Journal articles: 'Challenger Expedition'

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Dolan, John R. "Jewels of Scientific Illustration from Oceanographic Reports in the Library of the Institute de la Mer de Villefranche." Arts et sciences 8, no. 3 (2024): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21494/iste.op.2024.1185.

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The discipline of Oceanography might seem unlikely to harbor artistic work. However, the study of the ocean includes the study of marine organisms. Depictions of marine organisms appear in many reports of oceanographic expeditions, and some are undeniably works of art, jewels of scientific illustration. Here are exhibited a selection of plates from reports of early oceanographic expeditions held in the library of the Institut de la Mer de Villefranche. From the reports of the Challenger Expedition (1873-1876), the Campaigns of Albert 1er of Monaco (1885-1915), the Plankton-Expedition (1889) and the Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ’Valdivia’ (1898-1899).

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Gould, W. John. "HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle – their 19th century voyages compared." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 13, no. 2 (September 22, 2022): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022.

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Abstract. This paper analyses the pioneering global voyages of HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the 1870s – a time of rapid scientific advances and technological innovation. The voyage of Challenger has become well known as marking the start of the global-scale science of oceanography. The voyage of the Gazelle is much less well known despite the two voyages ending in the same year, 1876, and having similar geographical and scientific scope. Rather than focussing on the scientific achievements, the paper concentrates on how the expeditions were planned and executed, the lives and characters of the personnel involved, and the underlying motivation behind the voyages. The paper presents the author's translations of key elements of the Gazelle reports as a means of introducing the Gazelle expedition to an English-speaking readership.

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Zuroski, E. "Situating the local in a global expedition: HMS Challenger expedition in New Zealand, 1874." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 47, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2016.1207682.

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Jones, Robert Wynn. "The Challenger Expedition (1872-1876), Henry Bowman Brady (1835-1891) and the Challenger foraminifera." Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Natural History). Historical Series. 18, no. 2 (November 29, 1990): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.310435.

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Smith, Edgar A. "Descriptions of new Species of Shells from the ‘Challenger’ Expedition." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 59, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1891.tb01765.x.

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Rodhouse, P. G., U. Piatkowski, and C. C. Lu. "Southern Ocean cephalopods: life cycles and populations (Proceedings of the symposium held at Kings College Cambridge, 5–9 July 1993)." Antarctic Science 6, no. 2 (June 1994): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000192.

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The first systematic sampling in the Southern Ocean to capture cephalopods took place 120 years ago aboard HMS Challenger. Over the next century taxonomic knowledge was advanced by expeditions including the Mission du Cap Horn (France), the Valdivia Deep Sea Expedition (Germany), the Discovery expeditions (UK) the Eltanin (USA) and Academic Knipovitch (USSR). Over the last decade Southern Ocean cephalopod research has at last progressed beyond the descriptive phase and is rapidly joining other fields of Antarctic marine biology in its concerns with population biology and trophic systems, Although much taxonomic work remains to be done, ecological studies on the role of cephalopods in the diet of predators has been facilitated by advances in the identification of cephalopod beaks, development of opening-closing nets has allowed fine-scale distribution studies, and as methods for the study of growth, diet and biochemical genetics have advanced, so these have been applied to Southern Ocean cephalopods.

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Jamieson, Alan J. "The Five Deeps Expedition and an Update of Full Ocean Depth Exploration and Explorers." Marine Technology Society Journal 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.54.1.1.

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AbstractFull ocean depth exploration (depths of ~11,000 m) is still a rarity in deep-sea exploration. Following the 1960 Trieste dive to the Challenger Deep, it was 52 years before Deepsea Challenger followed suit. Between these dives, there was also the French bathyscaphe Archimède, operational in the 1960s, which performed a number of significantly deep dives. However, 7 years after the Deepsea Challenger, a new wave of full ocean depth dives have been undertaken in the DSV Limiting Factor, a new two-person full ocean depth submersible. Described herein is an update of the recent series of full ocean depth dives in the DSV Limiting Factor and a collation of all significantly deep dives and sub crew in full ocean depth submersibles. These historical dives are discussed, as well as the latest dives from the Five Deeps Expedition using the DSV Limiting Factor, within the context of and challenging the validity of common analogies with lunar exploration. This article aims to provide a little perspective and pride in full ocean depth exploration.

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Jamieson, Alan J., Patrick Lahey, Rob MacCallum, Stuart Buckle, Tim Macdonald, and Victor Vescovo. "Recovery of a Lost Subsea Asset at Full Ocean Depth in the Mariana Trench (10,925 m ± 4) Using a Crewed Submersible." Marine Technology Society Journal 57, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.57.1.4.

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Abstract In 2019, the Deep Submergence Support Vessel Pressure Drop embarked on the third leg of the Five Deeps Expedition. Over the course of 10 days, the full ocean depth submersible Deep Submergence Vehicle Limiting Factor made a record five dives to the bottom of the Mariana Trench: four to the Challenger Deep, one to the Sirena Deep. The submersible was supported by three scientific landers, one of which became stuck on the seafloor at 10,925 m depth. Here we describe how, during the third dive of the campaign, the expedition utilized the submersible to rescue this lost asset from full ocean depth. The expedition was not only significant for its operational jump from single full ocean depth dives to multiple dives in a short space of time, but demonstrated that assets lost in the deepest 45% of the oceans are no longer irretrievable.

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Summerhayes, C. P., and N. Hamilton. "The Southampton Oceanography Centre and the Legacy of the Challenger Expedition." Underwater Technology 21, no. 4 (March 1, 1996): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/175605496783328556.

