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Bojinova, Tzvetana. "Amphiphiles non covalents de cyclodextrines : préparation et propriétés tensioactives." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30094.
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Charnay-Mourier, Agnès. "Effets d'une supplémentation en acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (AACR) sur la composition corporelle : application à des lutteurs soumis à une restriction calorique et à des sujets diabétiques non insulinodépendants soumis à un entraînement." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T242.
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Bachle, Seton. "Physiological and morphological responses of grass species to drought." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36188.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Jesse B. Nippert
The impacts of climate change over the next 100 years on North American grasslands are unknown. Climate change is projected to increase rainfall and seasonal temperature variability, leading to increased frequency of drought and decreased rainfall amounts for many grassland locations in the central Great Plains of North America. To increase our ability to predict the effects of a changing climate, I measured multiple morphological and physiological responses from a diverse suite of C3 and C4 grasses. Due to varying characteristics associated with the different photosynthetic pathways, these grass species respond differently to altered temperature and precipitation. I monitored grass physiology and microanatomy in conjunction with varying watered availability to replicate drought. In the second chapter, I observed leaf-level physiology and root level morphology of C3 and C4 grasses when exposed to 100% water reduction. Results indicated that response to water reduction are not always dependent on the photosynthetic pathway. Root-level morphological measurements were found to vary significantly between species in the same genus; F. ovina had the highest specific root length (SRL), which is an indicator of tolerance to environmental variability. Results also indicated that grasses of interest have thresholds that when passed result in a photosynthetically inactive plant; however it was shown that they are able to recover to near pre-drought gas exchange rates when water is re-applied. The third chapter investigated both leaf-level physiology and morphology in dominant C4¬ grasses across Kansas’ rainfall gradient over the growing season. I hypothesized that variation within a species’ physiology would be greater than its’ morphology. I also hypothesized that morphology would predict variability in a species physiological response to changes in climate. This research discovered within a location and species, leaf morphology is fixed across the growing season. Strong correlations between leaf physiology and morphology were observed, however, the strength and relationship changed among the species compared. A. gerardii and P. virgatum exhibited opposing relationships when comparing their photosynthetic rates to the amount of bundle sheath cells. This result highlights strong species-specific relationship between physiology and morphology. My results illustrate the importance of utilizing plant physiology and morphology to understand how grasses may respond to future climate change scenarios.
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Crandall, Elizabeth K. "U.S. Consumers’ Perception, Intention, and Purchase Behavior of Grass-Fed Beef." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7221.
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The purpose of this research study was to compile regional profiles of the consumers who intend to consume grass-fed beef in the U.S. and to create marketing strategies that would assist producers in marketing their product to consumers. The researcher sent an online survey to a panel of 484 consumers across the U.S. to learn about their perceptions of and intention to purchase grass-fed beef.
Respondents had a weak, positive attitude toward purchasing grass-fed beef but had low knowledge of production practices. These consumers had a desire to eat healthier; however, they wanted meat that was priced right and had a desirable leanness. Consumers were divided based on U.S. regions (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) to determine any differences in their knowledge, attitudes, subjective norm, importance of quality cues, meat and beef consumption habits, beef consumption habits, and meal preparations. The information gathered from respondents was used to create a marketing plan for each region of the U.S.
Recommendations for future research included exploring how the processing of meat, environmental attitudes, and eating habits influence consumers’ intention to purchase grass-fed beef. Information about consumer willingness to pay would also be helpful for grass-fed beef producers who are creating a marketing plan.
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Barth, Cory John. "Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus) Contributions to Soil Change on Grazed Mixed-Grass Prairie." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26534.
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Vegetation and soils were evaluated on a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colony and adjacent non-disturbed mixed-grass prairie in central South Dakota. The study?s objectives were 1) determine differences in plant species diversity and richness, and selected soil quality parameters between prairie dog colonies and adjacent non-disturbed sites, and 2) evaluate impacts of prairie dogs on water infiltration rates. Three soil series were evaluated representing three ecological sites (Opal, Cabba, and Wayden). Plant species richness was higher on the Control on Opal soils, while being lower on the Control on Cabba soils. Lower soil pH and higher nitrate concentrations were found on the prairie dog town for Opal and Cabba soils near the soil surface, close to the prairie dog mounds. These findings show prairie dog impacts on soil parameters can vary across different soil types, which can affect the diversity and richness of vegetative communities within prairie dog colonies.
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Goklany, Maya, and Maya Goklany. "To Escape, Avoid, or Tolerate: Physiological Responses of Perennial Grasses to Experimental Climate Change." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12461.
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I used an experimental warming and precipitation experiment in a restored Oregon, USA prairie with a Mediterranean climate to understand how a suite of leaf physiological traits allows two native perennial grasses (
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Delaroche, Martin. "Policy change or values change? The evolution of the environmental behavior of large-scale soybean producers in Mato Grasso, Brazil." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCA038/document.
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La production de commodities continue de s’étendre dans le monde. Historiquement, ces aires de production ont créé des opportunités économiques mais ont également eu des implications sociales et environnementales discutables. En 40 ans, l'État du Mato Grosso est devenu le principal producteur de soja du Brésil, représentant un quart de la production brésilienne et de 9% de la production mondiale, une expansion fulgurante vivement critiquée pour avoir causé des taux élevés de déforestation. Cette production est le résultat de petits exploitants agricoles qui ont émigré du sud du Brésil dans les années 1970 pour devenir aujourd'hui des grands producteurs de soja. Bien que les politiques environnementales adoptées dans les années 2000 aient réduit la déforestation, l’interaction entre ces politiques, les conditions de marché, la technologie agricole et l’évolution des valeurs des producteurs n’est pas claire. Quels sont les éléments constitutifs du comportement environnemental de ces producteurs et comment expliquer son changement ? Afin d’examiner cette évolution, nous avons choisi une approche multi-méthodes fondée sur une enquête de terrain comprenant 104 entretiens semi-structurés avec des producteurs, ainsi que des données quantitatives (changement d’utilisation des sols et analyse statistique). Bien que ce changement de comportement soit en partie lié aux conditions de marché et aux politiques environnementales, nous démontrons que l’identité techno-culturelle et les valeurs pro-environnementales de ces producteurs ont contribué de manière significative à ce changement. Cette thèse contient des enseignements précieux pour comprendre les mécanismes complexes susceptibles de limiter l'impact environnemental des futures frontières agricolesCommodity production keeps expanding around the world. Past areas of commodity production have provided economic opportunities, but mixed social and environmental outcomes. In 40 years, Mato Grosso state has turned into the largest Brazilian soybean producer, representing a quarter of the country’s and 9% of the world’s production. Criticism of deforestation outcomes abounded. Much of that production was the result of smallholder farmers who migrated from southern Brazil in the 1970s and turned today into large-scale soybean producers. While environmental policies since the mid-2000s contributed to deforestation reduction in the region, the interplay between these policies, market conditions, technology and changing farmers’ values is unclear. What constitutes the environmental behavior of these producers and what explains that it evolves over time? To examine this evolution, I used a multi-methods approach based on extensive field research, 104 semi-structured interviews with producers, and quantitative data (land-use change and statistical analysis). Although the behavioral change of large-scale soybean producers has partly to do with market conditions and environmental policies, I demonstrate that their evolution in that regard is the result of a particular techno-cultural identity and pro-environmental values developed over time. This dissertation holds valuable lessons for understanding the complex mechanisms that could limit the environmental impact of future commodity frontiers
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Biondi, Marco. "Dynamics of grape berry volume change during ripening." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2007/m_biondi_112707.pdf.
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CHAHID, ZAKIA. "Contribution a la recherche de nouveaux produits issus de la production agricole : greffage d'une chaine grasse sur un sucre pour l'obtention d'un tensioactif." Montpellier, ENSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENSA0011.
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La complexite de la synthese chimique des molecules derivees des sucres, molecules de plus en plus recherchees pour leur proprietes de biodegradabilite et de biocompatibilite, limite leur utilisation. Une approche de leurs syntheses par voie enzymatique pourrait devenir une voie prometteuse. Ainsi, la synthese d'alkylglycosides, biocatalysee par des glycosidases en opposant un mono- ou disaccharide a un alcool gras dans une phase aqueuse tres limitee, a ete mise en evidence selon des mecanismes de transglycosylation ou en inversant la reaction d'hydrolyse. Le resultat obtenu, apres optimisation de la synthese d'octylglucoside en presence de farine d'amande a activite beta-glucosidasique par condensation directe de glucose et d'octanol, est tres encourageant. De plus, la purification aisee de la molecule par la distillation moleculaire a court trajet qui ne provoque pas sa degradation, permet d'envisager cette synthese a grande echelle
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Dickason, Renée. "Le Spectacle publicitaire sur ITV et Channel 4 (1988 à 1992)." Rennes 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN20003.
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Le spectacle publicitaire télévisuel s'organise autour de trois grands axes, tout d'abord, il s'agit de faire un état des lieux qui permet de dégager les spécificités de la communication, du medium télévisuel, de faire ressortir les caractéristiques de toute stratégie publicitaire, de recenser les principaux actants de ce spectacle. Outre son aspect 'scientifique' qui apparaît notamment avec la complexité de la mesure d'audience, le spectacle publicitaire déploie, dans son processus de création, des qualités artistiques incontestables, valorisées lors de festivals. Une réflexion sur l'expression de la culture britannique dans les films publicitaires est indispensable; elle aide a mieux cerner les réalités et les préoccupations de cette société de 1988 a 1992The study of television advertising has three main thrusts. It is first necessary to define the parameters which permit an investigation of communication in the televised medium, as well as analyse the techniques of advertising strategy and identify the principal participants and their roles, to this 'scientific' side of television advertising should be added the complexities of audience figures and the intricacies of rate cards. Advertising is, however, also a creative process in which artistic qualities can come to the fore and achieve recognition through a variety of competitions and festivals. Finally, advertising is the mirror of a society. This analysis of television commercials gives an insight into British life and culture, and particularly enables the researcher to identify the salient features and preoccupations of British society in the period 1988 to 1992
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Borjas, Ventura Ricardo Roberto. "Antioxidant metabolism of Panicum maximum and Stylosanthes capitata under climate change /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182432.
