Journal articles: 'Challenge appraisals'

1

Cumming, Samuel J. D., Martin J. Turner, and Marc Jones. "Longitudinal Changes in Elite Rowers’ Challenge and Threat Appraisals of Pressure Situations: A Season-Long Observational Study." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0087.

Full text

Abstract:

Challenge cognitive appraisals are associated with superior performance compared with threat (Jones, Meijen, McCarthy, & Sheffield, 2009). However, research has not examined longitudinal temporal patterns of challenge and threat appraisals. In this study, 14 (five female) elite rowers (Mage = 25.79 years, SD = 2.67) provided self-reported appraisals data at four time points (baseline; before national trials; before the second world rowing cup regatta; and before the world rowing championships). The rowers’ predisposed appraisal style predicted subsequent appraisals. Challenge and self-efficacy increased while loss and avoidance appraisals decreased over time. The rowers were highly predisposed to challenge, becoming more challenged through events of increasing magnitude. This suggests that athletes’ predisposed appraisal style can predict their approach to competition. Future studies could identify protocols for encouraging challenge states in athletes, observe the physiological indicators of challenge and threat longitudinally, and consider the interaction between challenge and threat appraisals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Gerich, Joachim, and Christoph Weber. "The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Within an extended challenge–hindrance framework, it is assumed that job demands are subjectively appraised both as challenges (that is, as working conditions that are associated with potential personal gains) and hindrances (as working conditions associated with constrains) at the same time. In accordance with transactional stress theory, the association between demand intensity and work-related attitudes (work satisfaction) and psychological strain (burnout) is expected to be mediated by individual appraisal. Moreover, because curvilinear relationships between demand and challenge and hindrance appraisals are assumed, and appraisal is expected to be moderated by job control and social support, we tested complex nonlinear moderated mediation models for four types of job demands (task difficulty, time pressure, interruptions, and responsibility). Based on cross-sectional data of a heterogeneous sample of employees, we confirmed simultaneous challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge components are positively associated and hindrance components are negatively associated with favorable outcomes (higher work satisfaction and lower burnout). Challenge appraisals are found to be more relevant for work satisfaction, while hindrance appraisals are more relevant for burnout. The relationship between demand intensity and challenge appraisal is confirmed as curvilinear, whereas hindrance appraisals are approximately linearly related to demand intensity. The relationship between demand intensity and outcome variables is partly mediated by challenge and hindrance appraisal, and significant interaction effects suggest that the appraisal process is moderated by job control and social support.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Sillars, Angela A., and Elizabeth L. Davis. "Children’s challenge and threat appraisals vary by discrete emotion, age, and gender." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 5 (November 7, 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417739178.

Full text

Abstract:

Three decades of research have examined children’s challenge and threat appraisals, yet unresolved issues remain. This study provides new insight about three central, open questions in this field: How do challenge and threat appraisals relate to events eliciting discrete negative emotions? How do challenge appraisals develop across childhood, and are there gender differences across development? In this cross-sectional study, 172 children (three age groups: 3–5 years, 6–8 years, and 9–11 years) and 89 young adults (ages 17–26) described sad, scary, and anger-provoking autobiographical experiences and were asked whether the event was something they could handle (a challenge appraisal) or whether it was just too much (a threat appraisal). Challenge appraisals were associated with anger-eliciting events more often than with sad or scary events. In line with predictions, challenge appraisals steadily increased across age groups. In early childhood, girls made more challenge appraisals than boys, but young adult men made more challenge appraisals than young adult women. Findings highlight the importance of understanding the developmental progression of appraising difficult events and experiences as a challenge rather than a threat, and provide new information about the etiology of adaptive appraisal processes in early life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Berjot, S., C. Roland-Levy, and N. Girault-Lidvan. "Cognitive Appraisals of Stereotype Threat." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (April 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.07.21.pr0.108.2.585-598.

Full text

Abstract:

Using the cognitive appraisal conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress, the goal was to assess how victims of stereotype threat respond to this situation in terms of primary appraisals (threat/challenge) and to investigate whether those appraisals may mediate the relation between stereotype threat and performance. Results show that, while participants from North Africa living in France did appraise the situation more as a threat and less as a challenge, only challenge appraisal mediated between stereotype threat and performance.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Khurshid, Anwar, Abdul Karim Khan, and Sara Alvi. "Performance Appraisal Challenge at Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 14, no. 2 (September 2017): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820117712304.

Full text

Abstract:

The case discusses the multitude of challenges that CAA faces with respect to its performance appraisal system. Sumair Saeed, Chief Human Resource CAA, feels that problems lie in the implementation of the current appraisal system. Firstly, the system of targets and objectives between and the appraiser and the appraisee at the start of the year is not being followed. This leads employees to feel unfairly treated because no criteria for performance appraisal for their evaluation have been agreed upon. Secondly, Sumair feels there is no buy-in for the performance appraisal system since supervisors regard appraisal as extra workload and an uneasy time of the year. Supervisors consider it to be a confrontational rather than developmental/feedback exercise with the subordinate. Moreover, supervisors lack training in providing feedback on appraisals. It is felt that the culture of the organisation develops hostility and distrust when the appraisals are being conducted. The appraisal system doesn’t differentiate between performers or non-performers; thus decisions on promotions or career progressions can’t be based on appraisals. The problem of demotivation among employees is also a result of an ineffective performance appraisal system, as no differentiation exists between star performers and non-performers. Sumair is now contemplating the changes in the design or the implementation of the performance appraisal system which are required to rectify the process of performance appraisal at CAA.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Meredith, Pamela J., Jenny Strong, and Judith A. Feeney. "Evidence of a Relationship between Adult Attachment Variables and Appraisals of Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 4 (2005): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/745650.