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Zelaya, Diego Gabriel, Marina Güller, and Rüdiger Bieler. "Doubling the known diversity of a remote island fauna: marine bivalves of the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas oceanic archipelagos (Southeastern Pacific Ocean)." PeerJ 12 (June 28, 2024): e17305. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17305.

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Juan Fernández and Desventuradas are two oceanic archipelagos located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean far off the Chilean coast that received protected status as marine parks in 2016. Remoteness and access difficulty contributed to historically poor biodiversity sampling and limited associated research. This is particularly noticeable for bivalves, with most prior regional publications focused on single taxa or un-illustrated checklists. This study investigates marine bivalves collected between the intertidal and 415 m depth during (1) the 1997 IOC97 expedition aboard the M/V Carlos Porter, with special focus on scuba-collected micro-mollusks of both archipelagos, (2) two expeditions by the R/V Anton Bruun (Cruise 12/1965 and Cruise 17/1966), and (3) Cruise 21 of USNS Eltanin under the United States Antarctic Program, which sampled at Juan Fernández in 1965. Also, relevant historical material of the British H.M.S. Challenger Expedition (1873–1876), the Swedish Pacific Expedition (1916–1917), and by German zoologist Ludwig H. Plate (1893–1895) is critically revised. A total of 48 species are recognized and illustrated, including 19 new species (described herein) and six other potentially new species. The presence of two species mentioned in the literature for the region (Aulacomya atra and Saccella cuneata) could not be confirmed. The genera Verticipronus and Halonympha are reported for the first time from the Eastern Pacific, as are Anadara and Condylocardia from Chilean waters. Lectotypes are designated for Arca (Barbatia) platei and Mytilus algosus. These findings double the number of extant bivalve species known from the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas archipelagos, highlighting the lack of attention these islands groups have received in the past. A high percentage of species endemic to one or both archipelagos are recognized herein, accounting for almost 78% of the total. The newly recognized level of bivalve endemism supports the consideration of Juan Fernández and Desventuradas as two different biogeographic units (Provinces or Ecoregions) of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

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Rees, Simon. "An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea (2nd. ed.) by Michael EQ Pilson." New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, no. 9 (February 12, 2016): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/ndtps.v0i9.506.

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This engaging and comprehensive volume serves as an excellent introduction to this topic for students with a broad range of backgrounds in the physical sciences. The author engages the reader from the start with a succinct and fascinating history of physical oceanography and reminds us of the lasting impact of the H.M.S. Challenger expedition (1873–1876) on this field. This book combines these past achievements with contemporary research to inform the reader with a diverse and comprehensive overview of the chemistry of the sea.

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Roemmich, Dean, W. John Gould, and John Gilson. "135 years of global ocean warming between the Challenger expedition and the Argo Programme." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 6 (April 1, 2012): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1461.

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Cortese, Giuseppe. "Radiolarian researchers based in Italy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." Journal of Micropalaeontology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-023.

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Abstract. In the second half of the nineteenth century a few Italian radiolarists, including Dante Pantanelli and Senofonte Squinabol, made substantial contributions to the taxonomic study of radiolarians and their utilization in dating Mesozoic rocks. This time interval was very important in the history of science in general, and biology in particular, with numerous scientific expeditions collecting a wealth of biological and sedimentary material from the oceans that took decades to be described and analysed. One of the most famous examples is the Report of the Challenger Expedition, which included a thorough study of radiolarians by Ernst Haeckel which became the basis of radiolarian classification. Haeckel was one of the foremost promoters of the largest cultural revolution of his epoch: Darwinism. He, together with a long list of eminent scientists, used comparative anatomy and embryology to provide evidence of the theory of evolution through natural selection. One of his students, Anton Dohrn, also a fervent Darwinist, founded one of the oldest independent marine biology stations in the world: the Statione Zoologica in Naples. It was here that at the beginning of the twentieth century another eminent Italian radiolarist, Paolo Enriques, worked for many years to revise and improve Haeckel’s classification scheme of radiolarians, although he died before it was completed or published.

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Hayward, Bruce W., and Shungo Kawagata. "Extinct foraminifera figured in Brady’s <i>Challenger</i> Report." Journal of Micropalaeontology 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.24.2.171.

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Abstract. Brady’s (1884) widely available monograph on foraminifera from the Challenger Expedition is generally assumed to illustrate hundreds of living species from modern seafloor sediment from around the world. This assumption may have contributed to the delay in recognizing the youngest extinction ‘episode’ in the deep sea, which occurred during the mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition. At least 18 of the species illustrated by Brady are part of the group of c. 70 elongate, benthic foraminifera now known to have died out globally between 1.2 and 0.6 million years ago. The figured specimens were sampled from just seven stations that presumably contain relict or reworked sediment, possibly mixed in with Holocene. The majority (14 species) come from two stations (191A, 192) off Kei Islands, Banda Sea, Indonesia. Station 192, from c. 250 m depth, is considerably shallower than the established fossil bathymetric ranges of the extinct species and therefore tectonic uplift is inferred. Additional pre-Holocene or even extinct species may also be among those illustrated by Brady, especially from the seven stations so far identified.

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Spero, Howard J. "Life History and Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Planktonic Foraminifera." Paleontological Society Papers 4 (October 1998): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000383.

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Application of planktonic foraminifera to micropaleontological, paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic research has enjoyed more than 150 years of activity. During the first century, foraminifera were used primarily for biostratigraphic analysis. Although fossil shells were recognized from beach sands and deep sea sediments as early as 1826 (d'Orbigny, 1826; Parker and Jones, 1865), it wasn't until Owen (1867) and the scientific results of the Challenger expedition (Brady, 1884) that the planktonic life habitat of these marine protozoans was clearly established. By the early 20th century, researchers were studying the biology of planktonic foraminifera at the cellular level (Rhumbler, 1901; Le Calvez, 1936), and linking their distributional patterns to regions of the ocean surface (Lohmann, 1920; Schott, 1935).