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Orientador: Priscila Lupino GratãoCoorientador: Carlos Alberto Martínez Huamán
Abstract: Drought and heat stresses are considered the main climatic factors damaging the plant growth. In addition, according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effect of combined drought and heat stresses will also be exacerbated in the next years, resulting in crop yield and economic losses. In spite of the consequences of the drought and heat combinations, the investigations to reduce its detrimental effects are scarce, particularly under climate change conditions. In this sense, we carried out two experiments in field conditions to determine the plant antioxidant responses to drought (wS), elevated temperature (+2 °C above air temperature) (eT) and combined drought and elevated temperature stresses. We used Panicum maximum during the first experiment and Stylosanthes capitata during the second one. In order to increase the temperature, we used the Temperature Free-Air Controlled Enhancement (T-FACE) facility. Samplings of P. maximum were taken 13, 19 and 37 days after the treatments have begun in the first experiment; meanwhile, the samplings of S. capitata were taken 17, 24 and 46 days in the second experiment. In both experiment, the samplings were taken at 6:00 am and 12:00 pm. The following combined stresses displayed an increase of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in P. maximum (particularly at 19 days after the treatments have begun). Furthermore, the occurrence of precipitation after the second sampling reflecting induced the decreased in MDA and ca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Soleiman, Samira. "Contribution à l'étude de la transition de phase des greffes denses de longues chaînes grasses à la surface des silices." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10133.
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Pour interpreter la transition de phase qui affecte les greffes denses alkyles a longues chaines sur les silices tres utilisees en chromatographie et modifient d'une facon parfois derangeante la reproductibilite de leurs proprietes de retention, nous avons prepare et etudie onze greffes nouvelles. Celles-ci sont caracterisees par des modifications variees de la greffe dimethyloctadecylsiloxy: presence de groupes polaires a l'extremite des chaines, de deux longues chaines alkyles sur le meme silicium, de radicaux ethyles ou cyanopropyles a la place des methyles, preparation de greffes en c#2#5 et c#3#0. La plupart des methodes d'etude des surfaces ne s'appliquent pas aux transitions de phase des couches monomoleculaires organiques chimisorbees sur des materiaux de faibles surfaces; l'etude est realisee par analyse calorimetrique differentielle et surtout par chromatographie en phase gazeuse inverse. Nous mettons en evidence une transition de phase plus ou moins nette avec la plupart des greffes synthetisees, tandis que la valeur des volumes de retention permet de caracteriser les surfaces. Des mesures ont ete faites egalement apres insertion de molecules grasses entre les chaines. Ces resultats et les resultats anterieurs sur les greffes alkyles nous ont amene a formuler l'hypothese vraisemblable, selon laquelle la transition resulterait du repli des chaines sur elles-memes a basse temperature pour constituer une phase solide a 0,21 nm#2 d'aire moleculaire et du depliage partiel des chaines a plus haute temperature pour former une phase a 0,28 nm#2. Ces resultats sont confirmes par l'examen de couches physisorbees localisees d'alcools gras considerees comme des analogues des greffes. La structure des couches est egalement confirmee par une attaque chimique (hcl) appliquee a des films d'une diolefine. L'experience pourrait ouvrir la voie a quelques applications en chimie organique
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Mathivet, Thomas. "Utilisation des cyclodextrines et des triarylphosphites à chaînes perfluorées : deux nouvelles approches pour l'hydroformylation des oléfines grasses en milieu biphasique." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-81.pdf.
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Actuellement, les procedes industriels d'hydroformylation des olefines utilisent encore tres largement des catalyseurs homogenes a base de cobalt ou de rhodium. En depit d'activites et de selectivites elevees, la separation des produits de la reaction du catalyseur et sa recuperation quantitative sous sa forme active s'averent souvent difficiles. Une solution a ce probleme consiste a heterogeneiser les catalyseurs homogenes afin de faciliter leur recyclage. Recemment, le procede ruhrchemie/rhone poulenc d'hydroformylation du propene, avec le systeme rh/tppts, en milieu biphasique aqueux a ete commercialise avec succes. Cependant, il n'est pas directement applicable aux olefines a longues chaines, du fait de leur faible solubilite dans l'eau. Cette limitation peut etre contournee en introduisant une cyclodextrine dans le milieu reactionnel comme agent de transfert de phase inverse. Son mode d'action est fonde sur la reconnaissance moleculaire. Elle joue ainsi le role de transporteur de matiere entre les phases organique et aqueuse par formation de complexes d'inclusionLa nature de la cyclodextrine et les conditions operatoires (temperature, pressions, concentrations,) ont une forte influence sur l'activite et les selectivites de la reaction. Les meilleurs resultats ont ete obtenus avec la dimethyl--cyclodextrine. La formation de complexes d'inclusion entre cette cyclodextrine, l'undecanal ou la tppts a ete mise en evidence par rmn. Parallellement a ces etudes et dans l'objectif de realiser l'hydroformylation d'olefines grasses internes en milieu biphasique, nous nous sommes interesses aux systemes catalytiques a base de rhodium et de phosphites, ainsi qu'aux milieux fluores. Nous avons concu et mis au point la synthese de deux nouvelles familles de triarylphosphites a chaines perfluorees, qui se sont reveles particulierement actifs en hydroformylation, catalysee au rhodium, d'olefines grasses terminales et internes en milieu biphasique fluore. La recyclabilite de nos systemes catalytiques depend fortement de la substitution du ligand
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Harris, April. "Differential Response of Barrier Island Dune Grasses to Species Interactions and Burial." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4097.
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Dune grasses are integral to biogeomorphic feedbacks that create and alter foredunes and barrier island stability. In a glasshouse study, Ammophila breviligulata Fern. and Uniola paniculata L. were planted together and subjected to sand burial to quantify morphological and physiological response. Ammophila breviligulata physiological and morphological performance declined when planted with U. paniculata but U. paniculata was not affected when planted with A. breviligulata. Burial had a positive effect on A. breviligulata and U. paniculata as indicated by electron transport rate and total biomass at the end of the experiment. Due to their different growth strategies, A. breviligulata and U. paniculata form continuous versus hummocky dunes, respectively. As global temperatures rise and U. paniculata migrates into A. breviligulata dominated habitat, A. breviligulata performance may diminish, and changes in dune form could result in altered island stability via increased overwash. Foredune community structure could also change due to the shift in dominant species which could alter dune succession.
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Rahlao, Sabataolo John. "Current and future vulnerability of South African ecosystems to perennial grass invasion under global change scenarios." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3987.
