Journal articles: 'Chalcolithic'

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Chaves, Rute Correia, João Pedro Veiga, and António Monge Soares. "Characterization of Chalcolithic Ceramics from the Lisbon Region, Portugal: An Archaeometric Study." Heritage 5, no. 3 (August 29, 2022): 2422–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030126.

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The Chalcolithic period in the Lisbon region, Portugal, is usually divided into three phases chronologically: the Early Chalcolithic, characterized by cylindrical corrugated cups, Full Chalcolithic by so-called acacia-leaf decoration, and Late Chalcolithic by Bell Beaker pottery. The aim of this research is to determine if Chalcolithic ceramic raw materials and production techniques have remained the same over time and whether the pottery is locally produced. Regarding the Lisbon region, 149 ceramic samples from four Chalcolithic settlements (Vila Nova de São Pedro, Penedo do Lexim, Espargueira and Baútas) were evaluated concerning textural, chemical and mineralogical compositions. Textural analysis was performed using optical microscopy, chemical characterization was achieved using micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and mineralogical characterization was undertaken using X-ray powder diffraction and petrographic microscopy as main techniques. Results suggest that production techniques may have remained similar throughout all the Chalcolithic period, with firing temperatures between 700 and 800 °C. Multivariate analysis of results from chemical and mineralogical analyses suggests that multiple sources of raw materials must have been used in the manufacture of the pottery collected at the four Chalcolithic settlements.

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Rosenberg, Danny, Eli Buchman, Sariel Shalev, and Shay Bar. "A Large Copper Artefacts Assemblage of Fazael, Jordan Valley." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 1, 2020): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.14.

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Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed in the southern Levant simultaneously with other crafts and new social institutions, reflecting advances in social organization, cults and technology. Until recently, copper items were mostly found in the Negev and Judean Desert, while other areas, specifically the Jordan Valley, were considered poor, with limited copper finds. Recent excavations at Late Chalcolithic Fazael in the Jordan Valley yielded dozens of copper items that allow for the first time a comprehensive study of copper items from this area. The assemblage is one of the largest of any site in the Late Chalcolithic period and includes most of the known components of the Late Chalcolithic copper industry. The current paper presents the new metallurgical discoveries from the Fazael Basin and discusses their significance to our understanding of the Late Chalcolithic copper industry.

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Nagar, Yossi, Ianir Milevski, Hagay Hamer, Oriya Amichay, Eitan Klein, Elisabetta Boaretto, Atalya Fadida, and Hila May. "Alone in a cave: Examination of a 5200 BCE skeleton from the Judean Desert, Israel." Bioarchaeology of the Near East 16 (May 1, 2023): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47888/bne-1602.

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The remains of a >50-years-old male, thus far representing the only complete skeleton dated to the Early Chalcolithic (Wadi Rabah) period in Israel, were recovered in a cave in the Judaean desert (Nahal Mishmar, F1-003). The old male suffered abscesses in the maxilla following tooth caries, and a well-healed trauma in the left tibial midshaft. Skull and mandibular morphology were described using plain measurements, indices and angles, and compared with similarly taken Chalcolithic data. In addition, mandibular morphology was captured using a landmark-based geometric morphometrics method and compared to Natufian hunter-gatherers, Pre-Pottery Neolithic early farmers, and Late Chalcolithic populations. The results, although cautionary, reveal similarity to the succeeding Ghassulian Chalcolithic period populations and suggest population continuity from the Early to the Late (Ghassulian) Chalcolithic period. Future ancient DNA study may clarify this hypothesis and further reveal population affinity in this period in Israel.

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Burton, Margie, and Thomas E. Levy. "The Chalcolithic Radiocarbon Record and Its Use in Southern Levantine Archaeology." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038510.

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Archaeological evidence suggests that the Chalcolithic period (5th–4th millennium BCE) in the southern Levant was a time of significant settlement expansion and increasing social complexity. Important technological and social developments during this era set the stage for the later rise of fortified sites and nascence of urbanization in the Early Bronze Age. Controversy surrounding the chronology of Chalcolithic settlement and the reconstruction of social trajectories has stimulated an interest in building a database of radiocarbon dates to measure the tempo of change and help resolve these issues. To facilitate social evolutionary research, this paper reviews and updates published 14C data for the southern Levantine Chalcolithic. The now-substantial database supports the generally accepted time frame for this archaeological period and allows synchronic comparisons across diverse geographic subregions in the southern Levant. In addition, it helps to temporally place the emergence of sophisticated technologies and the development of complex social institutions within the Chalcolithic period. However, radiometrically based attempts at pan-regional internal periodization of the Chalcolithic and fine-tuning of protohistoric events such as site establishment and abandonment are frustrated by the lack of precision in 14C dates, which limits their ability to resolve chronological sequence. Improved delineation of Chalcolithic social trajectories can be achieved most effectively by focussing research efforts on stratigraphic and typological investigations of deeply-stratified settlement sites such as Teleilat Ghassul and Shiqmim within their local contexts.

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Bourke, Stephen, Ugo Zoppi, John Meadows, Quan Hua, and Samantha Gibbins. "The End of the Chalcolithic Period in the South Jordan Valley: New 14C Determinations from Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220003962x.

