Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chaîne grasse

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Academic literature on the topic 'Chaîne grasse'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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CLINQUART, A., C. BRUNDSEAUX, I. DUFRASNE, L. ISTASSE, and D. MICOL. "Utilisation des matières grasses chez les bovins à l’engraissement." INRAE Productions Animales 8, no. 1 (February 21, 1995): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1995.8.1.4102.

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L’incorporation de matière grasse dans les rations d’engraissement de bovins est une technique courante. Différents buts sont poursuivis : augmenter la teneur en énergie de la ration, faciliter la finition des animaux ou manipuler la teneur en acides gras insaturés de la graisse. L’incorporation des matières grasses se fait sous forme de graisses purifiées d’origine végétale ou animale ou sous forme de graines ou de fèves oléagineuses. Généralement, ces dernières subissent des traitements technologiques, avec comme conséquence, par exemple, une augmentation des acides gras à chaîne plus courte et saturés. Vu l’origine extrêmement variée des graisses utilisées, les effets observés chez les animaux sont parfois divergents. L’utilisation de graisses dans des rations d’engraissement a tendance à réduire l’intensité des fermentations dans le rumen et à les orienter vers une production plus importante d’acide propionique. Les données de la littérature indiquent que l’incorporation de matière grasse a tendance à réduire la digestibilité apparente de la matière sèche et de la matière organique et à augmenter la digestibilité de l’extrait éthéré. Les principaux effets sur les performances zootechniques sont une réduction de la durée d’engraissement, une augmentation des gains de poids, une réduction des ingestions, et par conséquent une amélioration de l’indice de consommation. Les auteurs signalent généralement une augmentation du poids des carcasses et du rendement à l’abattage. Les carcasses sont souvent plus grasses. La composition chimique de la viande et celle du muscle, c’est-à-dire de la viande maigre, ne semblent pas être modifiées. La supplémentation avec des graisses d’origine animale entraîne une diminution plus ou moins importante de la proportion des acides gras insaturés. A l’opposé, l’utilisation des graisses d’origine végétale se caractérise par une augmentation de la proportion des acides gras insaturés.
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BAS, P., and D. SAUVANT. "Variations de la composition des dépôts lipidiques chez les bovins." INRAE Productions Animales 14, no. 5 (December 19, 2001): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2001.14.5.3755.

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La teneur et le profil des acides gras (AG) des dépôts adipeux et des muscles influencent la qualité de la viande. Les principales causes de variation de la composition des lipides de ces dépôts ont été étudiées chez les bovins par méta-analyse des données publiées. Le taux de lipides intramusculaires est influencé par le génotype et par le niveau d’ingestion d’énergie. L’accroissement des teneurs en lipides intramusculaires est presque exclusivement constitué de triglycérides (TG). La teneur en phospholipides (PL) varie peu pour un type de muscle donné. Les TG sont plus riches en AG monoinsaturés (AGMI) et en AG saturés (AGS) (TG / PL = 1,9 - 1,3 - 4,5 - 1,2 et 1,1 pour les AGMI - AGS - C14:0 - C16:0 et C18:0, respectivement) mais plus pauvres en AG polyinsaturés (TG / PL : environ 1/15 pour les AGPI) que les PL. Avec des rations contenant des aliments concentrés non supplémentés en matières grasses, les dépôts adipeux et les muscles présentent des teneurs plus faibles en C18:0 et en C18:3 mais plus élevées en C18:1 qu’avec des rations constituées uniquement de fourrage. En outre, dans les lipides intramusculaires, le rapport des AGPI n-6/n-3 est plus élevé avec des aliments concentrés qu’avec du fourrage. Excepté les huiles de palme et les graines de coton, les matières grasses végétales réduisent les teneurs en AGS dans les dépôts adipeux par rapport aux matières grasses d’origine animale. Les graines de lin et de carthame induisent les teneurs en AGPI les plus élevées dans les dépôts adipeux et le lin induit les teneurs les plus élevées en C18:3 dans les muscles. Dans les muscles, les teneurs en C18:2 sont peu influencées par la nature de la matière grasse ajoutée à la ration lorsque celle-ci n’est pas protégée. Les huiles de poisson diminuent les teneurs en C18:0 des muscles et augmentent les teneurs en AGPI à longue chaîne de la série n-3. Une supplémentation de la ration en matières grasses a un effet différent sur la composition en acides gras des triglycérides et des phospholipides des muscles selon la proportion relative des différentes classes de lipides.
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Ludwig, J., and D. Tongway. "Clearing savannas for use as rangelands in Queensland: altered landscapes and water-erosion processes." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 1 (2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02004.

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This paper presents a framework and some examples of how tree clearing alters landscapes (vegetation structure and faunal habitat) and processes (run-off and soil erosion) for eucalypt savannas in Queensland. Unaltered savannas have a tree-layer and a well-covered ground-layer of perennial grasses, and they provide habitats favoured by a variety of open woodland birds, reptiles and small mammals. Because unaltered savannas have a high ground-cover, they have low rates of run-off and erosion. When savannas are chained, but otherwise unaltered, trees rapidly regrow and increase in canopy cover. The exotic buffel grass often establishes in chained regrowth (especially if grazed), although the cover of native grasses such as black speargrass remains high (unless heavily grazed). We found that open woodland birds declined on these chained regrowth sites, except for the Weebill, which increased in abundance. When savannas are cleared of trees and woody debris and developed as improved pasture systems, both exotic and native perennial grass increased in cover. However, open woodland fauna abundance declined whereas grassland fauna such as the Red-backed Fairy-wren and the House Mouse increased in abundance. If these pasture sites are heavily utilised by livestock so that ground-cover is reduced, rates of run-off and soil loss are likely to rapidly increase, especially as cover declines below 40%. These run-off and erosion findings suggest that the manner in which savanna landscapes are cleared and subsequently used will have flow-on effects at catchment scales.
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Chappe, P., A. Mourey, and J. Manem. "La microflore de boues aérobies acclimatées à des teneurs élevées en graisse." Revue des sciences de l'eau 7, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705208ar.

