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1

Cabezón, Ponsoda Òscar. "Infection studies with chamois border disease virus in pyrenean chamois, sheep and pig." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/79085.

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Las poblaciones de rebeco pirenaico (Rupicapra pyrenaica) situadas en el Pirineo central y oriental se han reducido drásticamente debido a sucesivos brotes de enfermedad asociados a un Virus de la Enfermedad de la Frontera (BDV en sus siglas en inglés) desde el año 2001. Sin embargo, la enfermedad observada no presenta las características clásicas de la Enfermedad de la Frontera, descrita en las especies domésticas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la patogenia de la enfermedad asociada al BDV del rebeco (ch-BDV) en rebecos infectados de manera natural y en tres especies infectadas experimentalmente: rebeco pirenaico, oveja y cerdo. En primer lugar, investigamos la excreción, distribución y cuantificación del ch-BDV en los órganos de rebecos infectados de manera natural. El suero y los tejidos analizados fueron positivos mediante RT-PCR y aislamiento vírico en todos los animales estudiados. Los hisopos nasal, oral y rectal, así como la orina fueron también positivos mediante RT-PCR en casi todas las muestras analizadas, confirmando que el virus se elimina al ambiente a través de las vías de excreción analizadas. El estudio serológico no detectó anticuerpos en ningún rebeco utilizando técnicas de ELISA y seroneutralización. El estudio genético de la región no codificante 5’ confirmó que el virus pertenecía al grupo BDV-4, tal y como se había descrito anteriormente en los brotes de enfermedad. La presencia de un feto positivo al ch-BDV mediante RT-PCR sugiere que sea posible la existencia de animales persistentemente infectados. El objetivo de la infección experimental en el rebeco pirenaico fue la reproducción en condiciones experimentales de la enfermedad observada en los rebecos salvajes. Siete rebecos (cinco seronegativos y dos seropositivos a anticuerpos frente a BDV) fueron inoculados con una cepa BDV aislada de un rebeco de campo infectado. Tres animales más se mantuvieron como controles. Los cinco rebecos seronegativos infectados presentaron una viremia desde el día 2 post-inoculación (pi) hasta la muerte del animal o el fin del experimento en el día 34 pi, y desarrollaron anticuerpos neutralizantes a partir del día 18 pi. Los rebecos virémicos presentaron un descenso en el recuento leucocitario, especialmente significativo en los neutrófilos. Las lesiones más significativas se observaron en el encéfalo y órganos linfoides, que presentaron una meningoencefalitis no supurativa y una moderada depleción linfoide generalizada, respectivamente. De manera similar a los rebecos infectados de manera natural, los rebecos de este experimento también presentaron virus en hisopo nasal, saliva y heces, hecho que explicaría la elevada capacidad de transmisión horizontal observada en las poblaciones de rebecos salvajes afectadas por las epizootias. Esta infección experimental confirma que el ch-BDV es el agente etiológico primario de la enfermedad que ha afectado a las poblaciones de rebeco en los últimos años en el Pirineo. La Enfermedad de la Frontera en las ovejas cursa con un cuadro sintomático leve o subclínico, aunque se han descrito brotes de enfermedad con elevada mortalidad. En la infección experimental de oveja valoramos la susceptibilidad de esta especie al ch-BDV. No se observaron signos clínicos ni lesiones histopatológicas en los corderos inoculados aunque el BDV se detectó en suero entre los días 4 y 10 pi. Todos los corderos infectados mostraron anticuerpos neutralizantes a partir del día 21 pi. La conclusión principal de esta infección experimental fue que el ch-BDV infecta la oveja vía oro-nasal, desarrollando en ésta una respuesta humoral que elimina el virus. El BDV infecta diferentes especies animales. Previamente a la infección experimental en cerdo, habíamos detectado jabalíes con anticuerpos frente a BDV en las zonas del Pirineo donde se habían producido los brotes de enfermedad en rebeco. El objetivo principal de la infección experimental en el cerdo fue estudiar bajo condiciones experimentales los efectos del ch-BDV y la dinámica de la infección en esta especie. Los cerdos infectados mostraron una viremia desde el día 3 hasta el 14 pi, a partir del cual los animales desarrollaron una repuesta humoral. No se observó sintomatología clínica ni lesiones histológicas. Esta infección experimental demostró la susceptibilidad del cerdo al ch-BDV, lo que podría representar un problema en el diagnóstico de la Peste Porcina Clásica en el jabalí.
Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated with BDV infection have been reported in the Pyrenees (North-Eastern Spain), affecting Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and entailing a major population reduction. However, the clinical disease observed in the affected chamois was not the typical one described in domestic animals. The present research aims to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease associated to chamois-BDV (ch-BDV) in naturally-infected chamois and in three experimental animal models: pig, sheep and Pyrenean chamois. The shedding, distribution and quantification of ch-BDV in the organs of naturally infected chamois was investigated as a previous step to the experimental challenges in the three animal models. Sera and all tissue samples were positive to RT-PCR and virus isolation in all studied chamois. Also, nasal, oral and rectal swabs and urine were RT-PCR positive in almost all analyzed samples, confirming that the virus is shed through the main excretion routes. In addition, sera were tested for BDV antibodies using an ELISA and seroneutralization tests, with negative results. Sequence analysis of the 5’ untranslated region (5’-UTR) confirmed that this virus was grouped into the BDV-4 genotype as reported in previous studies. The observation of a RT-PCR positive foetus in an adult female suggests that persistently infected animals could be possible. The aim of the experimental infection in Pyrenean chamois was to reproduce the disease reported in chamois in the field and to study it under experimental conditions. Seven chamois (five seronegative and two seropositive against BDV) were inoculated with a BDV isolated from a naturally-infected chamois and three animals were kept as controls. The five seronegative infected chamois were viraemic from day 2 post inoculation (pi) until the day they died or the end of the experiment on day 34 pi, and developed neutralizing antibodies from day 18 pi until the end of the study. There was also a progressive decline in their white blood cell counts, especially marked in the neutrophil count. The most consistent histopathological lesions were in brain and lymphoid tissues, where non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and generalized moderate lymphocyte depletion were observed, respectively. Like naturally infected chamois, experimentally infected animals also contained high doses of BDV in main putative excretion routes, which would explain the high transmission rate of the infection in free-ranging chamois populations in the Pyrenees. This experimental infection in chamois confirms that BDV is the primary agent of the disease that has been affecting chamois populations in recent years in the Pyrenees. Clinical manifestations of Border Disease in healthy sheep acutely infected are mild or unapparent, but a few outbreaks with high mortality have been reported. Sheep were experimentally infected with ch-BDV and examined the susceptibility to the infection of this species. Clinical signs or histological lesions were not observed in inoculated lambs but BDV was detected in sera from the infected group from day 4 pi to day 10 pi. All infected lambs showed neutralizing antibodies at day 21 pi. Therefore, ch-BDV can infect domestic sheep through the oro-nasal route, developing a humoral response that completely eliminates the virus. It is well documented that BDV can infect domestic and feral swine. In a previous study, seropositive wild boars against BDV were detected from the Pyrenees areas where chamois epizootics occurred. For this reason, experimentally the effects and dynamics of ch-BDV infection in domestic pig were studied. In this challenge all infected pigs were viraemic from day 3 to 14 pi, when all animals developed an antibody response. Clinical signs or histological lesions were not observed. Thus, the susceptibility of domestic swine to ch-BDV was demonstrated, representing a potential challenge to the monitoring of CSFV in wild swine populations.
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2

Ram, Rosalind Reyes Meno. "Examining Parental Involvement at the Elementary-Level| The Chamoru Perspective." Thesis, University of Southern California, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745297.

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In Guam, the Chamoru have weathered centuries of change in the political and educational arenas. This study explored ways parents assisted their children at home and in school to understand the perspectives and approaches of parents in Guam. The sample consisted of 10 Chamoru parents. The purpose of this study was to address the question of how these parents define and enact involvement in their elementary-aged children’s academic lives. This qualitative multi-case study included interviews, and a majority of the sample was from rural rather than urban settings. Findings revealed parents being involved with both outside and inside of school activities.

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3

Stephen, David V. M. "Progenic isonymy among the Chamorro of Guam." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289753.

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This study examines several methodological issues pertaining to the application of isonymy techniques to a historical population located on the island of Guam in Micronesia. Since European contact the indigenous Chamorro population of Guam has undergone a series of precipitous population declines. The Spanish colonial administration imposed a dual surname system on the Chamorro. The surname information was compiled into a demographic database representing approximately 39,000 persons traced from late 19th century vital records. Analysis using the methods of isonymy was conducted on lineages established from the four parental surnames. Values were calculated from the progeny in the database, in effect focusing on the effective breeding population. Comparisons were made with inbreeding values obtained using other methods of surname analysis both for single and dual surname systems. In contrast to the paternal lineage, the values for the other lineages were influenced by their shallow temporal depth. The non-paternal lineages showed patterns of assortative mating reflecting choices of mate selection that have the potential to influence levels of inbreeding in the population.
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4

Butler, Alan T. "The Descendants of Hurao: An Exploratory Study of Chamoru Rights Groups." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1581359135361967.

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5

Salvatore, Cecilia Lizama. "Community, institution, and identity in the Chamorro speech community : an ethnographic study of how they shape information-seeking discourse in the library /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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6

Torsch, Vicki L. "The elderly experience among the Chamorros of Guam /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1996.

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7

Ho, Dan. "Fa'nague| A Chamorro Epistemology of Post-Life Communication." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10785651.

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The primary aim of this dissertation is to analyze a spiritual aspect of Chamorro cosmology known as fa’ñague, or visitations from the deceased, to shed light on how and why it exists in Guam, and how it differs among Chamorro Natives who experience it in the island and abroad. A secondary aim of the dissertation is to expand upon the scholarly documentation of Native Chamorro epistemologies concerning life and death, and the role of the spiritual realm in daily life of the people of the Marianas.

The dissertation is structured as follows: Part I offers an in-depth exploration and personification of Guam, the place, the culture, and the people in order to balance longstanding and erroneous conceptions about the Island. Part II includes the rationale for the research, a methodological framework, and a literature review. In addition, a full chapter on Chamorro epistemology is included to reinforce the elements of the Native worldview and way of knowing to provide context for the research findings. In Part III — the fruits of data gathering and analysis — are offered using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Finally, this dissertation hopes to argue and position a new model of Indigenous research methodology, which I am calling Neo-Indigenous Methodology. Essentially, it is an evolution from the de-colonizing approach borne by founding Indigenous scholars who sought to break from Western scholarly dialect to express and inform Native wisdom. Instead, Neo-Indigenous Methodology proposes that Indigenous scholars embrace the dialect of all Western humanistic discourse to further clarify and magnify pure Indigenous knowledge.

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8

Diaz, Tressa P. "Colorectal cancer screening among Chamoru on Guahan| Barriers and access to care." Thesis, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10757731.

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9

Arguello, Vargas Tatiana. "Culture and Arts in Post Revolutionary Nicaragua: The Chamorro Years (1990-1996)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1281638909.

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10

Mikael, Larose. "L'organisation sociale des femelles chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) dans une aire protégée." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8920.

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L’organisation sociale est un élément important dans la biologie d’une espèce. Dans le monde animal, il existe différents types d’organisation sociale. Certaines espèces affichent un comportement solitaire, tandis que d’autres sont grégaires. Lorsque la socialité est favorisée, une organisation sociale de type communautaire peut prendre forme, où les liens d’associations sont majoritairement entre les individus des mêmes communautés. Ces liens peuvent être modulés par des associations préférentielles, par des stratégies comportementales ou par un apparentement génétique. Cependant, l’organisation sociale est soumise à des changements avec la mortalité, les naissances, l’immigration et l’émigration des individus. Ces variables démographiques peuvent altérer les relations sociales et par le fait même l’organisation sociale. L’analyse des réseaux sociaux est utilisée pour représenter et analyser la structure sociale d’une population. Cette technique permet de quantifier la structure de communauté d’un réseau. En utilisant une base de données d’observations obtenues sur plusieurs années, mon projet de maitrise explore l’organisation sociale chez les femelles chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) au Parc des Alpes Maritimes, Italie. La base de tous les comportements sociaux est l’association. L’interaction dyadique entre deux individus est la principale voie pour le transfert de l'information. En utilisant ces associations, j’ai reconstruit, sur une base annuelle, la structure sociale des femelles chamois. Une fois la structure sociale établie, j’ai discerné les différentes communautés présentes dans la population. J’ai ensuite effectué une analyse de stabilité des communautés et déterminé si la composition des communautés répondait à un apparentement génétique. Les chamois femelles ont une organisation sociale impliquant des communautés avec de multiples liens d’associations à l’intérieur, mais quelque peu dirigés à l’extérieur de ces communautés. Les relations sociales d’une femelle chamois sont généralement conservées d’une année à l’autre. De plus, ces communautés attestent d’une grande stabilité inter annuelle. Peu d’individus changent de communauté d’une année à l’autre. Le changement de communauté est associé avec un faible nombre de liens d’associations et également avec des groupes de faible taille. Les communautés détectées ne semblent pas être basées sur un apparentement génétique. Grâce à l’analyse des réseaux sociaux, mes travaux de maîtrise sont les premiers à quantifier statistiquement l’organisation sociale des femelles chamois. Grâce à l’exploration de l’organisation sociale de ces femelles chamois, nos résultats apporteront de nouvelles informations sur les ongulés alpins et permettront une gestion adéquate des populations.
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Bevacqua, Michael Lujan. "Chamorros, ghosts, non-voting delegates GUAM! where the production of America's sovereignty begins /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3398029.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 5, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 447-492).
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12

Keith, Lisa. "An investigation of psychosis in Chamorro culture, relating delusional thought to cultural context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ30284.pdf.

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13

Storie, Monique. "All Fifty Kathousand Cousins: Chamorro Teachers Responding to Contemporary Children's Literature Set in Guam." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/145709.

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Grounded in Rosenblatt's transactional theory and Pacific literary theory, this qualitative case study looked at Chamorros teachers' responses to contemporary fiction books as a way of exploring cultural authenticity within a recently emerging genre of children's books. Nine teachers read and responded to eight books that presented a variety of character types, settings, and social issues related to the island of Guam. Guided by three research questions, this study explored what artifacts, images or depictions reflected the lived experiences of the contemporary Chamorro people. Data (transcripts of interviews, literature discussions and participant-generated artifacts) was collected from teachers in a professional development course on children's literature and from individual meetings. Using inductive analysis, the teachers' responses were examined for recurring themes, concepts and words that focused on their personal connections with the books, their cultural understandings, and their perceptions of the portrayal of the Chamorro culture. The teachers' connections drew attention to the ways in which they attempted to use their knowledge about the Chamorro culture to make sense of the stories they read. The teachers' responses to the stories demonstrated that they were making connections to those representations that emphasized and honored their Pacific identity, such as the extended family and how certain traditional practices symbolize the resiliency of the Chamorro people. They also demonstrated how rich cultural images served as prisms that revealed layers of cultural understandings. Finally, the teachers' responses revealed that their decisions regarding the authenticity of a book were mediated by their personal senses of culture as well as by a communal ideology. Not only does this study highlight culturally appropriate representations of the Chamorro people, it also sheds light on the relationship between cultural elements in a story and a culture's value system, and how these two influence the meaning that a reader finds within the story. By highlighting how readers home in on the subtleties of cultural depictions, this study demonstrates how the issue of cultural authenticity can best be understood as a complex matrix of cultural images, a community's value system and personal experiences.
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Indalecio, Agnes Rose Espinosa. "Policies and practices of Chamorro cultural narratives in the community and schools of Guam." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284054.