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Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH SUMMARY: Climate change and biological invasions are major components of global change induced by human activity and are considered major drivers of global biodiversity decline in terrestrial ecosystems. These drivers interact synergistically and render ecosystems vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species. Grasses are a group of invasive plants that easily respond to global changes and alter native plant community structure and ecosystem processes, such as fire frequency. To date there have been few studies that assess the ecological drivers and effects of invasive grass species on arid and semi-arid ecosystems of South Africa. Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) is a widely distributed invasive alien perennial grass from North Africa and the Middle East, valued by horticulturalists worldwide. It spreads along the edges of roads on the outskirts of most towns, and is common on mine spoil in many areas throughout South Africa. Occasionally, it escapes into natural vegetation along drainage lines or after fires. This grass can be a costly problem for agriculture and biodiversity conservation as it is unpalatable and increases fire risk. Understanding its distribution and invasive dynamics will contribute to better management and control practices. The main objective of this study was to understand the ecology and invasion processes of P. setaceum across South African environmental gradients, and use it as a model to understand the synergistic relationships between biological invasions and other global change (climate and land use) scenarios. This study provides the first assessment of how P. setaceum overcomes different invasion barriers in South Africa as an emerging invader, in comparison with other parts of the world where it has already become problematic. A number of management and control options for this grass and other similar perennial grasses result from this study. Specifically, the study provides comprehensive understanding of: 1) the distribution and habitat preferences of P. setaceum in arid and semi-arid parts of South Africa, 2) environmental resources and habitat conditions that promote its invasive potential, 3) growth and reproductive performance across environmental gradients, 5) the response of an arid ecosystem to P. setaceum invasion and fire promotion, and 6) the predicted future distribution of this grass in South Africa under scenarios of climate change and spread. The study has found that road-river interchanges are ideal sites for P. setaceum growth and that these sites should be targeted for management and control of this species. P. setaceum was found to persist under diverse biome environments, which is attributed to local adaptation. Disturbance was found to be a major factor promoting fountain grass invasion into semi-natural areas away from roadsides. Major clean-ups of this grass should focus on disturbed areas, especially in the fertile parts of the fynbos region where the grass has high climatic suitability. Management and control should also focus on areas with high nutrients and extra water, as these areas facilitate growth and reproduction. The dynamics of P. setaceum invasion and spread makes it a good model for management of similar emerging invasive perennial grasses in similar ecosystems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaatsverandering en biologiese indringing is grootskaalse komponente van mensgedrewe globale veranderinge, en kan ook gesien word as prominente drywers van die huidige afname in globale biodiversiteit van terrestriële ekosisteme. Hierdie drywers werk saam in sinergie, en laat sodoende ekosisteme kwesbaar vir indringing deur uitheemse indringerplante. Grasse is ‘n groep indringerplante wat maklik reageer ten opsigte van globale veranderinge en verander inheemse plantgemeenskapstruktuur en ekosisteem prosesse, soos byvoorbeeld veldbrand frekwensie. Tot op hede is daar wynig studies gedoen wat die ekologiese drywers en effekte van indringergras spesies in droë en semi-droë ekosisteme van Suid-Afrika assesseer. Pronkgras (Pennisetum setaceum) is ‘n wyd verspreide meerjarige uitheemse indringergras, oorspronklik vanaf Noord-Afrika en die Midde-Ooste, en word waardeer deur tuinboukundiges wêreldwyd. Dit versprei al langs padrande aan die buitewyke van meeste dorpe, en is algemeen op ou mynhope in verskeie dele van Suid-Afrika. Somtyds ontsnap hierdie gras langs dreineringskanale of na veldbrande, en beland so in die omringende natuurlike plantegroei. Hierdie gras kan ‘n duur probleem word vir landbou asook biodiversiteit bewaring omdat dit onsmaaklik is vir diere, en dit verhoog veldbrand risiko. ‘n Beter begrip van pronkgras verspreiding en indringingdinamika sal bydra tot verbeterde bestuur en kontrole praktyke. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die ekologie en indringing prosesse van P. setaceum regoor Suid-Afrikaanse omgewingsgradiente te begryp, en dit dan te gebruik as ‘n model om die sinergistiese verhoudings tussen biologiese indringing en ander globale veranderinge (klimaat en grondgebruik) te verstaan. Die studie verskaf die eerste assessering van hoe P. setaceum verskillende indringing hindernisse in Suid-Afrika oormeester as ‘n opkomende indringer, in vergelyking met ander dele van die wêreld waar dit al klaar problematies is. Hierdie studie verskaf uiteindelik ‘n aantal bestuur en kontrole opsies vir hierdie en ander soortgelyke meerjarige grasse. Die studie verskaf spesifiek ‘n deeglike verstaan van: 1) die verspreiding en habitat voorkeure van P. setaceum in droë en semi-droë areas in Suid-Afrika, 2) omgewingshulpbronne en habitat toestande wat hierdie plant se indringing potensiaal verhoog, 3) groei- en voortplantingsvertoning oor verskillende omgewingsgradiente, 4) die reaksie wat ‘n droë ekosisteem toon teenoor P. setaceum indringing en veldbrand verhoging, en 5) die toekomstige verspreiding van hierdie gras in Suid-Afrika onder voorspellings van klimaatsverandering en verspreiding. Die studie het gevind dat pad-rivier tussengange ideale liggings is vir P. setaceum vestiging, en dat hierdie liggings dus geteiken moet word vir bestuur en kontrole doeleindes. P. setaceum toon volharding onder diverse bioom omgewings, wat toegeskryf word aan plaaslike aanpassing. Daar is gevind dat versteuring ‘n groot faktor is in die verhoging van pronkgras indringing in semi-natuurlike areas weg van padskouers. Grootskaalse pronkgras uitroeiing projekte moet fokus op versteurde gebiede, veral in die vrugbare dele van die fynbos streek, waar hierdie gras hoë klimaatsgeskiktheid toon. Bestuur en kontrole programme moet ook fokus op areas met hoë nutriente inhoud en ekstra water, aangesien hierdie areas groei en voortplanting vergemaklik. Die dinamika van P. setaceum indringing en verspreiding maak dit ‘n goeie model vir die bestuur van soortgelyke opkomende meerjarige indringergrasse in soortgelyke ekosisteme.
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Lacoste, Christine. "Les programmes multiculturels de Channel Four : 1982-1987." Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA030100.
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Les programmes multiculturels diffuses par channel four a l'intention des minorites ethniques de grande-bretagne apporterent une amelioration sensible pour ces minorites, d'un point de vue quantitatif mais aussi qualitatif, et firent evoluer l'image et la participation de leurs membres a la television. Ils permirent a ces communautes de revendiquer et de cultiver pour la premiere fois a l'echelle nationale une mentalite et des gouts specifiques. Mais ces programmes, s'ils remplirent egalement une fonction commune d'exposition des difficultes, rejoignirent la fonction palliative, derivative de la television grand public. Ils furent de surcroit source d'insatisfactions et de contrarietes : les critiques porterent sur les choix operes par le departement multiculturel et les producteurs et sur la politique directoriale de channel four ainsi que sur le danger d'isolement que faisait courir aux minorites ethniques le confinement au sein d'un departement special et d'une chaine marginale. Malgre ces restrictions et meme si les minorites ethniques restaient marginalisees, ces programmes presenterent un reel interet : ils eurent le merite de naitre et de durer et de renforcer l'experience multiraciale vecue par les jeunes a l'ecole et dans la rue ; en matiere de relations raciales, la television etait le seul domaine, avec l'education, qui avait tente d'apporter une solution ; la grande-bretagne faisait de surcroit figure de modele, ces programmes etant les seuls de cette qualite et de cette variete concus par des membres des minorites ethniques pour leurs congeneres dans les pays europeensChannel four television's multicultural programmes, aimed at britain's ethnic minorities, brought about a marked improvement in terms of quality as well as quantity and in terms of those communities'image and nivolvement in television. The programmes enabled those communities to claim and cultivate their specific mentality and tastes on a national scale for the first time. But although they also fulfilled a common function in exposing problems, they took on the same compensatory and entertaining function as mainstream television. Moreover they were a source of dissatisfaction and vexation : criticisms focused on the choices made by the multicultural department and the producers and on channel four's senior managers' policy, as well as on the dangers of isolation incurred from being confined to a special department and to a fringe channel. In spite of those limitations the programmes were of great significance : their great merit was that they appeared at all and lasted, and that they reinforced the multiracial reality experienced by youth at school and in the street; television was the only field, apart from education, which had attempted to put forward an answer as regards race relations; great-britain could moreover be seen as a model, as those programmes were the only ones in europe of the same range and quality to be produced by members of ethnics minorities for their own communities
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Olsson, Åsa. "Grass Root Communication for Social Change : A Case Study of the Communication Work in a Namibian NGO." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1716.
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ABSTRACT
The principal objective of this inductive study is to map the communication methods that are being used in the organization Sister Namibia. I intend to find communication mechanisms that together can constitute a communication framework. The main questions at issue are; How is the organization working from a communication perspective? What methods and channels are central for their external communication work? What messages are they trying to convey to the target group? The questions will generate in analyses and deeper understandings of communication processes in a NGO.
The conceptual approach for the study is Development Communication, which can be seen as the integration of strategic communication in development projects. Communication for Social Change is an approach of development communication, where focus lays on an elaborated social change agenda rather than the agenda of strategic communication. The study has a qualitative approach and it is built up as an inductive case study with the NGO Sister Namibia in focus.
Sister Namibia is a non governmental women organization that fights for women’s rights in the Namibian society. I have found several factors in their communication work that together can create a communication framework. Dialogue is vital in their communication work and it can be seen as a prerequisite for social change. Another central aspect of their communication framework is networking. Sister Namibia can be seen as a piece of puzzle in a bigger network that allows the organization to reach a wider audience and it is a strategy for how they can gain power, grow and establish deeper in the society. The diversity among women makes it necessary with a communication framework that provides flexibility, which includes different communication methods and channels depending on the target group. A holistic approach in the communication framework is important; the communication have to be focused on change at individual, societal and governmental levels. Furthermore, I have observed that to be able to understand processes of communication it is vital to look at the whole social context. In this social context knowledge, power, and material & social needs have been found as central aspects. They are needs and factors that are gained and created by individuals and groups in societies, and can be seen as prerequisites for social change to appear. Finally, this study shows the importance of looking at communication not just as a tool for spreading information, but also as the goal of development. Through communication it is possible to create a social environment where private and public dialogue can take place.
Keywords: Development communication, Communication for Social Change, NGO, Dialogue, Networking, Flexibility, Holistic approach.
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Fender, Michel. "Modes de coopération producteurs-distrubuteurs: Place de la logistique dans l'organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENPC9625.
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La thèse a pour objectif de s'interroger sur les modes de coopérations entre producteurs (secteurs industriels) et distributeurs (secteur du commerce de détail) en reconnaissant et en recherchant les voies de valorisation de l'interdépendance organisationnelle. La thèse défend l'idée que la coopération est un mécanisme de coordination des capacités, des ressources, des compétences entre firmes, qui visent à mettre en œuvre de nouvelles solutions productives. La coopération crée de la valeur, améliore la performance économique des systèmes productifs et apporte un avantage concurrentiel aux acteurs engages dans ce processus relationnel. La coopération, processus d'échange et d'apprentissage construit des formes inter-organisationnelles innovantes sur les métiers, les organisations internes des firmes et les systèmes d'information associés. La recherche développée permet de proposer un ensemble de variables explicatives ou déterminantes dans l'élaboration des modes de relations coopératives entre producteurs et distributeurs au sein des chaines d'approvisionnement et un modèle de représentation des types de coopérations à partir de trois modes génériques. Ceux-ci se distinguent par l'importance relative de trois dimensions qui caractérisent la relation : la logistique opérationnelle, les aspects commerciaux et marketing. La coopération constitue la voie privilégiée de l'optimisation globale des chaines d'approvisionnement et la logistique est l'activité à partir de laquelle il est possible d'organiser cette coopération par la conduite de processus simultanés.
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Hafsa, Sarra. "Stratégies d'offre du distributeur et politiques de commande : modèles pour l'évaluation des chaînes d'approvisionnement." Paris 9, 2005. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2005PA090005.