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Zissler, D. "Die Challenger-Expedition. Zum tiefsten Punkt der Weltmeere 1872-1876. Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhms Briefe von der Challenger-Expedition mit Auszügen aus dem Reisebericht des Schiffsingenieurs W.J.J. Spry. Hrsg. von G. Müller. Thienemann, Edition Erdmann, Stuttgart 1984." Biologie in unserer Zeit 15, no. 6 (December 1985): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19850150610.

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Davenport, J., and G. E. Fogg. "The invertebrate collections of the Erebus and Terror Antarctic expedition; a missed opportunity." Polar Record 25, no. 155 (October 1989): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400019513.

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ABSTRACTAlthough at the time the zoological establishment had little interest in the smaller planktonic and benthic marine invertebrates, James Ross assisted by Joseph Hooker amassed a large collection of these animals during the Erebus and Terror voyage of 1839–43. These samples perished withoutRoss having carried out his intention of working on them. The only knownmaterial relating to them that survives today consists of a small number of drawings by Hooker in the British Museum (Natural History). These are evidently the remnants of a much larger collection which became dispersed among the experts preparing Challenger reports from 1876 onwards. Undoubtedly Ross and Hooker discovered many new species and genera (an example discussed being an apparently undescribed pycnogonid) which were left undescribed. Their finding of animal life at depths below 300 fathoms was not properly publicized so that Forbes' doctrine of the absence of life in the depths of the sea was able to persist for several more decades.

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Folin, Marquis. "7. On the Mollusca of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition. - The Caecidée, comprising the genera Parastrophia, Watsonia, and Cœcum." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 47, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 806–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02720.x.

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Cuadros, Javier, Vesselin M. Dekov, Xabier Arroyo, and Fernando Nieto. "Smectite Formation in Submarine Hydrothermal Sediments: Samples from the HMS Challenger Expedition (1872 à 1876)." Clays and Clay Minerals 59, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.2011.0590204.

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Holland, Nicholas D., Karen J. Osborn, Andrey V. Gebruk, and Antonina Rogacheva. "Rediscovery and augmented description of the HMS ‘Challenger’ acorn worm (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta),Glandiceps abyssicola, in the equatorial Atlantic abyss." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 8 (July 9, 2013): 2197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000684.

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A 2009 oceanographic expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences collected the anterior region of a single acorn worm (phylum Hemichordata, class Enteropneusta) by trawling at a depth of 5560 m in the Romanche Trench (equatorial Atlantic). The specimen was a ripe female with numerous, relatively small oocytes in each ovary. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences robustly placed the worm in the family Spengelidae. In addition, morphological features of the proboscis, collar, and anterior trunk region indicated that the worm wasGlandiceps abyssicola, a species previously represented solely by the holotype, which had been dredged from the equatorial Atlantic in 1873 by the HMS ‘Challenger’ and subsequently sent to Germany for description by Spengel (1893). The holotype was presumably destroyed by World War II bombing; therefore, we here designate the Romanche Trench specimen as the neotype ofG. abyssicolaand supply an augmented species diagnosis.

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Schmidt, Daniela N., Jeremy R. Young, Shirley Van Heck, and Jackie Lees. "The 2008 recipient of the Brady Medal: Professor Katharina von Salis." Journal of Micropalaeontology 28, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.28.1.91.

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Abstract. INTRODUCTIONThe Brady Medal, the highest award of The Micropalaeontological Society, is given to scientists who have had a major influence on micropalaeontology by means of a substantial body of excellent research and additionally service to the scientific community. It is named in honour of the brothers George and Henry Brady, pioneers of foraminiferal and ostracod research, respectively, both of whose work included landmark studies of material from the Challenger expedition. If the Challenger revolutionized nineteenth century oceanography, then the Glomar Challenger and the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) did the same for twentieth century micropalaeontology and palaeoceanography. So, it is fitting that the second Brady medal should go to one of the great contributors to DSDP microfossil studies, Katharina von Salis Perch-Nielsen.To use the words of her mother, Katharina is ‘curious, logical, inventive and rebellious, with an extreme sense for justice’. As a researcher, she made outstanding contributions to nannofossil taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeobiology. She both carried out an immense body of primary research and synthesized her encyclopaedic knowledge of nannofossils in a series of seminal syntheses, which have provided the basis for subsequent research. Moreover, she played a unique role in encouraging, supporting and facilitating micropalaeontological research and researchers.EARLY STUDIESKatharina was born in 1940 in Zurich, and was brought up there and in Soglio in Graubünden, a high-Alpine municipality in southeastern Switzerland, and commune of origin of the distinguished von Salis family. Her own branch of the family was characterized by strong women – her grandmother . . .

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Moore, P. G. "John Robertson Henderson (1863–1925): Scotland, India and anomuran taxonomy." Archives of Natural History 47, no. 1 (April 2020): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2020.0622.

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John Robertson Henderson was born in Scotland and educated at the University of Edinburgh, where he qualified as a doctor. His interest in marine natural history was fostered at the Scottish Marine Station for Scientific Research at Granton (near Edinburgh) where his focus on anomuran crustaceans emerged, to the extent that he was eventually invited to compile the anomuran volume of the Challenger expedition reports. He left Scotland for India in autumn 1885 to take up the Chair of Zoology at Madras Christian College, shortly after its establishment. He continued working on crustacean taxonomy, producing substantial contributions to the field; returning to Scotland in retirement in 1919. The apparent absence of communication with Alfred William Alcock, a surgeon-naturalist with overlapping interests in India, is highlighted but not resolved.