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This article reports on 12 new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates from the latest phases of the Chalcolithic period occupation (late 5th millennium cal BC) at Teleilat Ghassul, type site for the south Levantine Ghassulian Chalcolithic culture. The new AMS dates from Teleilat Ghassul favor an amendment to a previous suggestion (Bourke et al. 2001), that all significant occupation at the site had ceased by 4000/3900 cal BC. This end-date should now be amended to 3900/3800 cal BC. Follow-up statistical modelling sourced to published 14C data drawn from a wide selection of south Levantine Chalcolithic period sites (Bourke 2001; Burton and Levy 2001) raises the possibility that Chalcolithic period occupation had ceased at virtually all major centers by 3800/3700 cal BC. This, in turn, suggests that the new data bearing on the end-date for occupation at Teleilat Ghassul may reflect a more widespread horizon of abandonment in the southern Levant.

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Squitieri, Andrea, Silvia Amicone, Ada Dinckal, Mark Altaweel, Shira Gur-Arieh, Jens Rohde, Jean-Jacques Herr, Sophie Pietsch, and Christopher Miller. "A Multi-Method Study of a Chalcolithic Kiln in the Bora Plain (Iraqi Kurdistan): The Evidence From Excavation, Micromorphological and Pyrotechnological Analyses." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 853–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0265.

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Abstract Pyrotechnology has always been a core topic in the archaeological debate concerning phases of deep cultural transformations, such as the Chalcolithic period in the Near East (c. 6000–3500 BC). However, previous studies on pyrotechnological installations, such as pottery kilns, pertaining to this period, have often been mainly descriptive, with a limited use of archaeometric investigations. This work presents a multi-method investigation of a Chalcolithic kiln recently discovered in the Bora Plain (part of the larger Peshdar Plain, in Iraqi Kurdistan), which combines stratigraphic analysis, pyrotechnological, micromorphological, and micro-remains analyses. Since this kiln represents the first Chalcolithic architectural feature excavated in the Bora Plain, this work offers precious insights into the pyrotechnology of the period, which is still relatively poorly understood, through the reconstruction of the kiln’s use and abandonment processes. The analytical outputs can be used to compare with other Near East kilns from the Chalcolithic and later periods.

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Nikolov, Vassil. "Spatial Structure and Chronological Development of the Prehistoric Salt-production Complex of Provadia-Solnitsata." Istoriya-History 29, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-3-1-salt.

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The prehistoric complex of Provadia-Solnitsata is located close to the modern-day town of Provadia in Northeastern Bulgaria. The remains represent the oldest salt-production site in Europe (5600 – 4350 BC) from which emerged the earliest prehistoric urban settlement on the continent (4700 – 4350 BC). The complex occupies an area of approximately 30 hectares. The emergence and development of the site were closely related to the largest and in fact the only rocksalt deposit in the Eastern Balkans, the so-called Mirovo salt deposit on which the settlement sits. Salt production on the site was based on the brine (thick saline water) that flowed out of this salt deposit. Brine boiling in ceramic pots at Provadia-Solnitsata is the earliest example on record in Europe for the use of this technology in salt production. It was practiced on this site for longer than one millennium. The heat needed for the process was generated in advance in a special installation or alternatively, was directly provided by an open fire, in both cases by burning firewood. At the end of the Chalcolithic, a change of technology had to be introduced – the water from the brine was then evaporated in a large ‘basin’ by using heat from solar radiation. The development of the five parts of the complex is presented: the tell with deposits from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic, a cemetery from the Early Bronze Age, a Thracian ‘ruler’s residence’ from the 2nd – 1st centuries BC and a very large tumulus on top; a salt-production center from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic together with ritual facilities from that time; a Late Neolithic pit sanctuary and a cemetery from the Middle Chalcolithic over it; a pit sanctuary from the Late Chalcolithic; a cemetery from the Late Chalcolithic.

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Fletcher, Alexandra. "The prehistoric ceramic assemblage from Horum Höyük." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008607.

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AbstractThe site of Horum Höyük is located on the Euphrates, near the modern town of Nizip. It was excavated in advance of the flooding caused by the Birecek dam. The prehistoric ceramic assemblage contains stylistic elements that relate to the Halaf, northern Ubaid and earliest Late Chalcolithic periods. Studies of the Late Chalcolithic in the region of the Syro-Turkish border have tended to take a Mesopotamia-centric focus, as characterised by the so-called Uruk Expansion. Recently, however, research has begun to examine Syro-Anatolia as a discrete entity. The precise chronology for the Late Chalcolithic period remains an issue of discussion. The main source of chronological evidence in the region is the pottery from the Amuq sequence, which exhibits a hiatus in the crucial Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic phases (E–F). Most of the prehistoric assemblage at Horum Höyük falls within this period and therefore has the potential to contribute to the debate. Three issues will therefore be addressed, namely, the chronological relationship between ceramic ware types, Horum Höyük's regional stylistic relations and the pottery assemblage's overall chronological position.

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VICAS, Astrid. "Mining Data on the Spread of Early Metallurgy: Revisiting the Carpathian Hypothesis with Ancient Genomes." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 26, no. 2 (2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2020-26-2-2.

