Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chaînes alimentaires (Écologie)'
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Perez, Gabriel. "Etude des relations entre les compartiments épigé et endogé dans un contexte dynamique." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES008.
Full textFaivre, Bruno. "Coexistence et écologie de deux espèces jumelles d'hippolais." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS014.
Full textMalet, Nathalie. "Écologie alimentaire de l'huître Crassostrea gigas : dynamique des compositions isotopiques naturelles." La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS143.
Full textThis study investigated the characterization of the trophic transfer of the organic matter sources in an estuarine littoral ecosystem of the suspended-feeder oyster Crassostrea gigas: the Marennes-Oléron bay oyster farming area. Natural stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used as tracers of organic matter, primary production sources and trophic transfers. The processes of food incorporation allow to interpret the trophic transfer dynamics, thanks to the turnover rate tissues and the trophic enrichments, for five organs such as the gills, the digestive gland, the mantel, the muscle and the gonads. For different organs, the isotopic turnover rate of carbon was between one and four months. The isotopic turnover rate of nitrogen is three to five times faster than of carbon. The spatial and temporal variability of the source contributions (extrinsic factor) to the oyster diet and the gametogenic cycle (intrinsic factor) jointly influenced the tissue isotopic signals. Then the isotopic composition of oyster corrected for its trophic enrichment allows to determine its diet. The faster turnover rate of the digestive gland gave information about the temporal dynamics of the available food sources, whereas the muscle which integrated on long term period during growth, revealed spatial dynamics. To conclude, this study demonstrated the role played by oyster as a tropho-indicator of the nutritional dynamics in estuarine intertidal environment
Dupuy, Christine. "Rôle fonctionnel des protistes hétéro-mixotrophes dans le réseau trophique d'un écosystème conchylicole : le marais atlantique." La Rochelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LAROS040.
Full textVallières, Catherine. "Production bactérienne et structure du réseau alimentaire microbien dans le fleuve Mackenzie et l'océan Arctique côtier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24315/24315.pdf.
Full textGlobally significant quantities of organic carbon are stored in northern permafrost soils, but little is known about how this carbon is processed by microbial communities once it enters rivers and is transported to the coastal Arctic Ocean. As part of the Arctic River-Delta Experiment (ARDEX), we measured environmental and microbiological variables along a 300 km transect across the Mackenzie River and coastal Beaufort Sea in July-August 2004 to investigate the river and estuarine gradients in microbial community structure and activity, and to evaluate the influence of UV exposure and carbon supply on bacterial processes in these ecosystems. Microbial community structure changed along the transect and the contribution of particle-attached bacteria was significantly higher in riverine and transition zone stations. Experimental results showed that bacterial metabolism was carbon limited in the Mackenzie River. Photodegradation increased organic carbon biolability in the Mackenzie River and decreased it in the Beaufort Sea.
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Hette, Tronquart Nicolas. "Organisation trophique des peuplements piscicoles des cours d'eau : approche par l'analyse des isotopes stables." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0022.
Full textMadigou, Erwann. "Influence du statut trophique de cours d'eau sur les fonctionnalités microbiennes des Biofilms (épipsammon et épilithon)." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10059.
Full textCrespin, de Billy Véronique de. "Régime alimentaire de la truite (Salmo trutta L. ) en eaux courantes : rôles de l'habitat physique et des traits des macroinvertébrés." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10173.
Full textFerraton, Franck. "Ecologie trophique des juvéniles de merlu (Merluccius merluccius) dans le golfe du Lion : implications biologiques de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des ressources alimentaires exploitées dans les zones de nourricerie." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20223.
Full textCachera, Marie. "Implications of morphological and functional traits for trophic relationships within fish communities and marine trophic network architecture." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10122/document.
Full textA current issue in ecology is to understand the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning and notably to comprehend how inter- and intra-specific trait variation affects trophic interactions between individuals and species, the trophic organization of communities and trophic network architecture. Particularly, morphology has historically been considered as a main determinant of organisms’ ecology, which led to the field of ecomorphology, and, from a functional perspective, is expected to influence trophic relationships and other ecological functions performed by species. This thesis aimed at studying the trophic organization of a marine fish community and its dependency on morphological and functional trait variation between and within species. The associated trophic network revealed a meta-community structure, including two sub-networks along a coastal-offshore gradient. Species trophic niche breadth and individual trophic niche variation increased together, a pattern relying partly on species functional identity and the sex, body size and habitat of individuals. Contrary to phylogeny, species morphology was a relevant proxy for functional identity. Finally, morphology seemed the main source of variability in individual trophic relationships within the assemblage, but a large part of diet variation remained unexplained suggesting that critical factors had been neglected, notably behaviour. These results allow understanding better the role of morphological and functional diversity in the structure of marine trophic networks and may help to predict their spatio-temporal dynamics and their responses to perturbations
Coat, Sophie. "Identification du réseau trophique de rivière et étude de sa contamination par les pesticides organochlorés (chlordécone et bêta-HCH)en Guadeloupe." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0260.
Full textThis study examines the contamination of Guadeloupean rivers by organochlorinated pesticides, formerly used on banana plantations: chlordecone and β3-HCH. Its objectives are 1) to identify the downstream food web structure, 2) to evaluate the contamination levels of it~ various components and 3) to appreciate pesticide dynamics within the freshwater ecosystem. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis, coupled with dietary data from Iiterature, helped investigate trophic relationships between species and revealed the dependenc of the stream food web on both autochthonous (algae and biofilm) and allochthonous food sources of terrestrial and marine origin (plant detritus, drifting particulate matter and juveniles of diadromous fishes and shrimps from coastal waters). Chemical analyses showed a general and heavy contamination of the aquatic ecosystem by organochlorinated pesticides. An assessment of the interaction patterns between contaminants and biota was conducted thanks to the identification of ecological factors that influence the bioaccumulation of pesticides. Whereas the most persistent pollutant (chlordecone) is related to the organisms' diet and habitat, bioaccumulation of β3-HCH i only influenced by the animais' Iipid content. The biomagnification potential of chlordecone through the food chain has been demonstrate and highlighted the importance of trophic transfer in this compound uptake. In contrast, bioconcentration by passive diffusion from water seems to be the main exposure route of β3-HCH in biota
Lobry, Jérémy. "Quel référentiel de fonctionnement pour les écosystèmes estuariens ? : le cas des cortèges de poissons fréquentant l'estuaire de la Gironde." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12890.