Full text

Abstract:

OBJECTIVE: Although threat and challenge appraisals of pain have been linked to both the acute and laboratory-induced pain experience, these appraisals have not yet been explored in relation to chronic pain. In addition, although attachment theory has been separately linked to the chronic pain experience and to responses to perceived threat, it has not been explored in the context of threat and challenge appraisals of chronic pain. The present paper addresses these two main goals.METHODS: A sample of 141 participants reporting noncancer pain longer than two months in duration completed a battery of assessments before commencing treatment in one of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.RESULTS: Analysis of the pain appraisal inventory produced two factors (threat and challenge), replicating earlier findings. Reliability coefficients for the two extracted scales were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Links between the two pain appraisal scales and adult attachment variables proved to be significant. In particular, comfort with closeness was strongly related to challenge appraisal, while anxiety over relationships was strongly associated with threat appraisal. As expected, both appraisals and attachment variables were also related to catastrophizing and emotional distress.CONCLUSIONS: Results support use of the pain appraisal inventory as an evaluation tool for those with chronic pain. Findings further suggest a substantial association between adult attachment and pain appraisal, supporting the need for more in-depth analysis and consideration of implications for treatment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Szymona-Pałkowska, Katarzyna, Konrad Janowski, Agnieszka Pedrycz, Dariusz Mucha, Tadeusz Ambroży, Piotr Siermontowski, Jolanta Adamczuk, Marta Sapalska, Dawid Mucha, and Janusz Kraczkowski. "Knowledge of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisals in Women with Urinary Incontinence." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3694792.

Full text

Abstract:

Social support and knowledge of the disease have been shown to facilitate adaptation to a chronic disease. However, the adaptation process is not fully understood. We hypothesized that these factors can contribute to better adaptation to the disease through their impact on disease-related cognitive appraisal. To analyze the links between social support and the knowledge of the disease, on one hand, and disease-related appraisals, on the other hand, one hundred fifty-eight women with stress UI, aged 32 to 79, took part in the study. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of UI, social support, and disease-related appraisals were used in the study. The level of knowledge correlated significantly negatively with the appraisal of the disease as Harm. The global level of social support correlated significantly positively with three disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, and Value. Four subgroups of patients with different constellations of social support and knowledge of the disease were identified in cluster analysis and were demonstrated to differ significantly on four disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, Harm, and Value. Different cognitive appraisals of UI may be specifically related to social support and knowledge of the disease, with social support affective positive disease-related appraisals, and the knowledge affecting the appraisal of Harm.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Zhu, Fei, Katrin Burmeister-Lamp, and Dan Kai Hsu. "To leave or not? The impact of family support and cognitive appraisals on venture exit intention." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 566–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-04-2016-0110.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how family support affects challenge and hindrance appraisals, which in turn, influence entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention drawing on the challenge-hindrance job stressor model, family support, and the venture exit literature. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study (Study 1) was conducted to establish the relationships among family support, challenge and hindrance appraisals, and entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention. Two survey studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to extend the external validity of findings in Study 1 and to examine whether the theoretical framework holds in both the US and Chinese contexts. Findings All three studies demonstrate that family support decreases entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention by reducing hindrance appraisal. Study 3 also shows the mediating role of challenge appraisal in the family support – venture exit intention relationship. Originality/value This research contributes to the family embeddedness perspective not only by showing its relevance to the venture exit context but also by validating the relationship of family support with cognitive appraisals and venture exit intention in two cultural contexts. It also contributes to venture exit research by highlighting the unique role of cognitive appraisals in the formation of entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Mockałło, Zofia, and Maria Widerszal-Bazyl. "Role of job and personal resources in the appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0248148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248148.

Full text

Abstract:

Previous research has shown that challenge and hindrance job demands show different effects on employees’ wellbeing and performance. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that employees’ subjective appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances may vary: they can be appraised as challenges or hindrances or both. Subjective appraisal of job demands was found to be also related to employees’ wellbeing and productivity. However, little is known about predictors of the appraisals of job demands made by employees. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of such appraisals among job and individual resources. Cross-sectional research was carried out among 426 IT, healthcare and public transport employees. COPSOQ II scales were used to measure job demands (emotional, quantitative, cognitive demands, work pace and role conflicts) and job resources (influence at work, possibilities for development, vertical and horizontal trust), single questions were used to measure employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands as hindrances and challenges, and PCQ was used to measure psychological capital. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that only horizontal trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as challenges, and vertical trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as hindrances among four analysed job resources. Individual resource–psychological capital–predicted only the appraisal of job demands as challenges. Control variables–occupation, age and job demands also played a significant role in predicting the appraisal of job demands. Implications and future directions are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Osborne, Margaret S., and Gary E. McPherson. "Precompetitive appraisal, performance anxiety and confidence in conservatorium musicians: A case for coping." Psychology of Music 47, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755000.