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Le travail présenté dans cet article a pour but d'isoler les principaux micro-organismes impliqués dans la biodégradation des lipides concentrés dans des réacteurs spécifiques de stations d'épuration des eaux et d'étudier leur action sur ce type de substrat. La microflore d'une boue activée « classique » est comparée à celle de boues acclimatées à des teneurs élevées en lipides selon un nouveau procédé « BIOMASTER® G ». Cela montre un enrichissement en bactéries fortement lipolytiques dans le système à l'équilibre. En effet, la boue activée « classique » ne contient aucun microorganisme fortement lipolytique alors qu'à partir de la boue acclimatée du même site on a pu en isoler, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus et Pseudomonas putida étant les constituants les plus actifs. L'utilisation de bioadditifs du commerce pour l'ensemencement des pilotes au lancement du système ne semble pas apporter d'avantages décisifs puisqu'on ne retrouve pas à l'équilibre les micro-organismes contenus dans ces bioadditifs. Par contre, d'autres microorganismes à pouvoir lipolytique élevé sont détectés tels que Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas hydrophila et Staphylococcus sp . Le genre Pseudomonas est par ailleurs presque toujours rencontré quelle que soit la boue acclimatée examinée. De même, on peut noter la quasi absence de bactéries Gram positif. Tous les isolats Gram négatif dégradent plus ou moins les acides gras de longueur de chaîne variée. Le seul isolat Gram positif est inhibé ou même tué par les acides gras à chaîne moyenne ou courte et cela peut contribuer à la pauvreté en bactéries Gram positif dans les boues acclimatées. Les genres principaux que nous avons rencontrés, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter et Aeromonas, sont capables d'assurer à la fois la lipolyse (libération des acides gras) et l'oxydation subséquente des acides gras. L'enrichissement naturel de la microflore lipolytique des boues activées dans le procédé aboutit à une microflore acclimatée capable d'assurer la biodégradation complète des lipides.
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Hamilton, Natalia P., Stephanie G. Yelenik, Tara D. Durboraw, Robert D. Cox, and Nathan S. Gill. "Understanding Grass Invasion, Fire Severity, and Acacia koa Regeneration for Forest Restoration in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park." Land 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090962.

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With invasive grasses increasing wildfire occurrence worldwide, a better understanding of the relationships between native plants, fire, and invasive grass is needed to help restoration plans facilitate ecosystem resilience. Invasive grasses are particularly problematic for altering fire regimes in the tropics, yet in Hawaiʻi, restoration sites are often planted with monocultures of the native tree Acacia koa, which can promote grass growth via nitrogen fixation. This, combined with the difficulty of estimating pre-fire grass cover under thick canopies, complicates attempts to restore Hawaiian ecosystems. We studied the 2018 Keauhou Ranch Fire in Hawaiʻi to investigate three questions: (1) at what level of precision can pre-fire grass cover be accurately estimated from oblique aerial photos? (2) how are post-fire A. koa regeneration densities affected by fire severity? and (3) how are post-fire A. koa regeneration densities affected by pre-fire grass cover and its interaction with fire severity? We collected burn severity and post-fire regeneration data from 30 transects stratified across mid-elevation woodland, montane woodland, and montane shrubland communities. We evaluated visual estimates of pre-fire grass cover from oblique aerial imagery with quantitative in situ data from 60 unburned transects of the same cover types. Pre-fire estimates of grass cover categories were 67% accurate in montane woodland (n = 9) and 100% accurate in montane shrubland (n = 11), but only 20% accurate in mid-elevation woodland (n = 10). In montane woodlands with low pre-fire tree densities, A. koa regeneration densities were higher with increased fire severity, but this trend reversed when pre-fire tree densities were high. We detected no effect of pre-fire grass cover, nor its interaction with fire severity, on A. koa regeneration density. This indicates that restoration through the planting of A. koa may be successful in promoting fire-resilient A. koa forest, although there are potential issues to consider regarding the effects that A. koa’s grass promotion may have on other species within the ecosystem.
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LUCAS, A., S. HULIN, V. MICHEL, C. AGABRIEL, J. F. CHAMBA, E. ROCK, and J. B. COULON. "Relations entre les conditions de production du lait et les teneurs en composés d’intérêt nutritionnel dans le fromage : étude en conditions réelles de production." INRAE Productions Animales 19, no. 1 (March 12, 2006): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2006.19.1.3477.