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Gebbie, G., and P. Huybers. "The Little Ice Age and 20th-century deep Pacific cooling." Science 363, no. 6422 (January 3, 2019): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar8413.

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Proxy records show that before the onset of modern anthropogenic warming, globally coherent cooling occurred from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The long memory of the ocean suggests that these historical surface anomalies are associated with ongoing deep-ocean temperature adjustments. Combining an ocean model with modern and paleoceanographic data leads to a prediction that the deep Pacific is still adjusting to the cooling going into the Little Ice Age, whereas temperature trends in the surface ocean and deep Atlantic reflect modern warming. This prediction is corroborated by temperature changes identified between the HMS Challenger expedition of the 1870s and modern hydrography. The implied heat loss in the deep ocean since 1750 CE offsets one-fourth of the global heat gain in the upper ocean.

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FIGUEIREDO, ESTRELA, DAVID WILLIAMS, and GIDEON F. SMITH. "The identity of John Rattray, diatomist and collector on the Buccaneer expedition (1885–1886) to West Africa." Phytotaxa 408, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.408.4.7.

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Herbarium records show that during the second half of the 19th century John Rattray collected several plant specimens at ports of call along the West African coast (Canary Islands, Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Angola). At the herbarium (K) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, four such specimens are databased, three of which can be examined online. At the herbarium (E) of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, 26 specimens are databased, twenty of which are imaged. All the specimens we examined have printed labels stating ‘Collected by John Rattray, H.M. Challenger Commission, Edinburgh’ with only a handwritten indication of the locality, for example ‘Loanda’ (Luanda, Angola). The collecting date has been omitted from the labels and there are no further details on the specimens. An investigation of the literature revealed that there is some confusion regarding the origin of the material and the identity of John Rattray, the collector.

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Kano, Akihiro, Timothy G. Ferdelman, and Trevor Williams. "The Pleistocene Cooling Built Challenger Mound, a Deep-water Coral Mound in the NE Atlantic: Synthesis from IODP Expedition 307." Sedimentary Record 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/sedred.2010.4.4.

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Wang, Xiaohong, Lu Gan, Klaus P. Jochum, Heinz C. Schröder, and Werner E. G. Müller. "The Largest Bio-Silica Structure on Earth: The Giant Basal Spicule from the Deep-Sea Glass SpongeMonorhaphis chuni." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/540987.

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The depth of the ocean is plentifully populated with a highly diverse fauna and flora, from where the Challenger expedition (1873–1876) treasured up a rich collection of vitreous sponges [Hexactinellida]. They have been described by Schulze and represent the phylogenetically oldest class of siliceous sponges [phylum Porifera]; they are eye-catching because of their distinct body plan, which relies on a filigree skeleton. It is constructed by an array of morphologically determined elements, the spicules. Later, during the German Deep Sea Expedition “Valdivia” (1898-1899), Schulze could describe the largest siliceous hexactinellid sponge on Earth, the up to 3 m highMonorhaphis chuni, which develops the equally largest bio-silica structures, the giant basal spicules (3 m × 10 mm). With such spicules as a model, basic knowledge on the morphology, formation, and development of the skeletal elements could be elaborated. Spicules are formed by a proteinaceous scaffold which mediates the formation of siliceous lamellae in which the proteins are encased. Up to eight hundred 5 to 10 μm thick lamellae can be concentrically arranged around an axial canal. The silica matrix is composed of almost pure silicon and oxygen, providing it with unusual optophysical properties that are superior to those of man-made waveguides. Experiments indicated that the spicules functionin vivoas a nonocular photoreception system. In addition, the spicules have exceptional mechanical properties, combining mechanical stability with strength and stiffness. Like demosponges the hexactinellids synthesize their silica enzymatically, via the enzyme silicatein. All these basic insights will surely contribute also to a further applied utilization and exploration of bio-silica in material/medical science.

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Maggioni, Tamara, Anabela Taverna, and Marcos Tatián. "Redescription of the deep-sea colonial ascidian Synoicum molle (Herdman, 1886): first record since its original finding during the Challenger Expedition." Zoosystematics and Evolution 92, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.92.9521.

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Sissini, Marina N., Mariana C. Oliveira, Paul W. Gabrielson, Néstor M. Robinson, Yuri B. Okolodkov, Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez, and Paulo A. Horta. "Mesophyllum erubescens (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)—so many species in one epithet." Phytotaxa 190, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.190.1.18.

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The name Mesophyllum erubescens has been applied to protuberant rhodolith specimens which sometimes occur abundantly, as well as to encrusting specimens in tropical and temperate waters in the Western Pacific, Indian and Western Atlantic Oceans. A DNA sequence, representing about 20% of the rbcL gene, was obtained from the 140 year old holotype specimen collected in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago by the Challenger Expedition. This sequence was identical to field-collected topotype specimens as well as to specimens ranging south along the coast of Brazil. Sequences for psbA from these same Brazilian specimens and specimens from the east coast of Mexico were identical or differed by 1 base pair. In contrast, specimens called M. erubescens based on morpho-anatomical characters in the Pacific Ocean differed from Western Atlantic Ocean specimens by 2.5–13.1%, indicating that these represent numerous distinct species. All reports of non-geniculate coralline species said to be widely distributed across different oceans or in different biogeographic provinces based on morpho-anatomical characters need to be verified by DNA sequences.