Full text

Abstract:

The way musicians appraise their abilities to succeed in a forthcoming evaluative performance impacts on the range of emotions they will experience. According to Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory, emotions may wield powerful consequences depending on whether the performance is interpreted as a threat (high importance/primary appraisal; low coping prospects/secondary appraisal), or challenge (high importance; high coping prospects). Thirty-six Bachelor of Music students at a large University music school completed an adaptation of the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R-D twice in relation to their end-of-semester recital: at the start of semester, and within an hour before their recital. Primary and secondary appraisals formed theoretically consistent and reliable evaluations of threat and challenge. Secondary appraisals were significantly lower for students who viewed the performance as a threat. Students who viewed the performance as a challenge reported significantly less cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence. Findings indicate that the PAM is a brief and reliable measure of cognitive appraisals that trigger precompetitive emotions of anxiety and confidence which can be used to identify those performers who could benefit from pre-performance intervention strategies to manage performance stress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Ding, Li. "Employees’ challenge-hindrance appraisals toward STARA awareness and competitive productivity: a micro-level case." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33, no. 9 (July 8, 2021): 2950–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-09-2020-1038.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of restaurant employees’ challenge-hindrance appraisals toward smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics and algorithms (STARA) awareness on individual competitive productivity (ICP) and explore the mediating roles of employees’ work engagement and organizational commitment on the relationship between challenge-hindrance appraisals and ICP. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through an online survey. One hundred and ninety employees who worked at full-time and non-management positions in the USA quick-service restaurants participated. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used for the data analysis. Findings The study identified that restaurant employees’ challenge appraisals toward STARA awareness positively influenced ICP. This relationship is positively mediated by employees’ work engagement. Practical implications This study makes practical contributions to human resource practices in restaurants. Employees’ challenge appraisals toward STARA awareness transmit the job insecurity stressor to a higher level of ICP. Restaurant managers should provide employees with adequate resources and support for non-management employees’ professional competency growth. Quick-service restaurants can enjoy a competitive advantage in the market by enhancing employees’ CP. Originality/value This study enriches the literature on the CP model, cognitive appraisal theory and person-environment fit theory. The study investigated employees’ challenge and hindrance appraisals toward emerging STARA awareness and emphasized their distinct characteristics to drive ICP in the quick-service restaurant sector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Levkovich, Inbar, Miri Cohen, Shimon Pollack, Karen Drumea, and Georgeta Fried. "Cancer-related fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients postchemotherapy: Different associations with optimism and stress appraisals." Palliative and Supportive Care 13, no. 5 (September 9, 2014): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147895151400087x.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractObjective:Symptoms of depression and cancer-related fatigue (CRF) are common among breast cancer patients postchemotherapy and may seriously impair quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the relationship between depression and CRF in breast cancer patients postchemotherapy and to examine their relationships to optimism and to threat and challenge appraisals.Method:Participants included 95 breast cancer patients (stages 1–3) 1 to 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. Patients submitted personal and medical details and completed the following: physical symptom questionnaires (EORTC QLQ–C30, and QLQ–BR23), a symptoms of depression questionnaire (CES–D), the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI), the Life Orientation Test (LOT–R), and a stress appraisals questionnaire.Results:We found levels of depression, CRF, and appraisals of cancer as a threat to be moderate and levels of optimism and appraisals of cancer as a challenge to be high. Depression and CRF were positively associated. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that 51% of the CRF variance was explained and, together with physical symptoms and threat appraisal, were significantly associated with CRF. A total 67% of depression was explained and, and together with challenge and threat appraisals, were significantly associated with depression.Significance of Results:Although CRF and depression were often experienced simultaneously and both were found to be higher among individuals who gave higher appraisals of cancer as a threat, only depression was related to optimism and challenge appraisals, while CRF was related mainly to intensity of physical symptoms. The different pattern of associations between optimism and appraisals warrants further clinical attention as well as future study.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Carpenter, Roger D., Laurie A. Theeke, Jennifer A. Mallow, Elliott Theeke, and Diana Gilleland. "Relationships among Distress, Appraisal, Self-Management Behaviors, and Psychosocial Factors in a Sample of Rural Appalachian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes." Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 34–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i2.446.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Diabetes contributes to the development of multiple chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, and lower-limb amputations. Currently, it is known that the Appalachian Region is an area of significant disparity in the occurrence of Diabetes. Persons with Diabetes can develop high levels of cognitive stress related to the experience of living with Diabetes.Method: This paper presents the results of a descriptive study guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC), aiming to enhance understanding of the relationships among diabetes-related distress, appraisal, and self-management in a sample of 102 adults who were living rurally in Appalachia.Findings: The majority of the study sample were low-income, obese, and had mean A1C levels above the goal for adequate diabetes control. Over one-third of the sample had a high likelihood or possibility of limited literacy Participants reported adhering to medication on over 6 days of the week but adhering to diet and exercise on fewer days per week. Overall, the sample had a lower level of distress related to the diagnosis of diabetes. Participants perceived diabetes as more of a challenge than a threat, harm, or benign stressor. Diabetes related distress was inversely correlated to challenge appraisals and benign appraisals, but positively correlated to threat and harm appraisals. Anxiety and depression were significantly positively related to diabetes related distress, threat appraisals, and harm appraisals and significantly negatively correlated with challenge and benign appraisals.Conclusions: Recommendations for future research include the development and testing of targeted interventions that address the study findings including health literacy level, challenge appraisals, and the interrelationships of psychological and physical health variables. Knowing that diabetes is appraised as a challenge enhances the likelihood that it may be amenable to intervention. The interrelatedness of anxiety and depression to self-management further informs future intervention design.Keywords: Psychosocial Factors, Rural, Diabetes, Adults, Self Management, Cognitive appraisal, DistressDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i1.446