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"L'organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement des distributeurs évolue rapidement. Un premier facteur réside dans le développement du e-commerce qui remet en cause les politiques de commande et de gestion des stocks ainsi que les modalités d'acheminement des produits. Se basant sur une modélisation des politiques de commande du type "newsboy model", nous analysons la pertinence de trois schémas d'organisation et évaluons les implications de certains paramètres sur les politiques de stockage et de gestion des flux. Un second facteur réside dans la nécessité d'améliorer l'offre à travers une meilleure gestion du linéaire. Se basant sur l'expertise du fournisseur, une nouvelle forme de partenariat a été mise en place par le biais du Category Captain, qui permet à un fournisseur particulier de gérer une catégorie de produits. A travers notre modélisation, nous analysons les conséquences de ce partenariat sur les acteurs de la chaîne d'approvisionnement ainsi que sur le consommateur final. "
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Lochot, Christophe. "Modélisation et caractérisation des phénomènes couplés dans une chaîne de traction ferroviaire asynchrone." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT013H.
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L'objectif de ce travail est de modéliser et de caractériser le comportement global des chaînes de traction ferroviaire asynchrone de la BB36000 et du TGVNG. Dans la première partie, l'auteur effectue un état de l'art sur les méthodes de mise en équation d'un système. Puis, il décrit les algorithmes utilisés dans le solveur retenu pour cette étude (SABER). Il sera ainsi abordé les méthodes spécifiques de résolution de système non-linéaire (Newton-Raphson) et celles dédiées à la simulation mixte (Calaveras). La seconde partie de ce mémoire est consacrée à la modélisation de l'ensemble de la chaîne de traction. Au niveau électrique, des modèles de MLI, d'onduleur, de machines asynchrones (linéaires et non-linéaires) sont présentés. La description de commandes vectorielles classiques, directe et indirecte, est ensuite détaillée. Au niveau mécanique, l'auteur présente la modélisation des chaînes de transmission de la BB36000 et du TGVNG. Une approche simple, mais suffisante pour cette étude, de la loi de contact est par la suite exposée. Enfin, le comportement quasi-statique de l'ensemble caisse de la locomotive et bogie termine cette partie. La troisième parie se concentre sur la caractérisation des principaux couplages existant dans une chaîne de traction complète. Il y sera développée une étude théorique de la stabilité, qui fait appel à la première approche de Lyapunov. Puis, par l'utilisation des modèles présentés dans la parite II, l'auteur caractérisera les interactions électriques-magnétiques-mécaniques présentes dans cette chaîne de traction, en introduisant de manière contrôlée des perturbations dans la simulation du système global. La caractérisation des fonctionnements dégradés (courts-circuits de l'onduleur) constituera un des éléments majeurs de cette étude. Enfin, l'auteur évoquera les structures multi-onduleurs multi-machines et donnera des éléments de comparaison pour le choix des stratégies de contrôle.
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Berggren, Hampus. "The use of higher steel grades in building elements." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83488.
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Structural steel is one of the main building materials used commercial. Its strength is its formality and high yield strength which allows less material overall. Steel is often divided into steel grades such as S275, S355, S420 and so forth. The purpose of this thesis is to look at the strength and weaknesses of the different steel grades and how the area gets effected by higher steel grades. This is done by looking at a real life project where only S355 is used and optimizing for S355, S420 and S460. This is done to shred some light on how much of an improvement the upgrade of steel grade may allow. For each steel grade an optimized cross section is created with the goal of having the lowest area possible. The difference in area for the optimized beams will act as the benchmarking for projected reductions. This optimization is done with the help of Python and follows Eurocode. When looking at the case study, the projected weight reduction is 4,2% for S420 and 7,2% for S460 compared to S355. This reduction is higher on some beams and lower on others. The main driving force for the higher reduced beams is the possibility to utilize more than one type of load condition, example both momentand shear force. Out of the 12 beams, beam 10 have the highest reduction between S355 and S420 which land around 10%. Between S355 and S460 Beam 12 comesin at a area reduction of 14%. As the higher steel grades have a higher equivalent CO2 emission the reduction of equivalent CO2 is lower than the area reduction. The projected reduction of equivalent CO2 for a switch from S355 to S420 is 3,3% and the reduction between S355 and S460 are 5,0%
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Jimenez, M. Michelle (Maria Michelle). "Evaluation of dietary change among Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project participating children (grades 4-6)." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30673.
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This study assessed change in the dietary intake and weight, height and body mass index (BMI. kg/ml) measurements of children (grades 4--6) who have participated in the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Program (KSDPP). Children from two independent cross sectional samples were assessed at baseline in 1994 (n = 156) and in 1998 (n = 146). Diet was assessed using a single 24-hour recall. Results showed no overall change in energy, fat and sucrose intake. Food groups were created as indicators of diet quality. Results showed a decrease in the frequency of consumption of foods in the high fat food group (p < 0.05) and an increase in the average amount of white sugar consumed (p < 0.05). A decrease in the number of servings of fruit was shown, but also a trend towards their increased frequency of consumption. No significant changes were found in weight, height or BMI. Dietary and anthropometric data were combined but results showed no significant changes in diet by BMI category. Changes in diet are challenging to both measure and implement. These results could be used to identify more specific future interventions.
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Jimenez, M. Michelle. "Evaluation of dietary change among Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project participating children (grades 4-6)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0031/MQ64377.pdf.
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Lichlyter, Stephen Alvah. "An applied paleoecology case study: Bahia Grande, Texas prior to construction of the Brownsville Ship Channel." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3924.
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Bahia Grande is a large lagoon located within Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife
Refuge in Cameron County, Texas. When the Brownsville Ship Channel was built along
the southern end of the lagoon in 1936, Bahia Grande was cut off from the marine water
of Laguna Madre. Since that time, Bahia Grande has been primarily dry with only
ephemeral fresh water coming from heavy rainfall events, resulting in a severe decline in
biological productivity. A restoration project led by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
has proposed to cut new channels between Bahia Grande and the Ship Channel to restore
the connection with Laguna Madre. This is a large-scale project with major implications
for the water quality, surrounding ecology, and associated biota in the region.
Unfortunately, because very little is known about Bahia Grande prior to isolation, it is
difficult to predict whether the results of the restoration will be comparable to the pre-Ship Channel environment.
Paleoecological data provide the best opportunity to understand what Bahia
Grande was like in the past. This study uses statistical analyses of the molluscan death
assemblages from Bahia Grande to gain a better understanding of the environmental
conditions in the lagoon before it was isolated. The first question addressed is how does Bahia Grande relate to other water bodies on the Texas coast? This may provide a
modern analog to the past conditions in Bahia Grande. The second question inquires
whether there are any local patterns or variations within Bahia Grande and several
smaller surrounding lagoons. These results provide an important baseline for
comparison with the restored lagoon.
The results of this investigation show that, in a regional context, Bahia Grande
was most similar to Alazan Bay and Baffin Bay, which are mostly enclosed shallow bays
with high salinities due to the arid climate and limited freshwater inflow. Within Bahia
Grande, there are several distinct molluscan assemblages. Salinity and water coverage
are the most likely environmental factors responsible for the differences within Bahia
Grande. Additionally, data from surrounding lagoons strongly indicate that some
connections with Bahia Grande existed in the past.
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Bell, Wesley Drummond. "The lazy root : Will a change in the rainfall regime or increased anthropogenic nitrogen result in an alteration in the competitive balance between trees and grassed in a semi-arid South Africa savanna?" Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26305.
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In an attempt to determine why trees and grasses are able to coexist in savannas, Walter (1971) first proposed the root niche separation model for savannas which suggests that trees and grasses have differential access to water due to spatial differences in their rooting profiles. Subsequent studies in various savannas around the world have found that this is often not the case. In the central region of the Kruger National Park February & Higgins (2010) found that trees and grasses root at the same depths within the soil profile. In this study I determine whether the existence of fine roots in the soil profile necessarily indicates root activity. I also aim to determine the effect of increased water and nitrogen availability on root activity of trees and grasses. Pits of 20 x 20 em were dug to a depth of 40 em in plots that were either irrigated with the equivalent of 30 ml of rainfall per month or left without irrigation. This study was performed at the end of the rainfall season. I found that trees and grasses root at the same depths under moist and dry edaphic conditions as well as in plots with increased nitrogen. Tree roots are however, significantly more active than grass roots in non-irrigated plots. Temporal separation in root activity therefore seems to be a factor that allows for the coexistence of trees and grasses in savanna ecosystems.
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Klintenberg, Patrik. "More Water, Less Grass? : An assessment of resource degradation and stakeholders’ perceptions of environmental change in Ombuga Grassland, Northern Namibia." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6707.
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Treu, Paul Matthew. "Motivation of teachers for the implementation of the further education and training certificate (Grades 10-12)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/623.
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Educational change in South Africa has been met with stern resistance and educators are faced with enormous difficulty in implementing new policies and curricula. Educators who have been deskilled over the years are now all of the sudden required to think ‘outside the box’ and to undergo a complete mindset change regarding the implementation of the new Further Education and Training curriculum. The new challenges educators have to cope with, heavily impacts on their day to day working conditions and subsequently their motivation. Due to the increased awareness and concern with regards to the level of educators’ motivation, this research study is based on the research question, namely how motivated educators were for the implementation of the new Further Education and Training curriculum and secondly, to explore guidelines to enhance their motivation. In an attempt to provide answers to the research problem, a qualitative research design was adopted for this research and was undertaken in two phases. In Phase 1, the data gathering consisted of semi-structured group interviews. The data was then coded into themes, sub-themes and categories and served as the basis for the interpretation of how motivated educators were for the implementation of the new Further Education and training curriculum. Four main themes emerged from the data analysis; Teachers expressed distrust in the Department of Education; Negative expectations of FET are based on the inadequate training teachers received; Teachers are de-motivated and display a low morale; Few aspects contribute to a positive attitude. Phase 2 offered recommendations, derived from the findings of Phase 1, to enhance the motivation of educators for the implementation of the new Further Education and Training curriculum. It was evident from the data analysis that educators were experiencing difficulties in coping with the heavy demand being placed on their shoulders to effectively implement the new curriculum. They displayed negative feelings towards the Department of Education who expected them to implement change within a limited time-frame. The conclusion was reached that educators are in desperate need for motivational strategies and support to enhance their emotional well-being, motivation and self-efficacy.