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Mangelsdorf, Kai, Klaus-G. Zink, Rolando di Primio, and Brian Horsfield. "Microbial lipid markers within and adjacent to Challenger Mound in the Belgica carbonate mound province, Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland (IODP Expedition 307)." Marine Geology 282, no. 1-2 (March 2011): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.007.

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Beady, G. Stewaedson. "A Supplementary Report on the Crustaceans of the Group Myodocopa obtained during the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, with Notes on other new or imperfectly known Species." Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 14, no. 3 (July 7, 2010): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1897.tb00058.x.

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FEHLAUER-ALE, KARIN H., LEANDRO M. VIEIRA, and JUDITH E. WINSTON. "Molecular and morphological characterization of Amathia distans Busk and Amathia brasiliensis Busk (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic." Zootaxa 2962, no. 1 (July 11, 2011): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2962.1.4.

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Morphological and molecular analyses have proven to be complementary tools of taxonomic information for the redescription of the ctenostome bryozoans Amathia brasiliensis Busk, 1886 and Amathia distans Busk, 1886. The two species, originally described from material collected by the ‘Challenger’ expedition but synonymized by later authors, now have their status fixed by means of the selection of lectotypes, morphological observations and analyses of DNA sequences described here. The morphological characters allowing the identification of living and/or preserved specimens are (1) A. brasiliensis: whitish-pale pigment spots in the frontal surface of stolons and zooids, and a wide stolon with biserial zooid clusters growing in clockwise and anti-clockwise spirals along it, the spirality direction being maintained from maternal to daughter stolons; and (2) A. distans: bright yellow pigment spots in stolonal and zooidal surfaces including lophophores, and a slender stolon, thickly cuticularized, with biserial zooid clusters growing in clockwise and anti-clockwise spirals along it and the spirality direction not maintained from maternal to daughter stolons. Pairwise comparisons of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and large ribosomal RNA subunit revealed deep genetic divergence between A. brasiliensis and A. distans. Finally, analyses of those sequences within a Bayesian phylogenetic context recovered their genealogical species status.

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DiCamillo, Lorrei. "A Teacher’s Perceptions of Teaching With Expeditions in a Tested History Course." Social Studies Research and Practice 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2015-b0004.

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This qualitative case study investigated an interdisciplinary expedition in an urban high school (based on the Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound model). The author wanted to understand what happened during an expedition and how the Global History teacher perceived teaching a tested course in an Expeditionary Learning School. Findings indicated the teacher thought the expeditions students engaged in each semester assisted them in developing a sense of global awareness and in making interdisciplinary connections. The teacher also discussed challenges encountered when teaching the Expeditionary Learning curriculum to students who struggled academically. Though 35% of students failed the state Global History and Geography test at the end of the semester, the teacher remained committed to teaching with expeditions. This research highlights the teacher’s perceptions of the benefits and challenges of implementing expeditions in a state-tested course in an urban high school, as well as the need for additional supports for implementing this type of curriculum and preparing students for high-stakes exams.

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SHALAEVA, KATE. "An illustrated catalogue of the scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Scalpellidae) collected during the HMS “Challenger” expedition and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London." Zootaxa 3804, no. 1 (May 29, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3804.1.1.

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Brandão, Simone N., and Moriaki Yasuhara. "Challenging deep-sea cosmopolitanism: taxonomic re-evaluation and biogeography of ‘<i>Cythere dasyderma</i> Brady, 1880’ (Ostracoda)." Journal of Micropalaeontology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-009.

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Abstract. Cythere dasyderma Brady, 1880 was described from samples collected from all the world’s oceans during the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s. Subsequently, Cythere dasyderma (or Echinocythereis dasyderma, or Henryhowella dasyderma) has been recorded from the Late Eocene to Recent, from Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, Pacific and Southern oceans, and from intertidal to deep abyssal environments. However, even cursory inspection of illustrations from over 50 publications shows that several species have been included in ‘Cythere dasyderma’. Here, all syntypes of Cythere dasyderma Brady, 1880 archived in the Natural History Museum, London have been re-studied. This species is re-described, re-diagnosed and illustrated with scanning electron microscope images. Cythere dasyderma is assigned to Ayressoleberis gen. nov., which is described here. The geographical distribution of Ayressoleberis dasyderma (Brady, 1880) comb. nov. is no longer cosmopolitan, and includes only the type locality in the abyssal southeastern Pacific. Most of the specimens previously identified as Cythere dasyderma, or its synonyms, belong to other trachyleberidid genera (e.g. Henryhowella, Legitimocythere, Pennyella) and not to Ayressoleberis dasyderma comb. nov. A new species of Ayressoleberis, very similar to Ayressoleberis dasyderma comb. nov., is described and illustrated from specimens previously included amongst the syntypes of ‘Cythere acanthoderma Brady, 1880’. These latter specimens were collected from the continental slope of the southwestern Indian Ocean. This new species is left in open nomenclature herein because only two left valves are currently available.

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Southward, A. J., and E. K. Roberts. "One hundred years of marine research at Plymouth." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67, no. 3 (August 1987): 465–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400027259.

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The second half of the nineteenth century was a period of rapid change in the natural sciences in Britain, reflecting changes in social conditions and improvements in education. A growing number of naturalists were becoming socially conscious and aware of the need for a proper study of the sea and its products, following the success of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition of 1872–6. In 1866 the Royal Commission on the Sea Fisheries, which included among its officers Professor T. H. Huxley, one of the new breed of professional scientists, had reported that fears of over-exploitation of the sea-fisheries were unfounded, and had recommended doing away with existing laws regulating fishing grounds and closed seasons. Nevertheless, the rising trade in fresh fish carried to towns by rail or by fast boats (fleeting), and the consequent increase in size and number of registered fishing vessels, was causing widespread concern, and there were reports from all round the coasts about the scarcity of particular fish, especially soles. This concern was expressed at the International Fisheries Exhibition in London in 1883, a conference called to discuss the commercial and scientific aspects of the fishing industry, attended by many active and first-rank scientists. However, in his opening address Professor Huxley discounted reports of scarcity of fish, and repeated the views of the Royal Commission of 1866: that, with existing methods of fishing, it was inconceivable that the great sea fisheries, such as those for cod, herring and mackerel, could ever be exhausted.