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In this study, I use aspects of ethnography to explore the role of cultural narratives in the educational experiences and daily life of the Chamorro people. The major method of collecting the data used in this study included official documents, interviews, and written surveys. These different sets of data collection allowed me to cross-check the data to triangulate the evidence and to refine and validate the study. The Chamorro culture and language still exist. However, the majority of homes are practicing an Americanized lifestyle because of the influences from the United States since their invasion in the 1800s. There has been a shift from the teaching of the history, culture, language, values, and stories of the Chamorro people from the home to the school. Data show that informants agree that teachers across all disciplines should implement cultural narratives into their teaching. The University of Guam and the Guam Community College need to add courses specializing in the Chamorro culture and make this part of the requirements for earned degrees in Elementary, Secondary, and Special Education. Participants agree that cultural narratives support Chamorro values and should be visible in all public and private schools from kindergarten through higher education. The main conclusions include (1) Guam does not have a set written policy for Chamorro cultural narratives although it is an accepted and recognized part of the Chamorro curriculum, (2) the Chamorro cultural narratives should be emphasized more and expanded across the standard curriculum for all grade levels, K-12, (3) the community, the family and the school must work more collaboratively and find more innovative ways to maintain the language and culture of the Chamorro people, and (4) Chamorro narratives should be implemented in both public and private schools.
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Loison, Anne. "Approches intra- et inter-spécifiques de la dynamique des populations : l'exemple du chamois." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10247.

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La biologie d'une population de chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) dans les alpes a ete comparee a celle d'une population d'isards (rupicapra pyrenaica) dans les pyrenees, afin de comprendre les mecanismes comportementaux et demographiques a l'origine des fluctuations d'effectifs. Les structures sociales et spatiales ont ete abordees pour identifier des sous-unites de population. Le systeme social est fonde sur des groupes ouverts et labiles. La population se structure en ensembles d'individus dont la cohesion est basee sur l'utilisation commune et traditionnelle des memes secteurs. Les echanges entre unites sont relativement faibles. La dispersion depend du sexe et du site. La reproduction est differente dans les deux sites: les femelles se reproduisent un an plus tard dans les pyrenees, ou le taux de reproduction est plus variable d'annee en annee. Les chevreaux naissent egalement en moins bonne condition dans les pyrenees que dans les alpes. La survie en fonction de l'age, du sexe, et de l'annee a ete estimee avec des modeles de capture-marquage-recapture. Des differences entre sites et entre sexes apparaissent. La quantification des parametres demographiques nous a permi de calculer le bilan demographique des populations, en prenant en compte l'aspect stochastique de ces parametres. Les consequences evolutives de la variabilite temporelle sont discutees. Enfin, les resultats obtenus sur les differences entre sexes et sur l'investissement maternel sont replaces dans le cadre inter-specifique, principalement par l'etude (1) des facteurs qui peuvent expliquer le dimorphisme sexuel chez l'ensemble des ongules, (2) de la relation entre le taux de senescence et l'effort de reproduction chez trois especes d'ongules, et (3) de l'effet de la saisonnalite sur l'investissement maternel
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Darmon, Gaëlle. "Influence des interactions interspécifiques sur l'utilisation de l'habitat par les ongulés sauvages : cas du chamois et du mouflon dans le massif des Bauges." Lyon 1, 2007. http://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6ws8rbb.

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La modification des habitats par les changements environnementaux conduit les herbivores à coexister avec de nouvelles espèces et adapter leur sélection de l’habitat. Une meilleure gestion des communautés implique de comprendre comment elles interagissent et se partagent les ressources. Cette étude concerne la cohabitation et la sélection de l’habitat par les chamois Rupicapra rupicapra et les mouflons Ovis gmelini musimon de la réserve des Bauges (73). Tout d’abord, nous déterminons leur répartition socio-spatiale et les variables d’habitat pouvant le mieux expliquer la distribution de leur population. Puis, nous montrons les variations intra-annuelles en comparant différents degrés de cohabitation. Les premiers résultats obtenus au niveau individuel sont enfin présentés. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’étudier conjointement sélection de l’habitat et interactions interspécifiques à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace, et à différents niveaux (population- individu)
The modification of the habitats through the environmental changes leads herbivores to coexist with new species and adapt their habitat selection. A reliable management of communities implies to understand how they interact and partition the resources. This study concerns the cohabitation and the habitat selection by chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and mouflons Ovis gmelini musimon in the Bauges reserve (northern French Alps). First, we determine the socio-spatial repartition and the habitat variables that best explain the population distribution. Then we show the within year variations in comparing various degrees of cohabitation. Finally the first results obtained in an individual level are presented. Our results stress the importance to jointly study habitat selection and interspecific interactions at different temporal and spatial scales, and at different levels (population- individual)
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Morin, Audrée. "Coûts de la reproduction chez les femelles de chamois des Alpes (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6593.

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Les coûts de la reproduction sont un élément fondamental de la théorie biodémographique, qui étudie l'évolution des stratégies d'histoire de vie. Puisque l'énergie est limitée, la quantité qui est allouée à une composante de la reproduction sera détournée des autres fonctions, entraînant des compromis entre la reproduction actuelle, la reproduction future, la survie et la croissance. Ce mémoire vise à évaluer les coûts énergétiques de la reproduction et les coûts de la reproduction sur le succès reproducteur futur en relation avec l'âge chez les femelles de chamois des Alpes ( Rupicapra rupicapra ). Pour ce faire, j'ai suivi des chamois marqués individuellement dans le Parco Naturale delle Alpi Marittime (Italie) entre 2007 et 2012. J'ai capturé et pesé 107 femelles et suivi leur succès reproducteur par les associations entre mère et jeune et le comportement d'allaitement. J'ai utilisé une nouvelle approche analytique basée sur les tests de permutations pour contrôler pour l'hétérogénéité individuelle, qui modifie souvent les estimations des coûts de la reproduction en introduisant des corrélations positives entre les traits d'histoire de vie. Le succès reproducteur était fortement associé à l'âge. Les femelles de 4 à 7 ans avaient le taux de reproduction le plus élevé (71%) et la sénescence reproductrice commençait plus tôt que chez d'autres espèces d'ongulés (8 ans). Les femelles chamois semblent avoir une tactique différente de la majorité des ongulés avec une fécondité relativement faible et une survie des jeunes au sevrage très élevée et stable. Les femelles adultes alternaient davantage entre succès et échec reproducteur que dans un patron aléatoire, ce qui suggère des coûts de la reproduction sur la reproduction suivante. Pour les vieilles femelles, le succès reproducteur était très hétérogène, suggérant de la variabilité dans l'âge de début de la sénescence. Elles ne montraient aucun coût sur la reproduction suivante et étaient plus lourdes que les femelles adultes, suggérant de la restreinte reproductrice en fin de vie. Au printemps, les femelles allaitantes pesaient 1.21 kg (5%) de moins que les non-reproductrices et la masse demeurait stable pendant tout l'été, indiquant des coûts énergétiques de la gestation et du début de l'allaitement. Nos résultats suggèrent que la tactique de reproduction et les coûts de la reproduction changent de façon importante en fonction de l'âge des individus chez cette espèce. En quantifiant séparément les effets de l'hétérogénéité individuelle et des coûts de la reproduction, mon projet de maîtrise a permis de mettre en évidence que l'hétérogénéité individuelle peut changer au cours de la vie d'un individu. Cela souligne l'importance de tenir compte de cette potentielle modification dans les études sur les coûts de la reproduction.
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Rughetti, Marco. "Conséquences de la chasse sur l'écologie et la gestion du chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5169.

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Harvesting is a human-imposed selective pressure. Harvest-induced mortality is not random and mostly targets heritable traits. Human harvest may impose an artificial selection pressure on life history traits, often opposite to natural selection. Therefore in harvested populations life history strategies will evolve under natural and human imposed selective pressures, favoring individuals with the highest fitness. In ungulate populations hunting is the most common cause of adult mortality. By increasing adult mortality, hunting may have both ecological and evolutionary consequences affecting phenotypic traits and life history strategies. Typically, in sexually dimorphic species large horn and weapon size is the major determinant of success in male-male competition. Large males gain high dominance rank and enjoy high reproductive success. By removing males with large horn and body size, hunters may favor small individuals, opposite to sexual selection. In long lived mammals longevity is the main determinant in female reproductive success. Typically females reproduce once a year, therefore in the energy allocation trade-off they invest more in body maintenance and survival rather than reproduction to increase lifetime reproductive success. By increasing adult female mortality hunting may reduce age and size at maturation, selecting for a strategy of early maturation and great current maternal investment. In this thesis I studied chamois ecology and evolution by comparing hunted and unhunted populations. I tested for possible differences in life history traits and examined the ecological and evolutionary consequence of hunting. In the chamois populations under study phenotypic traits and reproductive strategies were not strongly affected by hunting. There was no evidence of a strong evolutionary effect of sport hunting on horn length or body mass of adult males or yearlings. Although hunters seek long horned males, hunter selectivity is unlikely to lead to an artificial selective pressure on horn size. I found few differences in body and horn size between hunted and protected populations, suggesting the absence of strong effects of hunting on male phenotype. Although yearling body mass declined over time in both hunted populations, environmental factors explained much of the trends. The combination of low variability in adult horn length, weak correlation between horn length and body mass for adult males and strong compensatory horn growth apparently reduced the potential for hunters to selectively remove young adult males with vigorous growth. Although early development in body and horn growth affected reproductive potential in young and senescent females chamois, I found no evidence that female early development affected hunter selectivity. Sport harvest did not appear to have strong impacts on the evolution of phenotypic traits and reproductive strategies of female chamois, likely because of a low harvest rate and weak selection for long-horned females as hunters appeared more concerned with avoiding lactating females. The biology of chamois seems to prevent impact of selective hunting, at least in the case of weak hunting pressure.
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Rabasco, Peiró Mario. "LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL ESPACIO EN LA OBRA FOTOGRÁFICA DE KOLDO CHAMORRO: LA PROXÉMICA COMO METODOLOGÍA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/63227.

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[EN] The representation of space in the photographic work of Koldo Chamorro: Proxemics as methodology This thesis investigates the work's methodology by photographer Koldo Chamorro throughout his photographic career related to the use of focal lengths used in the genre of photographic reportage, developed and perfected by him over time. This methodology of representation was implemented by him from the mid-70s until his death in 2009. This particular way of working made him part of the logic of proxemics, that is, the scientific study of the use of the man's personal space and social as cultural phenomenon. It is known as proxemics the part of semiotics that is dedicated to the study of communication through relations of proximity and distance between people and objects during the interaction, gestures adopted and the possible existence or absence of physical contact. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the system of work in terms of focal lengths and formats are concerned, applied to photographic genres used by the artist Koldo Chamorro in his work. By ordering his creative universe this thesis facilitates the future task of selecting his work, according to the author around four million negative. In this sense, this thesis, the hypotheses and conclusions of this research can serve as reference to curators, historians and future researchers in editing and curating his work and his figure in the history of Spanish Photography. Likewise and at the same level, the aim of this thesis is to analyze and verify the validity of this system as a whole or partially, for potential application in a educational level. In this sense, as photography lecturer within the world of photography there is no precedent on the subject discussed in this thesis. It has been found and proposed from research, a coherent, simple and effective method that allows students, future professionals or artists in the field, to have a consistent, synthetic, repeatable and open to a "real world of possibilities" method gravitating between the technical, theoretical and the plastic. To support the theses and hypotheses of this research and travel the paths that the author traveled to obtain the method, the research has been based in a considerable amount of photographs, unknown most of them to date, fact that has greatly facilitated the corroboration of the final hypothesis this thesis.
[ES] La representación del espacio en la obra de Koldo Chamorro: La proxémica como metodología. La presente tesis doctoral ha investigado la metodología de trabajo relacionada con el uso de las distancias focales utilizadas en el género del reportaje fotográfico, que ha sido desarrollada y perfeccionada en el tiempo por el fotógrafo Koldo Chamorro a lo largo de su carrera fotográfica. Dicha metodología de representación la puso en práctica desde mediados de los años 70 hasta su fallecimiento en el año 2009, hecho que lo inscribe en la lógica de la proxémica, entendida como la parte de la semiótica que se dedica al estudio de la comunicación a través de las relaciones de proximidad y de alejamiento entre las personas y objetos durante la interacción, los gestos adoptados y la posible existencia o ausencia de contacto físico. Se trata, por tanto, de un método que tiene muy presente la proxémica, es decir, el estudio científico del uso por parte del hombre del espacio personal y social como fenómeno cultural. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido analizar el sistema de trabajo en cuanto a distancias focales y formatos se refiere, aplicado a los géneros fotográficos y utilizado por el artista Koldo Chamorro en su obra, ordenando su universo creativo; para, de este modo, facilitar en el futuro la tarea de selección de su obra estimada, según el autor, en cuatro millones de negativos. Se trata por tanto, de que la tesis, hipótesis y conclusiones de esta investigación puedan servir de referencia a comisarios, historiadores y futuros investigadores en la edición y recolocación de su obra y su figura en la historia de la fotografía española. De igual modo y al mismo nivel, el objetivo de esta tesis ha sido analizar y corroborar la validez del sistema total o parcialmente para su potencial aplicación a nivel docente, ya que como profesor en la materia dentro del mundo de la fotografía no existen precedentes sobre el tema tratado en esta tesis a nivel proyectual. Se ha encontrado y propuesto a partir de la investigación, un método coherente, sencillo y eficaz que permita a los estudiantes, futuros profesionales o artistas en la materia, disponer de un método consistente, sintético, repetible y abierto a un "verdadero mundo de posibilidades" proyectuales que gravitan entre lo técnico, lo teórico y lo plástico. Para poder sustentar las tesis e hipótesis de esta investigación y recorrer los caminos que el autor recorrió hasta la obtención del método, se ha dispuesto de abundante material, en su mayoría inédito, hecho que ha facilitado en gran medida la corroboración de las hipótesis finales de la presente tesis.
[CAT] La representació de l'espai en l'obra de Koldo Chamorro: La proxèmica com a metodologia. La present tesi doctoral ha investigat la metodologia de treball relacionada amb l'ús de les distàncies focals utilitzades en el gènere del reportatge fotogràfic, desenvolupada i perfeccionada en el temps pel fotògraf Koldo Chamorro al llarg de la seua carrera fotogràfica. Aquesta metodologia de representació la posà en pràctica a partir de mitjans dels anys 70 fins a la seua mort en l'any 2009, fet que l'inscriu en la lògica de la proxèmica, és a dir, de l'estudi científic de l'ús per part de l'home de l'espai personal i social com a fenomen cultural. La proxèmica és coneguda com la part de la semiòtica que es dedica a l'estudi de la comunicació mitjançant les relacions de proximitat i d'allunyament entre les persones i els objectes durant la interacció, els gestos adoptats i la possible existència o absència de contacte físic. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat analitzar el sistema de treball quant a distàncies focals i formats es refereix, aplicat als gèneres fotogràfics i utilitzat per l'artista Koldo Chamorro en la seua obra, ordenant el seu univers creatiu; per a, d'aquesta manera, facilitar en el futur la tasca de selecció de la seua obra estimada, segons l'autor, en quatre milions de negatius; a fi que la tesi, les hipòtesis i les conclusions d'aquesta investigació puguen servir de referència a comissaris, historiadors i futurs investigadors en l'edició i recol·locació tant de la seua obra com de la seua figura en la història de la fotografia espanyola. D'igual manera i al mateix nivell, l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat analitzar i corroborar la validesa del sistema totalment o parcialment per a la seua potencial aplicació a nivell docent ja que com a professor en la matèria, a nivell projectual, dintre del món de la fotografia no existeixen precedents al voltant del tema tractat en aquesta tesi. S'ha trobat i proposat a partir de la investigació, un mètode coherent, senzill i eficaç que permeta als estudiants, futurs professionals o artistes en la matèria, disposar d'un mètode consistent, sintètic, repetible i obert a un "vertader món de possibilitats" projectuals que graviten entre allò tècnic, allò teòric i allò plàstic. Per a poder sustentar les tesis i les hipòtesis d'aquesta investigació i recórrer els camins que l'autor recorregué fins a l'obtenció del mètode, s'ha disposat del suficient material en la majoria inèdit, fet que ha facilitat en gran mesura la corroboració de les hipòtesis finals de la present tesi.
Rabasco Peiró, M. (2016). LA REPRESENTACIÓN DEL ESPACIO EN LA OBRA FOTOGRÁFICA DE KOLDO CHAMORRO: LA PROXÉMICA COMO METODOLOGÍA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63227
TESIS
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20

Cruz, Teofila Sholing, and Teofila Sholing Cruz. "Breast Cancer Risk Perception, Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Screening Behaviors of Chamorro Women in Guam." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626643.