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This study presents results relevant to understanding the spread of early metallurgy obtained by extracting patterns from a dataset of ancient genomes. It finds that, conservatively, the spread of metallurgy into Italy Remedello Chalcolithic culture can be linked to a probably Bulgaria Chalcolithic-shifted population represented by the genome of n individual associated with Bodrogkeresztúr pottery in Romania. Also conservatively, either a population related to this sample or to populations sampled from the Chalcolithic era Great Hungarian Plain can be associated with Italy North Bell Beakers and some Bell Beakers in France. Traces the samples examined have left give a sense of the geographical pread of the populations they represent. This paper illustrates the use of a data mining technique to support archaeological and humanistic inquiries on cultural development.

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Maltas, Tom, Vasif Şahoğlu, Hayat Erkanal†, and Rıza Tuncel. "Prehistoric Farming Settlements in Western Anatolia." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 34, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 252–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jma.21981.

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Recovery of archaeobotanical assemblages from Late Chalcolithic Bakla Tepe and Liman Tepe in western Anatolia has provided the opportunity for in-depth analysis of agricultural strategies and the organisation of farming-related activity at the two sites. We find that Late Chalcolithic farmers utilised five major crop taxa, potentially including two mixed crops. The two sites also provide the first evidence for Spanish vetchling and winged vetchling cultivation in prehistoric Anatolia and the earliest evidence for this practice to date anywhere. We suggest that the settlements were organised into small, co-residential households that processed and stored their own crops, but we also propose that potentially communal extra-household storage and high levels of social monitoring may attest to supra-household cooperation. The later agricultural history of the vetchling species and the prevalence of extra-household storage at sites in coastal western Anatolia and the eastern Aegean islands add to evidence for a cultural koine between these regions in the fourth and third millennia bc. We also suggest that the large size of extra-household storage structures and the narrow range of crops cultivated at some Late Chalcolithic sites are consistent with the emergence of more extensive farming systems than those of earlier periods. Evidence for the use of extensive agricultural production to amass arable wealth by the citadel elites of later Early Bronze Age western Anatolia suggests that the agro-ecological foundations for emergent wealth inequality within the region were laid during the Late Chalcolithic. Testing this hypothesis through direct evidence for the nature of Late Chalcolithic farming systems is a key aim of ongoing research.

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Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufacture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neolithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.

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Paul, Jarrad W., and Burçin Erdoğu. "An examination of the worked bone and antler assemblage at Uğurlu (Gökçeada, Turkey)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 368–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.44.23.

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Worked bone and antler tools were regularly used by prehistoric societies in northwest and western Anatolia to create and maintain everyday items. Uğurlu, one of the most important prehistoric sites in the north east Aegean, shows extensive evidence of bone and antler tool manufacture. This article examines the Uğurlu osseous assemblage from its inception during the Early Neolithic (6800 cal BC) to the middle Chalcolithic (4300 cal BC). A typology is established which labels the 534 items uncovered thus far, supported by contextual information. A comparison with other bone tool assemblages in the region is also presented, highlighting group similarities and type differences. The results show that few bone tools were found in the Early Neolithic Phase VI (6800– 6600 cal BC), while pointed tools dominate Phase V (6600–5900 cal BC). The established Neolithic Phase IV (5900–5600 cal BC) witnesses a dramatic growth in the number of bone tools produced, which is steadily adapted with the advent of the Chalcolithic Phase III (5500–4900 cal BC). During this transition between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, certain tool types decline in number and manufacturing style changes. In the middle Chalcolithic Phase II (4500–4300 cal BC), bone objects seem to be crudely made, possibly reflecting the emergence of local traditions.

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Kolesnik, Alexander, and Nikita Manko. "Vasilyevskaya Pustosh’ — the Specialized Settlement-workshop of the Chalcolithic in the North-Western Donbass." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp212137168.

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The article addresses the problem of flint production in the Donbass during the Chalcolithic and contains the publication of materials from the Vasilyevskaya Pustosh’ site. The peculiarities of the geological history of the Donbass have determined the abundance of geological sources of Upper Cretaceous flint here. In the Chalcolithic, the Donbass evolved as a large European center for the extraction and processing of flint raw materials. At the Vasilyevskaya Pustosh’ site, various tools with double-sided processing were produced — arrowheads, adzes, axes. At the site (point 3), a significant number of bifacial tools of settlements types were noted — end-scrapers, points, blades with retouch, etc. The site may belong to the type of settlements specialized in the production of flint implements. Such specialized settlements are known in the Tripolye culture and as well as in the Chalcolithic of Bulgaria.

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Pandey, Anjali. "COLOUR TRADITION & CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i3.2021.3817.

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Hindi: "भूतकाल का अध्ययन केवल वर्तमान के माध्यम से ही किया जा सकता है । बीते हुए समय के अध्ययन के लिए वर्तमान वस्तुओं तथा वर्तमान में विद्यमान संस्करणों को भूतकाल के अवशेषों के रूप में लेकर उनसे भूतकाल की घटनाओं के बारे में निष्कर्ष निकाला जाता है। वे तर्क जिनके आधार पर निष्कर्ष निकाले जाते हैं वे वर्तमान वस्तुओं घटनाओं तथा संबंधों के अवलोकन पर आधारित होते हैं"।1 English: The excavation work done in India gives information about the stages of ancient Indian culture and various cultural region and their important characteristics. The materials and pottery found from the excavation of chalcolithic sites in Madhya Pradesh are the direct evidences of tradition of pottery paintings . In Madhya Pradesh the cultural range from the Chalcolithic (Tamrashmiya) period to the early medieval period can be traced to the sites of Kayatha, Ujjain, Nagda, Vidisha, Maheshwar-Nawadatoli, Arawa, etc..The erstwhile pottery here provides a perfect example of the amalgamation of different cultures. The Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh has its own style of personal character tradition, this tradition has been more advanced and elaborate than other eligible traditions.