Full textEmmery, Antoine. "Influence de l’environnement trophique et du métabolisme sur les dynamiques des isotopes stables chez l’huître du Pacifique (Crassostrea gigas) : approches expérimentales et de modélisation." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2071.
Full textStable isotope analysis (SIA) contributed extensively to better understand the trophic functioning of marine coastal ecosystems. However, their ecological interpretations are limited by the lack of accurate modelling tools to describe the dynamics and the trophic fractionation of stable isotopes by organisms. The influence of the trophic resource and the metabolism on the dynamics of δ13C and δ15N in the soft tissues of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been investigated using experimental and modeling approaches. The results of the in situ survey in the Bay of Veys and the Bay of Brest showed that growth (whole soft body tissues and organs) and the trophic resource (diversity and quantity) have to be considered simultaneously to accurately understand the temporal variations in δ13C and δ15N of oysters. Then, a model based on the Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEB) has been developed and calibrated for this species. This approach showed that the higher the feeding level, the higher the growth and the lower the δ et Δ. It also demonstrated that the anabolic and catabolic routes of the assimilation, growth and maintenance of the organism play a key role in the isotopic fractionation. The model also allows to calculate dynamically the trophic fractionation. The trends simulated by the model have been validated during the fractionation experiment at two feeding levels carried out on oysters. This type of model thus constitutes a relevant tool to characterized the variable trophic environment of marine bivalves
Jaquemet, Sébastien. "Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464182/fr/.
Full textTropical seabirds show a hierarchical distribution depending on the position of their colonies and their dispersion capability. At macro-scale it reflects the boundaries of their habitats, at meso-scale the presence of structures aggregating prey, and at micro-scale the presence at the surface of prey driven by predatory schools. In the South-West Indian Ocean, more than 6 millions of birds are present, of which 99% are sooty terns. They breed seasonally in austral winter in the Seychelles and at Europa, in austral summer at Juan de Nova. The high chlorophyll concentration around colonies favours the development of food web leading to the terns. The location of Glorieuses favours a sub-annual breeding regime, led by the presence of prey around the colony all year round. Biomass removed by terns in the Mozambique Channel is estimated to 55,000 tons, by breeding season
Quiniou, Louis. "Les peuplements de poissons démersaux de la pointe de la Bretagne : Environnement, écologie, structure démographique, relations trophiques." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES0005.
Full textBeghin, Vincent. "Étude de la matière organique et du réseau trophique en estuaire de Seine : utilisation des marqueurs biochimiques (acides gras et stérols)." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-459.pdf.
Full textZriki, Ghais. "Etude intégrative des interactions au sein d’une association lâche, hôte-microprédateur-arthropodes non hématophages cohabitant avec lui : vers une gestion agro-écologique des bâtiments d’élevage de volaille." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG025.
Full textNatural enemies such as predatory arthropods play an important role in controlling pest populations in agroecosystems. Laying-hen farms are agroecosystems of intensive production that incorporate a high diversity of arthropods: hen parasites and manure arthropods (predators, detritivorous, etc.). The poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae is the most damaging ectoparasite in laying-hen farms. Infestations with D. gallinae cause both welfare and economic problems. Dermanyssus gallinae is a nidicolous ectoparasite that lives close to its host in an environment shared by the naturally-occurring predatory arthropods in laying-hen farms.In this thesis, our objective was to improve our knowledge on the impact of native arthropods predators in laying-hen farms on D. gallinae. Based on three methodological approaches –descriptive, correlative and experimental–, the present work explored predator-prey interactions (with focus on D. gallinae) and the impact of arthropods predators on D. gallinae at three levels: 1) individual level: building the food web of native arthropods (in vitro), 2) species level: analyzing the covariation of the abundances of D. gallinae and its predators in farm buildings, 3) population level: measuring in an experimental system (hen-D. gallinae-predator) in mesocosms the impact of native arthropod predators on the development of D. gallinae populations.The analysis of native arthropods food web showed that D. gallinae is a potential prey for ten predatory species. These predators showed a significant disparity in predation frequency on D. gallinae and in their preferences for prey species between D. gallinae and detritivorous mites as alternative prey. In laying-hen farms, analysis of the relative abundances of D. gallinae and native predators supported the presence of interactions between D. gallinae and predatory species that showed high predation frequencies on it in vitro. The experiments in mesocosm allowed the development of D. gallinae, native arthropod predators and detritivorous mites. Under our experimental conditions, native arthropod predators did not show any detectable effect on the development of D. gallinae populations when other alternative prey species were present. These results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, the development of D. gallinae populations seemed to be limited by food resources (the hen) and not by the predation effect. The presence of alternative prey (detritivorus mites) may have reduced predators’ impact on D. gallinae populations. Through our experimental system, we also showed that mass-reared and commercially available predatory mites currently used to control D. gallinae in laying farms, did not have a negative effect on non-target species such as native predatory mites.Our results uncovered important gaps in our understanding of D. gallinae biology and population dynamics. These results also demonstrate the importance of further investigating the impact of alternative prey species in the absence of a regulatory effect of native predators on D. gallinae populations
Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
Full textMarquis, Élise. "Le microzooplancton dans le réseau trophique planctonique : importance et rôle fonctionnel : étude sur le plateau continental du Golfe de Gascogne." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS194.