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Les relations entre les conditions de production du lait et les teneurs en composés d’intérêt nutritionnel de fromages fermiers au lait de vache ou de chèvre ont été étudiées en conditions réelles de production au sein de 4 filières fromagères (Abondance, Tomme de Savoie, Salers/Cantal et Rocamadour). Au total, 432 fromages, dont 306 au lait de vache et 126 au lait de chèvre, produits tout au long de l’année par 74 producteurs fermiers ont été analysés. Dans un premier temps, les effets respectifs des conditions de production du lait et de la transformation fromagère sur la variabilité de composition du fromage ont été quantifiés. Dans un second temps, les relations entre la composition du fromage et les conditions de production du lait, préalablement identifiées au moyen d’enquêtes, ont été étudiées. Le fromage fermier se caractérise par une grande variabilité de composition qui dépend majoritairement de la transformation fromagère pour la vitamine B9 et les minéraux et des conditions de production du lait pour les acides gras (AG), les vitamines A et E et les caroténoïdes. L’espèce animale explique une grande partie de la variabilité en certains AG et en β-carotène dans le fromage. Les teneurs en micronutriments liposolubles et le potentiel antioxydant du fromage dépendent principalement de la nature de la ration fourragère (pâturage vs fourrages conservés) quelle que soit l’espèce animale. Les rations à base de pâturage sont associées à des teneurs en caroténoïdes et en vitamines A et E et à un potentiel antioxydant dans le fromage plus importants. En revanche, les facteurs de variation du profil en AG du fromage ont différé dans cette étude entre les vaches et les chèvres. Pour les fromages au lait de vache, il dépend principalement de la nature de la ration fourragère (pâturage vs fourrages conservés). Les fromages associés au pâturage sont plus riches en AG saturés et insaturés à longue chaîne (≥ C18) et plus pauvres en AG saturés à courte et moyenne chaîne (C6:0 à C16:0). Le profil en AG du fromage au lait de chèvre dépend principalement de la proportion de matières grasses apportées par les concentrés dans la ration, du stade de lactation des animaux et dans une moindre mesure de la présence ou non de lin dans les concentrés. Ce fromage est plus riche en AG à longue chaîne et plus pauvre en AG saturés à courte et moyenne chaîne lorsque la proportion de matières grasses apportées par les concentrés est plus importante, les concentrés contiennent du lin et les animaux sont en début de lactation. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de collecter des données représentatives et détaillées sur les caractéristiques nutritionnelles de différentes variétés fromagères et de hiérarchiser les effets des principaux facteurs de production responsables de la variabilité de composition du fromage.
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Ragot, Bernadette. "Les bonnes matières grasses qui protègent chacune de nos cellules." Hegel N° 3, no. 3 (2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/62696.

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DOREAU, M., and Y. CHILLIARD. "Influence d’une supplémentation de la ration en lipides sur la qualité du lait chez la vache." INRAE Productions Animales 5, no. 2 (February 28, 1992): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1992.5.2.4224.

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L’enrichissement en matières grasses des rations est couramment pratiqué pour les vaches laitières fortes productrices. L’une des conséquences les plus fréquentes est la diminution de la teneur en protéines, et plus particulièrement en caséines du lait. Les causes en sont encore mal connues. Une partie de cet effet est liée à la dilution des protéines dans un volume accru de lait, car la sécrétion totale de protéines n’est que peu affectée. La diminution du taux protéique est beaucoup plus modérée au début de la lactation, où l’effet positif sur la production laitière est moins net, qu’après le pic de production. L’incorporation de matières grasses dans les rations a un effet très variable sur le taux butyreux, qui dépend du bilan entre l’augmentation des acides gras longs d’origine alimentaire et la réduction de la synthèse mammaire des acides gras à chaîne courte ou moyenne. La teneur en acides gras polyinsaturés dans le lait n’est presque jamais fortement modifiée, en raison de l’hydrogénation des lipides alimentaires dans le rumen. Seule la technique d’encapsulation des lipides dans une coque de protéines tannées protège les lipides alimentaires de l’hydrogénation ruminale. Certains types de suppléments lipidiques entraînent une détérioration de la valeur organoleptique des produits laitiers, en particulier par oxydation et rancissement.
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BAUCHART, D., D. DURAND, D. GRUFFAT-MOUTY, C. PIOT, B. GRAULET, Y. CHILLIARD, and J. F. HOCQUETTE. "Transport sanguin et métabolisme tissulaire des lipides chez le veau de boucherie. Effets du remplacement du suif par de l’huile de coprah dans l’aliment d’allaitement." INRAE Productions Animales 12, no. 4 (September 1, 1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1999.12.4.3888.

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Cet article décrit le transport sanguin et le métabolisme tissulaire des lipides chez le veau de boucherie recevant un aliment d’allaitement à base d’huile de coprah (riche en acides gras à chaîne moyenne) ou de suif (riche en acides gras longs saturés et insaturés). L’huile de coprah élève fortement la lipémie, notamment les teneurs en cholestérol et en phospholipides. Ses acides gras de type C12:0 et C14:0 sont transportés sélectivement dans les lipoprotéines riches en triglycérides (38 %) ou en cholestérol (44 %).Dans le foie, le captage des acides gras de l’huile de coprah entraîne une stéatose hépatique marquée, due à une teneur accrue en triglycérides (×18). Ceci s’expliquerait à la fois par une élongation des produits de l’oxydation des acides gras à chaîne moyenne (C12:0), par une oxydation plus faible et une estérification en triglycérides accrue des acides gras longs (C18:1n-9) et par une capacité de sécrétion des triglycérides faible et peu modulée. Le potentiel d’oxydation des acides gras dans les tissus musculaires et le potentiel lipogénique du tissu adipeux périrénal ne sont pas influencés par les acides gras alimentaires. En revanche, la composition en acides gras des tissus musculaires et adipeux est fortement marquée avec le régime coprah par l’accumulation du C12:0 et surtout du C14:0 (au détriment du C18:1 n-9) conduisant à élever le degré de saturation des acides gras des lipides de dépôt. En conclusion, l’emploi de l’huile de coprah comme seule source de matières grasses alimentaires n’est pas recommandée chez le veau de boucherie en raison de l’altération du métabolisme du foie (stéatose), de l’absence d’amélioration des performances de croissance et de la dépréciation de la qualité diététique de la viande pour le consommateur par le dépôt accru d’acides gras saturés à propriétés athérogènes.
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Singh, M., T. Durali, and A. J. Cowieson. "Use of n-alkanes for determination of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) intake in free-range broilers." Animal Production Science 56, no. 7 (2016): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14778.