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Vagnetti, Lucia. "Stone Sculpture in Chalcolithic Cyprus." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282-283 (May 1991): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357267.

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Mellink, Machteld J. "Anatolian Contacts with Chalcolithic Cyprus." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282-283 (May 1991): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357270.

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Garfinkel, Yosef. "Ghassulian Chalcolithic Presence at Jericho." Levant 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/007589199790217187.

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Shinde, Vasant. "Craft specialization and social organization in the Chalcolithic Deccan, India." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080522.

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The Deccan Chalcolithic and its sitesSystematic archaeological research began in the Deccan after 1950 when a Chalcolithic settlement was discovered at Jorwe near Sangamner in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra state. The Deccan, which includes the present states of Maharashtra, (except for the western coast and some parts of Vidarbha in the east) and northern Karnataka, falls in a semi-arid zone with a precipitation ranging between 400 and 900 mm. There are three major river valleys in the Deccan, the Tapi in the north, the Godavari in the centre and the Bhima in the south. Microecological variations in each valley have considerably affected the settlement patterns of the early farmers. Altogether 150 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered in this part of India. The Tapi valley in the north, considered to be one of the most fertile tracts in the country and well watered by the Tapi and several of its perennial tributaries, was extensively occupied, for over 100 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered there (Shinde in press). It was also observed that there was a general tendency to locate a settlement away from the main river because of the danger posed by the severe monsoon floodings. Most of the settlements were located along the banks of its tributaries, which are safe. In the Godavari and Bhima basins, on the other hand, because of the inadequate perennial water supply and limited availability of fertile soil, there were sporadic settlements (Shinde 1989) (FIGURE1 ). On the basis of environmental studies, surface finds, site location, the extent and thickness of habitation deposits, the Chalcolithic sites in the Deccan have been divided into different categories such as a regional centre, a farming village, a farmstead, a herding unit, and a camp to exploit localized resources (Shinde in press).

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Segal, Dror, Israel Carmi, Zvi Gal, Howard Smithline, and Dina Shalem. "Dating a Chalcolithic Burial Cave in Peqi'in, Upper Galilee, Israel." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018658.

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In May 1995 an impressive karstic cave possessing dozens of burials dating to the main phase of the Chalcolithic Period (ca. 4500–3500 bce) was discovered in Peqi'in in the high hills of Galilee in northern Israel. It was subsequently excavated over the course of the following months. The large amount of unique ceramic ossuaries and the variety of burial offerings shed light, for the first time, on this critical societal development period in a region where its remains have rarely been found. Although the major significance of the cave is as a mortuary center, it was also utilized in a domestic capacity some centuries previously, during the generally less familiar Early Chalcolithic Period. We present here the dating of 22 14C samples collected from these separate phases of cave use. Their interpretation should aid in understanding of the absolute dating of the Chalcolithic Period and its relation to the period preceding its inception.

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Irena, Kalantaryan, and Ghanem Ghanem. "Preliminary results of the Getahovit-2 Cave excavations in 2018." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v13i2.958.

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Except for the newly discovered archaeological sites that can be determined as classical models (keys), additional, deeper, information and examination in the study of the Chalcolithic period of Armenia can be found in the caves, rock shelters and open-air camps. In that list, Getahovit-2 cave has its own niche, in terms of the environmental context and its being very well stratified and dated due to systematic excavations. Moreover, the cave is the perfect example of a place that was used by pastoralist groups as a sheep and goat keeping place during the Chalcolithic period in the region and the first, where the phenomenon has been fixed and studies as well. The cave is located in the valley (N 40°54’38.5’’, E 045°05’59.7’’) formed by the Khachaghbyur River (the tributary of Aghstev River) at an elevation of c. 968 m.a.s.l., between the modern villages of Yenokavan and Getahovit (Tavush region). It consists of two halls: the first, opening to the south, covering an area of 64 m2, and the second accessed through a narrow passageway. The excavations, conducted by the Armenian-French joint project, began there in 2011 and continued until 2017. The results yielded cultural deposits nearly 2 m deep, with Medieval horizons, overlaying the Chalcolithic period. Finally, the Upper Palaeolithic horizon has been fixed by deep test sounding. With its radiocarbon dates, the Chalcolithic period attested from Getahovit-2 cave is placed very well in the middle sequence of the chronological chart based on radiometric dating. Additionally, one result showed very early Chalcolithic period presence (5289-4995 cal BC), which is extremely interesting. This contribution presents the preliminary results of the 2018 excavations undertaken by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, with the financial support of the Ijevan Wine-Brandy Factory. Although only the preliminary results will be presented, some important particularities will be stressed in terms of the typological and technological differences of the pottery in comparison with the previous collections found in the cave. The discussion will concern the general situation and description of the newly excavated Chalcolithic layers after they were covered by mud streams mixed with small stones flowing into the hall. Some questions of stratigraphy will be presented which could be correlated with previous seasons’ excavations.

