics in active material of solar cell P3HT:ZnO along and perpendicular to the chain by means of longitudinal field (LF) muon-spin-relaxation (μSR) method to elucidate the intra and inter-chain charge carrier in polymer hybrid P3HT:ZnO. We found the charge carrier transport changes from intra-chain to inter-chain diffusion. One dimensional intra-chain diffusion is observed in the samples at low temperatures, while three dimensional inter-chain is observed at high temperatures.

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21

Zhao, Ke-Qing, Chao Chen, Hirosato Monobe, Ping Hu, Bin-Qin Wang, and Yo Shimizu. "Three-chain truxene discotic liquid crystal showing high charged carrier mobility." Chemical Communications 47, no. 22 (2011): 6290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc10299k.

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22

Poon, Kwok-Man, Frankie Chi-Hang Tam, Yiu-Loon Chui, and Pak-Leong Lim. "Single-chain Fv fragment lacks carrier specificity of the native antibody." Molecular Immunology 39, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-5890(02)00056-1.

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23

Wang, Jun, Peng-Chi Zhang, Hong-Fang Lu, Nan Ma, Shu Wang, Hai-Quan Mao, and Kam W. Leong. "New polyphosphoramidate with a spermidine side chain as a gene carrier." Journal of Controlled Release 83, no. 1 (September 2002): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00180-3.

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24

Nishio, Masaki, Norihisa Hoshino, Wataru Kosaka, Tomoyuki Akutagawa, and Hitoshi Miyasaka. "Carrier Concentration Dependent Conduction in Insulator-Doped Donor/Acceptor Chain Compounds." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 47 (November 13, 2013): 17715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja409785a.

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25

Anand, Akshay, Monika Vinish, and Sudesh Prabhakar. "A Case of Manifesting Carrier with DMD Phenotype." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 52, no. 4 (2009): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2016.125.

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A case of a 35-year old female with a history of proximal weakness in lower limbs and bulkiness of both calves manifesting before ten years of age was reported. Clinical findings were suggestive of muscular dystrophy. Genetic analysis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing revealed several point mutations, which account for dystrophin dysfunction and DMD type pathogenesis.

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26

Du, Heng, and Ye Jiang. "Strategic Information Sharing in a Dynamic Supply Chain with a Carrier under Complex Uncertainty." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4695654.

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Whether to use an information sharing mechanism is investigated in a dynamic supply chain, where one manufacturer, one carrier, and one retailer are faced with uncertain yield, demand, and lead time during multiple periods. Each member is modeled as an adaptive agent based on multiagent technique, and their decisions can be adjusted timely to adapt to external environment. There are two choices for the whole supply chain to deal with uncertain risks: information sharing (IS) or no information sharing (NS). Under strategy IS, the information about market demand and the retailer’s inventory can be shared within the supply chain. For each strategy, the effects of yield, demand, and lead time uncertainties on costs of the supply chain and channel members are studied. It is found that (i) it is rewarding for the upstream manufacturer to use a retailer’s shared information under uncertain yield or demand; (ii) however, information sharing (IS) strategy sometimes should be abandoned for other members and the whole supply chain; (iii) counterintuitively, the increase of transportation time uncertainty benefits the retailer.

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27

Shin, Jisoo, Min Kim, Jaewon Lee, Donghun Sin, Heung Gyu Kim, Hyeongjin Hwang, and Kilwon Cho. "Effects of conformational symmetry in conjugated side chains on intermolecular packing of conjugated polymers and photovoltaic properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 128 (2015): 106044–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21602h.

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Introduction of the symmetric conjugated side chain to the conjugated backbone of the polymer was found to improve both the light-harvesting ability of the polymer and its charge carrier mobility, apparently by increasing the packing between the polymer chains.

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28

Perez, Daniel R., Marc Leibundgut, and Gerhard Wider. "Interactions of the Acyl Chain with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Acyl Carrier Protein." Biochemistry 54, no. 13 (March 25, 2015): 2205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi5014563.

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29

D. Vihol, Priti, Jatin H. Patel, Jignesh M. Patel, Vijendra S. Dabas, Irshadullakhan H. Kalyani, Chandrakant F. Chaudhari, and Ashish C. Patel. "Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Carrier Goats Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 12 (December 10, 2017): 2174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.249.

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30

Yang, Yong, Hua Peng, Dongling Zhang, and Xiping Dai. "Markov Chain Monte Carlo-Based Separation of Paired Carrier Multiple Access Signals." IEEE Communications Letters 20, no. 11 (November 2016): 2209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2016.2599874.

