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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Challenge appraisals

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Academic literature on the topic 'Challenge appraisals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Challenge appraisals"

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Cumming, Samuel J. D., Martin J. Turner, and Marc Jones. "Longitudinal Changes in Elite Rowers’ Challenge and Threat Appraisals of Pressure Situations: A Season-Long Observational Study." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0087.

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Challenge cognitive appraisals are associated with superior performance compared with threat (Jones, Meijen, McCarthy, & Sheffield, 2009). However, research has not examined longitudinal temporal patterns of challenge and threat appraisals. In this study, 14 (five female) elite rowers (Mage = 25.79 years, SD = 2.67) provided self-reported appraisals data at four time points (baseline; before national trials; before the second world rowing cup regatta; and before the world rowing championships). The rowers’ predisposed appraisal style predicted subsequent appraisals. Challenge and self-efficacy increased while loss and avoidance appraisals decreased over time. The rowers were highly predisposed to challenge, becoming more challenged through events of increasing magnitude. This suggests that athletes’ predisposed appraisal style can predict their approach to competition. Future studies could identify protocols for encouraging challenge states in athletes, observe the physiological indicators of challenge and threat longitudinally, and consider the interaction between challenge and threat appraisals.

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Gerich, Joachim, and Christoph Weber. "The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9.

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Abstract Within an extended challenge–hindrance framework, it is assumed that job demands are subjectively appraised both as challenges (that is, as working conditions that are associated with potential personal gains) and hindrances (as working conditions associated with constrains) at the same time. In accordance with transactional stress theory, the association between demand intensity and work-related attitudes (work satisfaction) and psychological strain (burnout) is expected to be mediated by individual appraisal. Moreover, because curvilinear relationships between demand and challenge and hindrance appraisals are assumed, and appraisal is expected to be moderated by job control and social support, we tested complex nonlinear moderated mediation models for four types of job demands (task difficulty, time pressure, interruptions, and responsibility). Based on cross-sectional data of a heterogeneous sample of employees, we confirmed simultaneous challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge components are positively associated and hindrance components are negatively associated with favorable outcomes (higher work satisfaction and lower burnout). Challenge appraisals are found to be more relevant for work satisfaction, while hindrance appraisals are more relevant for burnout. The relationship between demand intensity and challenge appraisal is confirmed as curvilinear, whereas hindrance appraisals are approximately linearly related to demand intensity. The relationship between demand intensity and outcome variables is partly mediated by challenge and hindrance appraisal, and significant interaction effects suggest that the appraisal process is moderated by job control and social support.

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Sillars, Angela A., and Elizabeth L. Davis. "Children’s challenge and threat appraisals vary by discrete emotion, age, and gender." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 5 (November 7, 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417739178.

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Three decades of research have examined children’s challenge and threat appraisals, yet unresolved issues remain. This study provides new insight about three central, open questions in this field: How do challenge and threat appraisals relate to events eliciting discrete negative emotions? How do challenge appraisals develop across childhood, and are there gender differences across development? In this cross-sectional study, 172 children (three age groups: 3–5 years, 6–8 years, and 9–11 years) and 89 young adults (ages 17–26) described sad, scary, and anger-provoking autobiographical experiences and were asked whether the event was something they could handle (a challenge appraisal) or whether it was just too much (a threat appraisal). Challenge appraisals were associated with anger-eliciting events more often than with sad or scary events. In line with predictions, challenge appraisals steadily increased across age groups. In early childhood, girls made more challenge appraisals than boys, but young adult men made more challenge appraisals than young adult women. Findings highlight the importance of understanding the developmental progression of appraising difficult events and experiences as a challenge rather than a threat, and provide new information about the etiology of adaptive appraisal processes in early life.

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Berjot, S., C. Roland-Levy, and N. Girault-Lidvan. "Cognitive Appraisals of Stereotype Threat." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (April 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.07.21.pr0.108.2.585-598.