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Junior, José de Ribamar Braga Pinheiro. "Xenia: um sistema de segurança para grades computacionais baseado em cadeias de confiança." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-05082008-152432/.
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Os Sistemas de Grades Computacionais são intrinsecamente mais vulneráveis às ameaças de segurança que os Sistemas tradicionais, uma vez que abrangem um grande número de usuários e os recursos e as aplicações são geridas por diferentes domínios administrativos. A autenticação e a autorização são fatores imperativos para os Sistemas de Grade Computacional. Da mesma forma, a escalabilidade e a distribuição de dados vêm também sendo objeto de estudo de vários pesquisadores da área. Os serviços providos pelas Grades Computacionais devem evitar implementações centralizadas pela dificuldade do gerenciamento global. Outro importante requisito das Grades Computacionais é prover mecanismos para a delegação de direitos de acesso aos recursos. O proprietário do recurso deve ser capaz de delegar permissões para outro usuário, talvez por um tempo limitado, com base na confiança que possui neste. No entanto, a delegação deve ser usada com cuidado, pois uma longa cadeia de delegações poderia conduzir a uma utilização abusiva dos recursos pelos usuários maliciosos. Para tratar os principais requisitos de segurança das Grades Computacionais, desenvolvemos uma Arquitetura de Segurança denominada Xenia. Esta arquitetura é baseada em SPKI/SDSI, um modelo de segurança flexível, extensível e descentralizado que fornece autenticação, confidencialidade e controle de acesso. Propusemos uma extensão ao modelo SPKI/SDSI baseada em lógica subjetiva para representar relações de confiança entre indivíduos.Grid Computing Systems are inherently more vulnerable to security threats than traditional systems, since they potentially encompass a large number of users, resources, and applications managed by different administrative domains. Authentication and authorization are imperative for grid systems. Since scalability and distribution are major concerns on grid environments, those services implementations should avoid centralized solutions. Another relevant requirement to consider is the provision of mechanisms for delegating access rights, since they minimize the overhead of grid administrators on providing access rights to grid resources. The owner of an access right should be able to delegate permissions to another user, maybe for a limited time, based on his trust on that user. However, delegation must be used with care. A long chain of delegations could lead to improper use of resources by malicious users. Confidentiality and integrity are also important security requirements for many grid applications. To address these problems, we designed a Security Architecture for Grid Systems named Xenia. This architecture is based on SPKI/SDSI, a flexible and extensible decentralized security model that provides authentication, confidentiality, and access control. We proposed an extension to the SPKI/SDSI model to represent trust relations between subjects based on subjective logic.
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Mackie, Rob. "Streambank stability in open channel drainage in the Ottawa-St. Lawrence lowlands." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61823.
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Joan, Jean-Marc. "Le maillon maritime dans l'organisation des chaînes de transport anglo-continentales : l'organisation et l'évolution d'un espace en mutation." Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10173.
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Une chaine de transport angl-continentale a pendant longtemps presente la particularite d'etre constituee d'une traversee maritime. Cette phase de l'acheminement n'est qu'un maillon de la chaine complete mais son influence sur la repartition spatiale des flux et sur l'organisation du marche est importante. Cette analyse est d'autant plus essentielle a mener que la mise en service du tunnel sous la manche ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de developpement et de changements de cet espaceThe transport chain between the united kingdom and the mainland europe presented for a long time the particularity of including a sea crossing. Sea haul components only represent a part of the whole door-to-door transport but their impact on the freight traffics and on the market organization plays a determinant role. Furthermore, this study is all the more important to be developed as the channel fixed link will bring new opportunities concerning development and evolution of this area
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Brookes, Stuart. "Economics and social change in Anglo-Saxon Kent AD 400-900 : landscapes, communities and exchange /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410979359.
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Downes, John Matthew. "Middle Grades Students as Teacher Educators: Consulting with Students in Professional Development." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/544.
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Many teachers of young adolescents face compelling pressures to dramatically change their practice. The rapid adoption of 1:1 computing, whereby each student has nearly constant access to an Internet-connected laptop, netbook or tablet, poses unique challenges to established practices in curriculum, instruction and classroom management. A growing number of teachers also confront a movement to provide students more personalized and flexible pathways to high school graduation, including experiential, blended and online learning, and allow students to apply knowledge and skills to tasks of personal interest. How teachers cope in this dynamic period may hinge on their ongoing professional development.
In recent decades, a general consensus has emerged that promotes teaching as a learning profession in which teachers work together in learning communities and seek expertise not just from outside experts, but also from colleagues attuned to local circumstances. At the same time, the student voice movement encouraged schools to empower students as key collaborators in school improvement. In spite of common themes in the narratives on teacher learning and student voice—collaboration, empowerment and effective change—they seldom intersect in traditional professional development settings or in teachers' collegial learning. This dissertation proposes student consultation as a link between students and teachers in collaborative school improvement and suggests next steps toward more sustainable efforts to involve students in the preparation and ongoing learning of teachers. Three studies are presented.
The first study described a weeklong summer professional development institute in which students have played a central role for more than two decades. It outlined the conditions conducive to the collaborative culture among teachers and consulting students and summarizes participants' perspectives on student consultation. The second study applied a qualitative case study design involving observations, interviews, focus groups and surveys with 72 teachers and 20 students to delve more deeply into consultations at the summer institute. Most teachers and students perceived the consultations as enjoyable and beneficial, willingly embraced shifts in authority during consultations, and noted the benefits of strategies employed to support the culture and practices of student consultations. The third study explored how teachers engaged with students as consultants in classroom action research projects initiated at the summer institute and in professional development contexts. The multi-site, collective case study examined six projects involving twelve teachers and 241 students. Interviews and focus groups with nine teachers and 22 students were coded by stages of the action research cycle and characteristics of student involvement in order to examine at which stages in the action research and in what capacities teachers involved their students. The study confirmed teachers' and students' general appreciation of consultation and suggests that parsing the subtleties of when and how students are consulted can contribute to deeper understand of student involvement and better facilitation of action research in teacher professional development. Together, this collection of studies has implications for the design and evaluation of student consultation in teacher professional development.
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Johansson, Patrik. "What can change the nature of a grade? : A study of computer games and how they affect English grades." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för estetiska ämnen i lärarutbildningen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-45145.
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The purpose of this study is to establish whether or not there is a connection between a highincidence of computer gaming and English proficiency in Swedish 9th-graders. The study also takescomputer game genres into account, attempting to see if there is a link between frequent playing ofcertain genres and high English grades.According to this study, there is a clear correlation between the gaming habits of Swedish 9thgradersand the grades they receive in English, with a higher frequency of gaming corresponding toa higher grade. The study also suggests that the Strategy, MMO (Massively Multiplayer Online) andCRPG (Computer Role-Playing Game) genres have a higher representation amongst students withgood grades in English.
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Kwok, Ching-man Emily. "The discrepancy in the studies on the change of regularity effect in Chinese characters reading across grades methodological differences? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2003. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38888737.
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Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, April 30, 2003." Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-31) Also available in print.
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Mihelich, Martin. "Vers une compréhension du principe de maximisation de production d'entropie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS038/document.
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Dans cette thèse nous essayons de comprendre pourquoi le Principe de Maximisation de Production d'Entropie (MEP) donne de très bons résultats dans de nombreux domaines de la physique hors équilibre et notamment en climatologie. Pour ce faire nous étudions ce principe sur des systèmes jouets de la physique statistique qui reproduisent les comportements des modèles climatiques. Nous avons notamment travaillé sur l'Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP) et le Zero Range Process (ZRP). Ceci nous a permis tout d'abord de relier MEP à un autre principe qui est le principe de maximisation d'entropie de Kolmogorov-Sinai (MKS). De plus, l'application de MEP à ces systèmes jouets donne des résultats physiquement cohérents. Nous avons ensuite voulu étendre le lien entre MEP et MKS dans des systèmes plus compliqués avant de montrer que, pour les chaines de Markov, maximiser l'entropie de KS revenait à minimiser le temps que le système prend pour atteindre son état stationnaire (mixing time). En fin nous avons appliqué MEP à la convection atmosphériqueIn this thesis we try to understand why the maximum entropy production principlegives really good results in a wide range of Physics fields and notably in climatology. Thus we study this principle on classical toy models which mimic the behaviour of climat models. In particular we worked on the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process(ASEP) and on the Zero Range Process (ZRP). This enabled us first to connect MEP to an other principle which is the maximum Kolmogorov-Sinaï entropy principle (MKS). Moreover the application of MEP on these systems gives results that are physically coherent. We then wanted to extend this link between MEP and MKS in more complicated systems, before showing that, for Markov Chains, maximise the KS entropy is the same as minimise the time the system takes to reach its stationnary state (mixing time). Thus, we applied MEP to the atmospheric convection
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Kawo, Samuel Tuffa [Verfasser], and Anna C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Treydte. "Estimating grass productivity under different clipping frequencies and rainfall amount: implications for rangeland responses to climate change / Samuel Tuffa Kawo ; Betreuer: Anna C. Treydte." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1141790181/34.