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Boyadzhiev, Yavor, Kamen Boyadzhiev, Lennart Brandtstätter, and Raiko Krauß. "Chronological Modelling of the Chalcolithic Settlement Layers at Tell Yunatsite, Southern Bulgaria." Documenta Praehistorica 48 (June 1, 2021): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.48.5.

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This article publishes a new series of radiocarbon dates from Tell Yunatsite, Southern Bulgaria. Context-based excavations undertaken over a large surface area, as well as a small test trench, provided a long stratigraphic sequence (11 ‘building levels’) covering a large part of the Chalcolithic period in Thrace (5th millennium BCE). Bayesian statistics and Gaussian Monte Carlo Wiggle Matching were employed to achieve a fine chronology for the multilayered tell. Implications and problems on the application of the calibration curve for the Late and Final Chalcolithic in Bulgaria are also discussed.

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Bourke, Stephen, Ewan Lawson, Jaimie Lovell, Quan Hua, Ugo Zoppi, and Michael Barbetti. "The Chronology of the Ghassulian Chalcolithic Period in the Southern Levant: New14C Determinations from Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038509.

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This article reports on ten new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates from the Chalcolithic period (fifth millennium BC) archaeological type-site of Teleilat Ghassul in Jordan. Early radiocarbon assays from the site proved difficult to integrate with current relative chronological formulations. The ten new AMS dates and follow-up enquiries connected with the early assays suggest that the original dates were up to 500 years too early. A necessary reformulation of regional relative chronologies now views the Ghassul sequence falling between Late Neolithic Jericho and the Beersheban Chalcolithic.

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Lychagina, Evgeniya Leonidovna, and Aleksey Nikolaevich Sarapulov. "Fisheries on Chashkino micro-region archaeological sites." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874204.

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Chashkinskoye Lake is the Kama river palaeochannel. More than 20 archaeological sites are known on its eastern shore. They refer to the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Middle Ages. We divided all the tools that could be used for fishing in the Stone Age, into the tools directly and indirectly indicative of the development of fishing. We refer to the direct signs - the finds of sinkers and ice-splitting tools. We believe that the indirect signs include finds of axes, adzes and chisels that could be used to make boats. To this group we also include liners of composite throwing tools that could be used as harpoon blades. Mesolithic sites with tools associated with fishing were not found. On Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites large sinkers, chisels, adzes were found. This indicates that during the Neolithic-Chalcolithic period, fishing began to play an increasingly important role in the economic structure of the Chashkino micro-region population. In Middle Age settlements fishhooks, leisters, sinkers were found. The main forms of fishing were the spicy fishing, the setting up of nets and individual fishing with fishing rods.

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Sharp, Melissa, and Kyra Kaercher. "CHALCOLITHIC CERAMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN, c.5900–5100 b.c.e." Iraq 80 (October 4, 2018): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2018.3.

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The Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia and Iran (c.6000–4000 b.c.e.) is characterised by larger cities replacing small farming settlements, technological developments including wheel thrown pottery and copper metal working, and people establishing long distance trade networks. The Halaf horizon (5900–5100 b.c.e.) developed out of the local late pottery Neolithic tradition and is found throughout western Syria, southern Turkey, and northern and central Iraq. This archaeological culture is defined by a finely painted pottery, dryland farming, round and rectangular houses, and the use of stamp seals. A comparable ceramic horizon, the J-ware horizon (5200–4700 b.c.e.) arose in the Mahidasht and Kermanshah valleys of Iran. The J-ware ceramics are finely painted, possibly deriving from the Halaf tradition, but also slipped and burnished. The Rowanduz Archaeological Program's (RAP) excavations elucidate links between northern Iraq and northern Iran from the Chalcolithic to the modern period. This paper explores the relationship between the Halaf and J-ware traditions at Banahilk, recently re-excavated by RAP, and the larger contacts during the Chalcolithic.

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Karmanov, Viktor N. "THE GARINO TRADITION OF BIFACIAL FLINT KNAPPING AND THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR ITS ORIGINS." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 4 (October 1, 2023): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869606323030121.

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The paper focuses on the results of studying of the bifacial flint knapping by the bearers of the Garinskaya culture (Chalcolithic, east of the Russian Plain and the Ural region). Based on the analysis of processing traces on the artefacts of certain target forms, the specifics of their production and workshop organization were identified. Bifacial knapping during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of the Russian Plain has not been studied properly. This can be explained by a number of problems: absence or insufficient number of homogeneous complexes, deficiency of technological contexts, outdated insight into the problem of bifacial treatment, misunderstanding of the nature of archaeological sources and their information potential. Due to lack of knowledge of the phenomenon and absence of provable data the sources of the tradition under study cannot be clearly defined. They are either lost in context of different periods or have not been identified by researchers. Probably, the emergence and evolution of the intensive production of flint arrowheads is connected with prestigious economy and an increase in artefact exchange in the Chalcolithic.

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Khak, Parastoo Masjedi, Hassan Kohansal Kouhpar, and Mostafa Khazaie Kouhpar. "The Archaeo-Mineralogy of Tapeh Kelar’s potsherds dated to the Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, and Middle Bronze Ages." Cercetări Arheologice 30, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46535/ca.30.1.01.