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Using the cognitive appraisal conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress, the goal was to assess how victims of stereotype threat respond to this situation in terms of primary appraisals (threat/challenge) and to investigate whether those appraisals may mediate the relation between stereotype threat and performance. Results show that, while participants from North Africa living in France did appraise the situation more as a threat and less as a challenge, only challenge appraisal mediated between stereotype threat and performance.

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Khurshid, Anwar, Abdul Karim Khan, and Sara Alvi. "Performance Appraisal Challenge at Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 14, no. 2 (September 2017): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820117712304.

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The case discusses the multitude of challenges that CAA faces with respect to its performance appraisal system. Sumair Saeed, Chief Human Resource CAA, feels that problems lie in the implementation of the current appraisal system. Firstly, the system of targets and objectives between and the appraiser and the appraisee at the start of the year is not being followed. This leads employees to feel unfairly treated because no criteria for performance appraisal for their evaluation have been agreed upon. Secondly, Sumair feels there is no buy-in for the performance appraisal system since supervisors regard appraisal as extra workload and an uneasy time of the year. Supervisors consider it to be a confrontational rather than developmental/feedback exercise with the subordinate. Moreover, supervisors lack training in providing feedback on appraisals. It is felt that the culture of the organisation develops hostility and distrust when the appraisals are being conducted. The appraisal system doesn’t differentiate between performers or non-performers; thus decisions on promotions or career progressions can’t be based on appraisals. The problem of demotivation among employees is also a result of an ineffective performance appraisal system, as no differentiation exists between star performers and non-performers. Sumair is now contemplating the changes in the design or the implementation of the performance appraisal system which are required to rectify the process of performance appraisal at CAA.

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Meredith, Pamela J., Jenny Strong, and Judith A. Feeney. "Evidence of a Relationship between Adult Attachment Variables and Appraisals of Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 4 (2005): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/745650.

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OBJECTIVE: Although threat and challenge appraisals of pain have been linked to both the acute and laboratory-induced pain experience, these appraisals have not yet been explored in relation to chronic pain. In addition, although attachment theory has been separately linked to the chronic pain experience and to responses to perceived threat, it has not been explored in the context of threat and challenge appraisals of chronic pain. The present paper addresses these two main goals.METHODS: A sample of 141 participants reporting noncancer pain longer than two months in duration completed a battery of assessments before commencing treatment in one of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.RESULTS: Analysis of the pain appraisal inventory produced two factors (threat and challenge), replicating earlier findings. Reliability coefficients for the two extracted scales were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Links between the two pain appraisal scales and adult attachment variables proved to be significant. In particular, comfort with closeness was strongly related to challenge appraisal, while anxiety over relationships was strongly associated with threat appraisal. As expected, both appraisals and attachment variables were also related to catastrophizing and emotional distress.CONCLUSIONS: Results support use of the pain appraisal inventory as an evaluation tool for those with chronic pain. Findings further suggest a substantial association between adult attachment and pain appraisal, supporting the need for more in-depth analysis and consideration of implications for treatment.

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Szymona-Pałkowska, Katarzyna, Konrad Janowski, Agnieszka Pedrycz, Dariusz Mucha, Tadeusz Ambroży, Piotr Siermontowski, Jolanta Adamczuk, Marta Sapalska, Dawid Mucha, and Janusz Kraczkowski. "Knowledge of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisals in Women with Urinary Incontinence." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3694792.

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Social support and knowledge of the disease have been shown to facilitate adaptation to a chronic disease. However, the adaptation process is not fully understood. We hypothesized that these factors can contribute to better adaptation to the disease through their impact on disease-related cognitive appraisal. To analyze the links between social support and the knowledge of the disease, on one hand, and disease-related appraisals, on the other hand, one hundred fifty-eight women with stress UI, aged 32 to 79, took part in the study. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of UI, social support, and disease-related appraisals were used in the study. The level of knowledge correlated significantly negatively with the appraisal of the disease as Harm. The global level of social support correlated significantly positively with three disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, and Value. Four subgroups of patients with different constellations of social support and knowledge of the disease were identified in cluster analysis and were demonstrated to differ significantly on four disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, Harm, and Value. Different cognitive appraisals of UI may be specifically related to social support and knowledge of the disease, with social support affective positive disease-related appraisals, and the knowledge affecting the appraisal of Harm.

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Zhu, Fei, Katrin Burmeister-Lamp, and Dan Kai Hsu. "To leave or not? The impact of family support and cognitive appraisals on venture exit intention." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 566–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-04-2016-0110.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how family support affects challenge and hindrance appraisals, which in turn, influence entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention drawing on the challenge-hindrance job stressor model, family support, and the venture exit literature. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study (Study 1) was conducted to establish the relationships among family support, challenge and hindrance appraisals, and entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention. Two survey studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to extend the external validity of findings in Study 1 and to examine whether the theoretical framework holds in both the US and Chinese contexts. Findings All three studies demonstrate that family support decreases entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention by reducing hindrance appraisal. Study 3 also shows the mediating role of challenge appraisal in the family support – venture exit intention relationship. Originality/value This research contributes to the family embeddedness perspective not only by showing its relevance to the venture exit context but also by validating the relationship of family support with cognitive appraisals and venture exit intention in two cultural contexts. It also contributes to venture exit research by highlighting the unique role of cognitive appraisals in the formation of entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention.

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Mockałło, Zofia, and Maria Widerszal-Bazyl. "Role of job and personal resources in the appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0248148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248148.

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Previous research has shown that challenge and hindrance job demands show different effects on employees’ wellbeing and performance. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that employees’ subjective appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances may vary: they can be appraised as challenges or hindrances or both. Subjective appraisal of job demands was found to be also related to employees’ wellbeing and productivity. However, little is known about predictors of the appraisals of job demands made by employees. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of such appraisals among job and individual resources. Cross-sectional research was carried out among 426 IT, healthcare and public transport employees. COPSOQ II scales were used to measure job demands (emotional, quantitative, cognitive demands, work pace and role conflicts) and job resources (influence at work, possibilities for development, vertical and horizontal trust), single questions were used to measure employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands as hindrances and challenges, and PCQ was used to measure psychological capital. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that only horizontal trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as challenges, and vertical trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as hindrances among four analysed job resources. Individual resource–psychological capital–predicted only the appraisal of job demands as challenges. Control variables–occupation, age and job demands also played a significant role in predicting the appraisal of job demands. Implications and future directions are discussed.

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Osborne, Margaret S., and Gary E. McPherson. "Precompetitive appraisal, performance anxiety and confidence in conservatorium musicians: A case for coping." Psychology of Music 47, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755000.

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The way musicians appraise their abilities to succeed in a forthcoming evaluative performance impacts on the range of emotions they will experience. According to Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory, emotions may wield powerful consequences depending on whether the performance is interpreted as a threat (high importance/primary appraisal; low coping prospects/secondary appraisal), or challenge (high importance; high coping prospects). Thirty-six Bachelor of Music students at a large University music school completed an adaptation of the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R-D twice in relation to their end-of-semester recital: at the start of semester, and within an hour before their recital. Primary and secondary appraisals formed theoretically consistent and reliable evaluations of threat and challenge. Secondary appraisals were significantly lower for students who viewed the performance as a threat. Students who viewed the performance as a challenge reported significantly less cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence. Findings indicate that the PAM is a brief and reliable measure of cognitive appraisals that trigger precompetitive emotions of anxiety and confidence which can be used to identify those performers who could benefit from pre-performance intervention strategies to manage performance stress.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Challenge appraisals"

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Dolbier, Christyn Lisette. "Promoting challenge appraisals of stress : effects on reactivity, immunity, and health /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Thompson, Isaac Benjamin. "Challenge and hindrance stressor appraisals, personal resources, and work engagement among K-12 teachers." Thesis, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1537107.

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Stress has long been conceptualized as consisting of two factors, eustress, or good stress, and distress, or bad stress (Selye, 1956). The occupational stress literature identifies challenge stressors as those associated with favorable outcomes, and hindrance stressors as those associated with negative outcomes (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000). The current study had three objectives: 1) to investigate occupational level stressor appraisal by K-12 teachers, 2) to explore how the perception of the availability of resources influences individual level stressor appraisal, and 3) to test differential outcomes of challenge and hindrance stress. Results indicate that K-12 teachers appraise workload as a hindrance stressor more than as a challenge stressor, which is contrary to existing management literature categorizing workload a challenge stressor. Perceived resources also accounted for significant variance in individual appraisal of stressors as a hindrance. Results pinpoint precise personal and organizational resources that contribute to stressor appraisals as a hindrance. Finally, hindrance stress significantly detracted from engagement while challenge stress did not affect work engagement.

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Payton, Gaea Megan. "Team Coordination as a Mediator of Stress Appraisals and Team Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1271197412.

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Elizaga, Ronald A. "ELICITING STEREOTYPE CHALLENGE AND STEREOTYPE THREAT EFFECTS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN’S MATH PERFORMANCE." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1132057268.

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Fountain, Hollie Elizabeth. "An investigation into the nature of psychological resilience in junior athletes." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2017. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/output/979005.

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Psychological resilience has been described as a multidimensional, context specific concept, and has been defined in numerous ways that attempt to encapsulate the process by which individuals positively adapt following stress or significant adversity. Research within competitive sport has highlighted several components that influence this process, which include; meta-cognitions and challenge appraisals, coping strategies, personal risk and protective factors, and sociocultural influences (Brown et al., 2015; Galli & Vealey, 2008; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Sarkar & Fletcher, 2014a). Significantly, resilience is described as a dynamic process that is developed through exposure to challenge within the competitive environment (Galli & Vealey, 2008); however, little is known about the nature of psychological resilience at a junior level. The understanding of how resilience is conceptualised at this level is important as this knowledge can help to foster the appropriate protective and promotive factors required to thrive in a competitive junior environment, and best equip athletes for future periods of unrest. The aims of the current research program were to investigate the nature of psychological resilience within a junior sport context, and to explore appropriate measures or methodological approaches by which to achieve this. To achieve these, eight research objectives are presented. To address these objectives, five research investigations were proposed: Study 1. This study aimed to explore the psychometric qualities of the original 25-item CD-RISC (Connor & Davidson, 2003) amongst a sample of junior athletes. Three hundred and forty seven athletes (M age=15.42, SD=1.72) completed the original CD-RISC questionnaire. Participants represented a range of individual and team sports. Internal consistency and factor structure were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses (EFA). CFAs did not support the original 5-factor or unitary factor structure of the 25-item CD-RISC, but did support a unidimensional shortened 10-item measure (Cambell-Sills & Stein, 2007). Subsequently, an EFA and CFA also supported a valid and reliable 2-factor sport specific version of the CD-RISC, which was favoured based on stronger conceptual and theoretical support. This study supports the contention that resilience is not consistent across all populations and context specific measures may be required e.g., sport specific. The emergent 2-factor measurement model suggests an underlying structure of resilience in sport that represents an individual's control through adversity and growth mindset. Study 2. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of resilience within junior sport, with a specific focus on sport type, gender and age differences, and the association between resilience and sensation seeking characteristics. Participants completed the modified version of the CD-RISC, which emerged in the previous study and the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS; Hoyle at al., 2002), which measures dispositional risk taking behaviours. The results suggested that male and team athletes have significantly higher resilience scores than their female and individual sport counterparts. In general, protective factors associated with resilience positively relate to sensation seeking characteristics. Specifically, feelings relating to ‘control through adversity' more broadly relate to tendencies leading to greater risk exposure. These findings may suggest that those with a greater perception of control take more calculated risks and set goals that are more challenging. This may offer the opportunity to increase personal mastery through developed interpersonal relations, emotional expression, problem solving skills and coping resources. Nevertheless, our understanding of resilience seems limited by the capacity of a psychometric questionnaire to encapsulate such a complex construct. Study 3. This study aimed to provide a review of the literature concerning resilience in athletes, with a specific focus on identifying the differing methodological approaches to examine the nature of the construct in sport. Fourteen research articles that attempted to directly measure psychological resilience with an athlete sample were identified using both quantitative (n=8) and qualitative (n=6) approaches. Quantitative research has increased conceptual understanding of resilience in sport, relating to its positive associations with similar constructs (e.g., mental toughness), and its moderation qualities. This approach permits statistical analyses to track development, however is unlikely to offer sufficient depth to understanding given the complexities surrounding both the construct of psychological resilience and the nature of an elite sporting environment. Qualitative studies have helped to develop theoretical understanding of psychological resilience amongst athletes through adopting phenomenological methodologies, however, the application of knowledge relies on user generalisability alone and does not offer an objective measure of the construct. The review proposes an exploration of novel methodological approaches that consider the positive elements of both qualitative and quantitative research, but does not consolidate their pitfalls. Study 4. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel tool to measure psychological resilience using a Q-method approach. Specifically, this study aimed to construct a Q-set, by identifying the subjective viewpoints of junior rugby league players, associated with how they would respond to stress or adversity and their perceptions of the resilience process. Twenty-nine junior rugby league players (aged 13-14) were recruited to take part in one of two focus groups designed to generate statements relating to responses to adversity. Thirty statements emerged following inductive thematic analysis, and were retained for the Q-set. There are commonalities between these statements and characteristics of theoretical models and previous research concerning psychological resilience in sport. Study 5. The purpose of this study was to use the Q-set developed in the previous study to explore the nature of psychological resilience in the context of junior Rugby League, using a novel Q-sort method. Sixty junior rugby league players (aged 13-14) completed a standard Q-sort protocol, ranking the previously developed 30-item Q-set using a fixed quasi normal distribution, with anchors of +5 (most like me) to -5 (least like me). PQ Method statistical analysis software was used to analyse the data. Principle component analysis with varimax rotation identified four distinct subgroups that explained 72% of the total variance. These groups were distinguished through patterns relating to: social support, emotional control, unpleasant emotions, personal resources, and cognitive strategies. Shared qualities across the four subgroups were also identified, and included low ratings for evasion strategies, and seeking support, whilst generally high ratings for perseverance. The results from this study showed that junior rugby league players display a range of psychological responses when experiencing adversity and four subgroups with both defining and shared characteristics emerged. This study provides preliminary evidence for the potential usefulness of a Q-method approach for understanding the process of resilience in junior sport. Q-methodology provides an alternative to previous research designs attempting to understand the nature of resilience, and offers an engaging activity to participants, encouraging analytical reflections of their experiences. In summary, the data collected within the current research program has presented an original contribution to knowledge concerning the nature of psychological resilience in junior sport.
The thesis has delivered the first study of its kind, by employing Q-methodology to understand psychological resilience, revealing previously untapped complexities associated with the construct. This approach offers future researchers and practitioners the depth of insight and level of objectivity associated with qualitative and quantitative measures respectively, and recommends this as a viable alternative to psychometric measures of resilience.

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Pack, Jessica Spencer. "Effect of Localized Temperature Change on Vigilance Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1429286666.

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Kochenour, Allysha. "The Appraisal of Challenge-Hindrance Stressors: Considering the Role of Personal Resources." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1849.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating role of personal resources (individual differences) in appraising workplace stressors. Inconsistent results in the empirical research for occupational stress and work-related outcomes constitute further investigation into the stress appraisal process. Although some researchers argue that the relationship between stress and organizational outcomes is dependent on the type of stressors being appraised (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000; Podsakoff, LePine, & LePine, 2007; Webster, Beehr, & Christiansen, 2008) these same researchers have ignored the factors that predict how these types of stressors will be appraised. Instead, they have relied too heavily on presumed classification and uniformed appraisal of stressors (Cooper & Payne, 1992). Two-hundred and twelve participants were recruited from Southern Illinois University Carbondale to participate in the online experiment. A structural equation model was used to test the moderating role of resilience on the stressor appraisal process of a classified hindrance stressor (task ambiguity). More specifically, this study aimed to uncover the directional relationships between personal resources, appraisal, perceived stress, and various outcome-related factors. Findings from the current study indicate appraisal and perceived stress statistically significantly predicted negative affective thoughts. Additionally, perceived stress partially mediated the relationship between appraisal and negative affective thoughts. On-task effort also significantly predicted delegation behaviors in participants. Unfortunately, results from this study did not show a significant moderating effect for resilience on the relationship between ambiguity and appraisal. Although resilience has not specifically been found to have moderating effects regarding challenge hindrance appraisals, many types of personal resources have been found to act as moderators like coherence ( Antonovsky, 1991), self-efficacy (Beehr & Bowling, 2005), and locus of control (Buzzell & Primeau, 2001). This study’s findings help to broaden the theoretical and empirical foundations of the challenge-hindrance framework found in occupational stress, and more broadly, the applied psychology literature.

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Dzuguda, Hulisani. "Understanding the role of appraisal in the relationship between work overload, work engagement and burnout in South African organisations." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31144.

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The objective of the study was to investigate how individual appraisal of high workload as a challenge or a hindrance stressor correlates with work engagement and burnout. The work environment is fraught with high workloads, resulting in stress for employees. The cost of employee stress and ill health to organisations and society is reported to be high due to lost productivity and healthcare costs. The current study used the challenge-hindrance stressor model to determine the impact of appraisal on the relationship between work overload and work engagement/burnout. The current study proposed that employees experience both work engagement and burnout concurrently depending on whether they appraise work overload as a challenge or a hindrance stressor. An explanatory quantitative design was used to survey employees from multiple organisations in South Africa, yielding 144 full-time, permanently employed respondents. Findings from the study indicated that stressors that were appraised as challenges were linked to work engagement, whereas stressors that were appraised as hindrances were linked to burnout. The study also found that employees appraise work overload as a hindrance not a challenge, resulting in a negative relationship between work overload and work engagement and a positive relationship between work overload and burnout. The implication is that when employees have high workloads, their engagement does not increase; their likelihood of burnout increases. The study determined no positive outcomes of high workloads, only the risk of highly engaged employees becoming fatigued and burnt out. Hence, it is recommended that organisations manage the workloads of their employees.

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Maillet, Mariette M. "A desert challenge, appraisal of projects to combat desertification and drought in the West African Sahel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ36507.pdf.

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Vergunst, Petra. "Liveability and ecological land use : the challenge of localisation /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a373.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Challenge appraisals"

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Clayton, Christine Ann. Teacher appraisal: challenges and perceptions. Guildford: University of Surrey, 1990.

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The challenge of religion: A philosophical appraisal. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1985.

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Munson, Thomas N. The challenge of religion: A philosophical appraisal. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1985.

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McQuitty, William. From performance appraisal to performance management: The challenge facing the Department of Economics Development. [s.l: The Author], 1996.

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Jørgensen, Nils-Johan. Northern Light. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823902.

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Here is a new, challenging appraisal of Norway, the author’s country of birth, that redefines its history, culture and heritage – ‘after Ibsen’ – and looks, with a degree of ominous foreboding, at its future and the future of Europe. Ex-diplomat and widely published author Jørgensen explores an array of topics, from Norway’s Viking past, its pursuit of independence, the German occupation, its politics and cultural heritage , the defence of NATO, the relationship with Europe, and the challenge of Russia, concluding with ‘self-image and reality’. In Northern Light, the author challenges many existing perceptions and stereotypes, making this an essential reference for anyone interested in Norway and its people, international affairs, European history and its cultural legacy.

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Future challenges for inland navigation: A scientific appraisal of the consequences of possible strategic and economic developments up to 2030. Brussels: UPA University Press Antwerp, 2011.

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Samarakoon, Jayampathy. An appraisal of challenges in the sustainable management of the micro-tidal barrier-built estuaries and lagoons in Sri Lanka. Colombo: IUCN, Sri Lanka Office, 2012.

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Sys, Christa, and Thierry Vanelslander. Future challenges for inland navigation: A scientific appraisal of the consequences of possible strategic and economic developments up to 2030. Brussels: UPA University Press Antwerp, 2011.

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Performance appraisal: Expert solutions to everyday challenges. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Press, 2009.

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Goldman, Alvin I. Gettier and the Epistemic Appraisal of Philosophical Intuition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0013.

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Gettier’s 1963 paper was enormously influential. Virtually all epistemologists agreed with Gettier that the JTB analaysis was mistaken. But this conclusion evidently depended on the reliability of the shared intuitions of Gettier’s and his philosophical contemporaries about the epistemological examples described in his chapter. How reliable are such intuitions? Today many philosophers challenge the reliability of classification intuitions. How are such challenges to be addressed, and what can we learn about the comparative reliability of putative experts (e.g. philosophers) and laypersons? Here it is proposed that philosophers can study this with the help of psychological techniques—including not only interview techniques of the kind utilized by experimental philosophers but other experimental techniques as well. Ways to investigate intuition’s reliability are illustrated.

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Book chapters on the topic "Challenge appraisals"

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Lowrance, W. W. "Challenges in Benefit/Risk Appraisal." In Health Systems Research, 115–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61250-3_18.

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Mecca, Beatrice, and Isabella M. Lami. "The Appraisal Challenge in Cultural Urban Regeneration: An Evaluation Proposal." In Abandoned Buildings in Contemporary Cities: Smart Conditions for Actions, 49–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35550-0_5.

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Mehraj, Tehseen, Burhan Ul Islam Khan, Rashidah F. Olanrewaju, Farhat Anwar, and Ahmad Zamani Bin Jusoh. "Critical Challenges in Access Management Schemes for Smartphones: An Appraisal." In Smart Network Inspired Paradigm and Approaches in IoT Applications, 87–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8614-5_6.

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Gerich, Joachim. "Challenge und Hindrance Appraisal psychischer Arbeitsbelastungen als Indikatoren des betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements." In Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement, 137–50. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11581-4_9.

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Osunsanmi, Temidayo, Clinton Aigbavboa, Ayodeji Oke, Murendeni, and Liphadzi. "Challenges of Conducting Market Research During Project Appraisals of Real Estate Investment." In Collaboration and Integration in Construction, Engineering, Management and Technology, 433–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48465-1_72.

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Sharma, Dinesh Kumar, and Anshuman Singh. "Current Trends and Emerging Challenges in Sustainable Management of Salt-Affected Soils: A Critical Appraisal." In Bioremediation of Salt Affected Soils: An Indian Perspective, 1–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48257-6_1.

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Garau, Martina, and Nancy J. Devlin. "Using MCDA as a Decision Aid in Health Technology Appraisal for Coverage Decisions: Opportunities, Challenges and Unresolved Questions." In Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to Support Healthcare Decisions, 277–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47540-0_14.

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Hailu, Martha Belete, and Zeray Yihdego. "The Law and Policy of Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection in Ethiopia: An Appraisal of Theories, Practices and Challenges." In Ethiopian Yearbook of International Law, 13–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90887-8_2.

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Leurs, Robert, and IDS Workshop. "7. Introduction to Part 3; Current challenges facing participatory rural appraisal; Reflections and recommendations on scaling-up and organizational change." In Who Changes, 119–44. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780446417.007.

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Batisani, Nnyaladzi, Flora Pule-Meulenberg, Utlwang Batlang, Federica Matteoli, and Nelson Tselaesele. "Retooling Smallholder Farming Systems for Climate Change Resilience Across Botswana Arid Zones." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 339–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_168.

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AbstractBackground: Scientific progress and developments in technology have improved our understanding of climate change and its potential impacts on smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The persistence of such smallholder farming systems, despite multiple exposures to climate hazards, demonstrates a capacity to respond or adapt. However, the scale and intensity of climate change impacts on smallholder farming systems in SSA will overwhelm any indigenous coping mechanisms developed over centuries. Therefore, there is need to co-develop resilient farming systems with farmers and extension workers in anticipation of the looming food security challenges in the midst of climate change.A survey comprising of participatory rural appraisal, focus group discussions, participatory resource mapping, and SWOT analysis was carried out for the purposes of farming systems diagnosis in reference to their resilience to climate change in three districts cutting across dry arid zones of Botswana agricultural landscape. The survey also sought to identify vulnerability of the farming systems to climate change and subsequently co-develop with farmers and extension workers new climate proofed farming systems.Results: Detailed evaluation of current systems and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. Farmers highlighted constraints to their production being mainly drought related but also lack of production inputs. These constraints are location and context specific as extension areas within a district highlighted different challenges and even different CSA practices for similar production constraints. Through participatory approaches, farmers were able to identify and rank potential climate-smart agriculture practices that could ameliorate their production challenges and subsequently developed implementation plans for these practices.Conclusions: The study demonstrates that climate change is already having significant adverse impacts on smallholder farming systems and therefore, climate proofing these systems is necessary if livelihoods of smallholder farmers are to be sustained. Therefore, retrofitting current farming systems to be climate resilient is the first step to climate proofing smallholder farmers’ livelihoods.