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Davidsson, Matilda. "Grieving the Ungrievable: Searching for Home through Nonhuman Becoming in Hiromi Itō’s Wild Grass on the Riverbank and Elizabeth-Jane Burnett’s The Grassling." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104195.
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This thesis aims to examine non-human agency in Elizabeth Jane Burnett’s The Grassling and Hiromi Itō’s Wild Grass on the Riverbank. Using a theoretical framework based on material ecocriticism, queer ecology and affect theory, the thesis explores how Burnett’s and Itō’s poetic narratives reconfigure the relationship between human and nonhuman in non-anthropocentric ways with the help of the irreal. The thesis discusses how the texts reimagine desire, moving from a Freudian view in which desire is repressed, to an understanding of desire as becoming as expressed by Deleuze. In the stories, humans metamorphose into plants, showing the interconnectedness of all matter and the importance of care exceeding species. These strands of the narratives contest anthropocentrism, and by extension also the heteropatriarchy to which it is related. Grief over traumatic experiences like family loss and migration in the stories are shown to be related to the loss of a planetary home as a result of climate change.
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Davitt, Marcia S. "Priming the Pump with Grass, Trees, and Waste: An exploration of biofuels policy and research discourse and its potential to alter living spaces." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52974.
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Biofuels, a solar-sourced technology that can be processed from non-fossilized plant matter, have significant appeal as a means of securing a reliable, sustainable energy supply. They appear to offer significant potential by virtue of being harvestable from common plant life such as prairie grasses. I argue that a shared set of knowledge claims emerging from multiple energy/environmental institutions in Germany and the U.S. are linked by a shared set of assumptions. I characterize these claims as a "mainstream" discourse because together they function as a single powerful discourse that influences national policy and research priorities. In examining the potential material impacts of the discourse on regional and global habitats, I demonstrate the powerful performative capacity of the discourse. I also describe how this mainstream discourse perpetuates momentum along existing trajectories of at least three socio-technological regimes: agriculture, transport, energy. The practitioners (biofuels experts) of the discourse construct representations of the realities that form the basis of their research. I refer to these representations as maps because like a city map, they privilege some things while marginalizing others. These maps are then utilized as guides for intervening into the habitat in order to develop and implement biofuels. Implicated within the maps are practices that have the potential to reconstitute reality. For example, the mapping of a variety of plants as "energy crops" implicates practices generally associated with high-yield cash crops intended for trade on the global marketplace. The materialization of these practices will assimilate various plants, reconstituting them as bona fide energy crops, resulting in monocultured regional and global habitats.
I develop my argument by describing how knowledge production is regulated by the implicit rules that govern the discourse. This regulatory apparatus insures that certain types of knowledge as well as methods for producing that knowledge are privileged over others. I introduce several concepts--"institutional platform, thought collective, biofuels practitioner--"as analytical tools to develop my argument and explain how the discourse functions. I demonstrate how perpetual recirculation of knowledge claims through publication, citation, conferences, workshops and task forces naturalizes these claims, giving them authoritative force. This force is evidenced in an increased performative capacity as well as a higher degree of discursive hegemony. I demonstrate the material effects of the discourse at the practical level of its deployment by introducing another analytical tool --ground truthing. Geographers and military reconnaissance personnel use ground truthing to describe the process of physically inspecting the lay of the land in order to determine the accuracy of the maps. With this tool, I demonstrate the potential of the discourse to reconstitute habitats and landscapes. Finally I propose changing the terms of mainstream energy discourse through practices intended to de-scientize and democratize the discourse through incorporating alternative expertises. This includes: a} moving away from corporate control of energy solutions by situating energy-systems decisions and ownership at the local community level, and b} improving the definition of systemic problems by transitioning away from knowledge production that privileges the detached "spectator" approach over the embodied, participatory approach.Ph. D.
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Nesongano, Wellencia Clara [Verfasser], and Katja [Akademischer Betreuer] Tielbörger. "The effects of climate change, land-use and elevated carbon dioxide on tree-grass interactions in southern African savannas / Wellencia Clara Nesongano ; Betreuer: Katja Tielbörger." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1199356247/34.
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Bridoux, Gilbert. "Bilan des graisses dans les stations d'épuration-élimination des résideux graisseux par traitement aérobie." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMP484S.
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La première partie de ce document est consacrée à la mesure des graisses au niveau des stations d'épuration. Une méthode d'analyse est mise au point, elle utilise l'hexane comme solvant d'extraction, les graisses extraites sont alors qualifiées de matières extractibles à l'hexane (MEH). Le dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse à haute température, permet de déterminer les substances lipidiques contenues dans les MEH. Les bilans effectués sur une dizaine de stations d'épuration montrent que la concentration moyenne en MEH dans les eaux résiduaires urbaines est de 100 mg. 1-1, dans l'eau traitée par les stations d'épuration, cette concentration est proche de 8 mg. 1-1. Ils mettent en évidence l'action spécifique de certaines étapes du traitement de l'eau sur les deux fractions principales contenues dans les MEH (les acides gras libres et les glycérides). La deuxième partie concerne l'étude d'un nouveau procédé de dégradation biologique des résidus graisseux produits dans les stations d'épuration. Une expérimentation en laboratoire, conduite grâce à un plan d'expérience, met en évidence l'influence de la charge volumique et du pH sur le rendement d'élimination d'un mélange artificiel de corps gras. La vitesse maximale d'élimination des graisses par ce procédé est d'environ 0,1 gramme de MEH éliminées par jour et par gramme de biomasse. L’extrapolation de ces résultats à des pilotes sur site, permet l'élaboration d'un procédé industriel. Celui-ci dégrade avec des rendements d'environ 85% des effluents graisseux de stations d'épuration ou d'industries agro-alimentaires
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Guendouz, Hassina. "Implémentation d'un modèle timing dans un simulateur logique junior "VLSI" et restructuration de la chaine "CAO" correspondante." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112115.
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La simulation logique pour "VLSI" est une étape importante lors de la conception d'un "DESIGN" dont les structures logiques se compliquent. Le " DESIGNER" a besoin d'un outil lui permettant de vérifier le comportement logique et dynamique de son schéma. L'essor considérable des outils de "CAO" industriels (Génération Mentor, Sun, Valid ou Daisy), met à la disposition des concepteurs d'aujourd'hui plusieurs méthodes d'implantation du masque du circuit intégré, ainsi que des outils de simulation logique et électrique. Depuis quelques années, la micro-électronique est rentrée dans le cursus de la majeure partie des universités et écoles concernées. N'ayant pas les moyens de s'équiper en outils de "CAO" industriels alors très onéreux, ces centres ne pouvaient se consacrer à l'apprentissage de techniques de conception. De ce fait, des recherches sont orientées aujourd'hui vers une nouvelle génération de micro-ordinateurs (type Personal Computer), permettant d'effectuer la majorité des opérations d'ingénierie : Schémas et simulation. Ces postes de travail doivent être simples d’utilisation, interactive et rapide en simulation. De plus, l'association de ces postes de travail en réseau à des stations de plus grande puissance, décharge ces dernières de certaines tâches. Le simulateur "Junior" CAO/VLSI a vu le jour dans le cadre de ces recherches. Ce dernier tente de relever le défi en simulant des circuits de moyenne complexité, avec une vitesse remarquable sur des stations de moyenne puissance. Les points traités dans ce rapport sont les suivants :- Saisie graphique d'un circuit de 1700 portes sur une station expérimentale et étude de la structure de la chaîne de "CAO" utilisée pour futur développements. Étude du modèle utilisé par notre simulateur pour optimiser et accélérer la simulation. Passage d'un modèle timing "Unitaire" à un modèle "Nominal".
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Zimmerman, Karl J. "Would You Do Your Homework for a Chance to Improve Your Quiz Score?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799490/.
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Students who complete homework generally do better on measures of academic performance such as quizzes, exams, and overall course grades. We examined the effects of contingent access to second quiz attempts on the percentage of undergraduate students completing homework to mastery. The study was conducted in an Introduction to Behavior Analysis course that, historically, had only 70% of students on average completing homework. An adapted multiple baseline design across sections was used for four sections of the course. Students could access a second quiz attempt contingent by meeting the following criteria: the student received a 16 out of 20 on the first quiz attempt or by meeting the mastery criterion of the homework (45 out of 50). We also examined the relation between homework accuracy and scores on first quiz attempts. Two sections did not show a difference in homework completion with and without the second quiz attempt contingency. One section showed more sensitivity toward the contingency once it was withdrawn, and one section never had the removal of the contingency and had the highest percentages of students completing their homework. When analyzing the relation of homework accuracy to the corresponding first quiz attempts, homework accuracy appeared to be related to higher scores on first quiz attempts across all sections. Quiz scores were typically a letter grade higher for students who completed homework compared to students who did not complete homework to mastery. Although there are limitations to the current study, the results suggest the second quiz contingency may impact homework completion.
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La, Cava Gonzalo. "A Study of the Relationship Between Second-Order Change Leadership Behaviors of Principals and School Grades of Florida Title I Elementary Schools." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2424.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between second-order change leadership behaviors and the grade assigned to schools in large urban districts by the Florida Department of Education (FLDOE). A total of 101 Title I elementary school principals from large urban school districts with 60+% students on Free and Reduced School Lunch participated in the study. Specifically, this study analyzed 7 of the 21 second-order change factor responsibilities. They include (a) knowledge of curriculum, instruction, assessment, (b) optimizer, (c) intellectual stimulation, (d) change agent, (e) monitoring/evaluating, (f) flexibility, and (g) ideals/beliefs. The findings of this study were delineated through an examination of the data as it was related to the following questions: (a) What are the differences, if any, in the Principal Actions Survey scores of Title I elementary principals based on the 2008 school grade, according to the FLDOE? (b) What relationship, if any, exists among professional demographics of the principals (years at the school, years as an educator, years as an administrator prior to becoming a principal, years as a principal, highest degree earned, age, gender) and the second-order change leadership behaviors? (c) What are the differences, if any, in the second-order change leadership behavior subgroup scores based on the 2008 school grade according to the FLDOE? Although Research Question 1 had no statistical significance, principals who had a higher mean on the Principal Actions Survey led A and B-rated schools. Statistical significance was found in Research Question 2 for the second-order change leadership behavior of Change Agent and Ideals/Beliefs. Though statistical significance was not found in Research Question 3, each mean score for each sub-group in each grade group indicated consistent answers between Strongly Agree and Agree, which demonstrated a large degree of agreement. Additionally, comments from telephone interviews with selected principals determined that these leadership behaviors could positively impact elementary schools and the field of education. Recommendations of the study were to: (a) Conduct a follow-up study to gather the perceptions of teachers from the same Title I schools regarding their principals' second-order change leadership behaviors, (b) conduct a similar study with principals in Title I middle and high school settings, (c) conduct a qualitative study on second-order change leadership behaviors of non-Title I elementary, middle, and high school principals, (d) engage in further research to investigate professional development activities that may assist principals in enhancing second-order change leadership behaviors and improve instruction, (e) investigate the relationship between principals' second-order change leadership behaviors and achievement of Adequate Yearly Progress (f) replicate the study in states other than Florida (g) explore the relationship between second-order change leadership behaviors of district administrators and their district's academic success.Ed.D.
Department of Educational Research, Technology and Leadership
Education
Education EdD
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Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth Merry. "Teachers' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the Implementation of a Reading Response to Intervention Model in Grades K-3 in an Elementary School." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3758.
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Thesis advisor: Diana C. PullinThe introduction of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2002 and the reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 2004, resulted in numerous changes in the American education system. In particular, the IDEA reauthorization introduced an initiative entitled Response to Intervention (RTI) that has impacted both regular and special education practices and policies. RTI is a regular education initiative that involves a multi-tiered approach to service delivery and is based on student outcomes. The purpose of this qualitative, single case study is to examine and report teachers' perceptions of the RTI implementation process for reading in grades K-3 in a suburban elementary school. Additionally, this research seeks to identify themes that have influenced the success of the RTI model, and to provide a framework for key components for a successful reading RTI implementation process according to teachers. The data sources used in this qualitative study included: focus groups, individual semi-structured interviews, and artifacts. This data was analyzed and compared using constant comparison analysis. According to the teachers and principal, seven themes emerged from the analysis, including: communication, success, professional development, support/materials, challenges, implementation, and leadership. Every participant reported that communication among all members of the school community is essential within an RTI model. Most importantly, teachers expressed the significance of creating a shared vision among staff. Teachers defined successful RTI implementation and their perceptions of reading success in grades K-3. Teachers reported the need for authentic, purposeful, RTI professional development and support/materials to support each tier. The participants reported the challenges that are inherent in RTI implementation and how the model has changed since inception. Participants discussed the role of leadership and the qualities of a leader that promote success. Lastly, recommendations are made for teachers and school leaders who are beginning the RTI implementation process and for public policy officials who create and monitor regulations regarding reading RTI policies and procedures
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education
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Joseph, Jenead Diana Nicole. "Mathematics teachers’ experiences of the influence of the changing curriculum on their professional practice in grades 10 - 12 in the Cape Winelands district." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2495.
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Thesis (MEd (Education))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Education in South Africa is a concern to many stakeholders, including government, teachers, teacher unions and non-governmental organisations, owing to the poor academic performances of learners. Mathematics teachers, the focus of this study, are confronted with a constantly changing curriculum. Teachers are often targeted by the education authorities and general public as the primary cause of the poor outcomes of education in South Africa. This study considers the experiences of Grades 10–12 mathematics teachers in the Cape Winelands regarding curriculum change and its influence on their professional practice. The basic assumptions of social constructivism served as overarching theory. The researcher judged that a conceptual framework would make for a clearer and more systematic way of dealing with the constructs that underpin this study. The conceptual analysis framework, which was developed by combining the work of Rogan and Grayson, as well as that of Remillard, which is a perfect fit to this study, guided the interpretation and analysis of the data. A deductive approach in data analysis was applied in accordance with the conceptual framework used in this study. Being explorative in nature, this study is a qualitative design and therefore an interpretive methodological approach was followed. A purposive and convenience sampling method was used whereby teachers from six schools were pre-selected: two from ex-Model C schools, two from previously disadvantaged black schools and two from previously disadvantaged coloured schools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The findings of this study pointed to teachers’ acceptance of education reform and changes in the curriculum, provided they were not too radical. Teachers requested involvement on a broad spectrum throughout the planning and implementation process, and proper training and support prior to implementation. Factors that militated against implementation were, among others, poor facilities, resources and instructional aides; poorly trained change facilitators; poor leadership and management at schools; and the many constraints that the learners brought to the school and the classroom.
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Fender, Michel. "Modes de coopération producteurs-distributeurs : place de la logistique dans l'organisation des chaînes d'approvisionnement." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00519679.
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La thèse a pour objectif de s'interroger sur les modes de coopérations entre producteurs (secteurs industriels) et distributeurs (secteur du commerce de détail) en reconnaissant et en recherchant les voies de valorisation de l'interdépendance organisationnelle. La thèse défend l'idée que la coopération est un mécanisme de coordination des capacités, des ressources, des compétences entre firmes, qui visent à mettre en oeuvre de nouvelles solutions productives. La coopération crée de la valeur, améliore la performance économique des systèmes productifs et apporte un avantage concurrentiel aux acteurs engages dans ce processus relationnel. La coopération, processus d'échange et d'apprentissage construit des formes inter organisationnelles innovantes sur les métiers, les organisations internes des firmes et les systèmes d'information associes. La recherche développée permet de proposer un ensemble de variables explicatives ou déterminantes dans l'élaboration des modes de relations coopératives entre producteurs et distributeurs au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement et un modèle de représentation des types de coopérations à partir de trois modes génériques. Ceux-ci se distinguent par l'importance relative de trois dimensions qui caractérisent la relation : la logistique opérationnelle, les aspects commerciaux et marketing. La coopération constitue la voie privilégiée de l'optimisation globale des chaînes d'approvisionnement et la logistique est l'activité à partir de laquelle il est possible d'organiser cette coopération par la conduite de processus simultanés.
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Boussahba-Bravard, Myriam. "Une seconde chance pour la vie : l'éducation pour adultes à Liverpool, 1980-1989." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF20060.
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A Liverpool, les quartiers défavorisés sont synonymes d'échecs scolaire, social, économique, politique. Rien ne semble pouvoir briser le cercle familial de la marginalisation dans lequel les enfants sont entraînés très tôt : rien si ce n'est l'éducation pour adultes. Cette dernière est un formidable instrument contre la marginalisation présente des parents, et celle à venir des enfants. En plaçant l'individu au coeur de la stratégie, elle apporte des solutions aux personnes, et les délivre d'un mode de vie fondé sur la frustration et l'assistanat. Une fois reconnue à sa juste valeur, l'éducation pour adultes peut aussi jouer un rôle fondamental dans la régénération urbaine des quartiers défavorisés, fournissant cette fois-ci un remède collectif. Il est temps que les décideurs politiques cessent de la négliger et apprennent ce qu'elle peut apporter. Elle pourra alors s'intégrer à une politique urbaine plus globale et humaine dont les solutions seront plus durables. Dans cette double perspective, elle propose une seconde chance à nos concitoyens britanniques défavorisés et elle les aménera à se réinsérer dans la société européenne des années futuresIn liverpool, the inner city means social, economic, school and family failures. Nothing seems able to interrupt the vicious circle of marginalisation in which children are trapped very early: nothing except adult education. The latter is a great instrument against the current exclusion of parents, and the future one of children. Because it deals with individuals, it brings about solutions to persons, and free them from a life of frustration and assistance. Once acknowledged, adult education should also play a very important part in the urban regeneration of inner city areas, supplying thereby a collective answer. It is time that political decision-makers should stop neglecting it and learn what it can provide. Then it will be able to take part in more comprehensive, more human urban policies whose actions will last longer. In this double perspective, adult education offers british disadvantaged citizens a second chance to live which will help them to be part of the european society of the future
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Souza, Eliel Pereira de. "Canal do Valo Grande: Governança das águas estuarinas na perspectiva da aprendizagem social." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-20082012-085559/.