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Background: Breast cancer is a serious public health issue in Guam and in the world. Chamorro women in Guam have the highest incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer among other ethnic groups of women living in Guam. Early detection reduces breast cancer morbidity and mortality. Little is known regarding factors associated with Chamorro women’s breast cancer screening behaviors. Purpose: This qualitative descriptive study was designed to obtain a straight forward description of perspectives and insights of Chamorro women in Guam ages 45 – 65 years, about their breast cancer risk perception, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors. Sample: A purposeful sample of 15 participants yielded broad insights and rich data regarding breast cancer risk perception, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors of Chamorro women. The sample size was determined by “data saturation”. Methods: The researcher conducted four focus group interviews to gain broad insight using open-ended questions. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings: Data analysis ascertained the following categories: risk perception, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors including motivators, benefits and barriers towards breast cancer screening. Identified subcategories: perceived breast cancer risk as multiple family members’ diagnoses of breast cancer. Breast cancer knowledge was sparse with responses addressing not knowing about breast cancer, however, participants alluded that early detection towards breast cancer was the key to breast cancer screening. Cultural beliefs in suruhana/suruhano was not causing or treat cancer. Staying healthy by eating healthy foods and exercising were behaviors in living a healthy life as a breast cancer screening behavior. Screening motivators were knowing family or friends with breast cancer, mammogram reminders, and having a health insurance coverage. Overall there was a consensus of the benefits of mammogram and the need for early detection notwithstanding barriers such as painful mammograms, hurtful comments from health care providers. Conclusion: Findings contributes to literature and future studies about Chamorro women breast cancer risk perception, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors as well as motivators, benefits and barriers to breast cancer screening. The study contributes to nursing knowledge and practice in understanding breast cancer in women and their families within the social context as Chamorros.
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21

Espunyes, Nozières Johan. "Effects of global change on the diet of a mountain ungulate: the Pyrenean chamois." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667370.

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Els herbívors tenen un paper fonamental en el manteniment de la salut i l'estructura dels ecosistemes a nivell mundial. No obstant, evidències recents indiquen que el canvi climàtic i el canvi en l'ús del sòl afecten els sistemes biològics en tot el món a un ritme alarmant, i de manera més intensa en els ecosistemes alpins. Així doncs, predir l'impacte d'aquests canvis en els herbívors s'ha convertit en un tema clau per a la conservació a llarg termini dels ecosistemes. En aquest tesi, el nostre principal objectiu era avaluar l'impacte del canvi climàtic i l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en la dieta d'un gran herbívor alpí: l'isard (Rupicapra p. Pyrenaica). En primer lloc, hem comparat i ressaltat les limitacions de dos mètodes utilitzats en la determinació de la composició de la dieta dels herbívors (estudi 1). A continuació, s’ha combinat la informació de dues poblacions d’isards amb diverses bases de dades sobre la fenologia vegetal, les condicions climàtiques, l’abundància poblacional així com models d'evolució del hàbitat per entendre els efectes del canvi climàtic i l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en la dieta d'aquest herbívor. Els nostres resultats indiquen que l'isard està ben adaptat a les variacions de la fitofenologia estacional en hàbitats alpins (estudi 2), però aquests patrons es poden veure afectats per les condicions ambientals. Per exemple, la presència temporal de bestiar domèstic pot afectar la dieta de l'isard durant el període de cohabitació (estudi 2). Al mateix temps, les variacions en la data d’inici del creixement vegetal i la competència intra-específica són factors reguladors de la qualitat i composició de la dieta durant la primavera (estudi 3). Finalment, hem observat que l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en els prats alpins també afecta els herbívors salvatges i domèstics durant l'estiu i la tardor, però que la magnitud i direcció d'aquests efectes variaran en funció de les preferències dietètiques de cada espècie (estudi 4). En general, els canvis globals tenen un impacte en la dieta dels herbívors alpins i, per tant, podrien afectar el rendiment d'aquestes espècies. Per tant, reforcem la importància d'integrar els estudis de dietes a l'hora d'avaluar la resposta de les espècies als canvis globals. Tanmateix, es necessiten estudis addicionals per avaluar l'efecte d'aquests canvis alimentaris sobre el rendiment d’aquestes espècies.
Herbivores play a fundamental role in maintaining the health and structure of ecosystems worldwide. However, recent evidence indicates that climatic and land-use changes are affecting biological systems across the globe at alarming rates, and more acutely in alpine ecosystems. Thus, predicting the impact of these changes on herbivores has become a key issue for the long-term conservation of ecosystems. Here, our main goal was to assess the impact of climate change and woody plant encroachment on the diet of a large alpine herbivore: the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). We firstly compared and highlighted the limitations of two methodological approaches used in the determination of diet composition of herbivores (study 1). We then combined information from two monitored populations of Pyrenean chamois with multiple databases on seasonal phenology, climatic conditions, population abundance and models of habitat evolution to understand understand the effects of climate change and woody plant encroachment on the diet of this herbivore. Our results indicate that Pyrenean chamois is well adapted to the variations in the seasonal phenology of plants in alpine habitats (study 2), but that these patterns can be affected by environmental conditions. For instance, the seasonal presence of livestock may affect the diet of chamois during the co-habitation period (study 2). Concurrently, the variations in the vegetation onset and intra-specific competition are regulating factors of diet quality and composition during spring (study 3). Finally, we observed that woody plant expansion in unmanaged alpine grasslands will also affect wild and domestic herbivores during summer and autumn, but that the magnitudes and direction of these effects will vary depending of their dietary preferences (study 4). Overall, global changes are impacting the diet of alpine herbivores and could thus impact the performances of these species. We therefore reinforce the importance of integrating dietary studies when assessing species’ response to global changes. However, further studies would be necessary to assess the effect of these dietary adaptations on the species’ performance.
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Sahu, Bindia, Jaya Prakash Alla, Gladstone Christopher Jayakumar, Kalarical Janardhanan Sreeram, and Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao. "Optimization of chamois oxidation process of leather using benzoyl per oxide as oxidizing agent - 70." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34255.

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Content: Chamois leathers are basically oil tanned leathers, usually requires 10 to 15 days to process from raw skins. In chamois making, air oxidation plays a major role, free radicals initiate the oxidation process in oil, which oxidizes the double bond of the fatty acid and then the oxidized oil interacts with collagen to stabilize the skin by coating the fibers (Fig 1). In the present study an attempt has been made to reduce the time for chamois leather processing. A common oxidizing agent (Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was utilized to enhance the oxidation of oil and reduce the time duration. It has been observed that the oxidation of oil in the presence of benzoyl peroxide has significantly reduced the duration of process from 15 to 4 days. Strength properties such as tensile, percentage elongation and organoleptic properties were found to be on par with control leather. The water absorption values of the experimental leathers improved by 1-26 %, compared with control leather. Microscopic analysis (SEM) was employed to study the fiber alignment of the chamois leathers. Take-Away: 1. Time reduction in chamois leather processing 2. Inexpensive and common oxidising agents were employed 3.Improved water absorption of chamois leather
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Durand, Thierry. "Eco-epidemiologie parasitaire chez les ongules de montagne, exemple du chamois (rupicapra rupicapra linne, 1758)." Chambéry, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CHAMS027.

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L'auteur presente les relations entre helminthofaune du chamois (r. Rupicapra linne, 1758), appreciee par les resultats de 577 autopsies, realisees au laboratoire veterinaire de la savoie, de 1978 a 1995, et facteurs environnementaux (temperature, pluviometrie, sympatrie avec les cheptels domestiques). Une typologie des massifs et des populations de chamois, permet de discerner trois zones, selectionnees pour leurs contrastes epidemiologiques : les bauges, la vanoise et les ecrins. Les autopsies parasitaires distinguent 56 especes d'helminthes. On remarque une variabilite qualitative et quantitative de l'infestation, selon le massif, l'age (charges parasitaires superieures chez les jeunes de 6 mois a 1 an), le sexe (infestation plus forte chez les femelles en age de reproduire) et un accroissement relatif de la charge parasitaire des femelles en post-partum. Le role des cheptels domestiques, sources de parasites pour le chamois, est formalise par une relation surface/diversite entre la richesse specifique en helminthes et l'indice de shar non, et la surface parcourue par les troupeaux dans les quartiers saisonniers preferentiels de printemps et d'ete-automne du chamois. Cette relation est conforme a la theorie de la biogeographie insulaire de mc-arthur et wilson (1967). Une correlation (log-lineaire), est etablie entre la charge pastorale globale des cheptels domestiques et la richesse specifique de l'helminthofaune. A la suite d'une etude sur la relation entre climat et parasitisme, le role d'indicateur biologique, vis a vis de parametres climatiques et pastoraux, est evoque pour certains taxons. La stabilite des communautes de parasites est montree. Une difference de fecondite apparait entre les divers types de parasites detectables par coproscopie. Une relation lineaire entre ln(nombre d'oeufs par gramme de feces) et ln(nombre de vers), rehabilite la coproscopie parasitaire, comme technique d'evaluation du nombre de nematodes gastro-intestinaux chez le chamois.
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López, Olvera Jorge Ramón. "Capture, restraint and transport stress in Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica). Modulation with acepromazine and evaluation using physiological parameters." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5741.