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Joshi, Sunil Kumar, and Sugam Pokharel. "SS03-03 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) OF SHERPA MOUNTAINEERS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0059.

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Abstract Introduction The current climate change scenario poses significant challenges for mountaineering expeditions. The accelerated melting of glaciers, altered climbing conditions, and changing weather patterns are reshaping the mountaineering process. The changing climate has significantly amplified the hazards linked to climbing, leading to increased frequency and intensity of avalanches and rockfall. The objective of this study was to study the effect of climate change factors on the job of Sherpa mountaineers on expedition to Mount Everest. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 94 Sherpas residing in the Solukhumbu District, Nepal. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. Sherpas who were present for the expedition during the data collection period and gave informed consent were included in the study. Similarly, secondary data on climate change-related events in the Everest region were analyzed. Results Approximately forty three percent (42.6%) of respondents experienced different incidents during expeditions; 33% had encountered avalanches, 14.9% had fallen from cliffs or paths, and 12.6% had fallen into crevasses. Sixteen percent of participants encountered the death of family members, 69.1% experienced the loss of colleagues from their team, and 21.3% encountered the death of clients during expeditions. Conclusion The study highlights the multifaceted OSH challenges related to climate change faced by Sherpas guiding summit expeditions on Mount Everest. Their need for targeted interventions is evident and to ensure their well-being, a comprehensive approach encompassing health education, psychological support, and improved safety practices is essential.

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Evans, John, and Philip M. Smith. "Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966." Polar Record 50, no. 3 (April 12, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247413000211.

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ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.

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Howard, Matt, J. Bakker-Dyos, L. Gallagher, J. P. O’Hara, D. Woods, and A. Mellor. "Power supplies and equipment for military field research: lessons from the British Service Dhaulagiri Research Expedition 2016." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164, no. 1 (December 25, 2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2017-000767.

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IntroductionThe British Service Dhaulagiri Research Expedition (BSDMRE) took place from 27 March to 31 May 2016. The expedition involved 129 personnel, with voluntary participation in nine different study protocols. Studies were conducted in three research camps established at 3600, 4600 and 5140 m and involved taking and storing blood samples, cardiac echocardiography and investigations involving a balance plate. Research in this remote environment requires careful planning in order to provide a robust and resilient power plan. In this paper we aim to report the rationale for the choices we made in terms of power supply, the equipment used and potential military applicability.MethodsThis is a descriptive account from the expedition members involved in planning and conducting the medical research.ResultsPower calculations were used to determine estimates of requirement prior to the expedition. The primary sources used to generate power were internal combustion engine (via petrol fuelled electric generators) and solar panels. Having been generated, power was stored using lithium-ion batteries. Special consideration was given to the storage of samples taken in the field, for which electric freezers and dry shippers were used. All equipment used functioned well during the expedition, with the challenges of altitude, temperature and transport all overcome due to extensive prior planning.ConclusionsPower was successfully generated, stored and delivered during the BSDMRE, allowing extensive medical research to be undertaken. The challenges faced and overcome are directly applicable to delivering military medical care in austere environments, and lessons learnt can help with the planning and delivery of future operations, training exercises or expeditions.

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Mackey, J., and A. Mellor. "Lessons learned while undertaking high altitude medical research in the Himalayas." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 101, no. 2 (December 2015): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-101-143.

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AbstractUndertaking medical research during military adventurous training expeditions presents a unique set of challenges to medical personnel, and for those considering doing so in the future the task may seem daunting. This article details some of the challenges faced whilst undertaking high altitude research on a recent Defence Medical Services (DMS) adventurous training expedition to the Dhaulagiri circuit in Nepal. By discussing what led to some of the problems encountered, how they were overcome, and in some instances how they could have been avoided in the first place, it is hoped that the article will act as a guide for others who plan on undertaking future research in a similar environment.

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Biswakarma, Gangaram, Utshav Rijal, Sudichhya Thapa, Swastika Dhakal, Tridev Kishor K.C., and Trilok Manandhar. "Waste Management Policy and Practices in Mountain Expeditions in Nepal: Stakeholder's Perspective on Implementation of Mountaineering Expedition Rules." International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews 10, no. 2 (July 9, 2023): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2023.1021.

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Purpose: This study investigates the current implementation status of the Mountaineering Expedition Rules (MER) of 2002 in Nepal, focusing on waste management practices during mountain expeditions from the stakeholder's perspective. Methodology: The study used a descriptive research design with a mixed approach, collecting primary data through structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Data analysis is conducted using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data. Main Findings: The findings highlight the need for improvement in waste management during mountain expeditions in Nepal. While climbers demonstrate a moderate to high level of awareness and implementation of waste management practices, challenges such as limited budgets, lack of self-awareness among expeditioners, and slow decay of waste in cold weather persist. The study emphasizes the importance of proper implementation of mountaineering expedition rules, particularly in waste management. Implications: This study contributes to the development of sustainable tourism practices in Nepal and the preservation of the mountain environment. The study recognizes the efforts made by the Nepalese government through policies and regulations to address waste management issues. The goal is to protect the fragile mountain ecosystem while facilitating the growth of sustainable mountain tourism. Novelty: It offers practical recommendations based on stakeholder perspectives, which can inform policy formulation in Nepal and other countries with similar mountain tourism contexts.