Full textOn the Bay of Biscay continental shelf, the large plumes of the Loire and Gironde rivers induce a strong halostrification of the water column at the end of winter. This stratification contributes to the development of winter microphytoplankton blooms that enhance phosphorus limitation in the photic zone in spring. As a consequence, small autotrophic cells are a primary component of the spring primary production. Based on this observation, it was hypothesized that, early in the season (early spring) the microzooplankton (20-200 m heterotrophic dinoflagellates, ciliates and metazoan larvae) would play an essential role in carbon flow towards higher trophic levels of the plankton community on the Bay of Biscay continental shelf. The goal of this study was to test this hypothesis. A survey of the spring plankton composition on the shelf showed that plankton was most abundant close to the coast and that, in agreement with the above hypothesis, the spring heterotrophic community was dominated by microzooplankton: Biomasses of the latter represented on average more than 60% of the total biomass, with up to 70% made up of ciliates. A subsequent investigation of the temporal dynamics of the ciliate community across the shelf revealed that the early-spring ciliate development was controlled by the increase and diversification of prey. Conversely, at the end of spring, the ciliate dynamics was mainly controlled by the increase of grazing pressure by mesozooplankton. The estimation of the microzooplankton grazing activity on primary and secondary productions showed a very high impact during the three studied seasons across the shelf (grazing rates of up to and exceeding 100% of the daily production). Nevertheless, the winter diatom bloom was not efficiently consumed by microzooplankton. On the other hand, a high contribution of microzooplankton to the mesozooplankton diet was demonstrated in spring over the continental shelf and especially to the diet of the dominant small copepods (< 750 m). Moreover, the first-feeding larvae of small pelagic fish (Anchovy and Sardines) appeared to preferentially consume microzooplankton (mainly protozoa), making it an essential diet item for their survival. The last part of the study was to synthesize the collected data in order to model the planktonic food web dynamics using inverse analysis. The results showed that in spring, the food web functioned through complex carbon pathways, both herbivorous and microbial. At the end of the summer, microbial pathways dominated. Close to the coast, they were mainly based on new production, while offshore, they were mainly based on bacterial production. The study confirmed the essential role of microzooplankton as a vector of carbon flows from small cells to mesozooplankton. However, the importance of microzooplankton in the carbon pathways leads to a decrease of the systems capacity to export primary and microbial biogenic carbon towards the plankton predators. Finally, the inclusion of pelagic fish to the study of the planktonic food web permitted to show that the early-season dominance of microbial pathways tends to saturate the carrying capacity of this system early in spring
Laidaoui, Abdelhafid. "Dommage à l'ADN et exposition aux contaminants de la chaine alimentaire chez les Inuit du Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21060.
Full textMarín, Leal Julio César. "Interactions trophiques entre l’huître creuse Crassostrea gigas et les suspensivores benthiques dans deux écosystèmes intertidaux en Basse-Normandie : utilisation des isotopes stables naturels (δ13C, δ15N) et des profils acides gras." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2063.
Full textShellfish culture zones are singular ecosystems where particulate organic matter sources (POMS) are diverse and where interspecific trophic relations between benthic suspensivores are particularly complex. In this study, the compositions of both natural stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and fatty acid biomarkers were used to evaluate the temporal dynamic of POMS contributions (marine organic matter (PhyOM), microphytobenthos (MPB), terrestrial organic matter (TOM), sedimented organic matter (SOM) and the macroalgae Ulva sp. And Fucus serratus) to the diet of the oyster Crassostrea gigas and of its potential competitors i. E. Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule, Crepidula fornicata, Lanice conchilega and Sabellaria alveolata, this in two contrasted ecosystems of Normandy (France) : the Bay of Veys (BDV) and Lingreville (LIN). The isotopic approach has shown that PhyOM was the main food source for bivalves, particularly in LIN due to the strong marine influence. However, the MPB and the TOM detritus as well as the macroalgae contributed to the diet of suspensivores during the summer and the autumn in BDV. This discovery was confirmed by the seasonal monitoring of fatty acid biomarkers, which has shown a high contribution of the diatoms and also a significant contribution of bacteria. The dynamic of the trophic relations of macroinvertebrates was time-dependent, according to the seasonal character of food available. The interspecific competition is not very likely because the species have shown the capacity to use the various sources available along the year and especially for C. Fornicata, L. Conchilega and S. Alveolata
Haubois, Anne-Gaëlle. "Dynamique des transferts trophiques entre le microphytobenthos et le gastéropode déposivore Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) sur une vasière intertidale de la Baie de Marennes-Oléron." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS108.
Full textThe goal of my Ph. D. Was to characterize the spatio-temporal variation of the trophic transfer between microphytobenthos and the gastropod Hydrobia ulvae. I therefore investigated structure and dynamics of the two compartments and quantified experimentally the effect of demographic and environmental variables on the individual ingestion rate of H. Ulvae. Microphytobenthic biomass varied between 40 and 150 mg Chl a. M-2 and the diatom assemblage was dominated by small-sized species. The study of H. Ulvae population dynamics showed that the population structure is strongly influenced by large-scale movements of individuals. Individual ingestion rate of H. Ulvae is mainly controlled by the chlorophyll a concentration in the sediment and individual size. The functional response of H. Ulvae, juveniles and adults over a wide range of Chl a concentration is characterized by an increase of the ingestion rate according to a power law. Finally, all results were used to estimate the trophic flux
Cotonnec, Gwenaëlle. "Les lipides, marqueurs des relations trophiques planctoniques dans les écosystèmes pélagiques côtiers." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0060.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the trophic relationships between the phytoplankton and the zooplankton in the Eastern English Channel durong the spring bloom dominated by Phaeocystis sp. These relationships were studied using the fatty acids and the phytoplanktonic pigments as biomarkers. The POM (particulate organic matter) and copepods were analyzed by HLPC and GC to : characterize the composition of the nutritive pool, estimate the physiological state and the nutritive quality of the phytoplankton, characterize the diet of copepods. Jointly, microscopic counting was done to determine more accurately the phytoplankton composition and measure the cell size. A spatial study was conducted through the strait of Dover to : point out the qualitative and quantitative changes of the nutritive pool in the Strait of Dover ; localise the zone of high production during the phytoplankton spring bloom : the French coastal waters where the trophic relationships were detailed. A temporal study was conducted between Boulogne/Mer and the Bay of Authie in March, May and June 1998 to describe the qualitative and quantitative variations of the copepod nutritive pool. During the phytoplankton spring bloom, a development of Phaeocystis sp. Was observed jointly to a declining of diatoms, Cryptophytes, Dinophytes and Cyanophytes. In the same way, the nutritive quality of the POM decreased. During the phytoplankton growth, the nutrients are depleted in the water column. Thus, the phytoplankton production was totally regenerated. The trophic relationships were studied through the Dover Strait and in a retention zone localise in front of the Bay of Somme. The lipid biomarkers pointed out the diet and the alimentary behaviour of copepods : A. Clausi, P. Elongatus and T. Longicornis. In this study, T. Longicornis was the most selective species whereas A. Clausi was the most opportunistic. The daily ratios were sufficient for A. Clausi and P. Elongatus by contrast to T. Longicornis. Nevertheless, the fatty acid reserves were mobilised in the three species indicating that the Phaeocystis sp bloom was inadequate
Pouille, Lauren. "Paléobiodiversité des Radiolaires du Paléozoique inférieur (Cambrien-Ordovicien) : Aperçu à travers une étude des assemblages à radiolaires provenant des montagnes de l’Altai (Russie), d’Aksuran (Kazakstan), du bassin de Georgina (Australie) et de la Terre Neuve occidentale (Canada)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10152/document.
Full textOur understanding of the structuration of Lower Paleozoic pelagic trophic chains during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’ and the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’, which has lead to the establishment of modern marine ecosystems, is still very fragmentary. We are here interested in understanding the paleodiversity dynamics of polycystines Radiolaria planctonic group, a key biotic component of the heterotrophic plankton, in order get a better idea of the timing and dynamics of plankton diversification at the Lower Paleozoic. The discovery of new material from the Altai Mountains (Siberia) brings new data on the fossil record of the first biomineralized radiolarians with the identification of the oldest representatives of the Archeoentactinidae family dated of a Botomian age. Study conducted on Newfoundland and Australian material allowed us to characterize precisely the various biotic changes undergone by radiolarians during the Cambrian-Ordovician transition, at the dawn of the planktonic revolution but also to precise their paleogeographic distribution at the Late Cambrian. A detailed taxonomic study conducted on a Kazakhstanian sample has allowed us to describe a new radiolarian assemblage enriching considerably our knowledge on the radiolarian diversity at the middle Ordovician
Nelva, Pasqual Jean-Sébastien. "Exploration des réseaux d'interactions en écologie : de la structure vers la dynamique : signification des analyses des matrices de communauté en écologie des estuaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0114/document.
Full textNetworks are a key concept in ecology and a number of models and methods have been used. This PhD dissertation links two approaches, the community matrix and input-output analyses, which have been developed by separate streams of theory. It compares their assumptions with important features of estuarine systems. It explicitly analyses the links between the matrices and the significance of the mixed trophic impacts analysis. Matrices of storage and throughflow analyses are linked to Jacobian matrices of donor or recipient controlled compartment models. Unlike most of what can be seen in the litterature, here the mixed trophic impacts are interpreted as the effects of a compartment being present or absent. Using available data in the case of five European estuaries, qualitative and quantitative matrices are built in the aim of performing sensitivity analyses. First explorations reveal high levels of uncertainties, even in the sign of the predictions. Furthermore, this work examines in more details the possibilities to explore transient dynamics from the community matrix. This PhD dissertation emphasises important features which are necessary to consider when choosing such approaches
Courtois, Pauline. "Evaluation écotoxicologique des nanoparticules d’argent et leurs dérivés : leurs effets sur la faune, la flore et les microorganismes du sol." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR053.
Full textMore and more manufactured products contain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which, among other things, are incorporated for their excellent biocidal property. The life cycle of these nanofunctionalized products generates considerable releases into the environment, particularly in wastewater. The efficiency of wastewater treatment plants makes it possible to trap most species of silver (Ag) in the sludge. However, sewage sludge is often recycled by land application on agricultural land. Soil is the main place of deposition of contaminants in sewage sludge. Due to the amount of sewage sludge produced and spread each year, it has become important to accurately assess the impact of Ag species as they are introduced into the environment.This thesis work consisted of a global evaluation of the effect, on the terrestrial ecosystem, of the forms of Ag brought by the sewage sludge in the soil. For this, an analysis of speciation of Ag brought in soils via digested sewage sludge was carried out. Various animal, plant and microbial organisms have been exposed to this form of Ag, more or less reastically depending on the needs of the study, in order to assess its various harmful effects.The results indicate that AgNPs become completely sulfided following anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. In this chemical form, Ag is less toxic than AgNPs, to all animals, plants and microbial organisms studied. Ag sulfide is also less bioavailable to these organisms, although it may be slightly bioaccumulated by animals and plants and thus enters food chains. Likewise, an effect may persist on microbial communities. This effect differs depending on the type of soil receiving the sewage sludge, and seems to disrupt the nitrogen nutrient cycle
Pascal, Pierre-Yves. "Devenir des bactéries dans les réseaux trophiques des vasières intertidales : le cas de Brouage (Baie de Marennes-Oléron)." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00293510.
Full textPasquaud, Stéphanie. "Les relations trophiques : éléments de structuration des peuplements ichtyologiques en milieu estuarien : application à l'estuaire de la Gironde." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13214.
Full textThis work evaluates the role of the trophic relationships in fish assemblages as a structuring factor in an estuarine ecosystem. Thus, the trophic relationships of the 14 main fish species of the Gironde estuary are described in relation with space, time, size class, via the stomach content analysis. This approach highlighted the high diversity of specific feeding behaviours and, excepted for the mullet, a predominance of the temporal component in feeding variability. Stable isotopic analysis (carbon and nitrogen) was used to evaluate their investigative contributions to the understanding of the structure and the functioning of the estuarine trophic relationships. This work shows that this tool is not able to determine precisely the trophic levels and the relationships between a fish and its preys in such ecosystems. Thus, it can not replace the traditional method of stomach content analysis. In addition, in order to describe trophic seasonal structures, to suggest hypothesis and to identify component keys of preys, the trophic guilds were built from the temporal analysis. The variability of the fish assemblages is well structured by the seasonal dynamics of the prey communities. This observation suggests a "e;bottom-up"e; control of the trophic web. We finally propose a new tool enabling the description of the fish structure and the functioning of the trophic webs through accurate trophic guilds. These trophic guilds should be utilised in other transitional water ecosystems
Leguerrier, Delphine. "Construction et étude d'un modèle de réseau trophique de la vasière de Brouage (Bassin de Marennes-Oléron, France) : prise en compte de la saisonnalité et des échanges physiques pour la synthèse constructive des connaissances sur une zone intertidale d'une région tempérée." La Rochelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LAROS220.
Full textBautista-Vega, Alicia. "Etude des réseaux trophiques aboutissant aux rougets méditerranéens (Mullus barbatus et M. Surmuletus) par l'utilisation des isotopes stables." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22088.pdf.
Full textGoatfishes (Mullidae) are benthic species inhabiting coastal bottoms down to the end of the continental shelf, and constitute a major economic resource in the Mediterranean. The main objectives of this work were to study the diet of Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus, and to understand the influence of the Rhone River inputs on the food webs’ structure ending to these species. We studied how the particular organic matter (POM), the basis of food webs, was integrated into the coastal ecosystems subjected, or not, to river inputs in 2004. We have (1) analysed the suspended matter, sediments, benthic macrofauna, and goatfish (different size-classes) in different sites and depths, (2) analysed the samples through stable isotopes (white muscles of fish, water POM, sediments, macrofauna), (3) analysed the stomach contents of fish, and (4) determined the variations of the isotopic signature (carbon and nitrogen) of the terrestrial POM transported by the Rhone River, in order to follow its pathway within the coastal food webs. Our results have shown a fish diet dominated by polychaetes (carnivores, sub-surface depositiovores and surface depositivores) and various crustaceans (amphipods, cumaceans, macrurans and brachyurans). However, this diet varied according to species, and mainly according to fish size. We have obtained the isotopic signatures (δ15N and δ13C) for Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus. The results for δ15N displayed significant differences of trophic level for Mullus barbatus depending on fish size, distance from the Rhone River mouth and depth. In contrast, in all sites and depths, δ15N value did not vary with fish size in M. Surmuletus. In both species, δ15N values were significantly lower in sites non subjected to river inputs. δ13C signature in Mullus barbatus exhibited slight differences with fish sizey in some sites of the Gulf of Lions, whereas δ13C signature in M. Surmuletus did not shown any variation with fish size or sites. Thus, one could suggest that the basis of food webs was different in sites subjected and not subjected to river inputs. In addition, our results indicated that the Rhone River did not influence significantly the food webs ending to these species, except to a modest extend for M. Barbatus strait off the river mouth. On the reverse, the food webs of both species were mainly based on carbon from marine origin in the different sites. It thus appeared that the food webs of the two mullid species were not much influenced by the Rhone river inputs, and the transfert of organic matter through diet was mostly characterized by a marine pathway
Bles, Olivier. "Approche théorique et expérimentale du choix de source et de la gestion collective des ressources alimentaires chez la fourmi." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ007/document.
Full textDuring my PhD I have developed theoretical (simulation) and experimental (tracking) tools to investigate the mechanisms underlying the collective food source choice as well as collective food management at the intranidal level in ants. A first part of my thesis reveals the influence of the physical (and in particular the angularity and the topography) properties of the trail to the food source on the ant behavior at the individual level and its resulting food source choice/exploitation at the collective level. The second part of my thesis is dedicated to the dynamics of the food flow entering the nest, its regulation and the food dissemination/accumulation processes at the intranidal level through trophallaxis (mouth-to-mouth fluid exchange). The networks of food distributions and exchanges were built for two ant species in various experimental conditions. Interestingly, all theses networks show several similar properties, such as a high degree of heterogeneity in the individual participation to the food exchange activity as well as a robustness facing environmental variabilities
Planque, Yann. "Écologie trophique de deux espèces sympatriques de phoques en périphérie de leur aire de répartition." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS032.
Full textHarbour seal (Phoca vitulina) and grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) are two sympatric marine mammal species that are increasingly considered as potential competitors, especially at their European core distributions. The objective of this PhD was to study the foraging strategies and trophic ecology of these species at the limit of their range (Baie de Somme, Eastern English Channel, France), and to investigate the hypothesis of potential interspecific competition. Biotelemetry devices were fitted on 49 individuals to document their movements and dives at sea.The analysis of surface locations and diving behaviour, completed recently by the detection of Prey Capture Attempts (accelerometry), allowed for a better understanding of the two seal species’ foraging strategies and improved the detection of their foraging areas. Trophic niches of the two seal species were then characterised with the analysis of diet, stable isotopes (in the whiskers of the same captured individuals), and foraging areas. A high interspecific trophic overlap was identified between these niches, resulting from the consumption of benthic flatfish in coastal areas, and we suggest that it provides here the basis for potential competition between both species. This study also showed the key role of individual foraging strategies on the ecological conclusions at the scale of the species/sub-population, including that the potential competition may be due to some individual grey seal strategies. Continuing these studies is essential to detect any potential ecological changes that could be trophically-induced
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Pecqueur, David. "Rôle des protozoo-et virioplancton dans le contrôle des bactérioplancton et phytoplancton en zone côtière Méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20149.
Full textThe aims of this thesis work were to shed new lights on the functioning of the microbial food web (MFW) in the Thau coastal lagoon through a “global approach” that permit us to study simultaneously the entire MFW components (21 groups) from viruses to microzooplankton. Growth and mortality of microorganisms were studied experimentally along seasons and during a mesocosm experiment. We particularly focus on mortality due to microzooplankton (<200µm) grazing and viral lysis. Responses of the different components of the MFW under a typical Mediterranean forcing, flash flood, was also studied during an in situ monitoring and a mesocosm experiment in the Thau Lagoon.In conclusion, it appears that heterotrophic bacteria show the highest growth rates (until 2.18 day-1). Growth rates of pico- and nanophytolankton groups were always lower than 1.5 day-1. The major cause of mortality of the different group studied, reaching on average 90%, was due to the predation by the microzooplankton. Mortality due to viral lysis appeared to be a “sporadic processes”, less important than microzooplankton grazing indeed. In addition, the observed grazing rates or bacterivory were close to growth rates of microorganisms, suggesting an efficient trophic transfer of the microbial biomass towards higher trophic levels.River flash flood; an important forcing in the Mediterranean coastal zone; triggered on a short time scale, a decrease in growth and grazing rates of microorganisms whereas viral lysis was enhanced. However, the important dynamics of this studied MFW allowed the rapid reestablishment of growth and grazing rates, indicating a strong resilience capability of this system
Samain, Adriane. "Importance du réseau trophique du sol dans la stabilité du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens soumis au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200709_SAMAIN_874d384dot728sctlgd405ox_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on trophic interactions between soil biota (microorganisms, detritivorous and predators) in three forests from South of France (pine forest, downy and holm oak forests) and how climate change expected in the Mediterranean region (via amplified drought) could affect these relationships. We reported that the soil organisms’ communities were strongly influenced by the litter identity of and by the forest type. Downy oak litter favored the abundance of all soil communities while holm oak forest was unfavorable for many groups of organisms. In a climate change context, experimentally amplified drought alters the soil food web with distinct responses according to trophic group and forest type. These results suggest that within the same Mediterranean region, climate change could differently modify the soil biota with consequences on their contribution to the litter decomposition process
Trystram, Clément. "Écologie trophique de poissons prédateurs et contribution à l'étude des réseaux trophiques marins aux abords de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0032/document.
Full textThe general aim of this Ph.D thesis is to analyse the feeding relationship between the different predators of multiple habitats. Carried out between January 2012 and December 2014 in collaboration with the fishing stakeholders, the sampling focused on species of commercial interest or interacting with fisheries (bycatches and depredators). Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes ratio and stomacal content analysis were used to determine the organic matter they depend on, their interspecific relationships and the factors influencing their diets. Results show a wide disparity between species caught in shallow water and the deep ones. Despite their association with the benthic environment, deepwater species (100-600m) indirectly rely on surface primary production through their vertically migrating prey. This dependence on mesopelagic organism induce consequently a high dietary overlap between pairwise species, although alleviated by their presence in different bathymetric areas. Shallow species are split into three distinct diet categories along a shore-offshore gradient. Tiger shark are likely to form an homogeneous population composed with generalist individuals conversely to bull sharks which are forming an assorted population of individuals specialized on different resources. Those results tend to promote an habitat-focused approach, more suitable for the management of deepwater species, whereas a species-focused approach would rather be more effective for shallow, highly mobile species
Garcia, Clément. "Approche fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques du bassin oriental de la Manche et du sud de la mer du Nord." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10185/document.
Full textMost of the studies concerning benthic communities in the eastern part of the English Channel and southern North Sea are descriptive, serving primarily to illustrate the specific changes in the diversity and structure of benthic communities. Only recently studies have examined benthic ecosystem functions, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient functional parameters for each benthic component (bacteria, meiofauna, macrofauna...). This work investigated whether the benthic communities of the studied area have to be considered as a single unit or as a juxtaposition of functional entities. An approach through two trophic modelling methods, inverse and Ecopath has been performed. In order to test and assess relative importance of factors supposed to influence benthic trophic structure, the study area was subdivided into units defined a priori according to two main structural factors of community distribution: geographical (bay of Seine, eastern Channel and North Sea) and sedimentary patterns (gravel and pebbles, coarse sand and fine sand). Comparisons of model outputs of each division highlighted the key role of suspension organism in flow transfer among the trophic web. It also showed different properties between the divisions. Benthic trophic functioning seems to be strongly correlated with the sediment to which it belongs. Finally, a preliminary approach assessing biological trait diversity of benthic invertebrates has been performed. Information concerning 21 biological traits on 631 species has been gathered. It allowed us to have a global view of diversity and dominance of the functional attributes in the study area
Dessier, Aurélie. "Analyse du compartiment mésozooplanctonique et écologie alimentaire printanière de la sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1782), et de l’anchois, Engraulis encrasicolus (Linné, 1758) adultes dans le Golfe de Gascogne." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS036/document.
Full textDietary studies of marine species constitute an important key to improve the understanding of its biology and of its role in the ecosystem. Thus, prey-predator relationships structure and determine population dynamics and the trophic network at the ecosystem scale. Among the major study sites, the marine ecosystem is submitted to natural and anthropogenic constraints. In the North-Eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Bay of Biscay is a large open area surrounded South by Spain and East by France. This bay is an historic place of intense fishery activities for which the main small pelagic species targeted are the pilchard, Sardina pilchardus and the anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. The aim of this work is to analyze the trophic ecology of these two small pelagic fish in spring in the Bay of Biscay. To do this, a first section is devoted to their prey composed by the mesozooplanktonic compartment, through a two-fold approach: the characterization of their spatio-temporal dynamics during the decade 2003-2013 and the measurement of their energetic content in spring. For this season, it appears that all prey types are not worth energetically and that the Bay of Biscay represents a mosaic of dietary habitat. Moreover, the spring mesozooplankton community presents a strong spatial structuration, a temporal evolution marked by a major change in abundance and a control by the microphytoplankton biomass. The second section of this work is relative to a methodological approach of the trophic ecology of S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus. Three different trophic tracers have been used: isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen, parasitological fauna and mercury contamination levels. To improve the use of the first of these trophic tracers, an experimental approach has been conducted with S. pilchardus to determine a trophic discrimination factor. Finally, it appears that the use of these three trophic tracers has always been permitted to highlight a temporal variability of the relative trophic ecology of these fish. However, no spatial dynamics could be identified through these three trophic tracers
Vincent, Florian. "Fonctionnement et structure des écosystèmes aquatiques en réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de type bottom-up et top-down." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS472.
Full textHuman activities regularly amplify or interfere with top-down and bottom-up forcing on ecosystems. However, the communities' response to these disruptions remains poorly understood. My thesis aims to measure the effects of top-predators and nutrients on the structure and functioning of experimental aquatic ecosystems. I studied in 9.5 m³ pelagic mesocosms the effect of top-down forcing induced by two fish species. I show that these changes in top-predators are accompanied by a profound reorganization of the structure of the planktonic food web. Reorganizations depend in part on the size of organisms and their anti-predatory behaviour, but phylogeny is the most effective way to predict zooplankton response to fish and the resulting cascading effects. I also studied the response to bottom-up forcing by adding phosphorus and nitrogen in 750 m³ macrocosms including a vegetated littoral area. I show that the addition of nutrients has had a significant effect on the biomass of primary producers (biofilm, littoral macrophytes), that the additions induce a higher abundance of juveniles perch but the zooplankton biomass is not modified. The stoichiometry of organisms and bacterial activity were only slightly changed by enrichment. These results suggest that the effects of bottom-up forcings in pelagic environments are well predicted by food chain theory, but at the scale of complex ecosystems, macrophytes and biofilm can strongly reduce the response to enrichment
Jobard-Portas, Marlène. "Diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des Eumycètes dans les écosystèmes pélagiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22090/document.
Full textMicroorganisms play major roles in aquatic ecosystems, primarily as the main actors for organic matter mineralization and recycling. “True” fungi (i.e. Eumycota) are among heterotrophic microorganisms that are highly efficient in recycling organic materials in natural ecosystems. However, the overall diversity of fungi and their quantitative and functional importance remain largely unknown in typical pelagic ecosystems. Environmental 18S rDNA surveys have recently highlighted the importance of microscopic fungi in the diversity of picoeukaryotes (size < 5 μm) in lake ecosystems, including particularly the members of chytridiomycetes (i.e. chytrids) as the dominant phyla. These studies and the known major roles of fungi in natural ecosystems such as soils have leaded us to venture the hypothesis that fungal diversity and functional roles are important structuring factors in pelagic ecosystems. The main aims of the thesis were to examine the overall diversity, genetic structure and quantitative importance of various phyla belonging to the Kingdom Fungi in freshwater pelagic ecosystems. Methodological tools were also developed for ecological investigations of fungal populations of interest. Phylogenetic diversity and quantitative importance of fungi (size classe: 0.6 and 150 μm) were analysed in three contrasting pelagic lakes. Environmental 18S and ITS rDNA surveys were performed during spring 2007 in the oligomesotrophic Lake Pavin, the eutrophic Lake Aydat, and the mesotrophic and humic Lake Vassivière, all located in the French Massif Central. Phylogenetic affiliation of sequences confirmed the presence and the substantial diversity of chytridiomycetes, known as parasites of primarily phytoplankton. We also have unveiled a sizeable number of sequences belonging to the fungal lineages of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, mainly known as saprophytes. The seasonal dynamics of fungal community structure (essayed by TRFLP),and the quantitative importance of various taxonomic divisions (estimates by real time quantitative PCR or qPCR), revealed significant differences with seasons and with ecosystems. These differences were linked to phytoplankton composition and population successions, with at times the influence of allochthonous inputs, primarily for the eutrophic Lake Aydat. Finally, molecular sequences obtained during the few past years allowed the development of primers for targeting microscopic fungal lineages of interest, and the ecological study of their in situ dynamics using qPCR and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) approaches. Overall, we consider that the acquisition of complementary data is necessary to allow the inclusion of fungi and their main functions (i.e. saprophytisms and parasitism) in the energy and matter fluxes in pelagics ecosystems, and the related biogeochemical cycling
Flores-Mejia, Sandra. "Les effets de la température et des changements climatiques sur la performance relative d'un réseau trophique : plante-herbivore-parasitoïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27306.
Full textEach trophic level of a food-web reacts differently to changes in temperature, because some species are more sensitive than others. Because of the interdependence between the different trophic levels, even the smallest change in temperature could trigger cascading effects throughout the food-web. This may cause a partial or total collapse of the system. As part of my project, I was interested in the effects of temperature and climate change over the relative performance of a tri-trophic food web system (plant-herbivore-parasitoid). The general objectives were to determine: a) which trophic level is more sensitive to an increase in temperature? and b) What are the effects of climate change on a food-web as a whole? In order to determine the effects of temperature on the whole food-web, I developed three parameters to measure the relative performance, by using biomass as common currency between the three trophic levels. The developed parameters are: net generational productivity (NGP), the bi-trophic food-web ratio (φh/p), and the tri-trophic food web ratio (φ3t). In general, my results suggest that the thermal window of the relative performance of each trophic level has a wider span at the base of the food-web (e.g. the plant) and it is reduced by about 4 °C for each subsequent trophic level. Also, the (φh/p) values obtained, suggest that the aphids have the highest performance at low temperatures, but they are incapable of reproducing beyond 28°C, which gives the plant a competitive advantage. Nonetheless, this advantage cannot be maintained for long, due to the negative effects of temperature on the biology of the plant. The φ3t values suggest that the performance of the food-web is influenced by trophic cascades in a « top-down » fashion; but both the inter- and intra-specific variation of the host plant plays a major role in the productivity of the system. The results of the experiments about climate change suggest that: in all three tested climate change scenarios, the parasitoid has the largest relative performance of the system in spite of having the smallest thermal window. This suggests a greater thermal plasticity than previously thought. Nonetheless, in the absence of parasitoids, the herbivore dominates the system. Although there was a 4 °C difference between the three climate change scenarios that were tested, the the performance of the tri-trophic food-web was not significantly affected. In comparison, under two 2050 climate change scenarios, the long-term exposure to high temperatures has a negative effect on the accumulation of biomass for the three components of the food web, both individually and collectively. This is the first study to evaluate empirically and exhaustively the effects of temperature over a great range of plant-herbivore-parasitoid interactions, in order to determine the relative performance of the system in a holistic way.
Rihani, Mohammed. "Contribution à l'étude des relations trophiques entre champignons de pourriture blanche et acariens oribates au cours du processus de biodégradation des litières forestières." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10208.
Full textTromeur, Eric. "Concilier enjeux écologiques et économiques pour une gestion écosystémique des pêches." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS409.
Full textOverfishing affects the structures and dynamics of many marine ecosystems, as well as the associated ecosystem services. To tackle this issue, many scientists and managers are calling for an ecosystem-based fisheries management, integrating the complexity of harvested ecosystems, and based on ecological and economic sustainability objectives. In that perspective, our aim is to build an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, reconciling biodiversity and resilience preservation with the maintenance of high yields and profits. To this aim, we develop bio-economic models of mixed fisheries, composed of species that are either independent or in trophic interactions. We show that maximizing the aggregate catches or profits of a mixed fishery can threaten the biodiversity and resilience of harvested ecosystems, but that economic instruments can address these issues. In uncertain systems, risk aversion also helps reconciling constrasting management goals. We then apply multi-objective management approaches to identify the best strategies from an ecological and economic point of view. Chosen strategies depend on managers' preferences: favoring production implies to focus harvest on small trophic levels, while favoring biodiversity or resilience implies to focus on higher trophic levels. We therefore suggest that diversified fishing patterns could allow reconciling ecological with economic objectives, in order to achieve a sustainable ecosystem approach to fisheries management
Kohler, Sophie. "Écologie throphique de l’huitrier noir africain (haematopus-moquini) sur les littoraux rocheux de l’Afrique Australe en relation avec la viabilité de son habitat." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0005/document.
Full textThe distribution of intertidal benthic species is constrained by coastal oceanography. Less is known about the effects on the ecology of predators. Along the southern coasts of Africa the two main currents constraint both the patterns of primary production and the structure of benthic communities. The top predator on these coasts is an endemic shorebird, the African Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini), which exhibits a polymorphism favourable for food specialization. This study investigates the effect of spatial variations in benthic community structure on the feeding ecology of oystercatchers using stable isotopes. Birds respond to changes in quality and quantity of prey at multiple scales. At large scale they show strong contrasts between west and southwest coasts where the diet is dominated by mussels, including the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis, and south-east shores where a mixture of mussels and limpets is consumed. Locally individuals show weak dietary differences related to relative abundances of mussels and limpets. This reflects the generalist foraging behaviour of the species and the release of intra-specific competition for resources. The dietary shift of H. moquini on the west coast toward the invasive mussel and the multiplicity of foraging behaviours elsewhere reveal strong capacities to face changes in its foraging habitat. On the other hand the degradation of beaches by humans increases the competition for space and today affects the reproductive success of the species
Ballorain, Katia. "Écologie trophique de la tortue verte Chelonia mydas dans les herbiers marins et algueraies du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576264.
Full textJacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Francois, Clémentine. "Évaluation des stratégies adaptatives des métazoaires aux faibles disponibilités en nutriments : couplage d’approches d’écologie isotopique et de transcriptomique chez des isopodes épigés et hypogés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10140/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD project was to investigate the adaptive responses of metazoan to a decrease of nutrient availabilities in their environment.We combined isotopic ecology and Next-Generation Sequencing in a comparative analysis of surface (epigean) and groundwater (hypogean) isopods living in highly contrasted environments in terms of nutrient availabilities (lack of photosynthetic production in groundwater). The original evolutionary history of these isopods (multiple independent colonizations of the subterranean habitat) enabled to define 13 species pairs composed of one epigean and one hypogean species sharing a common epigean ancestor. Using these pairs, we studied 13 independent replicates of an environmental transition towards very low nutrient availabilities. Hypogean isopods display adaptations improving the nutrient acquisition (specialist strategy, decrease of trophic selectivity) as well as adaptations reducing the metabolic needs of organisms (decrease of growth rate). However, hypogean isopods do not display adaptive changes in their macromolecules composition (no evidence for the ’stoichiogenomic’ selection of N-thrifty nucleotides and amino acids). Because of the small effective population size (Ne) of metazoa, natural selection may be inefficient to select N-sparing responses at the level of RNA and protein composition. Selection could also be inexistent at this level in case of interactions between the different adaptive responses. Indeed, some nutrientsaving mechanisms may have been selected more quickly or more efficiently, these adaptations being sufficient to relax the selective pressure on the other response levels
Chauvin, Camille. "Influence de l’utilisation de plantes de services sur les communautés de nématodes et les fonctions du sols dans un agroécosystème bananier en phase d’interculture." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS049/document.
Full textIncreased plant diversity may alter soil food web structure and soil function in agroecosystems. This thesis sets the basis for an experimental approach in order to select some plant species in regard to several functional traits and to assess their effect on soil food web and soil functioning. We focused on cover-crops able to induce regulation of the banana parasitic nematodes Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae and to promote decomposition of organic matter during the fallow period in banana plantations in the French West Indies (FWI). We used functional analysis of nematode communities as a soil food web bio-indicator. Bibliography studies show us that “plant host status” with respect to plant-parasitic nematodes, “biochemical characteristics of litters” and “primary productivity of plants” are functional traits involved in plant species effects on soil food web and on the ecosystemics service we targeted. We therefore use those traits to perform a typology of cover-plants. Furthermore, to study the effects of litter inputs with contrasted biochemical characteristics we pick out the plant species Paspalum notatum, Crotalaria zanzibarica and Acacia auriculiformis which show differential hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and nitrogen content. A microcosm assay shows that biochemical characteristics of litter determine ecological successions in nematode communities and promote, in a contrasted manner, the decomposition pathway of organic matter. We discussed the mechanisms of plant parasitic nematodes suppression involved by those litter inputs. We also confirm that the culture of those three plant species can diminish the population of R.similis in soils. We also assessed the effects of plant covers composed of P. notatum and C. zanzibarica and a mix of those two plant species on nematodes communities during a field trial. In order to do so, we cultivated those cover-plants during a nine months period and then destroyed them to restitute plant litter in soils surface. Our results showed that cover-plant alters differentially plant-parasitic nematodes and the infectious potential of soils. Cover-crop cultivation also induced bottom-up and top-down regulations in plant parasitic nematode communities. After litter restitution, we observed high abundance of nematodes involved in litter decomposition within the soil surface layer. The latter provides underlying soil layers with mineral nitrogen and improves omnivore and predator nematode abundances. It results in the formation of a structured and diversified nematode community concomitantly with R. similis and P. coffeae regulation in soils. We observed greater effects with the cover-crop composed of C. zanzibarica and the mix of C. zanzibarica and P. coffeae. This study confirms that the functional traits of “host status”, “biochemical composition of litter” and “primary production” of plant species are decisive in the selection of cover-crop for the fallow period in banana plantation
Langlais, Karine. "Dynamique holocène d'une tourbière à palses de la région du lac à l'Eau-Claire (Nunavik)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26911.
Full textMarchais, Violette. "Relations trophiques entre producteurs primaires et quatre consommateurs primaires benthiques dans un écosystème côtier tempéré." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0111/document.
Full textIn coastal euphotic areas, primary producers grow both in the pelagic (water column) and in the benthic zone (in or near the sediment). In these ecosystems, benthic-pelagic coupling is an important process which must be well described. Benthic primary consumers modify this coupling through their diet. Trophic relationships between primary producers and benthic primary consumers are not thoroughly understood. To gain additional information, this thesis was focused on the spatial and temporal dynamic of primary producers in suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM), especially at water-sediment interface. This study highlighted a seasonal variation of microalgal populations at all depths, and a relative dominance of benthic diatoms in SPOM near sediment and in winter. The second objective of the thesis was focused on the trophic relationships between benthic primary consumers (great scallop, black scallop, mussel and ormer) and primary producers in SPOM. Stable isotope analysis in soft tissues of black scallops and mussels showed a predominance of assimilated phytoplankton and the potential contribution of microphytobenthos in their diet (more important for mussel), especially in winter and near the sediment. However, this study highlighted the impact of metabolism on stable isotopic values of soft tissues. An innovative aspect of this thesis was the use of exoskeleton of great scallops and ormers to characterize their diet in natural environment and thus overcome problems related to the utilization of stable isotopes in soft tissues. Experiments in controlled conditions validated food sources integration through metabolic carbon in carbonates of great scallops and shell color for ormer but complementary studies are required on mollusk shell utilization. The last part of this thesis was focused on the ability of great scallops to achieve resuspension of benthic particles by valve movements