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L'objectiu és valorar l'estrès de captura, maneig i transport en l'isard pirinenc (Rupicapra pyrenaica) capturat mitjançant xarxes verticals, i determinar la viabilitat de tècniques no invasives (freqüència cardíaca, temperatura rectal i cortisol salival) per a mesurar la resposta d'estrès. La manca de valors de referència previs fiables va fer necessari establir-los per a valorar canvis. Es van determinar els millors indicadors d'estrès i es va avaluar l'efecte de l'acepromazina en l'estrès de captura i transport.
Es van capturar isards pirinencs amb xarxes verticals. Amb les primeres mostres de sang, obtingudes a la captura, es van establir valors de referència. Després els animals van passar tres hores d'immobilització física o es van transportar, per a estudiar l'estrès d'immobilització i transport, respectivament. Els animals es van dividir a l'atzar en tractament (acepromazina) i control (sèrum). L'efecte del sexe i la seva interacció amb el tractament es van considerar al grup immobilitzat. La freqüència cardíaca i la temperatura rectal es van registrar durant l'estudi. Es van obtenir mostres de sang cada hora dels isards immobilitzats, mentre que dels transportats es van obtenir a la captura i immediatament abans i després del transport.
Els resultats de captura van ser similars o millors que els descrits prèviament per l'isard alpí.
Es descriuen els primers valors de referència per l'isard pirinenc capturat mitjançant xarxes verticals. Es van trobar diferències degudes a sexe, estació i edat, establint valors de referència independents.
La freqüència cardíaca va augmentar només als animals control durant el transport, mentre que la temperatura va descendir a tots els grups. Els paràmetres eritrocitaris (recompte d'eritròcits, concentració d'hemoglobina i valor hematòcrit) van disminuir a tots els grups. Els leucòcits van passar de limfocitosis inicial a neutrofília amb limfopènia, augmentant el recompte leucocitari durant l'estudi. Monòcits i neutròfils en banda van augmentar als isards tractats immobilitats i als controls transportats. Colesterol, triglicèrids, lactat, creatinina, fosfatasa alcalina, clorurs i potassi van disminuir, i cortisol, bilirubina total, urea i activitat enzimàtica sèrica (ALT, AST, CK i LDH) van augmentar. La glucosa va augmentar primer per a disminuir després. El sodi va augmentar als isards controls immobilitzats i va disminuir als tractats transportats.
Les diferències entre mascles i femelles en paràmetres eritrocitaris, glucosa, bilirubina, creatinina, clorurs i potassi indiquen una resposta catecolamínica més intensa a femelles, mentre que les diferències en limfòcits, cortisol i ALT suggereixen una resposta adrenocortical superior en mascles.
El transport va ser més estressant que la immobilització, com indiquen les diferències en freqüència cardíaca, paràmetres eritrocitaris, creatinina, urea, ALT, CK, LDH, clorurs i sodi.
L'acepromazina va millorar el benestar i va disminuir el risc als isards tractats, la freqüència cardíaca dels quals no va augmentar durant el transport, van tenir valors inferiors i una estabilització més ràpida de la temperatura rectal, disminucions més grans amb valors significativament inferiors als paràmetres eritrocitaris, creatinina, urea, sodi i potassi, i increments menors de l'activitat enzimàtica sèrica (ALT, AST, CK i LDH). Encara que alguns dels efectes positius de l'acepromazina es poden deure a la seva acció tranquil·litzant central, la majoria d'avantatges es poden atribuir al seu efecte bloquejant α-adrenèrgic a melsa, ronyó i vasos sanguinis musculars. L'efecte central de l'acepromazina sembla dependre de l'agent estressant, donat que monòcits, neutròfils en banda i cortisol van augmentar als isards tractats immobilitzats i als isards controls transportats, indicant una major excitació. L'acepromazina també va tenir un efecte tranquil·litzant i protector superior a femelles, com demostren temperatura, ALT, AST, CK, LDH, clorurs i potassi.
La concentració salival de cortisol va tenir bona correlació amb la concentració sèrica, i pot ser una eina no invasiva útil per valorar la resposta d'estrès.
El objetivo es valorar el estrés de captura, manejo y transporte en el rebeco pirenaico (Rupicapra pyrenaica) capturado mediante redes verticales, y determinar la viabilidad de técnicas no invasivas (frecuencia cardiaca, temperatura rectal y cortisol salival) para medir la respuesta de estrés. La falta de valores de referencia previos fiables hizo necesario establecerlos para valorar cambios. Se determinaron los mejores indicadores de estrés y se evaluó el efecto de la acepromacina en el estrés de captura y transporte.
Se capturaron rebecos pirenaicos con redes verticales. Con las primeras muestras de sangre, obtenidas en la captura, se establecieron valores de referencia. Después los animales pasaron tres horas de inmovilización física o se transportaron, para estudiar el estrés de inmovilización y transporte, respectivamente. Los animales se dividieron al azar en tratamiento (acepromacina) y control (suero). El efecto del sexo y su interacción con el tratamiento se consideraron en el grupo inmovilizado. La frecuencia cardiaca y la temperatura rectal fueron registradas durante el estudio. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre cada hora en los rebecos inmovilizados, mientras que en los transportados se obtuvieron en la captura e inmediatamente antes y después del transporte.
Los resultados de captura fueron similares o mejores que los descritos previamente para el rebeco alpino.
Se describen los primeros valores de referencia completos para el rebeco pirenaico capturado mediante redes verticales. Se encontraron diferencias debidas a sexo, estación y edad, estableciendo valores de referencia independientes.
La frecuencia cardiaca aumentó sólo en los animales control durante el transporte, mientras que la temperatura descendió en todos los grupos. Los parámetros eritrocitarios (recuento de eritrocitos, concentración de hemoglobina y valor hematocrito) disminuyeron en todos los grupos. Los leucocitos pasaron de linfocitosis inicial a neutrofilia con linfopenia, aumentando el recuento leucocitario durante el estudio. Monocitos y neutrófilos en banda aumentaron en los rebecos tratados inmovilizados y los controles transportados. Colesterol, triglicéridos, lactato, creatinina, fosfatasa alcalina, cloruros y potasio disminuyeron, y cortisol, bilirrubina total, urea y actividad enzimática sérica (ALT, AST, CK y LDH) aumentaron. La glucosa aumentó primero para disminuir después. El sodio aumentó en los rebecos controles inmovilizados y disminuyó en los tratados transportados.
Las diferencias entre machos y hembras en parámetros eritrocitarios, glucosa, bilirrubina, creatinina, cloruros y potasio indican una respuesta catecolamínica más intensa en las hembras, mientras que las diferencias en linfocitos, cortisol y ALT sugieren una respuesta adrenocortical superior en machos.
El transporte fue más estresante que la inmovilización, como indican las diferencias en frecuencia cardiaca, parámetros eritrocitarios, creatinina, urea, ALT, CK, LDH, cloruros y sodio.
La acepromacina mejoró el bienestar y disminuyó el riesgo en los rebecos tratados, cuya frecuencia cardiaca no aumentó durante el transporte, tuvieron valores inferiores y una estabilización más temprana de la temperatura rectal, descensos mayores con valores significativamente inferiores en los parámetros eritrocitarios, creatinina, urea, sodio y potasio e incrementos menores en la actividad enzimática sérica (ALT, AST, CK y LDH). Aunque algunos efectos positivos de la acepromacina pueden deberse a su acción tranquilizante central, la mayoría de ventajas pueden atribuirse a su efecto bloqueante α-adrenérgico en bazo, riñón y vasos sanguíneos musculares. Además, el efecto central de la acepromacina parece depender del agente estresante, dado que monocitos, neutrófilos en banda y cortisol aumentaron en los rebecos tratados inmovilizados y los rebecos controles transportados, indicando una mayor excitación en estos dos grupos. La acepromacina también tuvo un efecto tranquilizante y protector superior en hembras, como demuestran temperatura, ALT, AST, CK, LDH, cloruros y potasio.
La concentración salival de cortisol tuvo buena correlación con su concentración sérica, y puede ser una herramienta no invasiva útil para valorar la respuesta de estrés.
The objective of this study was assessing capture, handling and transport stress in Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) captured with drive-nets, and determining the viability of non-invasive techniques (heart rate, rectal temperature and saliva cortisol concentration) to measure stress response. Lack of previous reliable reference haematological and serum biochemical values made it necessary to establish reference values at capture to assess changes in these parameters. Best stress indicators in Southern chamois were determined. The effect of acepromazine on both capture and transport stress was also evaluated.
Southern chamois were captured with drive-nets. The first blood samples taken at capture were used to establish reference values. Then the animals underwent a three-hour period of physical restraint or a transport procedure to study physical restraint and transport stress, respectively. Animals were randomly divided in treatment (acepromazine) and control (saline) groups. Sex effect and its interaction with treatment were considered in the physically restrained group. Heart rate and rectal temperature were registered throughout the study. Blood samples were obtained every hour in the physically restrained Southern chamois, whereas they were obtained at capture and immediately before and after transport in the transported animals.
Capture results were similar or better than those previously reported for Northern chamois.
The first complete and reliable reference values for Southern chamois captured by means of drive-nets were reported, and sex, season, and age differences were found, suggesting the establishment of separate reference values.
Heart rate increased only in control animals during transport, whereas temperature decreased over time in all groups. Erythrocytic parameters (RBC, haemoglobin concentration and PCV) decreased after capture in all groups. Leukocytes changed from initial lymphocytosis to neutrophilia and lymphopenia, with increasing total leukocyte count over time. Monocytes and band neutrophils increased over time in treated restrained and untreated transported Southern chamois. Cholesterol, triglycerides, lactate, creatinine, AP, chloride and potassium decreased during the study, whereas cortisol, total bilirubin, urea, and serum enzymatic activity (ALT, AST, CK and LDH) increased over time. Glucose increased first to decrease later. Sodium increased in untreated restrained and decreased in treated transported Southern chamois.
Differences in stress response between male and female Southern chamois for erythrocytic parameters, glucose, bilirubin, creatinine, chloride and potassium indicate a stronger catecholamine response in females, whereas lymphocytes, cortisol and ALT differences seem to point to a higher corticosteroid response in males.
Transport was more stressful than physical restraint for Southern chamois, as indicated by differences in values and trends in heart rate, erythrocytic parameters, creatinine, urea, ALT, CK, LDH, chloride and sodium.
Acepromazine improved animal welfare and decreased life risk in the treated Southern chamois, which showed lack of increases in heart rate during transport, lower values and earlier stabilization of rectal temperature, higher decreases with significantly lower values for erythrocytic parameters, creatinine, urea, sodium and potassium and lower increases in serum enzymatic activity (ALT, AST, CK and LDH). Although some of the positive effects of acepromazine may be due to its central tranquilizing action, most advantages were attributed to its α-adrenergic-blocking action on spleen, kidney and muscle blood vessels. Moreover, central effect of acepromazine seems to be influenced by the nature of the stressor, since monocytes, band neutrophils and cortisol increased in the treated group in restrained Southern chamois and in the control group in transported Southern chamois, suggesting a higher degree of excitement in these two groups. Acepromazine also had a stronger tranquilizing and protective effect on females, as demonstrated by temperature, ALT, AST, CK, LDH, chloride and potassium.
Saliva cortisol concentration was well correlated with serum cortisol concentration and is a potentially useful noninvasive tool to assess stress response.
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25

Fanning, Jonathan. ""We flow like water"| Contemporary livelihoods and the partitioning of the self among the Chamorro of Guam." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590564.

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The Chamorros of Guam have experienced colonially-influenced change on spatial and temporal scales for nearly four-hundred and fifty years. They are continuously redefining their identity with respect to these changes, and within the power related discourses of colonialism. The adoption of a colonial understanding of "tradition" has alienated Chamorro from their perception of indigenous identity. A difference between a contemporary "livelihood" and a more traditional "way of life" is apparent, also considered to be a conflict between how a Chamorro "must" behave versus how a Chamorro "ought" to behave to maintain an indigenous identity. Lack of agency, the rise of individualism, and the institutionalization of Chamorro culture have compartmentalized Chamorro identity, and forced contemporary Chamorro to abandon that which is "traditional" in order to engage with a modern world.

This thesis explores these phenomena through a mixed-methods lens, employing participant observation, semi-structured, qualitative interviews, and surveys to explore the domains in which Chamorro draw meaning and personal and cultural identity. The village of Umatac, on the southern-end of Guam, is used as a study population, as the issue of identity formation and remaking is explored through the theoretical perspectives of cognitive anthropology, discursive formation, and place attachment.

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26

Bach, Iraich Ester. "Acute phase proteins in wild boar, pyrenean chamois and spanish ibex: method validation and reference values." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117671.

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Hi ha un grup de proteïnes plasmàtiques, anomenades proteïnes de fase aguda (PFAs), la concentració de les quals canvia quan es produeixen lesions tissulars induïdes per traumes o estrès i per condicions infeccioses i inflamatòries. La funció principal de les PFAs és recuperar la homeòstasi i limitar el creixement microbià. La quantificació de la concentració de les PFAs pot ser utilitzada com a eina pel diagnòstic i pronòstic, així com pel seguiment de tractaments. A la bibliografia hi ha molts articles que descriuen els diferents patrons de les proteïnes enfront diferents malalties. No obstant, la utilitat de les APPs i la seva dinàmica en malalties pròpies de poblacions salvatges no ha estat determinada. Els mètodes de laboratori que s’utilitzen actualment per mesurar les APPs s’haurien de validar abans de proporcionar cap resultat. Això és especialment important en les espècies salvatges, on les tècniques dels animals domèstics s’extrapolen sense validació prèvia, i per tant la fiabilitat dels resultats es desconeguda. Els objectius principals d'aquest treball són validar els mètodes analítics disponibles per la determinació de proteïnes de fase aguda en ungulats domèstics per al seu ús en ungulats salvatges, així com proporcionar valors de referència per a les espècies estudiades i verificar la utilitat d’aquestes proteïnes de fase aguda. En l’ESTUDI I, realitzat en el senglar, es va determinar la concentració sèrica de sis APPs: l’haptoglobina (Hp), el sèrum amiloide A (SAA), la proteïna C-reactiva (CRP) i la proteïna de fase aguda major de porcí (Pig-MAP) utilitzant kits comercials. Els kits de les dues últimes proteïnes mencionades dissenyats específicament per la seva aplicació en mostres de porcí. També es van determinar la glicoproteïna àcida soluble (ASG) i la ceruloplasmina (Cp) mitjançant mètodes analítics descrits prèviament. Tots els mètodes utilitzats van demostrar una bona precisió (CV <15%), excepte per les proteïnes ASG i SAA que van presentar coeficients de variació (CVs) entre anàlisis més alts. Aquests dos CVs van ésser obtinguts pel pool de concentració baixa. L’estudi d’interferència va demostrar que l’hemòlisi produeix interferència en totes les proteïnes estudiades, sobretot el SAA. Totes les proteïnes estudiades van presentar diferències significatives entre les concentracions d’animals sans i malalts. Els valors de referència obtinguts pels senglars sans van ser similars als descrits prèviament en altres treballs realitzats en el porc domèstic. En l’ESTUDI II es van comparar dos mètodes diferents per la determinació de la CRP en el senglar. Un mètode immunoturbidimètric (TIA) específic de humana amb un mètode immunoenzimàtic (ELISA) específic de porcí. També es va validar el mètode immunoturbidimètric per al seu ús en els senglars. La regressió Passing-Bablok va demostrar que hi havia un error proporcional entre TIA i ELISA. Aquest error es va reduir quan es va utilitzar un calibrador de porcí fabricat en el laboratori. La validació del TIA amb el calibrador de porcí obtingut al laboratori va demostrar tenir una bona precisió i una bona exactitud. Es va demostrar també que l’hemòlisi produeix interferències importants en l’anàlisi de la CRP amb mostres de senglar amb el TIA. La validació dels mètodes de la Hp, SAA, ASG i Cp pel seu ús en l’isard es va realitzar en l’ESTUDI III. En general, tots els mètodes van presentar bona precisió i exactitud. Les mostres procedents d'animals sans van produir molts valors per sota del límit de detecció establert per les proteïnes Hp i SAA. La ASG es va veure afectada significativament per l'hemòlisi. Els valors obtinguts d'animals sans i malalts van ser significativament diferents entre sí. Els mètodes de determinació de la Hp i el SAA van ser avaluats pel seu ús en la cabra salvatge en l’ESTUDI IV. Aquests mètodes van demostrar tenir bona precisió intra-assaig i bona exactitud. En l’estudi inter-assaig es va observar una gran imprecisió per ambdues proteïnes. La inflamació induïda amb la injecció de trementina va produir un canvi significatiu en la concentració de Hp i SAA. En canvi, la infecció experimental amb llengua blava no va produir canvis significatius en cap de les proteïnes estudiades. Els mètodes validats per la determinació de les PFA en aquests quatre estudis van demostrar que els resultats que produeixen son fiables i que per tant es poden aplicar en les espècies estudiades, amb l’excepció d'alguns paràmetres que caldria tenir en compte quan s’utilitzin aquests mètodes. De la mateixa manera, hi va haver diferències significatives entre els animals sans i malalts en totes les proteïnes estudiades en el senglar i l’isard, i en l’haptoglobina i l’amiloide A sèric en la cabra salvatge. En aquesta última espècie les dues proteïnes estudiades van produir canvis de concentració suficients com per poder discriminar bé entre abans i després de l'establiment d’una resposta inflamatòria induïda per la injecció de trementina.
Hay un grupo de proteínas plasmáticas, llamadas proteínas de fase aguda (PFAs), la concentración de las cuales cambia cuando se producen lesiones tisulares inducidas por traumas o estrés y por condiciones infecciosas e inflamatorias. La función principal de las PFAs es restablecer la homeostasis y limitar el crecimiento microbiano. La cuantificación de la concentración de las PFAs puede ser utilizada como herramienta para el diagnóstico y pronóstico, así como para el seguimiento de tratamientos. En la bibliografía hay muchos artículos que describen los diferentes patrones de las proteínas frente distintas enfermedades. Sin embargo, la utilidad de las APPs y su dinámica en enfermedades propias de poblaciones salvajes no ha sido determinada. Los métodos de laboratorio que se utilizan actualmente para medir las APPs deberían ser validados antes de proporcionar ningún resultado. Esto es especialmente importante en las especies salvajes, donde las técnicas de los animales domésticos se extrapolan sin validación previa, y por tanto la fiabilidad de los resultados es desconocida. Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son validar los métodos analíticos disponibles para la determinación de proteínas de fase aguda en ungulados domésticos para su uso en ungulados salvajes, así como proporcionar valores de referencia para las especies estudiadas y verificar la utilidad de estas proteínas de fase aguda. En el ESTUDIO I, realizado en el jabalí, se determinó la concentración sérica de seis APPs: haptoglobina (Hp), el amiloide A sérico (SAA), la proteína C-reactiva (CRP) y la proteína de fase aguda mayor de porcino (Pig-MAP) utilizando kits comerciales. Los kits de las dos últimas proteínas mencionadas diseñados específicamente para su aplicación en muestras de porcino. También se determinaron la glicoproteína ácida soluble (ASG) y la ceruloplasmina (Cp) mediante métodos analíticos descritos previamente. Todos los métodos utilizados demostraron una buena precisión (CV <15%), excepto para las proteínas ASG y SAA que presentaron coeficientes de variación (CVs) entre análisis más altos. Estos dos CVs fueron obtenidos para el pool de concentración baja. El estudio de interferencia demostró que la hemólisis produce interferencia en todas las proteínas estudiadas, sobretodo el SAA. Todas las proteínas estudiadas presentaron diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de animales sanos y enfermos. Los valores de referencia obtenidos por jabalíes sanos fueron similares a los descritos previamente en otros trabajos realizados en el cerdo doméstico. En el ESTUDIO II se compararon dos métodos diferentes para la determinación de la CRP en el jabalí. Un método immunoturbidimètrico (TIA) específico de humana con un método immunoenzimàtico (ELISA) específico de porcino. También se validó el método immunoturbidimètrico para su uso en los jabalíes. La regresión Passing-Bablok demostró que había un error proporcional entre TIA y ELISA. Este error se redujo cuando se utilizó un calibrador de porcino fabricado en el laboratorio. La validación del TIA con el calibrador de porcino obtenido en el laboratorio demostró tener una buena precisión y una buena exactitud. Se demostró también que la hemólisis produce interferencias importantes en el análisis de la CRP con muestras de jabalí con el TIA. La validación de los métodos de la Hp, SAA, ASG y Cp para su uso en el rebeco se realizó en el ESTUDIO III. En general, todos los métodos presentaron buena precisión y exactitud. Las muestras procedentes de animales sanos produjeron muchos valores por debajo del límite de detección establecido para las proteínas Hp y SAA. La ASG se vio afectada significativamente por la hemólisis. Los valores obtenidos de animales sanos y enfermos fueron significativamente diferentes entre sí. Los métodos de determinación de la Hp y el SAA fueron evaluados para su uso en la cabra montés en el ESTUDIO IV. Estos métodos demostraron tener buena precisión intra-ensayo y buena exactitud. En el estudio inter-ensayo se observó una gran imprecisión para ambas proteínas. La inflamación inducida con la inyección de trementina produjo un cambio significativo en la concentración de Hp y SAA. En cambio, la infección experimental con lengua azul no produjo cambios significativos en ninguna de las proteínas estudiadas. Los métodos validados para la determinación de las PFA en estos cuatro estudios demostraron que los resultados que producen son fiables y que por tanto se pueden aplicar en las especies estudiadas, con la excepción de algunos parámetros que habría que tener en cuenta cuando se utilicen estos métodos. Del mismo modo, hubo diferencias significativas entre los animales sanos y enfermos en todas las proteínas estudiadas en el jabalí y el rebeco, y en la haptoglobina y el amiloide A sérico en la cabra montesa. En esta última especie las dos proteínas estudiadas produjeron cambios de concentración suficientes como para poder discriminar bien entre antes y después del establecimiento de una respuesta inflamatoria inducida por la inyección de trementina.
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a group of plasma proteins that change in concentration after any tissue injury induced by infection, inflammation, trauma or stress. Their main function is to restore homeostasis and limit microbial growth. The quantification of APPs can be used as a tool for diagnostic and prognostic as well as to monitor treatments. In the literature there are many articles describing the APPs patterns against different diseases in domestic animals, mainly livestock. However, the usefulness of APPs and their dynamics in diseases typical of wild populations has not been characterized. Analytical validation of the laboratory methods in use for the determination of APP should be assessed before the report of any value. This is especially important in wild animals, in which often the techniques in use in domestic animals are extrapolated without prior validation, so that the reliability of the results is unknown. The main goals of the present thesis are to validate analytical methods available for determination of APPs in domestic ungulates for its use in wild ungulates, to provide reference values and to verify the utility of several APPs for the species studied. In STUDY I six different APPs in wild boar were studied: serum haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP) and porcine major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) concentrations were determined using commercial kits available, the last two were porcine-specific methods; Acid soluble glycoprotein (ASG) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) were analyzed using assay methods described previously in literature. All the methods demonstrated good precision (CVs<15%), except inter assay CVs for ASG and SAA with the low concentration pool. Hemolysis affected all the proteins studied, mostly the SAA. There were significant differences between healthy and diseased animals. Reference ranges obtained for healthy wild boars were similar to those reported previously in literature for domestic pigs. In STUDY II a human CRP turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) was compared to the porcine specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) CRP and validated for its use in wild boar. Passing bablok regression demonstrated that there was a proportional error between TIA and ELISA which was reduced using a porcine in-house calibrator. The validation of TIA CRP with the porcine in-house calibrator showed good precision and accuracy. Important interference was observed in the study of hemolysis. The method validation of Hp, SAA, ASG and Cp conducted in STUDY III in Pyrenean chamois demonstrated good precision and accuracy of all the proteins studied. Hp and SAA yielded many values below the limit of detection when samples from healthy animals were analyzed. ASG was significantly affected by hemolysis. The values obtained from healthy and diseased animals were significantly different from each other. Hp and SAA methods were evaluated for Spanish ibex in STUDY IV with good intra-assay precision and accuracy. An important inter-assay imprecision was observed for both proteins. Inflammation induced by turpentine injection produced a significant change in the concentration of Hp and SAA. No significant changes in any of the proteins studied were observed when a experimentally bluetongue virus infection was induced. APPs methods validated in these studies demonstrated to be reliable in the species studied, except for some parameters that should be kept in mind when implementing these methods. Likewise, significant differences between healthy and disease animals were observed for all the proteins studied in wild boar and Pyrenean chamois. In Spanih ibex, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A discriminated well before and after the establishment of an aseptic inflammation induced by turpentine injection.
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27