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Reid, Hamish A. B., Nicholas C. Dennison, Jonathan Quayle, and Tom Preston. "Starvation Resulting From Inadequate Dietary Planning for a 50-Day Rowing Expedition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 8 (September 2017): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0349.

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Meeting the energy demands of prolonged arduous expeditions and endurance sport may be a significant barrier to success. Expedition rowing is associated with high levels of body-mass loss, reflecting the challenge of meeting energy expenditure in this exacting environment.Purpose:To use the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique to calculate the total energy expenditure (TEE) and body-composition changes of two 28-y-old healthy male athletes during a 50-d continuous and unsupported row around Great Britain.Methods:A measured dose of DLW was taken at the start of 2 separate study periods (days 5–19 and 34–48) followed by sequential urine collection, which was analyzed on return to land.Results:Mean TEE was 15.3 MJ/d: athlete 1, 16.4 MJ/d; athlete 2, 14.9 MJ/d. Athlete 1 lost 11.2 kg and athlete 2 lost 14.9 kg of body mass during the row. Average energy provision was 19.1 MJ per 24-h ration pack.Conclusions:These results highlight the difficulty of maintaining energy balance during expedition rowing. A starvation state was observed despite dietary provision in excess of estimated energy expenditure, indicating that nutritional strategy rather than caloric availability was at fault. The authors recommend that future expeditions prioritize thorough testing and the individualization of rations to ensure that they are both palatable and practical during the weeks to months at sea.

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Bondi, Danilo, Anna Maria Aloisi, Tiziana Pietrangelo, Raffaela Piccinelli, Cinzia Le Donne, Tereza Jandova, Stefano Pieretti, et al. "Feeding Your Himalayan Expedition: Nutritional Signatures and Body Composition Adaptations of Trekkers and Porters." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020460.

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High-altitude exposure leads to many physiological challenges, such as weight loss and dehydration. However, little attention has been posed to the role of nutrition and ethnic differences. Aiming to fulfill this gap, five Italian trekkers and seven Nepalese porters, all males, recorded their diet in diaries during a Himalayan expedition (19 days), and the average daily intake of micro and macro-nutrients were calculated. Bioimpedance analysis was performed five times during the trek; muscle ultrasound was performed before and after the expedition, only for the Italians. The Nepalese group consumed a lot of rice and only Italians consumed cheese. Water intake was slightly over 3000 g/d for both groups. Nepalese diet had a higher density of dietary fibre and lower density of riboflavin, vitamins A, K, and B12. Intake of calcium was lower than recommended levels. Body mass index, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and total body water decreased in both groups, whereas resistance (Rz) increased. Italians reactance (Xc) increased at day 9, whereas that of Nepalese occurred at days 5, 9, and 16. The cross-sectional area of the Vastus lateralis was reduced after the expedition. Specific nutritional and food-related risk factors guidance is needed for diverse expedition groups. Loss of muscle mass and balance of fluids both deserve a particular focus as concerns altitude expeditions.

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Alp, Bill. "Dogs of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13." Polar Record 55, no. 6 (November 2019): 476–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247420000182.

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AbstractThis article tells the story of the dog teams of the British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13. Its purpose is to establish an accurate record of sledge dog involvement in the expedition. It is not concerned with hypotheses about how a better outcome for the expedition might have been achieved, aiming simply to assemble and analyse verifiable evidence in chronological order. A substantial amount of research has been undertaken. Straightforward details about procurement of the dogs and their main Antarctic journeys have been summarised in tabular form as an accessible reference source for future work. A literature review has been undertaken, finding that none of the reviewed works accurately traces the evolving plans and instructions for the expedition’s dog teams. The story starts with Scott’s September 1909 public fundraising prospectus and goes on to the procurement and training of Huskies from Siberia. It traces the challenges, achievements, attitudes and management decisions that shaped the dogs’ main journeys. It finishes with Terra Nova leaving the Antarctic, with the last 13 dogs in January 1913. The dog teams and their handlers performed well in the Antarctic and successfully completed three of their four main journeys. They made a substantial contribution to the expedition.

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Ainslie, Philip N. "Professor Bengt Saltin Symposium – Environmental challenges to human performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 42, no. 1 (January 2017): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0319.

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This short review is from a presentation made at the Bengt Saltin Symposium, October 15–17, at the 2015 Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology conference, Hamilton, Canada. The review provides context of the important work of the late Dr. Saltin’s contributions to environmental physiology. In addition to well-controlled laboratory experiments to better understand the influence of hypoxia or temperature, or both, Dr. Saltin also led several field expeditions to the North Greenland, Kenya, Himalayas, and the Andes, where he studied several aspects of human adaptation to environment. The 1998 Danish High-Altitude Expedition to the Andes, in particular, resulted in many major contributions to the field of altitude physiology including, but not limited to, mechanisms of reductions in maximal oxygen uptake, the lactate paradox, acclimatization, muscle metabolism, gas exchange, cerebrovascular physiology, etc. Of note, many of these related studies were conducted in both Danish sojourners to altitude and Bolivian altitude natives of Aymara ancestry, thus providing some of the most mechanistic comparisons with high altitude natives to date. A framework of these physiological contributions in terrestrial extremes is provided in this review.