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Potsherds are very important for the archaeological research because they may date a site, reveal clues about art, technology, and subsistence of people. Potteries show the relationships and exchanges between people from different regions. The Kelar Hill (from now on Tapeh Kelar), Kelardasht region, is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the west of Mazandaran, in north-western Iran. Tapeh Kelar contains cultural materials from the Late Chalcolithic in the fourth millennium BC up to the Islamic Age. The Kura-Araxes context is one of the most significant discoveries of this area. Because Kura-Araxes culture originated far from Tapeh Kelar (in the Southern Caucasus), the primary concern of the present study focused on the structure of the potteries of the site in transitional phase from the Late Chalcolithic to Kura-Araxes and on finding the changes or differences. The study also tries to find the answer to the question whether the Kura-Araxes pots emerged due to exotic agents or not. Twenty five pieces of potsherds from the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age periods were studied by petrographic method to compare the mineralogical texture of the Late Chalcolithic and the Middle Bronze Age potsherds with those of Kura-Araxes. Studies show that the pots of Kura-Araxes at this site are local products despite some changes in their texture due to source change; therefore, the idea that Kura-Araxes tradition potteries were first brought by way of exchange or trade and then copied by local potters is negated.

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McClure, Sarah B., Oreto García Puchol, and Brendan J. Culleton. "Ams Dating of Human Bone from Cova De La Pastora: New Evidence of Ritual Continuity in the Prehistory of Eastern Spain." Radiocarbon 52, no. 1 (2010): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045008.

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We present the results of 10 AMS radiocarbon dates for Cova de la Pastora (Alcoi, Alicante), a burial cave attributed to the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic in eastern Spain. The direct dating of 10 human mandibles from Cova de la Pastora indicates that the cave was used as a burial place from the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age. These dates reveal a continuity of ritual use not previously identified at the site. This case also serves to highlight the utility of revisiting historic excavations and museum collections with modern techniques to shed new light on the prehistoric human record.

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KONTANI, Ryoichi. "Arslantepe in the Late Chalcolithic Period." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 42, no. 1 (1999): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.42.121.

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SUDO, Hiroshi. "Chalcolithic Fiber Exploitation in Western Asia." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 47, no. 1 (2004): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.47.1.

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Croft, Paul. "Man and Beast in Chalcolithic Cyprus." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282-283 (May 1991): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357262.

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Goren, Yuval, and Claire Epstein. "The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan." American Journal of Archaeology 104, no. 3 (July 2000): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507237.

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KULIYEVA, ZEYNEP, and VELI BAHSELIYEV. "CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD CULTURE OF NAKHCHIVAN (AZERBAIJAN)." TÜRKİYE BİLİMLER AKADEMİSİ ARKEOLOJİ DERGİSİ 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.2018.23.002.

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Langgut, Dafna, Naama Yahalom-Mack, Simcha Lev-Yadun, Eitan Kremer, Micka Ullman, and Uri Davidovich. "On Chalcolithic maceheads and spinning implements." Antiquity 91, no. 357 (June 2017): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.72.

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We are grateful to Ben-Yosefet al. (above) for their thorough critical evaluation of our recent paper. We identified a group of modified wooden shafts originating in two large complex caves with Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) burials in the Negev Desert (Israel) as the earliest Levantine wooden spinning implements (Langgutet al. 2016). Their detailed assessment culminated in the alternative hypothesis that the wooden objects functioned as sticks that carried metal maceheads during rituals. This raises several issues that merit serious consideration. Our response to Ben-Yosefet al.'s suggestions is divided into two sections, each concentrating on one of the two main technologies under discussion: spinning and metallurgy.

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Schuhmacher, Thomas X., João Luís Cardoso, and Arun Banerjee. "Sourcing African ivory in Chalcolithic Portugal." Antiquity 83, no. 322 (December 1, 2009): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099294.

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A recent review of all ivory from excavations in Chalcolithic and Beaker period Iberia shows a marked coastal distribution – which strongly suggests that the material is being brought in by sea. Using microscopy and spectroscopy, the authors were able to distinguish ivories from extinct Pleistocene elephants, Asian elephants and, mostly, from African elephants of the savannah type. This all speaks of a lively ocean trade in the first half of the third millennium BC, between the Iberian Peninsula and the north-west of Africa and perhaps deeper still into the continent.

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Gilead, Isaac. "The chalcolithic period in the Levant." Journal of World Prehistory 2, no. 4 (December 1988): 397–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00976197.

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Restelli, Francesca Balossi. "The local Late Chalcolithic (LC3) occupation at Zeytinli Bahçe (Birecik, Şanli-Urfa): the ceramic production." Anatolian Studies 56 (December 2006): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000739.

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AbstractExcavations and ceramic finds of the Late Chalcolithic 3 (3,700–3,500 BC) from the site of Zeytinli Bahçe, on the Turkish Euphrates, are published and discussed, with particular attention to modes of manufacture in the phase which immediately precedes the introduction of the fast wheel and mass production (middle and late Uruk). In this period, alternative modes of manufacture (coil, mould, wheel) are probable indices of experimentations in response to ever increasing economic and social needs. Ceramic classes and types are also analysed with the aim of understanding inter-regional relations in the period preceding the arrival of Uruk influence. Together with Hacınebi, Zeytinli Bahçe provides important data on Late Chalcolithic developments in the Turkish Euphrates region south of the Taurus. These help distinguish single cultural horizons, but also identify large networks of communication right down to the Iraqi Tigris. Relations of the middle Euphrates area appear to be biased eastwards, towards the Khabur river, whilst direct contacts with the regions north of the Taurus seem absent. However, indirect chronological correlations are made possible by an overview of the general distribution of ceramic typologies in the whole upper Mesopotamia and Taurus regions during the Late Chalcolithic period.