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A publicação da lei 9.433 de 1997, que institucionaliza a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos no Brasil, abriu a perspectiva de uma gestão integrada, participativa e descentralizada dos recursos hídricos. A integração da gestão de bacias hidrográficas com a gestão da zona costeira é uma diretriz dessa política e a participação social é pressuposto para medidas de gestão mais sustentáveis e legítimas. A qualidade dos processos participativos está ligada à incorporação de diferentes atores, com perspectivas distintas em relação à bacia hidrográfica, em processos de grupo que permitam reflexão e aprendizado, sobre o próprio grupo e sobre o ambiente natural e institucional da bacia. O presente trabalho é um estudo de caso sobre a gestão da bacia do rio Ribeira de Iguape, no litoral sul de São Paulo. Na porção terminal desse rio, uma obra hidráulica construída no século XIX, conhecida como Valo Grande, retificou seu curso, desestabilizando o sistema estuarino adjacente pelo aporte de água e sedimentos em região abrigada. Desde a década de 70, houve uma série de ações governamentais no sentido de recuperara essa região do estuário, o que gerou tensão e conflito com os atores a montante da bacia. Em resposta, o assunto foi debatido e negociado em diferentes fóruns criados a partir da década de 80. O presente trabalho analisa o processo decisório sobre o canal, buscando identificar elementos que favorecem ou inibem a transformação da participação em aprendizagem social. Os resultados revelam que a aprendizagem social não é um processo espontâneo, e, apesar da forte interdependência entre os atores envolvidos, espaços de convergência e consenso são prejudicados por fatores como a falta de liderança pró-ativa, representação desproporcional dos atores, ausência de redes de cooperação e coalizões, além da falta de implementação de medidas negociadas.The launch of the Law 9.433 of 1997, wich institutionalizes the National Policy of Water Resources, opened the prospect of an integrated, participatory and decentralized management of the water resources. The integration of the watershed management with the management of the coastal zone is a guideline of this policy and social participation is prerequisite for more sustainable and legitimate. The quality of participatory process is linked to the incorporation of different actors, with distinctive perspectives in relation to the catchment area, in a group process that enable reflection and learning, about the own group itself and about the natural and institutional framework of the basin. The present study is a case study on the management of river basin of Ribeira de Iguape, on the southern coast of São Paulo State. In the terminal part of this river, a hydraulic work was built in the nineteenth century, known as Valo Grande, rectify its course, destabilizing the adjacent estuary system by the input of water and sediments in a sheltered area. Since the 70s, there was a series of government in order to recover this region of estuary, wich created tension and conflict with the upstream actors of the basin. In response, the matter was discussed and negotiated in different decision-makers forums created since the 80s. The present work examines the decision process on the channel, in order to identify factors that promote or inhibit the transformation of participation in social learning. The results show that the social learning is not a spontaneous process, and despite the strong interdependency among the actors envolved, areas of convergence and consensus are affected by aspects like the lack of a proactive leadership, disproportionate representation of actors, lack of networks of cooperation and coalition, and the lack of implementation of negotiated measures.
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Vendruscolo, Rafaela. "Instituições e críticas na fumicultura do Rio Grande do Sul : mudanças e reafirmações institucionais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172447.
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Este estudo versa sobre a situação problemática em torno da produção de tabaco com o intuito de compreender as mudanças no cenário da fumicultura a partir das críticas e das transformações no ambiente, sob o aporte das discussões institucionalistas. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo é analisar as críticas e as transformações em torno da produção do tabaco e as justificações, com vistas a compreender se essas promoveram mudanças ou reafirmações institucionais. Primeiramente buscou-se identificar os dispositivos das críticas locais e globais, bem como as transformações que geram o ambiente de incerteza ao qual está inserida a fumicultura atualmente. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas com 28 famílias agricultoras produtoras de tabaco e com representantes de entidades envolvidas com o setor, que associadas à coleta de dados nos meios digitais, foram analisadas a partir da compreensão teórica e metodológica da Sociologia da Crítica e do Institucionalismo de Veblen. Ao estabelecer a correlação entre as críticas da rede antitabaco e dos agricultores fumicultores, observou-se que há descontinuidades nas gramáticas, as quais provocam o distanciamento de atores que poderiam atuar conjuntamente em contrariedade às ações das empresas fumageiras, visto que um dos principais atores que a rede antitabaco busca proteger com esse movimento é o agricultor familiar. Nesse contexto de incertezas em que os agricultores vêem-se compelidos a refletir sobre suas ações, foi possível identificar as respostas às críticas e, assim, compreender quais são as instituições que vêm sustentando a fumicultura no Rio Grande do Sul, como segundo objetivo específico. Como um dos principais resultados desta análise, observou-se que as instituições não são acionadas separadamente, sendo interligadas em forma do que chamamos de uma rede institucional, pois quando uma das interpretações é questionada, as outras são acionadas como fundamento para dizer que são esses argumentos que justificam a produção de tabaco para essas famílias. Diante desse cenário, o terceiro objetivo buscou analisar se esses movimentos promoveram mudanças ou reafirmação das instituições que vêm sustentando a cadeia produtiva do tabaco. Analisando as respostas da rede em defesa do tabaco centralizada na ABIFUMO, foram identificadas mudanças nas ações das empresas fumageiras, principalmente de forma semântica, a partir de operações midiáticas e alianças com órgãos governamentais e organismos internacionais, de forma a requalificar o SIPT e, assim, reafirmando as instituições que sustentam a fumicultura. Nesse contexto, os agricultores familiares produtores de tabaco reagem de forma heterogênea às críticas e aos estímulos do ambiente. Corroborando com as reafirmações das empresas, um grupo de produtores vem transformando a produção de acordo com as exigências de qualificação das empresas fumageiras. Por outro lado, identificou-se outros produtores que rumam no sentido da não mudança, mantendo a produção de tabaco mesmo com o descontentamento em relação a ela. Por fim, algumas famílias modificaram suas interpretações e condutas sobre o tabaco, categorizadas em três grupos que apresentam trajetórias diferentes de conduta. Diante do que se apresenta como uma mudança na conduta das empresas fumageiras como forma de manutenção da cadeia produtiva do tabaco, no sentido de diminuir o número de produtores em busca dos mais qualificados para as novas exigências, muitos produtores de tabaco vêm sendo excluídos dessa cadeia produtiva, necessitando encontrar novas maneiras de sobreviver no meio rural. É nesse ponto que se torna frutífero para os processos de desenvolvimento rural, que a academia e as instâncias governamentais compreendam a realidade a partir de como os atores a interpretam, mudando as suas estratégias heterogêneas e desconexas que vêm promovendo o distanciamento e a descrença do agricultor com relação ao governo, mas aproximando as gramáticas e, assim, compreendendo as reais necessidades dos agricultores familiares.This study deals about the problematic situation around tobacco production in order to understand the changes in the scenario of tobacco farming from the critiques and changes in the environment, under the contribution of institutionalist discussions. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the critiques and transformations around tobacco production and the justifications, in order to understand if these promoted institutional changes or reaffirmations. Firstly, we sought to identify the mechanisms of local and global critique, as well as the transformations that generate the uncertainty environment to which tobacco farming is currently inserted. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 28 tobacco-producing families and representatives of entities involved with the sector, which were associated with the collection of data in digital media and were analyzed from the theoretical and methodological understanding of the Sociology of Critique and Institutionalism of Veblen. When establishing the correlation between the critiques of the anti-tobacco network and the tobacco farmers, it was observed that there are discontinuities in the grammars, which cause the distancing of actors who could act together in opposition to the actions of the tobacco companies, since one of the main actors that the anti-tobacco network seeks to protect with this movement is the family farmer. In this context of uncertainties in which farmers are compelled to reflect on their actions, it was possible to identify the answers to the critiques and, thus, to understand which are the institutions that have been supporting tobacco growing in Rio Grande do Sul, as a second specific objective. As one of the main results of this analysis, it was observed that institutions are not triggered separately, being interconnected in the form of what we call an institutional network, because when one of the interpretations is questioned, the others are triggered as a basis for saying that they are Arguments justifying the production of tobacco for these families. Given this scenario, the third objective sought to analyze whether these movements promoted changes or reaffirmation of the institutions that have been supporting the tobacco production chain. Analyzing the network's responses to tobacco control centralized at ABIFUMO, changes were identified in the actions of tobacco companies, mainly in a semantic way, from media operations and alliances with government agencies and international organizations, in order to requalify the SIPT and, thus, , Reaffirming the institutions that support tobacco farming. In this context, family farmers producing tobacco react heterogeneously to criticism and environmental stimuli. Corroborating with the reaffirmation of the companies, a group of producers has been transforming the production according to the qualification requirements of the tobacco companies. On the other hand, other producers were identified who are moving towards non-change, maintaining tobacco production even with dissatisfaction with it. Finally, some families modified their interpretations and behaviors on the tobacco, categorized in three groups that present different trajectories of conduct. Faced with what is presented as a change in the behavior of tobacco companies as a way of maintaining the tobacco production chain, in order to reduce the number of producers in search of the most qualified for the new requirements, many tobacco producers have been excluded from this chain Need to find new ways of surviving in rural areas. It is at this point that it becomes fruitful for the processes of rural development that the academy and government agencies understand the reality from how the actors interpret it, changing their heterogeneous and disconnected strategies that have been promoting distancing and disbelief of the farmer With respect to government, but approaching grammars and thus understanding the real needs of family farmers.
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Blythe, Todd L. "Running the Cañons of the Rio Grande: Part 2 Boquillas Canyon, Texas and Coahuila." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7287.
Full textAbstract:
In 1899, Robert T. Hill led the first scientific exploration of the remote segment of the Rio Grande known as the Big Bend. Hill’s observations from this expedition were published in an article titled “Running the Cañons of the Rio Grande.” At the time of Hill’s expedition, the stream flow of the Rio Grande was largely depleted by water development in the upstream portions of the basin. The continued overallocation of the Rio Grande has led to the degradation of aquatic ecosystems in the Big Bend, one of North America’s largest transboundary protected areas, such that management of natural resources in this region is a high priority. Many of the native species in this region are listed as threatened or endangered due to habitat loss, which is driven by channel narrowing. Thus, excess fine sediment, along with invasive riparian species, has been identified as negatively impacting ecological resources in the Big Bend and studies recommend increased stream flow as the most effective tool for managing excess fine sediment. Aside from historical accounts, there was previously no estimate of the Rio Grande’s natural flow regime nor an adequate understanding of how the role of characteristic floods in the Big Bend shaped the pre-disturbance channel. In the following two studies, we fill in these crucial knowledge gaps by estimating the pre-disturbance flow regime of the Rio Grande, describing how channel narrowing is not spatially uniform in the Big Bend, and analyzing past floods to determine the role of past flood regimes in shaping alluvial deposits that contribute to channel narrowing.