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Conference papers on the topic "Challenge appraisals"

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Mir, M. S., S. Wani, and J. Ibrahim. "Critical information security challenges: An appraisal." In 2013 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World 2013 (ICT4M). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict4m.2013.6518890.

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Ivezaj, Marjan. "Challenges of Real Estate Appraisers in Kosovo." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.55.

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Ivezaj, Marjan. "Challenges of Real Estate Appraisers in Kosovo." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2018.43.

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Vadlamudi, V. V., and R. Karki. "Reliability-based appraisal of Smart Grid challenges and realization." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345744.

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Oliveira, Pedro H., Joana S. Boura, Manuel M. Abecasis, Claudia Lobato da Silva, and Joaquim M. S. Cabral. "An appraisal of genetic stability in human mesenchymal stem cells." In 2011 1st Portuguese Meeting in Bioengineering ¿ The Challenge of the XXI Century (ENBENG). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/enbeng.2011.6026040.

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Xiaojian, Guo, and Jiang Tianci. "Study on IT Infrastructure Investment Appraisal Based on Real-option Theory." In 2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesce.2010.51.

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dos Muchangos Dalsuco, E. "The Orca Gas Field, Reservoir Characterization Challenges on Early Appraisal Periods." In Third EAGE Eastern Africa Petroleum Geoscience Forum. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201702417.

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Bardal, D., M. S. Trim, R. Tapia, J. A. A. Arias-Correa, and S. M. M. Baptista-Parra. "Reservoir Evaluation Using Interval Pressure Transient Test in Appraisal Gas Wells, Offshore Trinidad and Tobago." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169977-ms.

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Abstract Hydrocarbon exploration is a challenging, costly and high-risk investment and success often requires further drilling of one or more appraisal wells to acquire data of the highest quality for reservoir evaluation and characterization before development plans can be put in place. During the exploration and appraisal stages it is important to define the reservoir fluid properties and reservoir parameters to enable accurate economic assessments. Three appraisal wells in two gas fields offshore Trinidad and Tobago were drilled in reservoir formations that are mainly unconsolidated sandstones with dry, biogenic gas. An extensive wireline logging program was planned which ranged from basic and advanced petrophysical logs to images and formation testers including the dual-packer module to perform interval pressure transient tests (IPTT) or ‘Mini-DSTs’ as these are also known. This was the first time in Trinidad and Tobago that IPTTs were conducted on appraisal gas wells. Technical factors influencing the decision to use an IPTT as opposed to a full Drill Stem Test (DST) included access to data from existing full DST's acquired in a nearby offset wells and a specific need to target thin-bedded and laminated sands so as to evaluate them individually and to observe vertical interference or connectivity between sand units. A combination of IPTT analysis and real-time downhole fluid characterization was applied to the appraisal wells which resulted in an improved understanding of the reservoir. The IPTT planning, methodology and applications, along with insights on some of the challenges encountered during operations which included changes to drilling operations in order to achieve the planned formation evaluation are presented.

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Cespedes, R., and M. E. Ruiz. "An appraisal of the challenges and opportunities for the Colombia Inteligente Program implementation." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345383.

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Al Kindi, Azhar, and Martin T. K. Soh. "Tight Gas Reservoir Appraisal And Development Challenges For New LNG Supply From Australia." In SPE Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/163961-ms.

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