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31

Motoyanagi, Jin, Yohei Yamamoto, Akinori Saeki, Md Akhtarul Alam, Atsushi Kimoto, Atsuko Kosaka, Takanori Fukushima, Shu Seki, Seiichi Tagawa, and Takuzo Aida. "Unusual Side-Chain Effects on Charge-Carrier Lifetime in Discotic Liquid Crystals." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 4, no. 6 (June 2, 2009): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.200800481.

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32

Meixell, Mary J., and Mario Norbis. "Integrating carrier selection with supplier selection decisions to improve supply chain security." International Transactions in Operational Research 19, no. 5 (June 13, 2011): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2011.00817.x.

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33

Song, Jiyue, Bangchuan Zhao, Yanan Huang, Yanfeng Qin, Jiafeng Zhou, Wenhai Song, and Yuping Sun. "Carrier type change induced by fluorine doping in spin-chain compound Ca3Co2O6." RSC Advances 7, no. 5 (2017): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25052a.

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34

Horiuchi, T. "In-circuit hot-carrier model and its application to inverter chain optimization." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 43, no. 9 (1996): 1428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.535328.

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35

Yokoo, T., S. Itoh, D. Kawana, H. Yoshizawa, and J. Akimitsu. "Dynamical Properties of Spins and Holes in Carrier Doped Quantum Haldane Chain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 502 (April 10, 2014): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/502/1/012045.

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36

Hofmann, Felix J., Jan Vogelsang, and John M. Lupton. "Impact of charge carrier injection on single-chain photophysics of conjugated polymers." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 26 (June 27, 2016): 263301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4955087.

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37

Schaeffer, Merrill L., Gautam Agnihotri, Craig Volker, Howard Kallender, Patrick J. Brennan, and John T. Lonsdale. "Purification and Biochemical Characterization of theMycobacterium tuberculosisβ-Ketoacyl-acyl Carrier Protein Synthases KasA and KasB." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 50 (October 12, 2001): 47029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m108903200.

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Mycolic acids are vital components of theMycobacterium tuberculosiscell wall, and enzymes involved in their formation represent attractive targets for the discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents. Biosynthesis of the fatty acyl chains of mycolic acids involves two fatty acid synthetic systems, the multifunctional polypeptide fatty acid synthase I (FASI), which performsde novofatty acid synthesis, and the dissociated FASII system, which consists of monofunctional enzymes, and acyl carrier protein (ACP) and elongates FASI products to long chain mycolic acid precursors. In this study, we present the initial characterization of purified KasA and KasB, two β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KAS) enzymes of theM. tuberculosisFASII system. KasA and KasB were expressed inE. coliand purified by affinity chromatography. Both enzymes showed activity typical of bacterial KASs, condensing an acyl-ACP with malonyl-ACP. Consistent with the proposed role of FASII in mycolic acid synthesis, analysis of various acyl-ACP substrates indicated KasA and KasB had higher specificity for long chain acyl-ACPs containing at least 16 carbons. Activity of KasA and KasB increased with use ofM. tuberculosisAcpM, suggesting that structural differences between AcpM andE. coliACP may affect their recognition by the enzymes. Both enzymes were sensitive to KAS inhibitors cerulenin and thiolactomycin. These results represent important steps in characterizing KasA and KasB as targets for antimycobacterial drug discovery.

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38

Ramos-Vega, Ana Laura, Yadira Dávila-Martínez, Christian Sohlenkamp, Sandra Contreras-Martínez, Sergio Encarnación, Otto Geiger, and Isabel M. López-Lara. "SMb20651 is another acyl carrier protein from Sinorhizobium meliloti." Microbiology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.022079-0.

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Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) are small acidic proteins that carry growing acyl chains during fatty acid or polyketide synthesis. In rhizobia, there are four different and well-characterized ACPs: AcpP, NodF, AcpXL and RkpF. The genome sequence of Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 reveals two additional ORFs that possibly encode additional ACPs. One of these, smb20651, is located on the plasmid pSymB as part of an operon. The genes of the operon encode a putative asparagine synthetase (AsnB), the predicted ACP (SMb20651), a putative long-chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase (SMb20650) and a putative ammonium-dependent NAD+ synthetase (NadE1). When SMb20651 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, [3H]β-alanine, a biosynthetic building block of 4′-phosphopantetheine, was incorporated into the protein in vivo. The purified SMb20651 was modified with 4′-phosphopantetheine in the presence of S. meliloti holo-ACP synthase (AcpS). Also, holo-SMb20651 was modified in vitro with a malonyl group by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase. In E. coli, coexpression of SMb20651 together with other proteins such as AcpS and SMb20650 led to the formation of additional forms of SMb20651. In this bacterium, acylation of SMb20651 with C12 : 0 or C18 : 0 fatty acids was detected, demonstrating that this protein is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or transfer. Expression of SMb20651 was detected in S. meliloti as holo-SMb20651 and acyl-SMb20651.

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39

Hayashida, Kayoko, Taishi Higashi, Daichi Kono, Keiichi Motoyama, Koki Wada, and Hidetoshi Arima. "Preparation and evaluation of cyclodextrin polypseudorotaxane with PEGylated liposome as a sustained release drug carrier." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (November 25, 2014): 2756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.292.

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Cyclodextrins (CDs) can form polypseudorotaxanes (PPRXs) with drugs or drug carriers possessing linear polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). On the other hand, PEGylated liposomes have been utilized as a representative anticancer drug carrier. However, little is known about the formation of CD PPRX with PEGylated liposome. In the present study, we first report the formation of CD PPRX with PEGylated liposome and evaluate it as a sustained release drug carrier. PEGylated liposome encapsulating doxorubicin was disrupted by the addition of α-CD. Meanwhile, γ-CD included two PEG chains and/or one bending PEG chain of PEGylated liposome and formed PPRX without the disruption of the membrane integrity of the PEGylated liposome. Moreover, the release of doxorubicin and/or PEGylated liposome encapsulating doxorubicin from the PPRX was prolonged in accordance with the matrix type release mechanism. These findings suggest the potential of γ-CD PPRX as sustained release carriers for PEGylated liposome products.

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Inaba, Yu, Kenji Nakahigashi, Takuro Ito, and Masaru Tomita. "Alteration of fatty acid chain length ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiiby simultaneous expression of medium-chain-specific thioesterase and acyl carrier protein." Phycological Research 65, no. 1 (January 2017): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pre.12161.

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Poole, R. C., S. L. Cranmer, A. P. Halestrap, and A. J. Levi. "Substrate and inhibitor specificity of monocarboxylate transport into heart cells and erythrocytes. Further evidence for the existence of two distinct carriers." Biochemical Journal 269, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 827–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2690827.

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A range of short-chain aliphatic monocarboxylates, both unsubstituted and substituted with hydroxy, chloro and keto groups, were shown to inhibit transport of L-lactate and pyruvate into both guinea-pig cardiac myocytes and rat erythrocytes. The carrier of heart cells exhibited a higher affinity (approx. 10-fold) for most of the monocarboxylates than did the erythrocyte carrier. A notable exception was L-lactate, whose Km for both carriers was similar. The K1 values of the two carriers for inhibitors such as phenylpyruvate and alpha-cyanocinnamate derivatives were also different. The high affinity of the heart cell carrier for ketone bodies and acetate may be physiologically important, since these substrates are used as fuels by the heart.

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Hungerbühler, Norbert, and Gideon Villiger. "Exotic Steiner chains in Miquelian Möbius planes of odd order." Advances in Geometry 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom-2020-0035.

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Abstract In the Euclidean plane, two circles that intersect or are tangent clearly do not carry a finite Steiner chain of circles. We show that such exotic Steiner chains exist in finite Miquelian Möbius planes of odd order. We obtain explicit conditions in terms of the order of the plane and the capacitance of the two carrier circles for the existence, length, and number of Steiner chains.

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Gibson, Brian J., and Jerry W. Wilson. "Carrier scorecarding: purposes, processes, and benefits." Journal of Transportation Management 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1080777780.

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Carrier scorecarding programs (CSP’s) provide a formal, quantitative mechanism for use in assessing carrier performance. Such programs provide valuable input for carrier rationalization and contract development initiatives and can also serve as a key component of a Six Sigma program. In this study, the overall goal was to address three research questions. First, why are organizations adopting CSP’s? Second, how are organizations using carrier scorecarding to select and manage carriers? Finally, how does carrier scorecarding impact organizational performance? These questions were used to develop the set of research propositions that formed the basis for the investigation. In-depth case studies of six organizations were conducted to generate the evidence necessary to support or refute the research propositions. Carrier scorecarding was found to be an objective, process-oriented approach that improves the ability of the transportation buyer to realize significant improvements in customer service while strengthening internal cost control. In the current industry environment of intense competition, narrow margins, pressure for shorter cycle times and improved supply chain efficiency, carrier scorecarding is rapidly gaining recognition as a valuable tool for use in carrier selection, evaluation and retention.

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Korshunova, A. N., and V. D. Lakhno. "The Peculiarities of Charge Motion in the Molecular Polynucleotide Chains of Finite Length. The Rapid Formation of a Moving Polaron State." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 13, no. 2 (December 25, 2018): 534–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2018.13.534.

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The numerical experiments which demonstrate the possibility of charge transfer in a homogeneous G/C DNA chain in the absence of an electric field have been carried out. As a model, which describes the dynamics of a DNA molecule, was considered the nonlinear Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois-Holstein model. It is commonly supposed that the main electric current carrier in homogeneous synthetic polynucleotide chains is the polaron. We have previously studied the peculiarities of polaron motion in molecular polynucleotide chains of finite length. It was shown that a polaron placed at the initial moment of time not in the center of the chain acquires the ability to move in the absence of an electric field and in the absence of any additional excitations in the chain. The numerical experiments which demonstrate the possibility of polaron charge transfer in a homogeneous finite unclosed G/C DNA chain due to the interaction with localized excitations have been carried out in the absence of an electric field. In this study, at the initial moment of time, a polaron is not added to the chain, but a charge localized in the region of a certain number of neighboring sites displaced from the equilibrium positions. The motion of the charge in the chain is caused by choice of these specified initial conditions, which ensure the rapid formation of the polaron state and, as a consequence, charge transfer along the chain. For the assignment of the external nonlinear excitations, we used nonzero values of the displacements of particles and/or their velocities at the initial instant of time. Non-zero values of chain sites velocities at the initial time were used to stimulate the motion of the charge. It is shown that for the rapid formation of the polaron state, the initial conditions must correspond to the parameters of the polaron, which is formed in the chain under the chosen parameters. It is shown that, depending on the parameters of the chain and on the parameters of the selected initial conditions, the charge can be transferred along the chain over long distances.

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Funahashi, Masahiro. "Electronic Functions in Liquid-Crystalline Nanostructures with High Polarization." MRS Advances 4, no. 31-32 (2019): 1733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.247.

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AbstractMultifunctionality was created by coupling an electronic charge carrier transport with ionic conductivity or ferroelectricity in polarized liquid crystal phases. Liquid-crystalline perylene bisimide derivatives bearing cyclotetrasiloxane rings and triethylene oxide chains formed nanosegregated columnar structures which could conduct ions as well as electrons. The spin-coated thin films could be insolubilized by the exposure on acid vapors and display electrochromism. Phenylterthiophene derivatives bearing a chiral alkyl side chain exhibited a ferroelectric phase, in which a photovoltaic effect was caused by the interaction between photogenerated charge carriers with the internal electric field formed by the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric phase.

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Liu, Qianyuan, Jingjing Chen, Yang Qin, Bo Jiang, and Tao Zhang. "Encapsulation of pterostilbene in nanoemulsions: influence of lipid composition on physical stability, in vitro digestion, bioaccessibility, and Caco-2 cell monolayer permeability." Food & Function 10, no. 10 (2019): 6604–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo01260e.

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Flores Rodas, E. M., R. Condoleo, V. Spallucci, G. Micarelli, M. Sborchia, P. De Santis, T. Bogdanova, and S. Bilei. "THE ROLE OF SHEEP AS CARRIER OF ZOONOSES IN THE MEAT FOOD CHAIN." Italian Journal of Food Safety 1, no. 1zero (January 8, 2011): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2011.1s.279.

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Tilyaeva, G. "Polymeric chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosis of HBSAG carrier condition in pregnant women." Journal of Hepatology 34 (April 2001): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(01)80664-4.

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Tilyaeva, G. Y., A. Kamilov, L. Tuychiev, D. Kayumova, and B. Irisbaev. "Polymeric chain reaction (PCR) in diagnosis of HBSAG carrier condition in pregnant women." Journal of Hepatology 34 (April 2001): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(01)81539-7.

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50

Kažukauskas, V., V. Čyras, L. Sicot, and C. Sentein. "Effect of Molecular Chain Orientation on Carrier Transport and Trapping in Polymer Blends." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 447, no. 1 (May 2006): 155/[473]—166/[484]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400500387122.

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