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Crocker, Peter R. E., and Marcel Bouffard. "Perceived Challenge in Physical Activity by Individuals with Physical Disabilities: The Relationship between Appraisal and Affect." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 9, no. 2 (April 1992): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.9.2.130.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between cognitive appraisal and self-reported affect during challenging physical activity by 55 adults (16 females, 39 males) with physical disabilities. Eleven cognitive appraisals related to perceived challenge in physical activity plus positive and negative affect experienced in a recent challenging physical activity were assessed in an interview. The data indicated that perceived challenge was characterized by higher levels of positive affect (M=4.03, SD=.71) compared to negative affect (M=1.54, SD=.61). Correlational analyses revealed that the appraisals of fitness and health, learning skills, demonstrating competence, effort, social approval, task value, and external control were all significantly related to positive affect. A regression analysis for positive affect revealed that a two-term equation using task value and social approval could account for 39% of the variance. No appraisals were significantly related to negative affect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Dannecker, E., and M. Robinson. "Threat and challenge appraisals of pain." Journal of Pain 6, no. 3 (March 2005): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2005.01.259.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Szabo, Agnes, Colleen Ward, and Garth J. O. Fletcher. "Stress appraisal, information processing strategies, and somatic symptoms: A longitudinal study with immigrants." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 5 (November 21, 2016): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316678306.

Full text

Abstract:

The study investigated threat versus challenge appraisals of acculturative stressors and their impact on the changes in psychological symptoms. It also examined information processing styles (informational, normative, and diffuse-avoidant) as moderators of these relationships. A 6-month longitudinal study with two measuring points was conducted with a sample of immigrants. Threat appraisal was associated with more psychological symptoms, and challenge appraisal interacted with information processing styles to predict the changes in somatic symptoms. Analytical and exploratory informational styles enhanced the positive effects of challenge appraisal on psychological symptoms, whereas styles involving avoidance and normative orientation to one’s home country dampened these positive effects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Skinner, Natalie, and Neil Brewer. "Adaptive Approaches to Competition: Challenge Appraisals and Positive Emotion." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 283–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.283.

Full text

Abstract:

The influence of negative emotions such as anxiety on athletes’ preparation and performance has been studied extensively. The focus of this review is on more adaptive approaches to competition such as the experience of positive emotion and beneficial perceptions of emotion. Evidence on the antecedents and adaptive consequences of positive emotions is reviewed, and implications for research and practice in a sport context are suggested. We focus on the cognitive appraisal of challenge as a significant antecedent of both positive emotion and beneficial perceptions of emotion. A theoretical model of beneficial and harmful perceptions of emotion is presented which incorporates appraisals of challenge, coping expectancies, and valence (positive vs. negative) of emotion. Research that supports the model is reviewed, and implications for research, coaching, and training in the sport context are suggested.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Didymus, Faye F., and David Fletcher. "Organizational stress in high-level field hockey: Examining transactional pathways between stressors, appraisals, coping and performance satisfaction." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117694737.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated transactional pathways between organizational stressors and their underpinning situational properties, appraisals, coping, perceived coping effectiveness and performance satisfaction in athletes. Ten high-level field hockey players were interviewed. Data relating to stressors, situational properties, appraisals and coping were analysed using directed content analysis. Mean perceived coping effectiveness scores were calculated and subjective performance satisfaction data were categorized as satisfied, neutral or dissatisfied. A variety of organizational stressors was reported, which were underpinned by five situational properties. Challenge, threat and harm/loss appraisals were experienced and problem solving was the most commonly reported family of coping. High perceived coping effectiveness was not always associated with performance satisfaction. Performance satisfaction was, however, linked to the appraisal experienced. A battery of stress management techniques and ways of coping is useful for optimizing appraisals and alleviating negative outcomes of stress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Litwic-Kaminska, Kamila. "Types of Cognitive Appraisal and Undertaken Coping Strategies during Sport Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186522.

Full text

Abstract:

The main aim of the research was to distinguish different types of sport competition appraisals and verify if athletes’ interpretation of a stressful situation changed their choice of coping methods. Athletes change their perception during competitions; thus, we assumed that configuration of different ways of interpreting stressful events is more important for coping than one particular appraisal. In total, 193 athletes filled out The Stress Appraisal Questionnaire and The Sport Stress-Coping Strategies Questionnaire to describe their stress appraisals and undertaken coping strategies during a remembered competition that took place within a month before the study. The athletes most often appraised stressful competitions as a challenge. They preferred the coping strategy of being determined to accomplish the established goal. The athletes hardly applied techniques that constituted the basis of mental training. The cluster analysis of the competitors determined three types of sport competition appraisals: positive, negative, and active. An ANOVA with post hoc comparisons showed that participants who revealed positive appraisals undertook the highest number of actions aimed at reaching goals and least frequently sought support. Athletes should be taught not only specific strategies for coping with stress, but also more frequent use of positive judgments of sports competitions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Herrero, Ana Mª, Carmen Ramírez-Maestre, and Vanessa González. "Personality, Cognitive Appraisal and Adjustment in Chronic Pain Patients." Spanish Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (November 2008): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004534.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigated the relationship between clinical personality patterns and cognitive appraisal as well as their repercussions on adjustment to chronic pain in a sample of 91 patients. It was predicted that clinical personality patterns would be related to adjustment and cognitive appraisal processes, whereas cognitive appraisals would be related to anxiety, depression and levels of perceived pain. The instruments used were as follows: the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, the Cognitive Appraisal Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann Whitney U-test were used to analyse the data obtained. The results show that certain clinical personality patterns were associated with poor adjustment to chronic pain. The use of cognitive appraisal of harm predicted higher anxiety levels and greater perceived pain in chronic pain patients. The use of cognitive appraisals of challenge predicted lower depression levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Wright, Rex A., and Leslie D. Kirby. "Cardiovascular Correlates of Challenge and Threat Appraisals: A Critical Examination of the Biopsychosocial Analysis." Personality and Social Psychology Review 7, no. 3 (August 2003): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0703_02.