Fernández, Sirera Laura. "Epidemiology of pestivirus infection in pyrenean Chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) and other wild and domestic ruminants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117597.

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Des de l’any 2001, diferents brots d’una malaltia associada a la infecció per un pestivirus, concretament un virus de la malaltia de la frontera de genotip 4 (BDV-4, de l’anglès border disease virus), han causat reduccions importants en el nombre d’efectius d’isard (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en estudiar l’epidemiologia de la infecció per BDV a l’isard i a altres remugants salvatges i domèstics, ja que els pestivirus no són hoste-específics estrictes. La principal zona d’estudi va consistir en els Pirineus Catalans i Andorrans, però també es van estudiar diferents zones dels Ports de Tortosa i Beseit i Sierra Nevada, a Espanya, i dels Alps italians i suïssos. Les espècies estudiades van ser l’isard, el mufló europeu (Ovis aries), el cérvol (Cervus elaphus), el cabirol (Capreolus capreolus), la daina (Dama dama), l’isard alpí (Rupicapra rupicapra), l’íbex (Capra ibex) i la cabra salvatge (Capra pyrenaica), així com l’oví, caprí i vaquí que pasturen en els prats d’alta muntanya. Es va determinar la presència d’anticossos enfront a pestivirus en sèrum mitjançant una tècnica d’ELISA. En els sèrums positius es va dur a terme un test de seroneutralització vírica comparada amb una soca del virus de la diarrea vírica bovina (BVDV, de l’anglès bovine viral diaorrhea virus) i diferents soques de BDV locals i de referència. La detecció vírica es va realitzar mitjançant una tècnica de reacció en cadena de la polimerasa inversa i/o un test ELISA. Per últim, es va seqüenciar la regió no codificant 5’ dels virus detectats i es van aïllar. L’estudi de poblacions d’isard prèviament afectades per brots de malaltia va indicar que la infecció per BDV ha esdevingut endèmica en determinades zones i que possiblement aquest fet està relacionat amb la manca de recuperació de certes poblacions. Tanmateix, en altres zones, el virus aparentment ha deixat de circular i la recuperació de la població d’isards després dels brots és bona. L’estudi a la reserva nacional de caça de Freser-Setcases, va establir que el BDV-4 és mantingut a la població d’isards sense causar cap efecte negatiu a la dinàmica poblacional. És possible que en aquesta població hi circulin soques menys virulentes de BDV-4, causant una elevada seroprevalença i evitant la dispersió d’altres soques més virulentes, i l’aparició d’un brot de malaltia. En totes les poblacions els isards seropositius van presentar títols més alts d’anticossos contra les soques BDV, i la majoria contra les BDV-4, concretament. En tots els remugants salvatges que comparteixen hàbitat amb l’isard es va detectar una seroprevalença baixa. La seroprevalenca en oví i caprí va variar depenent de l’origen geogràfic, i al vaquí sempre va ser elevada. L’oví va presentar títols d’anticossos més alts enfront a les soques BDV-4, el vaquí a BVDV i les cabres enfront a BDV-4 i BVDV. Als estudis realitzats al sud-oest dels Alps italians es va detectar una elevada seroprevalença a l’isard alpí. Aquest fet suggereix que la infecció per pestivirus és freqüent a les ambdues espècies del gènere Rupicapra. Per altra banda, als íbex i a les cabres salvatges de totes les zones es va detectar una seroprevalença molt baixa, i la majoria dels individus positius van mostrar anticossos enfront a BDV. A Suïssa, tots els cérvols analitzats i un isard alpí van mostrar anticossos enfront a BVDV, mentre que la resta d’isards van mostrar títols més alts enfront a BDV. Aquest resultat indica que els remugants salvatges de Suïssa es poden infectar amb les dos espècies de pestivirus.
Since 2001 several outbreaks of a new disease associated to Border Disease Virus (genus Pestivirus) of genotype 4 infection (BDV-4) have caused important declines in the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) populations. The main goal of the present research work was to study the epidemiology of BDV infection in Pyrenean chamois and other wild and domestic ruminants, since pestiviruses are not strictly host-specific. The main study areas consisted of the Catalan and Andorran Pyrenees, but also different areas from the Ports de Tortosa i Beseit and Sierra Nevada Spanish mountains and from the Italian and Swiss Alps. The studied species were the Pyrenean chamois, European mouflon (Ovis aries), red (Cervus elaphus), roe (Capreolus capreolus), and fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), Alpine (Capra ibex) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), and sheep, goats and cattle that share the habitat with chamois. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against pestivirus with a commercial blocking ELISA assay. Comparative virus neutralization tests were performed in positive sera by using a bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strain and reference and local BDV strains. Viral detection in wild ruminants was performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the panpestivirus primers 324 and 326 and/or with a commercial sandwich ELISA assay. As last, the sequence analyses of the 5’UTR region from positive samples and virus isolation were performed. The study of pestivirus epidemiology in Pyrenean chamois populations previously affected by BDV-infection outbreaks revealed that in some populations the disease has become endemic and BDV circulates frequently in the chamois population, possibly having a negative impact on host population dynamics. Contrarily, in some populations BDV does not seem to circulate after the disease outbreak. The study of a Pyrenean chamois population from the Eastern Pyrenees unaffected by disease outbreaks revealed that BDV-4 is self-maintained in this population, apparently without causing negative population dynamic effects. The circulation of weakly virulent strains could have been the cause of the high seroprevalence detected, which could hinder the spread of more virulent strains within this chamois population and the appearance of disease outbreaks. The seropositive Pyrenean chamois had BDV antibodies in all the studied populations, and most of them had higher titres against the BDV-4 strains. All the wild ruminants sharing habitat with Pyrenean chamois showed a low seroprevalence. The seroprevalence in sheep and goats, varied depending on the geographical origin, while in cattle it was constantly high. Sheep had higher antibody titres against the BDV-4 strains, cattle against BVDV, while goats showed higher titres against both BVDV and BDV strains. The study of pestivirus epidemiology in the south-western Italian Alps revealed a high seroprevalence in Alpine chamois, suggesting that members of the genus Rupicapra are likely to be infected with pestiviruses. Otherwise, Alpine and Iberian Ibex from all zones had a low seroprevalence, and most of the positive ibex had BDV antibodies. In Switzerland, the analyzed red deer and one Alpine chamois, had antibodies to BVDV, and the rest of chamois had antibodies to BDV. This results shows that the wild ruminants from this country can be infected with both pestivirus species, BVDV and BDV.
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Pioz, Maryline. "Conséquences du parasitisme sur la dynamique des populations d'hôtes : exemples d'agents abortifs dans des populations de chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) et d'Isards (Rupicapra pyrenaïca)." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10124.

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En montagne, les espaces protégés sont des lieux où la densité d'ongulés sauvages est souvent importante. En raison de l'usage pastoral traditionnel des prairies d'altitude, ce sont également des lieux fréquentés par les troupeaux d'ongulés domestiques. Cette coexistence estivale d'ongulés domestiques et sauvages dans les alpages préoccupe les gestionnaires de la faune. En fréquentant les mêmes sites de pâture ou de repos, les deux groupes d'espèces peuvent échanger des agents pathogènes. Mon travail de doctorat cherche à évaluer l'influence potentielle de parasites sur la dynamique de deux populations de chamois en prenant en compte les facteurs connus pour influencer la survie ou la fécondité de ces animaux. La dynamique d'une population dépend de facteurs internes et de facteurs externes définissant les conditions environnementales dans lesquelles la population évolue. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux types de facteurs externes : les conditions météorologiques et les variables épidémiologiques concernant quatre agents pathogènes. Ces quatre agents, trois bactéries : Salmonella spp. , Chlamydophila spp. Et Coxiella spp. Ainsi qu'un Pestivirus sont fréquents chez les ruminants domestiques et responsables de troubles de la reproduction. En utilisant les méthodes d'analyse des données de la biologie des populations (modèle linéaire généralisé et Capture-Marquage-Recapture), nous avons recherché l'existence d'un lien entre la présence d'anticorps ou la séroprévalence et les paramètres démographiques des populations étudiées. Dans la population de chamois des Bauges, la fécondité des femelles dépend, outre les facteurs déjà connus, des conditions météorologiques de l'année et de la fréquence de chacune des trois infections bactériennes, montrant un effet additif de ces infections. L'effet direct des bactéries ne peut être montré que pour Salmonella, la question reste donc ouverte en ce qui concerne les autres bactéries. Chez les isards de la population d'Orlu, les variations interannuelles de la survie sont expliquées de façon satisfaisante par le statut sanitaire de la population, bien que d'autres hypothèses ne puissent pas être écartées. Nous avons également étudié la dynamique de l'infection à Pestivirus en élaborant le schéma de transmission de cet agent pathogène récemment identifié dans plusieurs populations pyrénéennes. En conclusion, des indicateurs indirects comme la sérologie sont utiles pour décrire le statut sanitaire des populations hôtes. Nous montrons que, à côté de l'effet des conditions environnementales, les bactéries abortives étudiées expliquent la fécondité des hôtes, et que le statut sanitaire est lié à leur survie. Ce travail contribue à montrer le rôle significatif du parasitisme dans la dynamique des populations hôtes
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Resche-Rigon, Frédérique. "Quelques aspects de la compétition entre ongulés sauvages et domestiques : étude des relations entre chamois et moutons dans une vallée du Mercantour." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10152.

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Chamorro, Chávez Alejandro [Verfasser], and András [Akademischer Betreuer] Bárdossy. "Stochastic and hydrological modelling for climate change prediction in the Lima region, Peru / Alejandro Chamorro Chávez. Betreuer: András Bárdossy." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079525483/34.

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Aguayo, Bustamante Andrés, and Martínez Jossi Lorena Chamorro. "Sistema para la gestión del proceso productivo de la hoja de tabaco Andrés Aguayo Bustamante, Jossi Lorena Chamorro Martínez." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/274076.