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FERREIRA, RYAN PINTO, Fernando Oliveira Andrade, Anderson Alberto Ramos, Rodrigo Bernardes, and Saide Jorge Calil. "The Logistics of medical devices for indigenous health care attending in remote sites at Brazilian Amazon Rain Forest." Global Clinical Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31354/globalce.v2i2.49.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There are in Brazil 896.917 indigenous and 47% of them dwell in the Amazon rainforest region. In order to avoid expensive displacement for this population, especially for surgeries such as hernias and cataracts, the Expedicionários da Saúde NGO attends this specific population three times a year since 2003 organized as a work party regime. This attending is done through a Field Hospital (FH) and is supported by Clinical Engineering (CE). This article presents the characteristics of logistics as well as operation of medical and hospital devices in remote sites of Amazon region. The object of this paper is to describe the transportation processes, installation, operation and maintenance used to ensure safe use of medical devices in one FH in the Amazon forest and to present solutions to proposed adverse conditions throughout the course of several expeditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was Initially done a survey of the processes of transportation, installation, operation and maintenance of medical devices collected from 24 expeditions to the Amazon forest in a period of 8 years, since the implementation of CE team. A Task Analysis processes was performed to systematically identifying the process used for plan, prepare, transport and operate the medical devices in those past expeditions. Understanding the complexity and the specificities of each expedition a evolutive planning process based on Software Development Spiral Model was used to describes a continuous activity flow, prone to implement and test improvements in each new expedition. Besides the continuous improvement the model also takes in consideration budget solutions once all the work done by the ONG is voluntary. The efficacy of the method was evaluated from indicators of use of medical equipment, the assessment of reported adverse events and the interviews with the professionals of the EC team, users of the medical devices and opinion of the responsible for the managing of the expedition. RESULTS: Several improvements were observed speciality in the transporting and installation processes, mainly through the adoption of customized packages and manuals for assembly and disassembly of the parts of the medial equipment. Further enhancements were obtained through customizations and adaptations of the devices to the hostile characteristics of the environment. Both physicians and nurses were satisfied with the performance of the devices, and few procedures for repair and calibrate were required after the equipments were installed. CONCLUSION: The CE team is crucial to the implementation of FHs, being essential in the management of medical technology and in the planning and operation of this type of health structure. The spiral planning method were shown to be very satisfactory mainly because it takes into account the experiences and needs of the past expeditions and for allowing the continuous improvement of the already used processes. Given the great complexity of the RainForest environment in which the technologies will be used and the unpredictability of the risks and challenges to be faced by the EC team the evolutionary work approach presents itself as an applicable solution to planning of future expeditions.

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Frisancho-Kiss, Sylvia. "Cardiorespiratory Arrest, the Unmet Challenge." Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions 5, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/264.

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I was asked to write an opinion article on short notice. I am grateful for the opportunity because a lot lies on my chest and the almost 30 years of clinical and research expedition caused much frustration, that I couldn't accustom or become insensate when encountering our limits

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Dodds, Klaus J. "Antarctica and the modern geographical imagination (1918–1960)." Polar Record 33, no. 184 (January 1997): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014169.

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AbstractThis paper examines how different technologies of exploration and mapping transformed human understanding of the Antarctic in the period 1918–1960. In the aftermath of the ‘heroic’ expeditions, European and American governments began to invest considerable monies in support of national expeditions for the purpose of claiming and mapping the polar continent. The collection of practical geographical information during the inter-war period was overtaken by the advent of polar aviation and aerial mapping in the 1930s. The aeroplane and the aerial camera played key parts in expanding stores of knowledge about the continent and altering perceptions of place. Finally, the paper considers the 1955–1958 Trans-Antarctic Expedition (TAE). This venture was significant because it was widely understood to be the final chapter in the geographical and scientific assualt on the Antarctic. The TAE was the high point of polar achievement, as a range of technologies were brought to bear on the surface of the Antarctic icesheet. Thereafter, the cultural and political significance of the polar continent changed in the face of new challenges for human exploration in the realms of outer space and the Moon.

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RALPH, ROBERT. "BRUNTON, EILEEN V. The Challenger Expedition 1872–1876: a visual index. The Natural History Museum, London: Historical Studies in the Life and Earth Sciences No. 2. 1994. Pp 198; illustrated. Price: £ 15.00. ISBN: 0-565-0-1139-1." Archives of Natural History 22, no. 1 (February 1995): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1995.22.1.139.

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Dolan, John R. "Peter J. Le B. Williams, Dylan W. Evans , David J. Roberts , and David N. Thomas . 2015. Art Forms from the Abyss: Ernst Haeckel's Images from the HMS Challenger Expedition. Prestel, Munich, Germany, ISBN 978-3791381411, 144 pp., $29.95, PB." Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 24, no. 4 (September 9, 2015): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lob.10062.

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West, J. B. "Alexander M. Kellas and the physiological challenge of Mt. Everest." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.3.

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Alexander M. Kellas (1868–1921) was a British physiologist who made pioneering contributions to the exploration of Everest and to the early physiology of extreme altitudes, but his physiological contributions have been almost completely overlooked. Although he had a full-time faculty position at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School in London, he was able to make eight expeditions to the Himalayas in the first two decades of the century, and by 1919 when the first official expedition to Everest was being planned, he probably knew more about the approaches than anybody else. But his most interesting contributions were made in an unpublished manuscript written in 1920 and entitled “A consideration of the possibility of ascending Mount Everest.” In this he discussed the physiology of acclimatization and most of the important variables including the summit altitude and barometric pressure, and the alveolar PO2, arterial oxygen saturation, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximal ascent rate near the summit. On the basis of this extensive analysis, he concluded that “Mount Everest could be ascended by a man of excellent physical and mental constitution in first-rate training, without adventitious aids [supplementary oxygen] if the physical difficulties of the mountain are not too great.” Kellas was one of the first physiologists to study extreme altitude, and he deserves to be better known.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Challenger Expedition'

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