Full text

Abstract:

In this article we examine critically the biopsychosocial (BPS) challenge versus threat analysis proposed by Blascovich and his coworkers. We conclude that the BPS analysis should be viewed with considerable caution. We conclude this in part because the analysis is associated with notable problems, including (a) its conception of demand, (b) its definitions of goal-relevant and evaluative situations, (c) its assertion regarding primary and secondary appraisal determinants of challenge and threat, and (d) its cardiovascular (CV) predictions. We conclude this as well because BPS analysis studies have not made a compelling empirical case. BPS analysis studies are unpersuasive because (a) their CV results are only partially consistent with BPS analysis predictions, (b) they have compared CV responses of groups bearing an uncertain relationship to the primary and secondary appraisal criteria specified for the production of challenge and threat effects, (c) they have not compared challenge and threat appraisals between challenge and threat groups, and (d) they provided data that are incomplete. Theoretical modifications and additional research could make a better case for the BPS view.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ullah, Zia, Naveed Ahmad, Miklas Scholz, Bilal Ahmed, Ilyas Ahmad, and Muhammad Usman. "Perceived Accuracy of Electronic Performance Appraisal Systems: The Case of a Non-for-Profit Organization from an Emerging Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042109.

Full text

Abstract:

Performance appraisal reports provide vital information for making strategic decisions. Uniting HR practices and IT is an attempt to maximize value creation. Organizations are transforming their performance management systems from traditional to web-technology based systems to enhance accuracy and objectivity. The present study is an effort to assess employees’ perception of the accuracy of e-performance appraisal systems. To that effect, 500 close-ended questionnaires were administered to randomly selected employees working for a non-for-profit organization where e-performance appraisal is practiced. A total of 352 questionnaires were included for analysis and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that rater competence and the possibility to challenge performance appraisals judged as unfair or inaccurate highly influence the employees’ perception of accuracy of e-performance appraisals. Furthermore, a clear communication of standards and the reaction to the last rating moderately affect the employees’ perception of the accuracy of e-PA.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Kruse, Elliott, and Kate Sweeny. "Comment: Well-Being Can Improve Health by Shaping Stress Appraisals." Emotion Review 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073917719329.

Full text

Abstract:

In this brief comment, we bring together two articles that appear in this special section. Jamieson et al. provide an overview of the biopsychosocial model of threat and challenge and suggest that stress-related arousal can be reappraised as a coping resource to facilitate challenge appraisals. Hernandez et al. review evidence for the link between well-being and health. We see a connection between these seemingly unrelated reviews: Well-being may improve health in part by shaping appraisals of stressors’ demands and appraisals of coping resources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Bennett, Andrew A., Stephen E. Lanivich, M. Mahdi Moeini Gharagozloo, and Yusuf Akbulut. "Appraisals matter: relationships between entrepreneurs' stress appraisals and venture-based outcomes." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 970–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2020-0133.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how stress appraisals (i.e. cognitive evaluations) influence entrepreneurial outcomes like expected financial well-being, life satisfaction, business growth and exit intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a mixed-methods approach to provide methodological triangulation by analyzing data from two independent samples (qualitative data from 100 entrepreneurs in Study 1; quantitative regression analysis of a sample of 142 entrepreneurs in Study 2).FindingsResults from the qualitative exploration (Study 1) show that entrepreneurs appraised venture-related stressors differently as a challenge, threat or hindrance. The quantitative study (Study 2) found that challenge stress appraisals were positively related to expected financial well-being and expected life satisfaction, threat stress appraisals were negatively related to expected financial well-being and positively related to business exit intentions, and hindrance stress appraisals were positively related to expected business growth and negatively related to business exit intentions.Originality/valueMost entrepreneurship research focuses on stressors rather than appraisals of the stressor. Drawing upon the transactional theory of stress that explains how stress appraisals are an important consideration for understanding the stress process, these two studies showed that stress appraisals differ for each entrepreneur (Study 1) and that stress appraisals explain more variance in many entrepreneurial outcomes than stressors (Study 2).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Kaczmarek, Łukasz. "Resiliency, stress appraisal, positive affect and cardiovascular activity." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0007-1.

Full text

Abstract:

Resiliency, stress appraisal, positive affect and cardiovascular activity In accordance with the undoing hypothesis (Fredrickson, Levenson, 1998), evoked positive affect speeds up the cardiovascular system recovery in a stressful situation. An attempt was made to replicate this finding in an experimental study. Individuals characterized by high resiliency levels are capable of more efficient utilization of positive emotions in a stressful situation. Since in earlier research no relationship had been found between resiliency and a tendency to appraise stress as a challenge, this study investigated a possible mediating function of a more specific dimension of cognitive appraisal, i.e. that in terms of activity-oriented challenge appraisal (Włodarczyk, Wrześniewski, 2005). The study shows that evoked positive affect does not lead to a faster recovery. However, highly resilient individuals turned out to achieve higher levels of positive affect in a stressful situation; this effect was mediated by challenge-activity appraisals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Charkhabi, Morteza. "Do cognitive appraisals moderate the link between qualitative job insecurity and psychological-behavioral well-being?" International Journal of Workplace Health Management 11, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-01-2018-0008.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to detect the association between qualitative job insecurity and well-being related outcomes and to determine the extent to which cognitive appraisals of job insecurity moderate this association. According to appraisal theory, it is anticipated a hindrance appraisal of job insecurity to amplify and a challenge appraisal of job insecurity to buffer this association. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, 250 healthcare employees from different departments of an Iranian large public hospital were recruited. Participants responded to scales on qualitative job insecurity, cognitive appraisals, job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism and presenteeism. Findings Results showed that qualitative job insecurity negatively influenced both psychological and behavioral well-being; however, this influence was greater for psychological well-being than for behavioral well-being. Besides, the moderation tests showed that only the hindrance appraisals of job insecurity amplified the link between job insecurity and psychological outcomes. Research limitations/implications This study sampled employees from a public hospital and did not include employees from private hospitals. This may limit the generalizability of the findings. Also, due to using a cross-sectional research design we encourage future studies to replicate the same findings using other different research designs. Practical implications The findings aid occupational health psychologists to design particular interventions for protecting those aspects of employee’s well-being that are more vulnerable when qualitative job insecurity is chronically perceived. Originality/value Together, these findings suggest that the hindrance appraisals of qualitative job insecurity are more likely to moderate the link between job insecurity and well-being outcomes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Searle, Ben J., and Jaime C. Auton. "The merits of measuring challenge and hindrance appraisals." Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 28, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.931378.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Quested, Eleanor, Jos A. Bosch, Victoria E. Burns, Jennifer Cumming, Nikos Ntoumanis, and Joan L. Duda. "Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Stress-Related Appraisals, and Dancers’ Cortisol and Anxiety Responses." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 6 (December 2011): 828–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.6.828.

Full text

Abstract:

Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) posits basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) as essential for optimal functioning and health. Grounded in this framework, the current study examined the role of BPNS in dancers’ cognitive appraisals and hormonal and emotional responses to performance stress. Dancers reported their degree of BPNS 1 month before a solo performance. Threat and challenge appraisals of the solo were recorded 2 hr before the performance. Salivary cortisol and anxiety were measured 15 min before, and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min postperformance. Higher BPNS was associated with lower cortisol responses and anxiety intensity. Challenge appraisals mediated the association between BPNS and cortisol. Threat appraisals mediated the BPNS–anxiety intensity relationship. These findings point to the potential importance of performers’ BPNS for optimal emotional and hormonal homeostasis in performance conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Adie, James W., Joan L. Duda, and Nikos Ntoumanis. "Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Psychological and Emotional Welfare of Sport Participants." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 3 (June 2008): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.3.302.

Full text

Abstract:

Grounded in the 2 × 2 achievement goal framework (Elliot & McGregor, 2001), a model was tested examining the hypothesized relationships between approach and avoidance (mastery and performance) goals, challenge and threat appraisals of sport competition, and positive and negative indices of well-being (i.e., self-esteem, positive, and negative affect). A further aim was to determine the degree to which the cognitive appraisals mediated the relationship between the four achievement goals and the indicators of athletes’ welfare. Finally, measurement and structural invariance was tested with respect to gender in the hypothesized model. An alternative model was also estimated specifying self-esteem as an antecedent of the four goals and cognitive appraisals. Four hundred and twenty-four team sport participants (Mage = 24.25) responded to a multisection questionnaire. Structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the hypothesized model only. Challenge and threat appraisals partially mediated the relationships observed between mastery-based goals and the well-being indicators. Lastly, the hypothesized model was found to be invariant across gender.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Li, Fuli, Tingting Chen, and Xin Lai. "How Does a Reward for Creativity Program Benefit or Frustrate Employee Creative Performance? The Perspective of Transactional Model of Stress and Coping." Group & Organization Management 43, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 138–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601116688612.

Full text

Abstract:

We explore the effect of a reward for creativity program on employee creativity in organizations by investigating the underlying mechanisms based on the transactional model of stress and coping—a novel theoretical perspective for this research area. We theorize and find in two field studies that challenge appraisal of a reward for creativity program (perceived potential for gain, growth, or mastery) is positively related to problem-focused coping, which in turn predicts high creative performance. By contrast, threat appraisal of a reward for creativity program (perceived potential for harms or losses) is positively related to emotion-focused coping in the form of blaming, which in turn predicts low creative performance. Our findings also support the different indirect effects of the two appraisals of a reward for creativity program on creative performance through coping strategies. In addition, we find self-efficacy that is an antecedent of individual appraisals. We discuss the implications of the findings for theory development and managerial practice and suggest some important avenues for future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Marx, Alexandra, Andreas Bollmann, Sandra B. Dunbar, Louise S. Jenkins, and Mary Hawthorne. "Psychological Reactions among Family Members of Patients with Implantable Defibrillators." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31, no. 4 (December 2001): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5rfm-c4ug-vvbl-3kv6.

Full text

Abstract:

Objective: To describe psychological reactions among family members of patients receiving an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) during the first 9 months after implantation. Methods: Eighty-two family members (age 56 ± 12 years, 74 percent female, 79 percent married, 88 percent Caucasian) of ICD patients completed questionnaires regarding their mood (Profile of Mood State), cognitive illness appraisals (Meaning of Illness Questionnaire) and coping strategies (Jalowiec Coping Scale) prior to ICD implantation, and as well as 1 and 9 months postoperatively. Results: Total mood disturbance score (TMD), threat appraisal, and emotion- and problem-focused coping were highest prior to ICD implantation, and decreased during the first postoperative month showing stable values thereafter. There was no change in challenge appraisal. Multiple regression analysis found that the use of psychotropic drugs (anxiolytics, sedatives; Beta = .25), emotion-focused coping (Beta = .37), and challenge appraisal (Beta = .21) at 1 month accounted for 26 percent of variance in TMD at 9 months. Conclusion: A spouse's ICD implantation is a major stressful event for family members leading to a diminished mood state prior ICD implantation. Reduction in emotion-focused coping and the use of challenge appraisal may improve mood state in family members of ICD patients during early follow-up.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Hunter, Simon C., Joaquin Mora-Merchan, and Rosario Ortega. "The Long-Term Effects of Coping Strategy Use in Victims of Bullying." Spanish Journal of Psychology 7, no. 1 (May 2004): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600004704.