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El presente proyecto muestra una propuesta de solución a los problemas que tiene British American Tobacco del Perú con respecto a la gestión del proceso productivo de la hoja de tabaco. Estos problemas surgen en dicho proceso debido a que las actividades que lo conforman son realizadas en su mayoría de forma manual, originando errores de cálculo y por ende informes con cifras incorrectas y entregadas fuera del tiempo requerido, esto principalmente por no existir una integración entre el sistema contable (SAP) y las operaciones efectuadas en el campo de acción (Hojas de cálculo). Frente a esta situación y tomando en cuenta el perfil de British American Tobacco del Perú como una de las empresas más grandes del país y con el compromiso de ofrecer a sus clientes productos de buena calidad, es de suma importancia contar con un sistema que le permita gestionar de manera rápida y fácil el íntegro de su proceso productivo, logrando mejorar sus procesos, minimizar costos y obtener información veraz y oportuna en el momento requerido. En un primer momento se dará toda la fundamentación teórica necesaria para poder comprender el proceso que implica la gestión del proceso productivo de la hoja de tabaco, luego se definirá la situación problemática que se encontró en British American Tobacco. A continuación presentaremos la propuesta de solución en donde especificaremos claramente el objetivo principal de proyecto, así como los específicos alineados con el objetivo principal y los beneficios tangibles e intangibles del proyecto. Mas adelante realizaremos un análisis detallado del negocio, de cada una de las actividades que se realizan en la producción de la hoja de tabaco. Así como, se realizara el análisis y diseño del sistema, lo que nos permitirá llegar a un prototipo inicial del sistema propuesto. Para dicho análisis se uso la metodología que proponen UML y RUP. Finalmente, estableceremos un cronograma de actividades para poder controlar los avances del proyecto y concluir con el mismo en el tiempo establecido.
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Guizzo, Bianca Salazar. "'Aquele negrão me chamou de leitão' : representações e práticas corporais de embelezamento na educação infantil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28820.

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Na sociedade brasileira atual, questões relacionadas à aparência e à imagem do corpo são reconhecidas como elementos centrais nos processos de constituição de identidades desde a infância. Esta tese tem como questão central de pesquisa discutir em que medida as representações de beleza e de feiura compreendidas pelas crianças de uma turma de Educação Infantil pertencente a uma escola pública do município de Esteio/RS afetam a forma como as meninas lidam/investem com/nos seus corpos, delineando assim suas feminilidades. Os principais objetivos desta investigação são: 1) apresentar como determinadas representações de gênero, raça/cor, classe social e geração, construídas e reiteradas diariamente por meio das mais diversas pedagogias culturais e visuais, ecoam e circulam, como verdades quase que absolutas, no ambiente educacional infantil; 2) a partir dessas representações propagadas em diferentes meios culturais e sociais na contemporaneidade, mostrar como as meninas dessa turma investem em certas práticas corporais para serem consideradas belas. Levando em conta tais objetivos, foram apresentadas algumas situações desenvolvidas no cotidiano escolar da referida turma, para que as crianças pudessem expressar suas concepções a respeito do tema. Os resultados mostraram que as meninas, bem como os meninos, se preocupam com suas aparências e tais preocupações provavelmente são construídas a partir das representações e imagens aos quais elas/es têm acesso através de diversos meios. Em função da intensa presença de representações e imagens, meninas, em especial, são encorajadas a investir em seus corpos, o que colabora na constituição de suas identidades. Elas, muitas vezes, almejam ter corpos perfeitos e investem em práticas para esconderem seus “defeitos” e se parecerem com celebridades que admiram. Entretanto, tais práticas não foram aqui analisadas como “naturais” ao comportamento feminino, mas como parte de uma construção histórica, social e cultural. Para o desenvolvimento das análises foram utilizadas as contribuições dos Estudos de Gênero, dos Estudos Culturais e dos Estudos de Cultura Visual, especialmente aqueles que se aproximam da perspectiva pós-estruturalista de análise. Tais campos de estudos mostram-se produtivos na medida em que julgam que nossas identidades são forjadas e constituídas continuamente dentro de determinadas culturas, pela disputa constante de poder. Além disso, fornecem ferramentas para a análise de artefatos e acontecimentos que permeiam as arenas culturais e educacionais e que possuem grande relevância na produção das identidades infantis.
In contemporary Brazilian society, questions of appearance and body image are recognized as central elements in the construction processes of children‟s identities. This thesis aims to discuss to what extent the representations of beauty and ugliness understood by children of an early childhood education class, from a public school in the municipality of Esteio/RS, affect the way girls deal with and invest in their bodies, and thus outline their femininities. The main focuses of this research are: 1) to present how certain representations of gender, race/color, social class and generation, built and repeated daily through a variety of cultural and visual pedagogies , reflect and circulate as almost absolute truths in the children's educational environment; 2) to show how the girls in this group get involved with certain bodily practices to be considered beautiful from representations spread among different cultural and social media in contemporaneity, Taking into account such objectives, some situations developed in the school everyday life were presented so that the children could express their ideas about the theme. The results showed that girls and boys are worried about their appearances and such concerns probably are constructed from images and representations to which they have access through various means. Due to the intense presence of representations and images, girls in particular are encouraged to invest in their bodies, which contribute in the formation of their identities. They often want to have perfect bodies and engage in practices to hide their "flaws" and resemble celebrities they admire. However, such practices were not analyzed here as a “natural" female behavior, but as part of a system of historical, social and cultural relations. For the development of such analyses, the contributions of Gender Studies, Cultural Studies and Visual Culture Studies were used, particularly those associated with the post-structuralism approaches. Such fields of study are productive to the extent that they believe that our identities are continually forged and incorporated within certain cultures by a constant struggle over power. In addition, they provide tools for the analysis of artifacts and events, which permeate the cultural and educational arenas and are relevant to the production of children's identities.
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Unterthiner, Stefano. "Ranging patterns, habitat use and male mating behaviour of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the Italian Alps." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327005.

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Mason, Thomas Howard. "Life-history, demography and behaviour of the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) : the role of climate and environmental change." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9382/.

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Climate change is altering ecology in myriad ways; the distributions, dynamics, phenology, morphology and life-histories of species are changing. Establishing the relative importance of these changes in different ecological traits is important to fully understand how climate and environmental change threatens populations. However, until recently, studies have often focused solely on range-shift responses and have rarely examined multiple forms of ecological change in a single species. Case-studies focusing on multiple aspects of ecology, for example demography, life-history and behaviour, could provide important general insights into how climate change will most threaten the persistence of species and populations. In this thesis, I investigate ecological variation, and the influence of climate and environmental change, in a common species of considerable cultural, economic and ecological importance, the Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Using a 38-year dataset on body masses and demography, augmented with demographic and behavioural data collected during this thesis, I examine variation in the life-history, demography and behaviour of this species, making both species-specific and general inferences. I find variability in reproductive strategies in the study populations, providing considerable insight into poorly understood area of this species’ ecology. Male chamois in neighbouring populations adopt contrasting reproductive strategies, likely due to climatic differences among areas. Interestingly though, males time investment in reproduction similarly in the different populations. However, there is a strong pattern of age-dependent investment; young males delay reproduction until the end of the breeding season, apparently as a strategy to avoid high levels of competition. This is the first clear evidence for such a strategy in a male mammal. Next, focussing on the effect of climatic and environmental factors on chamois ecology, I found a strong influence of climate on body size, demography and foraging behaviour. Climate change appears to be driving declines in body size and climatic variation exerts a strong influence on demographic variation and foraging behaviour. However, the effects of local anthropogenic drivers in some cases exceed these effects. High hunting pressure has a profound effect on survival, with hunting mortality largely replacing natural mortality. Furthermore, the influence of disturbance by livestock grazing on altitudinal migration is very pronounced, forcing chamois to much higher altitudes. This project illustrates that climate change can affect diverse aspects of ecology. Despite the overriding research focus on range-shifts, climate-driven life-history and demographic change could influence populations more strongly. Furthermore, my results show that effects of other drivers, such as harvesting and biotic interactions, can also have profound effects on ecology, at times exceeding the influence of climate.
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Montoya, Martine. "Les désastres du premier malentendu dans le Pacifique : les Mariannes espagnoles (XVI-XVIIIé)." Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030074.

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L’étude de la colonisation des Mariannes a d’abord suscité une réflexion sur le système colonial espagnol, ses moteurs, ses difficultés, qui se sont trouvés amplifiés, exacerbés dans ce microcosme isolé de l’Empire. On a ensuite analysé la vision portée sur les insulaires par les Espagnols, puis les méthodes d’évangélisation et d’européanisation. L’étude enfin des réactions du peuple chamorro, à l’échelle des bouleversements apportés, et en particulier, du désastre démographique, nous a conduit à tirer certaines conclusions sur les facteurs aggravants, ou au contraire sur les facteurs qui ont joué le rôle de soupape dans de telles situations. Le contexte comparatif (Philippines, Amérique) s’imposait compte tenu de la provenance et des référents des acteurs eux-mêmes. La chute démographique apparaît proportionnelle au degré de déstructuration socio-économique, culturelle, mentale de la population, et indépendante des continents, des époques dans lesquelles s’est réalisée la colonisation, de la nature de l’implantation. (conquête armée ou colonisation « douce »). Les Mariannes présentaient le schéma le plus défavorable à la réception du nouvel ordre européen : absence d’enjeux, de vecteurs d’acculturation suffisants pour justifier un « sursaut » salutaire, de quelque ordre que ce soit, ni sur le plan politique (isolat et pas de jeu politico-militaire possible, déstructuration sociale totale sans référence à l’existant pré-colonial), ni sur le plan économique ou commercial (peuple de la mer peu motivé par l’agriculture, par les métiers qui lui sont imposés etc), ni sur le plan religieux (vision du monde bouleversée-pas de réels métissages, superposition ou troc, peu de supports « médiateurs »)
We first endeavored to describe the geographical and political context, the framework of the Spanish colonization of the Marianas (16th-18th centuries), examining, the actors’ motivations and difficulties, the similarities and exacerbation of the phenomenon, in relation with previous colonies in the Philippines and America. Then we carefully scrutinized the image of the islanders, as apprehended by the Spaniards, the Christians’s “projections”, the methods of evangelization and Europeanization, and the Chamorros’resistance that proved to be radical and violent in proportion to the disruptions produced, and the demographic collapse. Population drops appear to be proportional to socio-economic, cultural and moral disruptions, beyond times, places and the nature of the settlements : In the Marianas, by comparison to the Philippines or America, no sufficient motivation or acculturation vector emerged to justify or make possible any salutary compromise or rebound of whatever kind, neither in political and military matters, (“ no “common enemy”, total social disruption), nor in economical matters (the Chamorro fishermen and mariners found no real incentives in agriculture and in the new labor activities imposed on them etc), nor in religious matters (their vision of the world could not take in novelties. . )…
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Schnidrig-Petrig, Reinhard. "Modern Icarus in wildlife habitat : effects of paragliding on behaviour, habitat use and body condition of chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Lefebvre, Tiphaine. "Influence de l’herbivorie sauvage et domestique en prairie subalpine : réponse métabolique des plantes et conséquences fonctionnelles sur la décomposition des litières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV030/document.

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Les prairies subalpines abritent de grandes populations d’herbivores sauvages et sont souvent soumises au pâturage domestique. Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser la réponse métabolique des plantes subalpines à l’herbivorie, et d’identifier les conséquences fonctionnelles sur l’écosystème via la décomposabilité des litières. Pour cela, nous avons établi un dispositif d’exclusion des herbivores sur l’alpage d’Armenaz dans le massif des Bauges, dans deux contextes de pâturage différents : extensif par des herbivores sauvages (chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra) et intensif par des herbivores domestiques (génisses, Bos taurus). Nous avons caractérisé une vingtaine d’espèces végétales par des traits fonctionnels foliaires reflétant leur métabolisme de croissance et de défense, en présence ou en absence d’herbivores, et avons estimé la décomposabilité des litières de certaines d’entre elles. Contrairement à l’hypothèse du compromis entre croissance et défense, nos résultats montrent que la présence de composés de défense (polyphénols et lignine) chez les plantes n’est pas reliée à leur stratégie d’acquisition des ressources. Dans notre étude, la réponse des plantes à l’exclusion des herbivores dépend essentiellement : (1) du contexte d’herbivorie, la réponse étant d’avantage marquée dans le contexte du pâturage intensif par les génisses qu’extensif par les chamois, (2) des espèces végétales, suggérant l’existence de différentes stratégies de défense, (3) des conditions environnementales, pouvant être le reflet d’effets d’interaction avec le traitement d’herbivorie. Parmi les réponses observées, l’exclusion des herbivores entraîne chez certaines espèces une diminution de la teneur en composés phénoliques, et plus particulièrement en flavonoïdes, pouvant refléter la relaxation de la synthèse de ces composés de résistance en absence d’herbivores. L’exclusion des chamois n’influence pas la composition chimique des litières ni leur décomposabilité. Cette dernière, parmi les composés étudiés, dépend majoritairement de sa composition en polyphénols. L’identification d’effets contrastés de différents contextes d’herbivorie sur la réponse des plantes et des fonctions écosystémiques qui en découlent nous permet d’améliorer notre compréhension du fonctionnement des prairies subalpines. Ce sont autant d’éléments pour nous aider à mieux appréhender les effets sur l’environnement d’éventuels changements démographiques des populations de grands herbivores
Alpine grasslands are home to large populations of wild herbivores and are often exposed to additional grazing by domestic herbivores. This study aims to investigate the metabolic response of subalpine plant species to herbivory and to identify the ecosystem functional consequences via the alteration of litter decomposability. For this purpose, we set up a two-year experimental design using exclosures on the Armenaz subalpine grassland from the Bauges massif, under two mammalian herbivory regimes: intensive grazing by domestic heifers (Bos taurus) and extensive grazing by wild chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). We measured leaf functional traits representative of growth and defense metabolisms on about twenty plant species grown in presence or absence of herbivores, and estimated litter decomposability of some of these species. Contrary to the hypothesis of a growth/defense tradeoff, our results show that the allocation of defensive compounds (polyphenols and lignin) in plants is not related to their nutrient acquisition strategy. In our study, plant responses to grazing exclusion vary according to: (1) herbivory context, plant response being more pronounced in the case of intensive grazing by heifers than extensive grazing by chamois, (2) plant species, suggesting that they rely on different defensive strategies, (3) environmental conditions, which may reflect the interactive effects with grazing treatment. One of the observed responses of plants to grazing exclusion is the decrease of their phenolic content, and more specifically flavonoids, which can be explained by the relaxation of the production of plant defenses when herbivores are no longer present. Chamois exclusion has no influence on chemical composition and decomposability of litters, the latter being best explained by its phenolic content. Revealing the contrasted effects of wild and domestic mammalian herbivores on vegetation and related soil processes allow us to improve our understanding of subalpine grasslands functioning. This should help us to better predict the effects of potential demographic variations of herbivore populations on environment
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Martin, Claire. "Les pestivirus à l'interface faune sauvage-faune domestique : pathogénie chez l'isard gestant et épidémiologie dans la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4120.