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Heil, Nikolas, Andreas Hauptmann, Gian Maria Di Nocera, and Thomas Stöllner. "The Dawn of Metallurgy at Chalcolithic Arslantepe: Metal Finds and Other Metallurgical Remains from Level VII." METALLA 26, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i2.87-112.

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This paper deals with archaeometallurgical remains from period VII (Late Chalcolithic 3-4, 3900-3400 BC) of the settlement of Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey). It aims at compiling early metallurgy (metallurgical artefacts, slags) by means of interdisciplinary scientific analysis. In contrast to later periods, the metallurgy of the Late Chalcolithic has as yet only been investigated to a limited degree. Trace elements and lead isotope analysis of metal artefacts and slags allowed for a reconstruction of provenances of raw materials in order to deal with trade networks. Lead and copper slags were analysed for texture and phase content to reconstruct metallurgical operations. Late Chalcolithic activities from Arslantepe level VII are compared with the metallurgy of the previous level, VIII, as well as of later periods (levels VI A, VI B). Various metal groups could be identified at Arslantepe VII, most notably copper, arsenic copper and arsenic-nickel copper. The slag samples show the smelting and processing of copper and lead within the settlement, while the lead slags may also indicate the extraction of silver. The differing compositions indicate the use of differentraw material sources, which is also supported by the lead isotope analysis data.

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Yener, K. Aslihan. "Bulgarmaden: Thoughts about iron, Bolkardağ and the Taurus mountains." Iraq 72 (2010): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000644.

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It has long been suspected that the use of iron predated the so-called meteoric and smelted iron of the later stages of prehistory. Certainly small objects of iron such as awls and pins are found from the Chalcolithic period onwards and the rightly famous iron swords from Alaca Höyük demonstrate skills in making larger weapons in the Early Bronze Age. I document the use of iron ore for hammers and maces at Early Bronze Age sites in the Taurus Mountains and early Chalcolithic Tell Kurdu in the Amuq valley. This intensive understanding of materials and their properties led, millennia later, to the ability to smelt terrestrial iron.

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Dönmez, Şevket. "An Overview of the 2nd Millennium BC and Iron Age Cultures of the Province of Sinop in Light of New Research." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 153–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560354.

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Abstract Archaeological research conducted to date has shown that the earliest settlements in the province of Sinop date to the Late Chalcolithic period. However, despite these Late Chalcolithic period cultural strata, identified during the Kocagöz Höyük and Boyabat-Kovuklukaya excavations, the stone bracelet fragments from Maltepe Höyüğü and potsherds supposedly from Kıran Höyük and Kabalı Höyük (but hitherto unpublished) indicate that the settlement process of the region may have started in the Early Chalcolithic or even Late Neolithic period. In the Early Bronze Age, following the Late Chalcolithic period, the number of settlements increased in parallel with the population. A number of settlements identified during the excavations at Kocagöz Höyük and Kovuklukaya, as well as during surveys, indicate that the Early Bronze Age was a very active period in the province of Sinop. Finds from the ensuing Middle Bronze Age, pointing to the fact that the Sinop area was one of the northern extremities of the commercial network of the Assyrian Trade Colonies period, centered at Kültepe/Kaneš, have come to light from the Gerze-Hıdırlı cemetery and its settlement at Keçi Türbesi Höyüğü. As is the case with the neighboring province of Samsun, it is understood that the province of Sinop probably did not host any settlements in the late phases of the Middle Bronze Age. All along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia no centre or even find dating to the Early Iron Age (1190-900 BC) has been identified to date. However, settlements become more frequent in the inland part of the central Black Sea region during the Middle Iron Age (900-650/600 BC), and by the Late Iron Age (650/600-330 BC) they are seen both inland and along the coastline. Evidence to confirm this pattern has been obtained from the city centre of Sinop and Kovuklukaya.

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Lorentz, Kirsi O. "Bodies Transformed: Negotiations of Identity in Chalcolithic Cyprus." European Journal of Archaeology 17, no. 2 (2014): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000056.

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This paper focuses on how the human body, and the dead body in particular, was used to create social categories and identities in prehistoric Cyprus. Specifically, it explores how a particular condition, such as death, was integrated into social processes, and how the treatment of dead bodies both created and reinforced social categories and identities. The material the paper focuses on is the mortuary evidence from Chalcolithic Cyprus (3800–2300 BC). In particular, it argues that the extensive, intentional manipulation of dead bodies and human remains visible in Cypriot Chalcolithic cemeteries was aimed at integrating the individual to communal, collective wholes on the occasion of death and during the time period that followed.

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Steadman, Sharon R., Jennifer C. Ross, Gregory McMahon, and Ronald L. Gorny. "Excavations on the north-central plateau: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age occupation at Çadır Höyük." Anatolian Studies 58 (December 2008): 47–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008668.

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AbstractThe last decade of excavations at Çadır Höyük, in the north-central region of the Anatolian plateau, has revealed a well-established Late Chalcolithic community with continuous occupation into the Early Bronze I period (mid fourth to early third millennium BC). While the Late Chalcolithic town was prosperous, with well-made houses and objects, and even monumental construction, the stability of the settlement had slipped by the Early Bronze I phase. We summarise here the results from ten seasons of work at the site and profile how the findings contribute to our understanding of Çadır's role in a larger regional context. We also offer possible explanations for the changing nature of the Çadır occupation during the periods detailed here.

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Aardsma, Gerald E. "New Radiocarbon Dates for the Reed Mat from the Cave of the Treasure, Israel." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038522.

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Modern radiocarbon dates were procured for the Cave of the Treasure, Israel reed mat at the University of Arizona accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratory in late 1999 and early 2000. Three samples from various locations on the mat were dated. One of these samples was dated twice, and another was dated three times, yielding a total of six new radiocarbon dates on the mat. The new 14C dates overturn expectations of a late Chalcolithic, roughly 3500 BC, date for the origin of the mat. It is suggested that the mat may not have been of common use but may rather have been a religious heirloom with a history stretching back into the early Chalcolithic.

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BĂJENARU, Radu. "The early metal daggers in the Carpathian-Danubian area: contexts, significance, and functionality." Supplement 27, no. 3 (2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2021-27-3-3.

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The author discusses the problem of prehistoric metal daggers discovered in the Carpathian-Danubian area. Particular attention is paid to the contexts from which these daggers come, observing a certain differentiation during the Chalcolithic, Bronze and early Iron Age. Thus, in the Chalcolithic, early and middle Bronze Age, most daggers come from settlements and graves, a very small number being found in hoards and single depositions. On the contrary, in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age, the ratio changes significantly, with most daggers being found in hoards and single finds. It is very likely that this differentiation will also reflect changes in the meaning and functionality of daggers within those prehistoric societies.

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Bouby, Laurent. "Two early finds of gold-of-pleasure (Camelina sp.) in middle Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites in western France." Antiquity 72, no. 276 (June 1998): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008666x.

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Bottaini, Carlo, Ignacio Montero-Ruiz, Susana Lopes, Lídia Baptista, Sérgio Gomes, and Nelson Vale. "The metal artefacts from the prehistoric walled enclosure of Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão within the early metallurgy of north-west of Iberian Peninsula." digitAR - Revista Digital de Arqueologia, Arquitectura e Artes, EX1 (July 2, 2019): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-844x_ex1_10.

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This paper deals with the preliminary results of the typological and analytical study of a collection of copper-based objects found at the site of Castelo Velho (Freixo de Numão). This collection is associated to different contexts from the 3rd millennium BC (Chalcolithic). The analyses, performed by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), show that the metals were produced with almost pure copper and arsenical copper (> 2% As). Impurities, such as As (<2%), Fe, Bi, Ag, Sn, Sb and Ni, were also identified, likely due to their presence in the ores used for the production of the objects. The data suggest that the metals from Castelo Velho may be framed within the metallurgical production already known for the Chalcolithic of the North-Western Iberian Peninsula.

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Rofes, Juan, Amaia Ordiales, Eneko Iriarte, Gloria Cuenca-Bescós, María Ángeles Galindo-Pellicena, Amalia Pérez-Romero, José Miguel Carretero, and Juan Luis Arsuaga. "Human Activities, Biostratigraphy and Past Environment Revealed by Small-Mammal Associations at the Chalcolithic Levels of El Portalón de Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca, Spain)." Quaternary 4, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4020016.

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The Chalcolithic levels of El Portalón de Cueva Mayor (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) offer a good opportunity to test whether the small-mammal contents of different archaeo-stratigraphical units may be useful to characterize them as independent entities. With that purpose, we studied representative samples of small-mammal remains from the two main contexts identified: the Early Chalcolithic (EC) funerary context and the Late Chalcolithic (LC) habitat/stabling context, with the latter comprising three different archaeological units according to their origin, namely prepared floors, activity floors and stabling surfaces or fumiers. Following the distribution of taxa in their respective contexts, we performed several statistical tests to check for significant discrepancies between archaeological units. The exclusive presence of certain taxa, together with the statistical difference in relative taxonomic ratios, points to the integrity and unpolluted condition of the EC context. The interspersed arrangement of the different LC context’s units made them prone to inter-pollution as they are not statistically different. The unexpected presence of Pliomys lenki and Chionomys nivalis in the prepared floors evidences their Upper Pleistocene allochthonous origin. The EC levels of El Portalón contribute the first Holocene records of nine taxa in the Sierra de Atapuerca. An environment dominated by woodland, shrubland and wet meadows, with moderate presence of grassland, inland wetlands and rocky areas, is inferred from the small-mammal association of the EC levels.

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Gilead, Isaac. "A New Look at Chalcolithic Beer-Sheba." Biblical Archaeologist 50, no. 2 (June 1987): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210093.

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Gale, Noël H. "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282-283 (May 1991): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357261.

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Bolger, Diane L. "The Evolution of the Chalcolithic Painted Style." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 282-283 (May 1991): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357263.

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Scham, Sandra, and Yosef Garfinkel. "Perforated Rods: A New Chalcolithic Ivory Type." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 319 (August 2000): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357557.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chalcolithic'

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