Full text

Abstract:

The ways in which children appraise and cope with school bullying are likely to influence the long-term outcomes experienced. To examine this possibility, 219 Spanish undergraduate students (73 male, 146 female) aged between 18 and 40, completed an adapted version of the Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire (RBQ; Schäfer et al., 2004) and a distress scale (Rivers, 1999). Results indicated that neither coping strategies reported by victims of bullying nor the match between control appraisal and coping strategy influenced levels of distress experienced as adults. Control, threat and challenge appraisals did, however, influence long-term distress. Explanations for these effects are discussed, and include the possibility that appraisals may directly influence levels of distress and the quality of emotions experienced by victims during the actual bullying episode. Active strategies were perceived by students to be effective in dealing with bullying, whereas those centered on avoiding the conflict, or which involved aggression, were considered ineffective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Lonsdale, Chris, and Bruce L. Howe. "Stress and challenge appraisals of acute taxing events in rugby." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2, no. 1 (January 2004): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2004.9671730.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Feinberg, Joshua M., and John R. Aiello. "The Effect of Challenge and Threat Appraisals Under Evaluative Presence." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40, no. 8 (August 16, 2010): 2071–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00651.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Turner, Martin J., Marc V. Jones, David Sheffield, Jamie B. Barker, and Peter Coffee. "Manipulating cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat using resource appraisals." International Journal of Psychophysiology 94, no. 1 (October 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Gruszczyńska, Ewa, and Aleksandra Kroemeke. "Coping after myocardial infarction. The mediational effects of positive and negative emotions." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0006-2.

Full text

Abstract:

Coping after myocardial infarction. The mediational effects of positive and negative emotions The aim of the study was to examine mediational effects of positive and negative emotions (PEs and NEs) on the relationship between cognitive appraisal and coping after myocardial infarction (MI). Subjects were 163 patients assessed a few days after their first MI episode for cognitive appraisal using the Situation Appraisal Questionnaire developed by Wrześniewski and based on the Lazarus theory. The participants' current emotional state and coping strategies were evaluated with Polish versions of the PANAS and CISS-S, respectively. The data were analyzed using the boostrapping procedure. Resultant models turned out to be similar for threat and loss appraisal, where PEs mediated task-oriented coping, while NEs were found to mediate emotion-oriented coping. A different relationship was found for challenge. Due to a significant intercorrelation among appraisals, mediational models for threat and loss were re-analyzed when controlling for challenge. Nevertheless, even if a situation is perceived as highly stressful, both positive and negative emotions can emerge, resulting in strategies that serve different functions to meet external and internal demands.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hicks, C., and V. LeBlanc. "P069: Hardened tendencies: persistence of initial appraisals following simulation-based stress training." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.267.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Stress has been shown to impair performance during acute events. The goal of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of two simulation-based training interventions and baseline demographics (gender, age) on stress responses to simulated trauma scenarios. Methods: Sixteen (16) Emergency Medicine and Surgery residents were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) or Crisis Resource Management (CRM). Residents served as trauma team leaders in simulated trauma scenarios pre and post intervention. CRM training focused on non-technical skills required for effective teamwork. The SIT group focused on cognitive reappraisal, breathing and mental rehearsal. Training lasted 3 hours, involving brief didactic sessions and practice scenarios with debriefing focused on either CRM or SIT. Stress responses were measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (anxiety), cognitive appraisal (degree to which a person interprets a situation as a threat or challenge) and salivary cortisol levels. Results: Because the pre-intervention stress responses were different between the two groups, the results were analyzed with stepwise regression analyses. The only significant predictor of anxiety and cortisol responses were the residents appraisal responses to that scenario, explaining 31% of the variance in anxiety and cortisol. Appraisals of the post-intervention scenarios were predicted by their appraisals of the pre-intervention scenario and gender, explaining 73% of the variance. Men were more likely than women to appraise the scenarios as threatening. There were no differences in subjective anxiety, cognitive appraisal or salivary cortisol responses as a result of either intervention. Conclusion: Male residents, as well as those who appraised an initial simulated trauma scenario as threatening, were more likely to interpret a subsequent scenario as threatening, and were more likely to have larger subjective (anxiety) and physiological (cortisol) responses a subsequent scenario. Both CRM and SIT training were not effective in overcoming initial appraisals of potentially stressful events.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Jamieson, Jeremy P., Emily J. Hangen, Hae Yeon Lee, and David S. Yeager. "Author Reply: Arousal Reappraisal as an Affect Regulation Strategy." Emotion Review 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073917724878.