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Dans les Alpes du Sud de la France, des diminutions de populations de chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) ont été rapportées. Or, depuis une dizaine d’année, des pestivirus ont causé de fortes mortalités dans des populations d’isards des Pyrénées (Rupicapra pyrenaica). Bien que les signes cliniques associés à cette infection aient été caractérisés chez cette espèce, la pathogénie chez les animaux gestants est peu étudiée. De plus, des transmissions inter-espèces ont régulièrement été incriminées dans l’épidémiologie des pestiviroses ; ceci particulièrement au niveau des alpages où des contacts fréquents sont décrits entre ruminants sauvages et domestiques. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse ont donc été, dans un premier temps, d’étudier la pathogénie de l’infection à pestivirus chez des isards et plus particulièrement ses effets sur la gestation. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’épidémiologie de l’infection dans différentes zones de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA), tout d’abord chez des ruminants sauvages, puis à l’interface entre les ruminants sauvages et domestiques partageant les mêmes alpages. Trois femelles isards ont été inoculées, durant le deuxième tiers de leur gestation, avec une souche de BDV-4, préalablement isolée d’un isard sauvage dans les Pyrénées espagnoles. Un groupe témoin était constitué d’une quatrième femelle isard gestante, associée à une agnelle. Une virémie longue, de quatre jours post infection jusqu’à la mort des animaux, était associée à des profils de séroconversion variables et à des lymphopénies importantes. Bien qu’aucune gestation n’ait été menée à terme, la détection des ARN viraux dans tous les organes testés des fœtus de femelles inoculées suggéraient la naissance possible d’animaux infectés persistants immunotolérants (IPI) chez cette espèce. Par ailleurs, dans la région PACA, une première étude séro-épidémiologique, longitudinale, a été réalisée dans le département des Hautes-Alpes sur les campagnes de chasse de 2003 à 2007. Des anticorps dirigés contre les pestivirus étaient présents chez 45,9% (Intervalle de confiance à 95% [IC95%] : 40,5-51,3) des chamois et 61,1% (IC 95% : 38,6-83,6%) des mouflons (Ovis aries musimon). Une deuxième étude épidémiologique transversale, conduite à la fois chez les ruminants sauvages et domestiques lors des saisons de chasse 2009 et 2010, a montré des séroprévalences élevées, atteignant 38,8% (IC95% : 74,3 – 78,8 %) chez les chamois et 25,9% (IC95% : 9,4 – 42,4 %) chez les chevreuils (Capreolus capreolus). Tous les cheptels ovins testés (n=37) présentaient une séroprévalence positive, atteignant 76,6 % (IC95%: 74,3 – 78,8 %) pour l’ensemble des 1383 sérums analysés. Dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes, deux souches ovines de pestivirus ont été isolées et classées respectivement dans le génogroupe BDV-3 (Border Disease Virus type 3) et dans le génogroupe BDV-Tunisien. Dans le département des Alpes de Haute-Provence, deux souches ont été isolées, d’une brebis avortée et, pour la première fois, d’un chamois (souche « Rupi-05 »). Les deux souches ont été classées parmi les virus du génogroupe BDV-6. Des séroneutralisations croisées ont montré que les chamois avaient des titres en anticorps supérieurs contre la souche « Rupi-05 », alors que les moutons réagissent de façon homogène envers les différentes souches ovines locales. De plus, les ovins ont des titres en anticorps neutralisants en moyenne plus élevés que les chamois pouvant laisser suspecter une circulation plus importante chez les moutons. Des anticorps neutralisant ont été détectés chez un seul chevreuil et étaient dirigés vers une souche de BVDV-1 (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 1). En conclusion, une circulation active de pestivirus est présente dans la région PACA, chez les animaux sauvages comme domestiques. Dans les Alpes de Haute-Provence, les souches isolées des différentes espèces sont classées parmi le même génogroupe, montrant une continuité géographique dans la répartition des souches. Les résultats obtenus lors de l’infection expérimentale montrent des effets sur la gestation importants, avec une possible présence d’animaux IPI chez les chamois comme chez les ovins. Bien que nos résultats ne permettent pas d’établir de façon précise un sens de transmission entre les espèces de ruminants domestiques et sauvages, deux cycles épidémiologiques semblent être présents, caractérisés par une forte circulation intra-spécifique et connectés à des transmissions ponctuelles entre chamois et moutons
In the French South Alps, diminutions of effectives of chamois were recently reported. Besides, pestivirus were shown to cause high mortalities in Pyrenean chamois. While clinical signs associated were characterized in wild populations, the pathogeny in pregnant female has not been studied yet. Moreover, interspecies transmissions were recently incriminated in the epidemiology of pestivirus infections, especially in alpine pastures, known for their height rate contact between wild and domestic ruminants. The objectives of this doctorate were, in a first time, to study the pathogeny on pregnancy associated to the pestivirus infection in Pyrenen chamius. Then, this survey was aimed to study the infection epidemiology in various area of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (PACA) region, firstly in wild ruminants and at the interface between wild and domestic ruminants sharing the same pastures. Results of this work shown that an active circulation of pestivirus is present in the PACA region, in both wild and domestic ruminants. In the Alpes de Haute-Provence district, isolated pestiviral strains from chamois ans sheep clustered in the same genogroup, showing a geographical continuity in the strains repartition. Results obtained from the experimental infection showed important effects on the pregnancy, with a possible birth of PI animal in chamois and sheep. Our results showed that two epidemiological cycles are present in chamois and sheep, respectively, characterized by an important circulation intra-species and connected by punctual transmission between animal species
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Colom, Cadena Andreu. "Epidemiological aspects of border disease Virus infection in pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica): influence of the viral strain, non-artiodactyl hosts and sheep transhumance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457896.

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Els Pestivirus (Família Flaviviridae) causen malalties al bestiar domèstic amb un important impacte econòmic i sanitari. Una de les espècies de pestivirus, el Border Disease Virus (BDV) és també important per a la conservació de la fauna salvatge des del 2001, moment en que es va associar amb brots d’alta mortalitat en l’isard pirinenc (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). Després de 16 anys d’investigació, s’han descrit diferents escenaris epidemiològics d’infeccions per BDV a les poblacions d’isard. El principal objectiu de la present tesis ha sigut analitzar el rol de tres factor que podrien explicar aquesta diversitat epidemiològica: les soques víriques, els hostes salvatges no artiodàctils, i la transhumància ovina. L’Estudi I va ser dissenyat per confirmar la presència de soques de BDV d’alta i baixa virulència en poblacions d’isards dels Pirineus per tal d’entendre les seves implicacions en la diversitat d’escenaris epidemiològics. Es va realitzar una infecció experimental en isard pirinenc amb una soca de BDV d’alta virulència (Cadí-6) i una de baixa virulència (Freser-5). A cada grup es van incloure animals gestants i no gestants. Al concloure la infecció experimental es va confirmar que la soca Cadí-6 era d’alta virulència per adults i fetus. Tres animals van morir abans de la fi de l’experiment amb una diàtesis hemorràgica. Tots els animals sense anticossos, excepte un, van presentar una virèmia llarga, una alta excreció vírica per via nasal i rectal, i una àmplia distribució de virus en els teixits. Els fetus infectats amb Cadí-6 van morir abans de finalitzar l’experiment presentant altes càrregues d’ARN víric. Els isards sense anticossos infectats amb la soca Freser-5 van eliminar el virus del sèrum i van presentar menys distribució de virus i càrrega d’ARN víric en teixits que el grup Cadí-6. Tot i això, els fetus van morir abans de finalitzar l’experiment i es va detectar ARN víric a sèrum i teixits, encara que amb menys quantitat que al grup Cadí-6. Els isards dels dos grups van presentar lesions a l’encèfal, però als infectats amb la soca de baixa virulència Freser-5 les lesions van ser lleus i probablement transitòries. En els dos grups, les femelles gestants i amb anticossos, i tots els fetus excepte un, no van presentar virèmia ni ARN víric en teixits. Aquests resultats demostren que la diversitat de soques víriques és un factor significatiu per a la heterogeneïtat d’escenaris epidemiològics presents en les poblacions salvatges d’isard. Des de que poblacions salvatges de conill comú (Oryctolagus cuniculus) i ualabí de Bennet (Macropus rufogriseus) van ser descrites com a susceptibles a infeccions per pestivirus, les espècies no artiodàctils simpàtriques de l’isard van esdevenir hostes potencials en l’epidemiologia del pestivirus. L’Estudi II es va centrar en la susceptibilitat a les infeccions per pestivirus de dues d’aquestes espècies: la llebre europea (Lepus europaeus) i la marmota alpina (Marmota marmota). Cap de les mostres de sèrum de marmota va presentar pestivirus ni anticossos. Encara que no es va detectar pestivirus, el 36.2% de les llebres tenia anticossos neutralitzants. Així doncs, la llebre europea és la tercera espècie salvatge no artiodàctil documentada com a susceptible a infeccions per pestivirus. La influència antropogènica sobre la diversitat d’escenaris epidemiològics en les infeccions per BDV en isard va ser avaluada en l’Estudi III, centrant-se en ovelles transhumants. Es van estudiar cinc ramats d’ovelles que pasturen a dues zones del Pirineu amb dos escenaris epidemiològics de BDV en isard. Les ovelles es van mostrejar abans i després de la transhumància. Només una granja va presentar circulació constant de BDV en el ramat. En aquesta granja, la unió de lots a les praderes alpines va ser el principal factor de transmissió de virus. A més, a la mateixa granja la titulació d’anticossos neutralitzants va mostrar que la majoria de les infeccions havien estat causades probablement per soques de BDV d’origen domèstic. La única seqüència de BDV (regió 5’UTR), en aquesta mateixa granja, va resultar ser genèticament pròxima a soques de BDV d’ isard. Aquest fet, juntament amb l’evidència de que en una altra granja estudiada els anticossos d’ovelles semblen haver estat originats per una soca de BDV d’isard, indica que la transmissió entre ovella i isard es dóna de forma ocasional.
Pestiviruses (Family Flaviviridae) cause diseases with important economic and health impact on livestock. One of these pestivirus species, the Border Disease Virus (BDV) is also of importance in wildlife conservation since 2001 when it was associated with high mortality outbreaks in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). After 16 years of research, different epidemiological scenarios of BDV infection in chamois populations have been described. The main objective of the present thesis was to analyse the role of three factors that may explain this epidemiological diversity: viral strains, sympatric wild non-artiodactyl hosts and sheep transhumance. Study I was designed to confirm the presence of BDV strains of high and low virulence in free-ranging chamois populations from Pyrenees and to understand the implications of these findings to the diverse epidemiological scenarios. An experimental infection of Pyrenean chamois with a high virulent (Cadí-6) and low virulent (Freser-5) BDV strains was performed. Pregnant and non-pregnant animals with and without antibodies were included in each group. Cadí-6 BDV strain was confirmed to be of high virulence for adults and foetuses. Three chamois died before the end of the experiment with haemorrhagic diathesis. All but one antibody negative animals presented long viraemia, high nasal and rectal viral shedding and wide viral distribution in tissues. Foetuses infected with Cadí-6 died before the end of the experiment presenting high viral RNA loads. The antibody negative chamois infected with Freser-5 BDV strain presented less viral distribution and RNA load in tissues than Cadí-6 group, and cleared the virus from the serum. However, foetuses died before the end of the experiment and RNA virus was detected in sera and tissues although with lower RNA load than the Cadí-6 group. Chamois from both groups presented lesions in brain but the ones infected with the low virulent Freser-5 BDV strain were mild and most likely transient. In both groups, in pregnant females with antibodies and all but one of their foetuses did not present viraemia or viral RNA in tissues. These results demonstrate that viral strains diversity is a significant factor in the heterogeneity of epidemiological scenarios in Pyrenean chamois populations. Since free-ranging common rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) were found susceptible to pestivirus infections, chamois sympatric non-artiodactyl species became of interest as potential hosts in pestivirus epidemiology. Study II focused on the susceptibility to pestivirus infection of two of these species: European hare (Lepus europaeus) and Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). None of the marmots presented pestivirus and antibodies in the analyzed sera samples. Although no pestivirus was detected, 36.2% of hares had neutralizing antibodies. Thus, the European hare is the third wild non-artiodactyl with documented susceptibility to pestivirus infection. The anthropogenic influence in the diversity of epidemiological scenarios in chamois BDV infection was assessed in Study III and focused on transhumant sheep flocks. Five sheep flocks grazing in two alpine areas in the Pyrenees with two different BDV epidemiological scenarios in chamois populations were studied. Sheep were sampled before and after transhumance. Only one farm presented persistent BDV circulation in the flock. In that farm, joining feed lots in alpine meadows was demonstrated as the main factor for viral transmission. Moreover, the titration of neutralizing antibodies in that farm showed that most of the infections may be the result of contact with BDV strains of domestic origin. The only BDV sequenced (5’UTR region) in this farm was found genetically close related to previous BDV strains from chamois origin. This fact, together with the evidence that in another studied farm sheep antibodies seems to be originated by a chamois-like BDV strain, indicate that occasional transmission between sheep and chamois occurs.
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Resche-Rigon, Frédérique. "Quelques aspects de la compétition entre ongulés sauvages et domestiques étude des relations entre chamois et moutons dans une vallée du Mercantour /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609292k.

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Cassar, Stéphanie. "Organisation sptatiale de la variabilité génétique et phénotypique à l'échelle du paysage : le cas du chamois et du chevreuil, en milieu de montagne." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10341.

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Les populations naturelles sont des entités spatialement hétérogènes, structurées à différentes échelles et à divers niveaux tels que démographiques ou génétiques. De nombreux facteurs peuvent être impliqués dans la structuration spatiale des populations, des facteurs intrinsèques à la population, comme la compétition intraspécifique mais également des facteurs d’ordre environnemental, tel que la présence de barrières paysagères. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’organisation spatiale de la variabilité génétique chez deux ongulés, le Chevreuil et le Chamois, dans le but d’identifier les échelles de structuration des populations et les facteurs à l’origine de ces patrons spatiaux. Les résultats suggèrent que chez les deux espèces, les populations sont subdivisées dans l’espace et constituées ainsi de plusieurs sous-unités, indiquant qu’il existerait au sein du massif des Bauges des contraintes s’exerçant sur les mouvements et les flux de gènes. Les principaux facteurs à l’origine de ces contraintes seraient la fragmentation du paysage, l’hétérogénéité de l’habitat mais également l’organisation social. En complément des analyses génétiques, la distribution spatiale de la masse corporelle et sa mise en relation avec les variables paysagères ont été appréhendées chez le Chevreuil. Les résultats indiquent qu’à l’échelle du massif, il existe une forte hétérogénéité spatiale de la masse corporelle qui semble en partie liée à la variabilité de l’habitat. L’ensemble de ces résultats souligne l’importance d’identifier les échelles de structuration des populations et les facteurs impliqués, notamment dans le domaine de la gestion de la faune sauvage
Natural populations are spatially heterogeneous, structured at different scales and ecological traits, such as demographic or genetic component. Many factors can be involved in the spatial substructure of populations: intrinsic factors like intraspecific competition but also environmental factors, such as landscape barriers. Firstly, we studied the spatial organisation of genetic variability in two ungulates, Roe deer and Chamois, in order to identify the spatial scale at which populations are substructured and the ecological factors involved in these spatial patterns. Our results suggest that populations of roe deer and chamois are spatially subdivided and constituted of several sub-units. Our findings indicate the presence of constraints acting on individual movements and gene flow. Landscape fragmentation, habitat heterogeneity and social organisation seem to be the main factors involved in these spatial patterns. Coupled to genetic analyses, the spatial distribution of roe deer body mass in correlation with landscape variables has been investigated. Our results reveal a high spatial heterogeneity of individual body mass, due to pronounced spatial habitat variability in the Bauges massif. Our study highlights first the importance of detecting genetic spatial pattern of populations and the scale at which they are spatially substructured and second the necessity of determining which factors can influence these patterns, especially in wildlife management
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Chamorro, Coral William Adolfo Verfasser], and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] [Mücklich. "Microstructure, chemistry and optical properties in ZnO and ZnO-Au nanocomposite thin films grown by DC-reactive magnetron co-sputtering / William Adolfo Chamorro Coral ; Betreuer: Frank Mücklich." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1136608052/34.

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Frisdahl, Sascha Maria. "Una lectura crítica de la imagen de Evangelina Chamorro, la mujer que sobrevivió a un huayco en el Perú en el año 2017, mediante un análisis del discurso periodístico." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/13248.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es desvelar los discursos utilizados para representar una heroína ordinaria en dos noticieros periodísticos nacionales durante y después de un desastre natural en el Perú. Esto es importante porque la heroína representa valores y normas de la sociedad que contribuyen a constituir un cierto ideal. Este ideal representa a la mujer de cierta manera que funciona como un ejemplo a seguir para los demás. El marco teórico es, entonces, representaciones del género femenino y héroes ordinarios. Analizo el caso de Evangelina Chamorro, la mujer que se hizo famosa en un video viral donde sobrevivió a un huaico en Perú del año 2017, utilizando el método del análisis crítico del discurso de Norman Fairclough. Además analizo cómo empresas y el Estado han utilizado la imagen de Evangelina para tomar responsabilidad social durante los huaicos. Los objetos analizados son artículos en línea, escritos los meses después que Evangelina sobrevivió el huaico, de dos periódicos peruanos: Trome y La República. La investigación concluye que los dos periódicos difunden una versión del mundo, mediante el lenguaje, que refuerza representaciones existentes sobre el género femenino. Constituye, por lo tanto, cierta forma de cómo debe ser una mujer. Evangelina como un ideal de la mujer es celebrado por empresas y el Estado para posicionarse con responsabilidad social. Es una responsabilidad que tiene beneficios para la constitución de su propia imagen. Los periódicos tienen una perspectiva que trata la información del Estado y empresas privadas como verdadera y objetiva sin cuestionar que la celebración de Evangelina es política
The goal of this study is to reveal the discourses used to represent an ordinary heroine in two national newspapers during and after a natural disaster in Peru. This type of research is important since the portrayed heroine represents certain values and norms of society in Peru, which contributes to the creation of a certain ideal. The ideal, which is being created, represents the woman in a specific way, which works as an example to follow. The theoretical framework is therefore representations of the female gender and ordinary heroes. I analyze the case of Evangelina Chamorro, a woman famous from a viral video where she survives a mudslide in Peru in 2017, using Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis as a method. I further analyze how businesses and the state have used Evangeline’s image as a method to take social responsibility during the mudslides. The analyzed objects are online news articles, written the following month after Evangelina survived the mudslide, from two Peruvian newspapers: Trome and La República. The analysis and investigation concludes that the two newspapers propagate a certain version of the world, through language use, which reinforces existing representations of the female gender. This constitute a certain way of how a woman should be, and thus constitute the ideal woman. Evangelina is celebrated by businesses and the state in order to take a position as social responsible during the mudslides. It is a type of responsibility, which have benefits in the constitution of their own images. The newspapers consider the information provided by the state and businesses as truth and objective, and they do not question that the celebration of Evangelina Chamorro is political
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Wald, de Chamorro Nina [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur Prävalenz und Bedeutung spezifischer inhibitorischer Auto-Antikörper gegen muskarinerge Acetylcholinrezeptoren vom Typ 3 bei Patienten mit primär biliärer Cholangitis : eine retrospektive Studie aus zwei unabhängigen universitären Zentren aus Berlin und Leipzig / Nina Wald de Chamorro." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223927229/34.

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Babad, Géraldine. "Étude des relations entre un peuplement animal et la végétation : impacts du chamois, du chevreuil et du mouflon sur les peuplements forestiers dans la réserve nationale de faune sauvage et de chasse des Bauges (Savoie)." Chambéry, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CHAMS017.

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Les populations d'ongulés augmentent depuis quelques dizaines d'années dans les zones de montagne, intensifiant ainsi leur utilisation du milieu forestier, en particulier pour leur alimentation. Or la régénération dans les peuplements d'altitude est souvent lente et parfois difficile, et elle peut être compromise par la présence des ongulés. L’impact de trois especes : le chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), le chevreuil (capreolus capreolus) et le mouflon (ovis gmelini musimon) sur les peuplements forestiers et leur régénération a été suivi dans une zone préalpine de moyenne altitude (massif des bauges). - le suivi de semis marqués a montré que la végétation ligneuse était sollicitée en hiver mais aussi au printemps. - l'analyse des contenus stomacaux d'animaux prélevés à la fin de l'automne et en hiver a permis de préciser la consommation ligneuse et les proportions d'espèces sylvicoles (en particulier de sapin abies alba) dans le régime alimentaire de chacune des trois espèces animales. L’influence de l'enneigement sur l'alimentation des ongulés a été ainsi clairement mise en évidence. En période enneigée, chacune des trois espèces d'ongulés consomment des espèces ligneuses, et en particulier du sapin. Mais le chevreuil recherche activement la ronce alors que le chamois et le mouflon se nourrissent préférentiellement de graminoïdes, ainsi que de diverses dicotylédones pour le chamois. - une mesure complémentaire a mis en évidence la faible disponibilité en espèces ligneuses et semi-ligneuses en période de fort enneigement. Dans le cortège d'espèces consommées, la flore accompagnatrice (espèces non sylvicoles) apparait essentielle, même si sa faible disponibilité lui confère une part minime dans le régime de chacun des ongulés. - les conditions écologiques apparaissent déterminantes à la fois pour la régénération du sapin et pour l'impact des trois espèces d'ongulés sur cette régénération. La déficience observée dans l'une des stations est accentuée par la présence des espèces étudiées. Les conséquences en terme de gestion et les perspectives de recherche ont été évoquées.
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Gálvez, Cerón Arturo Leonel. "Dieta del rebeco en el pirineo oriental: efectos del ganado doméstico y de los parásitos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/319698.

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En el campo de la ecología trófica, un tema prioritario es estudiar cómo el solapamiento de dietas conduce a procesos de coexistencia o de competencia. Para conocer cuál es el estado de conocimiento actual sobre esta cuestión, realizamos una revisión bibliográfica en el buscador científico Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge y en la bibliografía especializada no indexada escrita en castellano. La revisión se centró en trabajos sobre las familias Bovidae, Equidae y Cervidae. En concreto, evaluamos cómo la disponibilidad de recursos, el hecho de que las especies perteneciesen a una familia de ungulados concreta, y su naturaleza salvaje o doméstica, influyen sobre el solapamiento en la dieta. Para analizar la información usamos una selección de modelos basada en el criterio de Akaike. El solapamiento fue máximo cuando conviven bóvidos con equinos, y mínimo cuando lo hacen cérvidos con bóvidos. La disponibilidad de alimento tuvo poca importancia sobre el solapamiento, y el hecho de que las especies sean salvajes o domésticas no tuvo ninguna influencia. Para comprender en qué medida el solapamiento implica competencia, serán necesarios estudios que evalúen cómo los cambios en los hábitos alimenticios de especies en simpatría influyen sobre la aptitud biológica de las poblaciones (fitness).
A cornerstone in the field of trophic ecology is understanding whether diet overlap leads to coexistence or competence. In order to know the current understanding about this, we performed a literature review in both the Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge and other specific journals written in Spanish. This review was focused on theBovidae, Equidae, and Cervidae families. Concretelly, our objective was to explored whether food availability, the co-occurrence of ungulates belonging to specific taxa and the fact of being wild or domestic influenced diet overlap. Model selection was based on the Akaike information criteria. Diet overlap peaked between bovidae and equidae members, but was low between bovids and equids. Food availability had few influence on diet overlap and the fact of being wild or domestic had no effect. Further research on the impact of dietary shifts due to species co-occurrence will be required to understand whether diet overlap results in competition for food.
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Coplin, Janet C. (Janet Cecile). "The Politicization of Public Education in Nicaragua: 1967-1994, Regime Type and Regime Strategy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279077/.

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Understanding how change occurs in lesser developed countries, particularly in Latin America has been the subject of a prolonged theoretical academic debate. That debate has emphasized economics more that politics in general and predictability over unpredictability in the Latin American region. This paper challenges these approaches. Explaining change requires an examination of the politics of public policy as much as its economic dimensions. Second, change in the Latin American region may be less predictable than it appears. Scholars maintain that change in Latin America occurs when contending elites negotiate it. Their power comes from the various resources they possess. Change, therefore, is not expected to occur as a function of regime change per se. This paper considers the treatment of education policy in Nicaragua during the regimes of the dynastic authoritarianism of Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1967-1979), the revolutionary governments of the Sandinistas (1979-1990), and the democratic-centrist government of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro (1990-1996). The central research question is: When regimes change, do policies change? The methodology defines the independent variable as the regime and education policy as the dependent variable. It posits three hypotheses. The right-wing regime of Somoza was expected to restrict both the qualitative aspects and the financing of education; (2) the left-wing regimes of the Sandinistas were hypothesized to have expanded both; and (3) the democratic-centrist regime of Chamorro was expected to have both expanded and restricted certain aspects of education policy. Several chapters describe these regimes' expansive or restrictive education strategies. A comparative analysis of these 26 years demonstrates several variables' effect over time. An OLS regression and a times series analysis specifies the relationship between regime change and percent of GDP each regime devoted to education. Both the statistical and qualitative findings of this study confirm the hypotheses. The study reveals that, as regimes changed, education strategies and policies changed. Such findings challenge some current thought about political behavior with respect to Latin American development in particular and development theory in general.
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Bison, Marjorie. "Approches taxonomique et fonctionnelle des interactions trophiques entre grands herbivores et communautés végétales dans un écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV068/document.

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Etant donné le rôle clé des grands herbivores sur la diversité végétale spécifique et fonctionnelle, notre objectif était de mieux comprendre la relation entre l'herbivorie et les communautés végétales principalement à une échelle spatiale fine, afin de concilier des objectifs de gestions des populations et de conservation de la flore. Pour cela, nous avons abordé cette problématique en intégrant des approches taxonomiques et fonctionnelles, et en étudiant les interactions aux niveaux inter- et intra-spécifiques. Nous avons combiné les informations de trois bases de données : (1) des données de régime alimentaire issus d'analyses d'ADN metabarcoding réalisées sur des faeces de chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus) et mouflons (Ovis gmelini musimon) du Massif des Bauges, (2) des données sur les caractéristiques des communautés végétales (composition floristique, biomasse, phénologie), (3) des données de traits fonctionnels des plantes. L'analyse de variabilité intra-spécifique des trois grands herbivores nous a permis de valider l'hypothèse de variation de niche (NVH) de Van Valen au niveau intra-spécifique mais aussi au niveau inter-spécifique, soit une relation positive entre la largeur de niche de l'espèce et sa variabilité intra-spécifique. Ensuite, grâce à deux populations de chamois d'alpage, l'une vivant en sympatrie avec le mouflon et l'autre vivant en allopatrie, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'absence d'effets négatifs de la population introduite de mouflon sur le régime alimentaire de la population native de chamois, autant au niveau de la niche alimentaire taxonomique que fonctionnelle. L'analyse des critères de sélection alimentaire nous a finalement permis de mettre en avant des différences de critères de choix entre les deux espèces à certaines saisons, expliquant ainsi partiellement le partitionnement des niches taxonomiques et fonctionnelles entre les deux espèces. Par ailleurs, les scénarios proposés d'évolution de la sélection alimentaire au cours de l'année pour les deux espèces concordaient avec les caractéristiques morphologiques spécifiques à l'espèce d'ongulé. Finalement, contrairement à la littérature où aucune étude n'était capable de discriminer les effets directs et indirects des traits fonctionnels à cause de corrélations, nous avons pu, grâce à des analyses de pistes, démontrer que, dans la plupart des cas, les traits biomécaniques avaient un effet direct sur le choix alimentaire alors que les traits chimiques n'avaient qu'un effet indirect. Enfin, d'un point de vue méthodologique, nous conseillons l'utilisation d'indices d'azote fécaux uniquement dans l'étude de la variation à long terme de la qualité des régimes de manière spécifique à chaque espèce et chaque site, et non pas pour comparer des qualités de régime entre espèces ni pour étudier les variations fines à l'échelle intra-saisonnière. La complémentarité des approches nous a permis de mieux appréhender la structuration des communautés d'herbivores, et devrait nous aider à mieux évaluer l'état actuel et l'évolution des relations entre individus, entre espèces et avec leur environnement.Mots-clés : ongulés, interactions intra- et inter-spécifiques, approche taxonomique et fonctionnelle, ADN metabarcoding, NIRS, massif des Bauges, sélection alimentaire
Given the key role of large herbivores on species and functional plant diversity, we aimed at better understanding the relationship between herbivory and plant communities mainly at a fine-scale, in order to reconcile objectives of population management and plant conservation. For this purpose, we used both taxonomic and functional approaches, and studied interactions at the inter- and intra-specific levels. We combined information coming from three databases: (1) diet data from DNA-metabarcoding applied on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) faeces from the Bauges Massif, (2) characteristics of plant communities (plant composition, biomass, phenology), (3) plant functional traits. Analyses of intra-specific variability of the three large herbivores allowed us to upscale the niche variation hypothesis (NVH) of Van Valen from the intra- to the inter-specific level, i.e. we observed a positive relationship between the species niche breadth and among-individual variation. Then, based on two chamois subpopulations living in pastures, one living in sympatry with the mouflon and the other living in allopatry, we revealed the absence of negative effects of the introduced mouflon population on native chamois population diet, both for the taxonomic and functional dietary niche. Analyses of diet selection criteria allowed us to highlight differences in choice criteria between chamois and mouflon in some seasons, which helped to explain the taxonomic and functional niche partitioning of the two species. Furthermore, the proposed scenario of the evolution of diet selection over the year for both species were consistent with ungulate-specific morpho-physiological features. Finally, contrary to the literature where no studies could discriminate the direct and indirect effects of functional traits on diet selection because of correlations, we used path analyses, which allowed us to show that in most cases, biomechanical traits had a direct effect on diet choices, whereas chemical traits had an indirect effect. Furthermore, from a methodological point of view, we advised to use nitrogen fecal indices only to study the evolution of species-specific and location-specific population long-term diet quality, but not to compare diet quality between species, nor to study slight fluctuations at the intra-seasonal level. The complementarity of the approaches allowed us to better account for the structuration of herbivore communities, which should help to better assess the actual state and the evolution of relationships among individuals, species and their environment.Key-words: ungulates, intra- and inter-specific interactions, taxonomic and functional approach, DNA metabarcoding, NIRS, Bauges Massif, diet selection
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Hoppe-Cruz, Anghet, and Kisha Borja-Kicho'cho'. "I Kareran I Palabran Mami-the Journey of Our Words." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24267.

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(11186172), Curtis Jeffrey Jewell. "CHamoru Uncertainty: Revitalization Rhetoric in Decolonial Settings." Thesis, 2021.

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Abstract:
Globalization asserts increasing pressure on marginalized cultures and languages. While faced with the pragmatic, often economic, need to communicate via global languages such as English and Chinese, communities of non-dominant language users struggle to maintain or reestablish their own cultural and linguistic practices. This thesis considers three areas of theory to further inquiry into how revitalization contexts may operate within an increasingly borderless world. The specific focus is the CHamoru/Chamorro revitalization context on Guåhan /Guam. First, readers enter the discussion through the conduit of narrative theory which focuses on how legends spanning generations may lend insight into how the dispositions of local inhabitants developed. Second, affect theory is considered to illustrate how narratives are constructed about the future through fear and anxiety. Third, revitalization rhetoric and the emergent theory of translingualism are addressed as they lie at the intersection of narratives about the past and future. The thesis works to initiate conversations between theories which previously worked apart from one another in a context infrequently considered in an effort to establish a foundation for future research and activism on the the island of Guåhan
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