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N-alkanes, long-chained saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles, were used for estimating grass intake in fast-growing, free-range broilers. A total of 1440 as hatched mixed sex Cobb 500 broilers were equally divided between one of four experimental treatments in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement involving conventional (barn) or free-range (barn and range access) production systems and diets (crude protein: 21%, metabolisable energy: 13 MJ/K) with or without in-feed antibiotic (Zinc Bacitracin: Albac® G 150 antibiotic feed premix, Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia). Day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 48 pens (12 replicates/treatment) with 30 birds in each pen. Chicks were assigned to treatment diets on Day 1 while free-range access was available to birds from Day 21 onwards. Alkane concentrations in litter were measured and compared with alkane profiles of the intake components (grass, diet pellets and woodchip). Correction for incomplete recovery followed by estimation using a non-negative least square procedure resulted in calculation of total grass intake from the range area. Kikuyu grass consumption was estimated to be 13.5–14.7% of total ‘as-fed’ intake, equating to 6.34–6.78 g of grass per bird per hour of range access in this study. Taking into account grass consumption, this resulted in a significant increase in feed intake by 8.7–8.9% (P < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio from 2.30 to 2.54 points (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that broilers reared under free-range conditions eat a substantial quantity of grass. However, the nutrient profile of grass is not complementary to the formulated ration and its consumption is likely to lead to an array of nutritional changes for the bird, thus affecting performance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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Bojinova, Tzvetana. "Amphiphiles non covalents de cyclodextrines : préparation et propriétés tensioactives." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30094.

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Charnay-Mourier, Agnès. "Effets d'une supplémentation en acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (AACR) sur la composition corporelle : application à des lutteurs soumis à une restriction calorique et à des sujets diabétiques non insulinodépendants soumis à un entraînement." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T242.

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Bachle, Seton. "Physiological and morphological responses of grass species to drought." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36188.

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Master of Science
Department of Biology
Jesse B. Nippert
The impacts of climate change over the next 100 years on North American grasslands are unknown. Climate change is projected to increase rainfall and seasonal temperature variability, leading to increased frequency of drought and decreased rainfall amounts for many grassland locations in the central Great Plains of North America. To increase our ability to predict the effects of a changing climate, I measured multiple morphological and physiological responses from a diverse suite of C3 and C4 grasses. Due to varying characteristics associated with the different photosynthetic pathways, these grass species respond differently to altered temperature and precipitation. I monitored grass physiology and microanatomy in conjunction with varying watered availability to replicate drought. In the second chapter, I observed leaf-level physiology and root level morphology of C3 and C4 grasses when exposed to 100% water reduction. Results indicated that response to water reduction are not always dependent on the photosynthetic pathway. Root-level morphological measurements were found to vary significantly between species in the same genus; F. ovina had the highest specific root length (SRL), which is an indicator of tolerance to environmental variability. Results also indicated that grasses of interest have thresholds that when passed result in a photosynthetically inactive plant; however it was shown that they are able to recover to near pre-drought gas exchange rates when water is re-applied. The third chapter investigated both leaf-level physiology and morphology in dominant C4¬ grasses across Kansas’ rainfall gradient over the growing season. I hypothesized that variation within a species’ physiology would be greater than its’ morphology. I also hypothesized that morphology would predict variability in a species physiological response to changes in climate. This research discovered within a location and species, leaf morphology is fixed across the growing season. Strong correlations between leaf physiology and morphology were observed, however, the strength and relationship changed among the species compared. A. gerardii and P. virgatum exhibited opposing relationships when comparing their photosynthetic rates to the amount of bundle sheath cells. This result highlights strong species-specific relationship between physiology and morphology. My results illustrate the importance of utilizing plant physiology and morphology to understand how grasses may respond to future climate change scenarios.
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Crandall, Elizabeth K. "U.S. Consumers’ Perception, Intention, and Purchase Behavior of Grass-Fed Beef." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7221.

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The purpose of this research study was to compile regional profiles of the consumers who intend to consume grass-fed beef in the U.S. and to create marketing strategies that would assist producers in marketing their product to consumers. The researcher sent an online survey to a panel of 484 consumers across the U.S. to learn about their perceptions of and intention to purchase grass-fed beef. Respondents had a weak, positive attitude toward purchasing grass-fed beef but had low knowledge of production practices. These consumers had a desire to eat healthier; however, they wanted meat that was priced right and had a desirable leanness. Consumers were divided based on U.S. regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) to determine any differences in their knowledge, attitudes, subjective norm, importance of quality cues, meat and beef consumption habits, beef consumption habits, and meal preparations. The information gathered from respondents was used to create a marketing plan for each region of the U.S. Recommendations for future research included exploring how the processing of meat, environmental attitudes, and eating habits influence consumers’ intention to purchase grass-fed beef. Information about consumer willingness to pay would also be helpful for grass-fed beef producers who are creating a marketing plan.
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Barth, Cory John. "Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus) Contributions to Soil Change on Grazed Mixed-Grass Prairie." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26534.

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Vegetation and soils were evaluated on a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colony and adjacent non-disturbed mixed-grass prairie in central South Dakota. The study?s objectives were 1) determine differences in plant species diversity and richness, and selected soil quality parameters between prairie dog colonies and adjacent non-disturbed sites, and 2) evaluate impacts of prairie dogs on water infiltration rates. Three soil series were evaluated representing three ecological sites (Opal, Cabba, and Wayden). Plant species richness was higher on the Control on Opal soils, while being lower on the Control on Cabba soils. Lower soil pH and higher nitrate concentrations were found on the prairie dog town for Opal and Cabba soils near the soil surface, close to the prairie dog mounds. These findings show prairie dog impacts on soil parameters can vary across different soil types, which can affect the diversity and richness of vegetative communities within prairie dog colonies.
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Goklany, Maya, and Maya Goklany. "To Escape, Avoid, or Tolerate: Physiological Responses of Perennial Grasses to Experimental Climate Change." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12461.

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I used an experimental warming and precipitation experiment in a restored Oregon, USA prairie with a Mediterranean climate to understand how a suite of leaf physiological traits allows two native perennial grasses (
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Delaroche, Martin. "Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers in Mato Grasso, Brazil." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA038/document.

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La production de commodities continue de s’étendre dans le monde. Historiquement, ces aires de production ont créé des opportunités économiques mais ont également eu des implications sociales et environnementales discutables. En 40 ans, l'État du Mato Grosso est devenu le principal producteur de soja du Brésil, représentant un quart de la production brésilienne et de 9% de la production mondiale, une expansion fulgurante vivement critiquée pour avoir causé des taux élevés de déforestation. Cette production est le résultat de petits exploitants agricoles qui ont émigré du sud du Brésil dans les années 1970 pour devenir aujourd'hui des grands producteurs de soja. Bien que les politiques environnementales adoptées dans les années 2000 aient réduit la déforestation, l’interaction entre ces politiques, les conditions de marché, la technologie agricole et l’évolution des valeurs des producteurs n’est pas claire. Quels sont les éléments constitutifs du comportement environnemental de ces producteurs et comment expliquer son changement ? Afin d’examiner cette évolution, nous avons choisi une approche multi-méthodes fondée sur une enquête de terrain comprenant 104 entretiens semi-structurés avec des producteurs, ainsi que des données quantitatives (changement d’utilisation des sols et analyse statistique). Bien que ce changement de comportement soit en partie lié aux conditions de marché et aux politiques environnementales, nous démontrons que l’identité techno-culturelle et les valeurs pro-environnementales de ces producteurs ont contribué de manière significative à ce changement. Cette thèse contient des enseignements précieux pour comprendre les mécanismes complexes susceptibles de limiter l'impact environnemental des futures frontières agricoles
Commodity production keeps expanding around the world. Past areas of commodity production have provided economic opportunities, but mixed social and environmental outcomes. In 40 years, Mato Grosso state has turned into the largest Brazilian soybean producer, representing a quarter of the country’s and 9% of the world’s production. Criticism of deforestation outcomes abounded. Much of that production was the result of smallholder farmers who migrated from southern Brazil in the 1970s and turned today into large-scale soybean producers. While environmental policies since the mid-2000s contributed to deforestation reduction in the region, the interplay between these policies, market conditions, technology and changing farmers’ values is unclear. What constitutes the environmental behavior of these producers and what explains that it evolves over time? To examine this evolution, I used a multi-methods approach based on extensive field research, 104 semi-structured interviews with producers, and quantitative data (land-use change and statistical analysis). Although the behavioral change of large-scale soybean producers has partly to do with market conditions and environmental policies, I demonstrate that their evolution in that regard is the result of a particular techno-cultural identity and pro-environmental values developed over time. This dissertation holds valuable lessons for understanding the complex mechanisms that could limit the environmental impact of future commodity frontiers
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Biondi, Marco. "Dynamics of grape berry volume change during ripening." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2007/m_biondi_112707.pdf.

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CHAHID, ZAKIA. "Contribution a la recherche de nouveaux produits issus de la production agricole : greffage d'une chaine grasse sur un sucre pour l'obtention d'un tensioactif." Montpellier, ENSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENSA0011.

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La complexite de la synthese chimique des molecules derivees des sucres, molecules de plus en plus recherchees pour leur proprietes de biodegradabilite et de biocompatibilite, limite leur utilisation. Une approche de leurs syntheses par voie enzymatique pourrait devenir une voie prometteuse. Ainsi, la synthese d'alkylglycosides, biocatalysee par des glycosidases en opposant un mono- ou disaccharide a un alcool gras dans une phase aqueuse tres limitee, a ete mise en evidence selon des mecanismes de transglycosylation ou en inversant la reaction d'hydrolyse. Le resultat obtenu, apres optimisation de la synthese d'octylglucoside en presence de farine d'amande a activite beta-glucosidasique par condensation directe de glucose et d'octanol, est tres encourageant. De plus, la purification aisee de la molecule par la distillation moleculaire a court trajet qui ne provoque pas sa degradation, permet d'envisager cette synthese a grande echelle
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Dickason, Renée. "Le Spectacle publicitaire sur ITV et Channel 4 (1988 à 1992)." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20003.

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Le spectacle publicitaire télévisuel s'organise autour de trois grands axes, tout d'abord, il s'agit de faire un état des lieux qui permet de dégager les spécificités de la communication, du medium télévisuel, de faire ressortir les caractéristiques de toute stratégie publicitaire, de recenser les principaux actants de ce spectacle. Outre son aspect 'scientifique' qui apparaît notamment avec la complexité de la mesure d'audience, le spectacle publicitaire déploie, dans son processus de création, des qualités artistiques incontestables, valorisées lors de festivals. Une réflexion sur l'expression de la culture britannique dans les films publicitaires est indispensable; elle aide a mieux cerner les réalités et les préoccupations de cette société de 1988 a 1992
The study of television advertising has three main thrusts. It is first necessary to define the parameters which permit an investigation of communication in the televised medium, as well as analyse the techniques of advertising strategy and identify the principal participants and their roles, to this 'scientific' side of television advertising should be added the complexities of audience figures and the intricacies of rate cards. Advertising is, however, also a creative process in which artistic qualities can come to the fore and achieve recognition through a variety of competitions and festivals. Finally, advertising is the mirror of a society. This analysis of television commercials gives an insight into British life and culture, and particularly enables the researcher to identify the salient features and preoccupations of British society in the period 1988 to 1992
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Books on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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Chains around the grass. [New Milford, CT]: Toby Press, 2002.

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Colvin-Macdormand, Deb. Combined grades manual. Edmonton, Alta: Edmonton Public Schools, Resource Development Services, 1999.

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Eliminating grades in schools: An allegory for change. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQC Quality Press, 1995.

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Erickson, Lawrence G. Supervision of literacy programs: Teachers as grass-roots change agents. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.

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Prairie grass roots: An Iowa small town in the early twentieth century. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.

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Buzan, Tony. Grass roots leaders: The brainSmart revolution in business. Hants, England: Ashgate Pub. Co., 2007.

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Hatch, Holly. Mobilizing resources for district-wide middle-grades reform. Columbus, Ohio: National Middle School Association, 1997.

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Ellsworth, James. Grass roots III: Curriculum design for the 90's. Toronto: Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation, Educational Services Committee, 1995.

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Yee-Han, Joong Peter A., Shallhorn Jack, and Ontario Secondary School Teachers' Federation. Educational Services Committee., eds. Grass roots II: More practical strategies for the transition years. Toronto: OSSTF, 1993.

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P, Lipka Richard, ed. Middle grades curriculum: Voices and visions of the self-enhancing school. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishing, Inc., 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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Eagleson, Peter S. "Stability of Tree/Grass Vegetation Systems." In Understanding Climate Change, 109–13. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm052p0109.

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Mganga, Kevin Z., Dickson M. Nyariki, Nashon K. R. Musimba, and Agnes W. Mwang’ombe. "Indigenous Grasses for Rehabilitating Degraded African Drylands." In Climate Change Management, 53–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12974-3_3.

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Njarui, D. M. G., M. Gatheru, and S. R. Ghimire. "Brachiaria Grass for Climate Resilient and Sustainable Livestock Production in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 755–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_146.

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AbstractBrachiaria grass is a “climate smart” forage that produces high amount of palatable and nutritious biomass for livestock and performs well in infertile soils, sequesters carbon in soil, and provides several environmental benefits. The objective of the study was to validate the productivity of Brachiaria grass and upscale the suitable cultivars for improved livestock feed resources in Kenya. We assume integrating Brachiaria grass into mixed crop-livestock system will enhance feed availability and livestock productivity, leading to increased food and nutrition security. Farmer participatory approach was adopted to evaluate and promote four Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. brizantha cvs. Xaraes, Piata, and MG-4) in the Central Highland and Eastern Midland of Kenya. The extension/advisory approaches used to promote Brachiaria grass cultivars included field days, village knowledge centres, agricultural shows, posters, and linkages with other institutions through multi-actor platform established under the InnovAfrica project. Generally, Brachiaria grass cultivars were more productive than the control (Rhodes grass) in most harvests reaching peak of 5.1–7.7 t/ha in the fifth harvest. For Rhodes grass, DM was less than 4 t/ha in all harvest and died by sixth harvest. Similarly, based on farmers’ evaluation using phenotypic traits, the Brachiaria grass cultivars had higher score than Rhodes grass except cv. Piata. The mean score ranged from 2.75 to 3.19 for Brachiaria cultivars, while for Rhodes the mean score was 2.63. Within 2 years of intervention, over 4000 farmers in the 2 project sites and additional 1500 farmers from other parts of the country have planted the Brachiaria grass. The demand for Brachiaria grass seeds is increasing due to benefits gained, e.g., increased milk production from dairy cattle fed on the grass. Our study will quantify the associated benefits from cultivation of Brachiaria grass with respect to a set of ecological, food and nutrition security, and social-economic indicators.
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MORRIS, MARK, LAURENCE BOORMAN, and JONATHAN SIMM. "Just how important is grass cover?" In Managing dams Challenges in a time of change, 87–99. London: Thomas Telford Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/mdctc.40991.0008.

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Schroth, Stephen T., and Janese Daniels. "Advocating for Change." In Growing Up GREEN Grades K-2, 19–32. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003235392-3.

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Schroth, Stephen T., and Janese Daniels. "Making a Change." In Growing Up GREEN Grades K-2, 33–46. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003235392-4.

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Wedin, David A. "C4 Grasses: Resource Use, Ecology, and Global Change." In Agronomy Monographs, 15–50. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr45.c2.

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Schroth, Stephen T., and Janese Daniels. "Systems, Habitats, and Change." In Growing Up GREEN Grades K-2, 111–21. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003235392-10.

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Burley, Rebecca M. "Region, Environment, and Change." In Thinking Like a Geographer Grade 2, 54–57. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003239055-17.

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Olalekar, Prashant. "Amazing Grace: Play with the Poor as a Channel of Blessing." In Phenomenologies of Grace, 319–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40623-3_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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Gabrielsen, Øystein, Turid Liengen, Gisle Rørvik, Solfrid Molid, and Terje Stavang. "Corrosion Experience with Low Carbon Steel R4 Grade Mooring Chain." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31233-ms.

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Abstract Equinor owns and operates a fleet of floating installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). As the installations are getting older, the importance of knowing the actual condition of the mooring systems has increased, and continuous mooring system integrity evaluation is important for the safekeeping of the assets. As a part of the mooring system integrity management, seabed chains have been replaced for condition evaluation, as in situ inspection techniques so far has not been able to determine the actual conditions of longer lengths of seabed chain. Thorough onshore inspection and full-scale fatigue and break load tests has been performed on retrieved chains, to map the actual condition and effect to integrity. After retrieving seabed chains from approximately half of the floating installations, Equinor now has collected experience on chain degrading mechanisms and corrosion on different locations, water depths and different chain deliveries. The inspections have revealed several corrosion phenomena, where microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) due activity of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB), is observed to have a significant effect on fatigue capacity. An important finding is also that corrosion mechanisms and severity change along the seabed chains. In the Equinor fleet mooring chain grade R4 has usually been used. In total four different vendors have supplied chains, but the vast majority is supplied by two vendors. One of the mooring chain vendors have supplied low carbon (LC) steel chains for the larger chain diameters (larger than 114mm). A significant difference in corrosion is found between the low carbon steel R4 grade chains and other chains. Differences are found both for general corrosion, light surface corrosion and MIC/SRB corrosion. This paper presents and discusses findings on MIC/SRB for seabed chains, in connection with the type of steel used in the mooring chain, demonstrating limited corrosion on low carbon steel chains. Also, special corrosion phenomena found only on low carbon steel chain is presented. These are found to have no or limited effect to integrity of the chains.
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Zhang, Yan-Hui, and Philip Smedley. "Fatigue Performance of High Strength and Large Diameter Mooring Chain in Seawater." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95984.

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Abstract Fatigue design recommendations provided by API RP 2SK, ISO 19901-7 and DNVGL-OS-E301 for studless chain links are based on data of steel grades R3 and R4 and mainly of link diameter of 76mm. Mooring systems utilising larger diameter links and higher strength steels (e.g. grade R5) are now in operation. Consequently, industry expressed a need for fatigue test data in seawater of higher steel grade and larger diameter chain to confirm whether the existing fatigue design guidance is applicable. A joint industry project (JIP) was launched by TWI to investigate fatigue performance of high strength and large diameter mooring chain in free corrosion seawater. A test rig was designed and manufactured which was capable of testing studless mooring chain links up to 127mm link diameter under tension-tension loading. Twenty-three full-scale fatigue tests were conducted on high strength steel grades (R4 and R5) and larger diameter chains (76mm and 127mm) generating 72 link failures. Magnetic particle inspections (MPI) were carried out to characterise the location of cracking, crack size and crack growth rate. This paper describes the results obtained in the JIP.
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Muhammad, Muhammad Mujahid, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa, and Aminuddin Ab. Ghani. "Velocity Distributions in Grassed Channel." In Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum ( GSTF ), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace16.39.

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Fernández, Jonathan, Walther Storesund, and Jesús Navas. "Fatigue Performance of Grade R4 and R5 Mooring Chains in Seawater." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23491.

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With more than 50.000 tons in service to date, the Oil&Gas Industry has the need to understand the tension fatigue performance of grade R5 chains in straight tension, and corroborate the validity of the existing design methods. The chain fatigue design curves in API and DNV are based on fatigue tests obtained in the nineties and early two thousands. However the tests were performed on lower grades such as ORQ, R3 and R4, and small chains, 76 mm diameter being the largest studless chain tested. The industry has moved towards the use of large studless chains, especially in permanent units, where chain diameters above 150 mm are not unusual. This paper gathers information from a full scale fatigue test program on grade R4 and R5 studless chains, performed in seawater and with diameters between 70 mm and 171 mm. The chains being tested are actual production chains supplied for different drilling units and large permanently moored production floating units. The paper analyses the data and determines tension-tension fatigue curves based on API and DNV methods for computation of cumulative fatigue damage, regardless of other damaging mechanisms. Improved fatigue capacity is obtained with respect to the above recommended design methods.
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Rossi, Ronaldo Rosa. "A Review of Fatigue Curves for Mooring Lines." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67583.

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For mooring chains of offshore floating production units, API (American Petroleum Institute) recommends the use of its TxN fatigue curve considering the MBL (Minimum Breaking Load) of an ORQ (Oil Rig Quality) chain even if the chain has a higher grade. This curve has been used in mooring system design of offshore floating production units since the draft edition of API Recommended Practice for Design, Analysis and Maintenance of Catenary Mooring for Floating Production Systems in May 89 and several fatigue tests have been done by petroleum industries, chain manufacturers and research centers. Those fatigue tests show that the use of the MBL of an ORQ chain for higher grades is a conservative assumption. This paper will present an overview of the fatigue curves of materials for mooring lines: stud and studless chains, steel wire ropes and polyester fiber ropes. This overview is based on recent tests, rules and published papers.
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Bonakdar, Ali, Javad Dargahi, and Rama Bhat. "Grasping Contact Analysis of Viscoelastic Materials With Applications in Minimally Invasive Surgery." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13081.

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This paper presents a method to determine the contact force and pressure on the surface of viscoelastic objects grasped by an endoscopic grasper, used in Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS). Normally, an endoscopic grasper is corrugated (teeth-like) in order to grasp slippery tissues. It is highly important to avoid damage to the tissues during grasping and manipulation in endoscopic surgery. Therefore, it is essential to determine the exact contact force on the surface of the tissue. To this end, initially a comprehensive closed form analysis of grasping contact force and pressure on elastic and particularly viscoelastic materials which have similar behavior as that of biological tissues is studied. The behavior of a rigid grasper with wedge-like teeth, when pressed into a delayed elasticity material is being examined. Initially, a single wedge penetrating into a solid is studied and then is extended to the grasper. The elastic wedge indentation is the basis of this study and the effects of time are included in the equations by considering the corresponding integral operator from viscoelastic stress-stain relations. Under the action of a constant normal load, the penetration of the indenter and the contact area will change. In this research, the variation of the contact area with time and the grasping contact force is studied. The results of this study which provides a closed form expression for grasping contact force and contact area are compared with those from elastic analysis.
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Rampi, Lucile, and Pedro Vargas. "Fatigue Testing of Out-of-Plane Bending Mechanism of Chain Links." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92488.

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Three years ago, several mooring chains of an off-loading buoy failed after only 8 months of service. These chains were designed according to conventional fatigue assessment using API RP 2SK T-N curves to a fatigue life or 20 years with a factor of safety equal to 3 on life. Of particular interest is that the mooring chain failure underwent significant mooring chain motions that caused interlink rotations. Although traditionally neglected, these interlink rotations, when combined with significant chain tensions can cause bending stresses in the chain links (See Figure 1). This recently identified phenomena, Out-of-Plane Bending (OPB), explains the extensive fatigue damage causing the mooring chains of the off-loading buoy to fail [3][4][5]. References [3] and [4] document full scale tests of the OPB mechanism using a full scale test frame with the ability of applying inter-link rotation to a pre-tensioned chain. This testing confirmed that interlink rotations with a constant tension load can result in significantly high stresses. OPB stresses were measured on four different chain sizes of various grades: 1) 81 mm Studded Grade R3S, 2) 107 mm Stud-less Grade RQ3, 3) 124 mm Stud-less Grade R4, and 4) 146 mm Stud-less Grade RQ4, Grade R3 in [3] and [4], but no actual fatigue tests were performed. References [3] and [5] document analytical and computational efforts to explain and quantify the OPB stresses. In this paper, special focus is placed on obtaining actual fatigue failures of chains from OPB loading. Smaller chain sizes (40 mm) are used to accommodate the load limits of the testing frame. To mimic the actual loading as close as possible, sub size models of actual chainhawses were used in the testing. Two chainhawses were used: 1) the chainhawse has internal curvature where a link rests on the intrados, similar to offloading buoy that failed in eight months, and 2) a straight chainhase, a design that is in use today with demonstrated improved fatigue performance over the curved chainhawse. OPB stresses are measured and reported. Fatigue loading in the OPB mode was applied for several configurations. The two chainhawse exhibit very different stress levels and fatigue performance. An empirical relationship previously reported in [3][4][5] is compared to the measured OPB stresses with mixed results. Although limited in number, the fatigue tests indicate that overall the chain fatigue performance is at or above the B1 DnV curve. The BS B1 curve is also compared.
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Shmeleva, Natalia. "Productivity of grasses under climate change conditions." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production23 (71). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-87-91.

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The directions and results of work on the analysis of productivity of perennial grasses under changing weather conditions are presented. It was found that the yield and quality of the green mass of hybrids significantly exceeds the parent forms, so expanding the crops of these crops is one of the ways to get a guaranteed harvest.
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Ghorbanian Zolbin, Maedeh, Khadijah Kainat, and Shahrokh Nikou. "Health Information Literacy: The Saving Grace During Traumatic Times." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.22.

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t When it comes to engaging with health information in their daily lives, people face different challenges. In the context of COVID-19, the aim of this study is to determine whether health information literacy can assist people in making informed health-related decisions. An empirical study was conducted to investigate such an effect. Building on a dataset composed of 155 respondents, the research model was examined through structural equation modelling. The results showed that health information literacy – as an individual ability – not only influences health decision making but also has a direct impact on the awareness of the challenges imposed by the current pandemic situation. In addition, the results show that too much information leads to information fatigue, and consequently negatively impacts decision making. The findings of this paper show that the concept of health information literacy should be understood and developed separately from the health literacy concept. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
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"Transforming conventional sugarcane into sustainable biofuel feedstock production: Optimizing C4 grass feedstock selection through lignin analysis and conversion efficiency study." In ASABE 1st Climate Change Symposium: Adaptation and Mitigation. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/cc.20152086191.

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Reports on the topic "Chaîne grasse"

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Seybold, Patricia. Developing Change Agents to Spawn Grass Roots Innovation and Transformation in Africa. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/cs04-09-09cc.

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Lambert, A., J. O. Liard, and A. Mainville. Vertical movement and gravity change near the La Grande-2 Reservoir, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/8934.

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Martín Casas, Norman, Asmaa AbuMezied, and Charlotte L. Sterrett. Climate Change, Agriculture and Gender in Gaza: Assessing the implications of the climate crisis for smallholder farming and gender within olive and grape value chains in Gaza. Oxfam, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6270.

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Fresquez, Philip R. Rio Grande: Are there impacts from Los Alamos National Laboratory to the food chain? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1107990.

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Friggens, Megan M., Deborah M. Finch, Karen E. Bagne, Sharon J. Coe, and David L. Hawksworth. Vulnerability of species to climate change in the Southwest: terrestrial species of the Middle Rio Grande. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-306.

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Pak, Karla, Doug Shadel, and Alicia Williams. Up for Grabs: Taking Charge of Your Digital Identity: AARP National Survey of Internet Users Age 18+. AARP Research, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00228.000.

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Pak, Karla, Doug Shadel, and Alicia Williams. Up for Grabs: Taking Charge of Your Digital Identity: AARP Washington Survey of Internet Users Age 18+. AARP Research, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00228.001.

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Pak, Karla, Doug Shadel, and Alicia Williams. Up for Grabs: Taking Charge of Your Digital Identity: AARP Arkansas Survey of Internet Users Age 18+. AARP Research, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00228.002.

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Pak, Karla, Doug Shadel, and Alicia Williams. Up for Grabs: Taking Charge of Your Digital Identity: AARP California Survey of Internet Users Age 18+. AARP Research, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00228.003.

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Pak, Karla, Doug Shadel, and Alicia Williams. Up for Grabs: Taking Charge of Your Digital Identity: AARP Iowa Survey of Internet Users Age 18+. AARP Research, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00228.004.

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