Full text

Abstract:

The biopsychosocial (BPS) model of challenge and threat posits that resource and demand appraisals interact in situations of acute stress to determine affective responses, and concomitant physiological responses, motivation, and decisions/behaviors. Regulatory approaches that alter appraisals to regulate challenge and threat affective states have the potential to facilitate coping. This reply clarifies the conceptualization of one such regulatory approach, arousal (or stress) reappraisal, and suggests avenues for future research. However, it is important to note that arousal reappraisal (or any brief psychological intervention) is not a “silver bullet” for improving stress outcomes, nor should this strategy be expected to positively impact all individuals. More work is needed to better elucidate how psychological and biological stress processes interact to shape health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Schneider, Tamera R., Susan E. Rivers, and Joseph B. Lyons. "The Biobehavioral Model of Persuasion: Generating Challenge Appraisals to Promote Health." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, no. 8 (August 2009): 1928–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00510.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Skinner, Natalie, and Neil Brewer. "The dynamics of threat and challenge appraisals prior to stressful achievement events." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 3 (2002): 678–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.678.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

QUIGLEY, KAREN S., LISA FELDMAN BARRETT, and SUZANNE WEINSTEIN. "Cardiovascular patterns associated with threat and challenge appraisals: A within-subjects analysis." Psychophysiology 39, no. 3 (May 2002): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393046.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Moore, Lee J., Samuel J. Vine, Paul Freeman, and Mark R. Wilson. "Quiet eye training promotes challenge appraisals and aids performance under elevated anxiety." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11, no. 2 (June 2013): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2013.773688.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Fish, Thomas A. "Semantic differential assessment of benign, threat, and challenge appraisals of life events." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 18, no. 1 (1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079951.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Wang, Y., T. Jackson, and L. Cai. "Causal effects of threat and challenge appraisals on coping and pain perception." European Journal of Pain 20, no. 7 (January 15, 2016): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.835.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Taylor, Colleen Jeffries, and Forrest Scogin. "Dysphoria and Coping in Women: The Effect of Threat and Challenge Appraisals." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 11, no. 1 (March 1992): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1992.11.1.26.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

von Salisch, Maria. "Children’s emotional development: Challenges in their relationships to parents, peers, and friends." International Journal of Behavioral Development 25, no. 4 (July 2001): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000058.

Full text

Abstract:

This literature review outlines the challenges and constraints which relationships to parents, peers, and friends offer for children’s emotional development, including the development of appraisal, experience, expression, and regulation of emotion. Parents are important for their children’s emotional development not only because they are attachment figures but also because of their cognitive and emotional expertise who instruct their offspring on the use of emotion labels, appraisals, expressions, and regulation strategies. In addition, parents introduce their children to cultural and subcultural rules on emotions. Yet parents’ understanding of their children’s emotions may be constrained by their social role as parents. Converging evidence suggests that display rules among peers promote the dampening of many emotions in many situations, especially those of vulnerability and anger. School-age children’s increasing use of distancing strategies may help them achieve this “cool” public self-presentation. Intimate friendship’s which permit (and may even require) the disclosure of private emotional experiences challenge preadolescents to learn how to be supportive to the friend in need and how to manage anger and contempt in these close relationships. Handling issues of trust and exposure, jealousy, and envy are related challenges for friendships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Ravaja, Niklas, Timo Saari, Marko Turpeinen, Jari Laarni, Mikko Salminen, and Matias Kivikangas. "Spatial Presence and Emotions during Video Game Playing: Does It Matter with Whom You Play?" Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.15.4.381.

Full text

Abstract:

The authors examined whether the nature of the opponent (computer, friend, or stranger) influences spatial presence, emotional responses, and threat and challenge appraisals when playing video games. In a within-subjects design, participants played two different video games against a computer, a friend, and a stranger. In addition to self-report ratings, cardiac interbeat intervals (IBIs) and facial electromyography (EMG) were measured to index physiological arousal and emotional valence. When compared to playing against a computer, playing against another human elicited higher spatial presence, engagement, anticipated threat, post-game challenge appraisals, and physiological arousal, as well as more positively valenced emotional responses. In addition, playing against a friend elicited greater spatial presence, engagement, and self-reported and physiological arousal, as well as more positively valenced facial EMG responses, compared to playing against a stranger. The nature of the opponent influences spatial presence when playing video games, possibly through the mediating influence on arousal and attentional processes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Kaviani, Amir. "On the Significance of Students’ Appraisals of Their Language Learning Experiences at University: A Phenomenological Approach." Journal of Educational and Social Research 10, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0122.

Full text

Abstract:

This study focusses on students’ appraisals of their language learning experiences at university. Forty students in the third and final academic English course at a university in the UAE participated in the study. The participants completed a written survey which was developed based on Scherer’s (1987, 2001, 2011, 2013) framework of appraisals, i.e. pleasantness, novelty, goal-conduciveness, coping potential and self-compatibility checks. The analysis of the qualitative data indicates that almost all of the participants evaluate their language learning experiences positively and consider the programme to be of great value in enabling them to achieve their academic and professional goals. On the other hand, some participants do not see much novelty in terms of the materials presented to them and believe this reduces the level of challenge and motivation for them. Almost all of the participants feel strongly about the use of their first language, i.e. Arabic and the fact that learning English should not affect their use of the first language negatively. One important pedagogical implication of the study is that students’ positive appraisals of the course are largely attributed to the teacher’s method of teaching. Another important pedagogical implication of the study is that correct placement of the students in an academic programme can create the proper level of challenge and hence motivation for the students.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Lee, Sharon Y., Crystal L. Park, and Beth S. Russell. "Does distress tolerance interact with trait anxiety to predict challenge or threat appraisals?" Personality and Individual Differences 132 (October 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.014.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Mak, Anita S., Kelly Blewitt, and Patrick C. L. Heaven. "Gender and personality influences in adolescent threat and challenge appraisals and depressive symptoms." Personality and Individual Differences 36, no. 6 (April 2004): 1483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00243-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Challenge appraisals'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles