Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules'
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Declerck, Stéphane. "Biologie des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules associés au bananier en Martinique." Angers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ANGE0001.
Full textZerbib, Jérémie. "Relations trophiques ente la plante cultivée et les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules. Importance des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules sur la production végétale (en termes de quantité et qualité)." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK078.
Full textIn its environment, the plant interacts constantly with microorganisms. It is confronted with a variety of beneficial, neutral or pathogenic microorganisms, which are highly dependent on the carbon resources that the plant releases into the soil, giving them a supply of nutrients and energy necessary for their development. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis formed by 80% of terrestrial plants from the Ordovician period, i.e. about 450 million years ago. The research presented in this manuscript was focused on two main goals: (i) to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships in the mycorrhizal plant, and (ii) to study the impact of mycorhization on plant production, both in terms of quantity and quality. We investigated the mycorrhizal response of wheat landraces in order to understand if there were differences in a semi-controlled environment (greenhouses) or in an uncontrolled environment (field), and / or depending on the community of mycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that mycorrhization and the nature of endogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can affect yield, even in wheat varieties with low mycorrhizal ability. We also highlighted the importance of choosing the criteria used to measure this potential gain. In a second line of research, we were interested in the impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the development of Micro-Tom tomato, and the trophic exchanges during the interaction. Multivariate analysis revealed behavioral differences between plants at mature green fruit and red ripening stages depending on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain, as well as potential interaction event between two arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus trains. Our results confirm that the arbuscules are not the only sites of exchange in arbuscular mycorrhiza. The third axis of this work focused on the potential impact of seed production methods of ancient tomato varieties in drought condition, both on the endogenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the field, on the tolerance of the plant to water stress and on crop production in terms of fruit yield and quality. The experimental site was located in the Potager de santé (seed farm managed by Pascal Poot). Our results show no difference, under conditions of water stress in the field, between varieties regularly cultivated on this site and commercial varieties. Then, one may wonder if other factors related to the exploitation site, such as the beneficial microorganisms interacting with the roots of the plants could be at the origin of the increased tolerance to water stress. Work is underway in the laboratory to study this hypothesis. All of this work paves the way for new research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of trophic exchanges during arbuscular mycorrhizae and the valuation of the ecosystem services rendered by arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field
Vandenkoornhuyse, Philippe. "Approche de la diversité inter- et intraspécifique des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10316.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an important group of microorganisms in the rhizosphere because of their ubiquity in terrestrial ecosystems and the symbiotic association that they form with more than 80 % of plant species. Mycorrhizas improve plant mineral nutrition as weIl as resistance to environmental stress. However, little is known on the diversity of these fungi in soil, either at an inter or intraspecific level, and on the relationship between diversity and function. The objectives of the thesis were (1) to set up molecular tools to study the diversity of AM fungi and (2) to caracterise the populations of AM fungi in 3 soils amended with different levels of sewage sludge using these tools. First, species richness and spore abondance were estimated. The same 6 species were found in the three soils. Spore abundance was lower in the plot which received the highest sludge amendment, which could be related to the modification of soil parameters due to the amendments (heavy metals, pH,. . . ). Two molecular techniques (PCR fingerprinting using a microsatellite primer, analysis of the small sub-unit ribosomal DNA using PCR) were developped, validated and applied with isolates of Glomus mosseae from collection cultures. These techniques were used to study the populations of the 2 most abundant species found in the studied soils (Glomus geosporum-like and Glomus claroideum ). A high intraspecific variability was observed for both species and for both of them the populations of the three soils were genetically different. A high structuration of the populations was observed, although the samples were only distant of a few meters. The mechanisms involved in the high diversity remains to be explained, but data analysis suggests a clonal reproduction and also recombination events. Finally, the host-plant as weIl as the soil influence the intraspecific diversity of G. Claroideum
Chifflot, Vincent. "Étude moléculaire des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires dans un système agrisylvicole." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25687/25687.pdf.
Full textInscrit au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Mustafa, Ghalia. "Protection du blé contre l'oïdium par des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules : mécanismes et optimisation." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0388/document.
Full textThe use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could be an innovative alternative to chemicals against fungal plant diseases. Our work aimed at studying the possible protective effect of arbuscular mycorrhization in the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), a biotrophic fungi responsible of wheat powdery mildew, a disease affecting the aerial plant organs. Wheat mycorrhizal inoculation by Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), under controlled and optimized conditions, allowed us to obtain concomitantly a micorrhizal rate of 38%, a significant increase of plant biomass and a protection level against Bgt estimated at 78%. These results suggest the induction of systemic wheat defense reactions resulting from mycorrhization (Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance - MIR). This protection is linked to an accumulation of phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide at the Bgt penetration sites in epidermal leaf cells of mycorrhized wheat plants. Up-regulations of POX, PAL, NPR1 and CH11 genes encoding for defense markers were also pointed out in leaves of mycorrhizal wheat in the absence of Bgt infection. Moreover, our study highlighted the importance of taking into account various parameters to optimize the use of AMF as biocontrol agents. The highest protection against powdery mildew was obtained with a 5-fold reduced phosphorus input compared to that recommended in the field and with the mycorrhizal inoculum Fm, in both a moderately susceptible or a more resistant cultuva
Louarn, Johann. "Exploitation des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules pour la protection du tournesol contre Orobanche cumana." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2602/.
Full textParasitic weeds such as broomrapes (Orobanche spp. ) can cause severe damage on crop plants, and efficient and sustainable control methods are needed. The aim of our work was to determine whether symbiotic micro-organisms called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be used as a biocontrol method to protect sunflower against Orobanche cumana. We first observed that mycorrhization of sunflower plants reduced significantly their infection by Orobanche cumana. We then showed that mycorrhizal sunflower root exudates induced lower Orobanche cumana seed germination than non-mycorrhizal root exudates. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that AM fungi alone could produce inhibitors of Orobanche seed germination. Finally, we set up a novel in vitro system in which the early stages of sunflower root infestation by Orobanche cumana can be monitored. This system could be used to investigate possible effects of mycorrhizal fungi on these different stages
Peyret, Guzzon Marine. "Etudes moléculaires de la diversité des communautés et populations de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (Glomeromycota)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS065/document.
Full textThe arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, which appeared at the same time as land plants, 460 million years ago, is a mutualistic beneficial association between most land plants, including those cultivated, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF, from the Glomeromycota phylum, are widespread soil microorganisms needing a photosynthetic host to complete their life cycle (obligate symbionts). The great potential of plant mineral nutrition improvement and crop production increased during this symbiosis, make AMF an asset in the context of an increase in the demand of world food crop production. The control of that symbiosis by ecology engineering in order to improve ecosystem services, especially in agroecosystems, needs to better understand the mechanisms regulating its dynamic. Therefore, we studied community and population diversity of AMF under influences of different agricultural practices at several spatial scales using genetic fingerprinting methods: high-throughput sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results show that AMF diversity is structured by land use type (grassland vs. arable fields), cultural practices (soil disturbance, fertilizations, culturing systems) as well as environmental factors (e.g. soil pH). In conclusion, those different factors have to taken in account in AMF ecosystemic service managing
Hu, Ruoyu. "Mobilité et transfert des terres rares du sol aux plantes par les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0057.
Full textRare earth elements (REE) are a group of strategic metals that have been widely used in modern technologies in the recent decades. However, due to the corresponding REE emission from industries and the over-exploitation, large amounts of anthropogenic rare earth can accumulate in the environment, and be phytotoxic. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) benefit to plants in metal-contaminated soils by improving their survival and growth and alleviating metal toxicity, but little information is available about soil contaminated by rare earth elements. The objective of this PhD project is to understand the transfer of REEs from soil to plants and especially the role of AM fungi on plant growth and REE transfer to plants in REE contaminated soils. Experiments were launched using a model legume plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a model REE samarium (Sm), and a metal-tolerant Funneliformis mosseae fungus in a growth chamber. We first studied the bioavailability and transfer of an REE to Medicago sativa grown on two contaminated soils differing in their chemical characteristics. The results showed that DTPA extractable Sm was well correlated with Sm uptake in alfalfa shoots. Although the soil to plant transfer factor was low, alfalfa biomass was reduced when the soils were spiked with 100 to 200 mg kg-1 of Sm. Then the hypothesis was drawn that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might protect the plant against REE toxicity. Therefore, a pot experiment was launched to study the role of AM fungi on alfalfa growth and a compartment experiment was performed to study the transfer of Sm to alfalfa via AM fungal hyphae. The biomass of alfalfa grown on Sm-spiked soil was significantly higher following arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation. P content was also higher in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants, but there was no significant Sm transfer to the plant by F.mosseae. Since there are often multiple REEs in contaminated soils, including light (LREE) and heavy (HREE) REEs, a compartment experiment was launched using 4 REEs, alfalfa and ryegrass, which confirmed that there was no transfer of the 4 REEs to alfalfa plants by F.mosseae. Finally, an REE mining soil collected from China was used to analyze the toxicity of REEs to AM fungal spores and to leek plants inoculated or not with the AM fungus, using spore germination assays and a plant growth experiment. The high concentration of REEs significantly inhibited plant growth and spore germination rate, and the fungus tolerated relatively high REE concentrations, but there was no significant difference in REE tolerance between two isolates of F.mosseae. Other fungi and plants should be tested, and field experiments performed, but our results suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal plants might be considered in phytorestoration of REE-contaminated soils
Redon, Paul-Olivier Leyval Corinne. "Rôle de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules dans le transfert du cadmium (Cd) du sol à la luzerne (Medicago truncatula)." S. l. : Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2009_0015_REDON.pdf.
Full textRedon, Paul-Olivier. "Rôle de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules dans le transfert du cadmium (Cd) du sol à la luzerne (Medicago truncatula)." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10015/document.
Full textAccumulation of trace metals, such as cadmium (Cd), in soils and their transfer to plants are serious environmental problems because of their acute toxicity. Metal mobility in soil depends on various abiotic and biotic factors. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to influence metal transfer by transporting metals to roots and also by improving plant growth. However, diverging results were reported and the global role of AM fungi thus needed more investigation. The influence of an AM fungus (Glomus intraradices) on Cd uptake and transfer to leachates was studied with Medicago truncatula as a host plant. Experiments were performed in pot cultures and in compartmented devices. The dynamic of Cd in the soil-plant system was indirectly influenced by the fungus via a strong increase of plant biomass, in interaction with nodulating rhizobacteria, leading to a higher total quantity of Cd transferred to shoots although Cd plant concentration was lower than in non mycorrhizal plants. This fungal influence was complex, and was variable according to soil conditions and to the fungal isolate studied. The AM fungus also contributed directly to Cd transfer thanks to its sorption capacity and its ability to transport soluble-exchangeable Cd via the extraradical mycelium, but this direct contribution seemed to be low as compared to the influence of roots
Cusant, Loïc. "La boîte à outils génétique des champignons mycorhiziens pour les échanges de carbone avec leurs plantes hôtes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/5281/.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a widespread mutualistic interaction between most land plants and fungi in the phylum of Glomeromycota. During this interaction, the fungus acts as an extension of the root system to recruit soil minerals and water, otherwise out of reach for plants. These minerals foraged by the fungus, particularly phosphorus, are bartered in host roots for carbon molecules necessary for development as AM fungi are unable to grow saprotrophically. It was recently demonstrated that AM fungi are dependent on hexoses and fatty acid (FA) delivered by the host plant. Such double dependency is intriguing and opens several biological questions. Firstly, although sugar transporters involved in AM symbiosis where identified, transport of lipids remains elusive. Secondly, regulation of this double C transport is unknown: are sugar/FA transports intertwined or independent? It was described that a high concentration of phosphate in the rhizosphere blocks symbiotic sugar transport. Is such regulation involved for FA exchanges? Thirdly, an AM fungus can be associated at the same time to different plants, even different plant species. How does the fungus regulate its nutrient exchanges? Are they stoichiometrically regulated whatever host plants, or does the fungus obtain more palmitic acid from one plant whereas more sugar from another? To deal with these questions, original experimental designs were developed, as transcriptomic specific tools and strategies of functional validation. The first chapter presents a new tool to investigate gene regulation from the model fungus Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198: RhiirExpress. This gene atlas, based on the Rhiir2.1 version gene repertoire, consists of a website gathering public and in house mRNAseq data analyzed with the same bioinformatic pipeline. The first application of Rhiirexpress was dedicated to analyzing the regulation of genes involved in the transportome of Rhizophagus irregularis in 54 biological conditions. This analysis allowed characterizing transporter gene patterns differently expressed in asymbiotic, presymbiotic and symbiotic stages, pointing out very contrasted absorptive strategies according to developmental stages. In the second chapter we address the issue of the functioning of the fungus when connecting poplar and sorghum, and the disturbance of phosphate availability in the CMN on its functioning. Using transcriptomic and metabolic measures, this original experimental set-up showed that the fungus is acting very differently between plants having different demands. Poplar is a perennial woody plant with a C3 metabolism while sorghum is an annual grass with a C4 metabolism. The results showed that R. irregularis is able to differently allocate its resources according to host plants, and suggested that sugar and FA transports could be differentially modulated. In the last chapter, the genes involved in FA metabolism of Rhizophagus irregularis were analyzed. Key players of the FA metabolism were characterized along AM fungal life cycle, with a specific focus on putative secreted lipases that could be involved in plant FA acquisition. Light intensity and excess of phosphate were used as modulators of symbiotic activity and FA transport. Functional approaches were carried out to investigate the role of candidate genes. Finally, we propose that FA acquisition occurred by active transport in mature arbuscules, and a passive mechanism when arbuscules collapse. We propose that the limitation of FA acquisition to arbuscule collapsing is an adaptive mechanism to a long biotrophic interaction. This work aims at drawing up an overall picture of the FA metabolism in relation to the transportome of these ecologically important fungi
Briones-Gallardo, Roberto. "Caractérisation des propriétés de surface des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (MA) en relation avec l'adsorption du cadmium et du cuivre." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10023.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) improved plant survival and growth in heavy metal polluted soils. To understand the contribution symbiosis in the fate of metals in soil-plant systems, the physico-chemical and parietal acido-basic properties of the mycelium of different AM fungi were characterized from their chemical functional description and evolution of surface charge. Metallic ion sorption experiment with cadmium and copper, were performed and the complexation verified by infrared spectroscopy. Sorption kinetics and isotherms were studied in a continuous reactor by an ion selective electrode (Cd2+), in order to establish the sorption mechanisms involved. Results showed that the parietal composition and the distribution of the organic acidity on the fungal wall (related to chitin content and abundance of carboxylic sites) play an key role in the fungal wall reactivity and sequestration of metal. They also determine the mechanisms involved such as the formation of internal sphere complex (complexation) or external sphere complex (precipitation) according to the surface charge developed on the fungal wall
Kosuta, Sonja. "Des facteurs diffusibles, produits par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, induisent des réponses symbiotiques au niveau des racines de Medicago truncatula." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30029.
Full textSimard, Frédéric. "Stimulation de la synthèse des composés nutraceutiques et aromatiques dans les fines herbes et les légumes par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30775/30775.pdf.
Full textSangay-Tucto, Sheena. "Étude de l’impact des symbioses mycorhizienne et rhizobienne dans la domestication du Tara, Caesalpinia spinosa L." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG080/document.
Full textThe Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) is a forest species of great importance due to its high demand in the international market for the tannins present in its pods and its seeds’ gum. Despite its great importance for Peru, most of the production comes from unmanaged natural forests. These forests present soil problems (e.g., erosion, low fertility, pathogens, lack of irrigation), which cause low yields. Therefore, in the present work we seek to study the soil components associated with Tara plantation , such as mycorrhizae and bacteria that have proved to be an alternative for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in similar context (Aboubacar et al., Flores Chavez 20015, E and Saif 1987, Dia et al. 2010; Bilgo et al., 2013) . We used molecular analysis of the arbuscular diversity by the Miseq Illumina technique that allowed to verify the arbuscular diversity with a preponderance of Glomeraceae among which the Rhizophagus spp were found to be present in 70% of the sequences. In addition, the dependence of the Tara on obligatory mycorrhization was demonstrated, after testing the controlled mycorrhization of the Tara by the Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that the growth of this crop was significantly improved, as well as the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).To check the nodulation of the Tara, different culture media were used (JenSen, sand mixture with Tara plantation soil, attapulgite mixture with Tara plantation soils) in greenhouse and in vitro condition. We did not manage to find rhizobial nodules in the roots which let us think that Tara is a non-nodular legume. Therefore, we used Pisum sativum as a trap plant to study the diversity of rhizobia present in the soil of the Tara plantation since this legume is often associated with Tara crop. The rhizobia found in the trap plant were very specific and different from the rhizobia present in soils outside the Tara plantation. Likewise, these rhizobia found to be phylogenetically close to R. etli, R. phaseoli, R. pisi and R. leguminosarum. Finally, we inoculated the trapped bacterias (in vitro) in Pisum sativum with the bacterias previously trapped and isolated from the pea (which grew in the green house); where it was observed that the rhizospheric bacteria of the zones IL (soil collected between two lines) and L (soil collected from the same line) from the plantation of Tara stimulated the growth of this crop with respect to the bacteria present in soils collected outside of the plantation (OP zone)
Crossay, Thomas. "Caractérisation taxonomique des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules natifs des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie ; analyse de leur synergie permettant l’adaptation des plantes à ces milieux extrêmes." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0003.
Full textPlant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis can be critically important in the development of sustainable agriculture, remediation of polluted lands and ecological restoration of degraded sites, such as mines. Indeed, AMF symbioses improve plant growth and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses from the environment. This study based on the hypothesis, that in environments facing different stress factors, inoculation with several species from different AMF taxa may be essential to promote growth and to withstand stresses of plant in ultramafic soils of mine-degraded areas. The aims of the present study were to characterize taxonomically (isolate, describe, and identify) and functionally (plant growth and adaptation) AMF from ultramafic soil. Five new species of AMF from ultramafic soil were described (Blaszkowski et al. 2017; Crossay et al. 2018). Taxonomic identification of AMF need considerable expertise and is not well-adapted for “routine” identification. Therefore, we developed a fast, accurate and efficient method for AMF identification using MALDI-TOF MS proteomic-based biotyping approach (Crossay et al. 2017). Finally, we analyzed the effects of six species of AMF from a New Caledonian ultramafic soil on plant growth and nutrition, using mono-inoculations and mixtures comprising different numbers of AMF species, in a greenhouse experiment. Our results suggest that, co-inoculation of native AMF was very efficient in improving growth and tolerance to heavy metals of plants in ultramafic soil (Crossay et al. 2019)
Bourles, Alexandre. "Les rhizobactéries des sols ultramafiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Caractérisation, rôle dans l'adaptation des plantes à la contrainte édaphique et interaction avec les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NCAL0002.
Full textIn New caledoia, a tropical archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, one third of the main island is covered by ultramafic solis that contribute to the development of a unique flora. Interaction with soils microorganisms, particularly rhizobacteria, is an essential adaptation in plants found on ultramafic soils. The objective of this thesis is to understand the role of these rhizobacteria isolated from New Caledonia ultramafic soils in the adpatation of plants to soils constraints. This thesis focuses on bacteria belonging to the genera Burkholdelria and Curtobacterium isolated from New Caledonian ultramafic soils. This work is divided into three objectives, (1) The characterization of the bacterial isolates, (2) The Evaluation of the adaptive response of bacteria to metal stress and (3) The evaluation of the plant growth promoting effect. This work highlights the existence of original taxa subordinated to ultramafic soils with particular mechanisms of resistance to metals involving in the adapatation of plants to soils stress. Mechanisms of resistance to metals depending on the bacterial species considered have been identified and are responsible of alleviation of metal in plants. Co-inoculation trials with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have shown beneficial effects on the development of mycorrhizal improving the plant growth. In addiction, the results obtained make interesting conclusions on the adpatation of plant species in ultramafic soils for improving ecological restoration program. Moreover, the interaction of the rhizobacteria with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi seems to be a promising way to restore degraded mining sites in New Caledonia
Bragalini, Claudia. "Impact des changements globaux sur la diversité des champignons du sol : approche en génomique environnementale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10040/document.
Full textIn this thesis we assessed the impact of two drivers of global change on the taxonomic and functional diversity of soil fungi. The impact of changes in land use on symbiotic Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) was evaluated comparing AMF communities from European sites with different levels of land use intensification. AMF taxonomic diversity was assessed by metabarcoding using soil-extracted DNA. The effect of land use intensification was found to be context-dependent. Adaptation to local environmental conditions and stochastic processes may play important roles in shaping these communities. The effect of climate change in the Mediterranean area was assessed in soils collected from an experimental forest where a rainfall reduction experiment had been established. A parallel high-throughput metabarcoding on soil-extracted RNA was performed on four transcribed fungal genes, 3 of them encodind enzymes involved in plant biomass degradation. Analyses indicated that sampling time had a strong impact on beta-diversity indices, while rainfall reduction had not. We hypothesized that microbial communities present in environments which naturally experience strong and recurrent climatic variations have developed adaptive strategies to cope with these variations and may be to some extent resistant to further climate changes. Finally, an original PCR-independent technique (“solution hybrid selection capture”) was adapted to study the functional diversity of eukaryotic microbial communities using soil RNA. The approach, tested on an endoxylanase gene family, allowed the efficient recovery of full-length cDNA which could be expressed as functional proteins in yeast
Pierart, Antoine. "Rôle des champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules et des bioamendements dans le transfert et la bioaccessibilité de Cd, Pb et Sb vers les végétaux cultivés en milieu urbain." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30148/document.
Full textUrban agriculture (UA) and pollution are two worlds more inter-connected every day, creating one of the main challenges of sustainable cities as persistent metal(loid) contamination increases as much as the interest for urban agriculture. Biofertilizers and bioamendments used in UA (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, compost, and biochar) can influence the mobility of contaminants in soil. This study aims to better understand the fate of anthropic or geogenic, major (Cd, Pb) and emerging (Sb), inorganic contaminants in soil-plant-biofertilizer systems and their human bioaccessibility. While contaminant mobility in soil is affected by biofertilizers, their origin influences also their bioaccessibility. The fungal community seems crucial in this phenomenon but is impacted by compost addition. Hence, using these biofertilizers in contaminated soils has to be thought wisely because of the multiple interactions affecting contaminant's phytoavailability
Le, Marquer Morgane. "Etude de peptides sécrétés par le champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30267.
Full textArbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a beneficial association established between members of an ancient subphylum of fungi, the Glomeromycotina, and the roots of the majority of terrestrial plants. AM fungi provide water and minerals (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) to their host plant in exchange for organic carbon in the form of hexoses and lipids. Recent studies have shown that certain proteins secreted by AM fungi are important symbiosis regulators (Kloppholz et al., 2011, Tsuzuki et al., 2016). Our aim was to identify new fungal proteins involved in the establishment of symbiosis. Proteins predicted to be preferentially secreted by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis in the roots were identified at the beginning of my thesis (Kamel et al., 2017). We noticed that some of them had a structure resembling the sex pheromone precursors of Ascomycota. These proteins are known to be processed in the secretory pathway into small peptides which are then secreted. Their recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) leads to cell fusion of two opposite sex types. In the case of R. irregularis, only clonal reproduction has been described. However, recent genomic data question its status as an asexual organism (Ropars et al., 2016). A large part of my thesis was dedicated to the functional characterization of this type of processed peptides in R. irregularis. We show that two of them are actually produced and secreted by R. irregularis. Treatments with synthetic forms of these peptides revealed that one of them stimulated the colonization of M. truncatula but was also perceived by the fungus itself, inducing the transcription of its own precursor gene and of a GPCR gene. This symbiosis-stimulating peptide is composed of only three amino acids and can be produced from three different protein precursors. Using reverse genetics (HIGS and VIGS), we confirmed the importance of these precursors in the symbiosis establishment. [...]
Meglouli, Hacène. "La phytoremédiation assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules des sols historiquement contaminés par les dioxines/furanes : Conséquences sur le microbiote du sol et sur la dissipation des polluants." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0490.
Full textFamous since the Seveso accident in 1976, dioxins/furans (PCCD/F) remain, despite a sharp decline in emissions, a subject of permanent concern in France and in the world. The remanence of these organochlored compounds in soil and the toxic risk they represent for humans and the environment mean that the management and remediation of PCDD/F contaminated soil has become a priority for industrialists, legislators and scientists. Phytoremediation is one of the emerging depollution methods of contaminated soils due to Its suitability for sustainable development. It combines the natural capacities of plants and their rhizospheric microbiota to biodegrade organic pollutants. However, the effectiveness of this phytotechnology is still often limited, especially in the case of chlorinated compounds, due to their recalcitrance, phytotoxicity and low bioavailability in the soil. Thus, the thesis aims to study the performance of assisted phytoremission, in particular by mycorrhizal fungi, of an agricultural PCDD / F based-polluted soil from an experimental plot near an old incinerator. The results obtained show the potential of two plant species, alfalfa and tall fescue, in the rhizodegradation of PCCDD/F. Soil vegetation shows to modulate soil microbial communities (bacteria, archaea and fungi) includind those that appear to involved in the dissipation of the PCCDD/F. On the other hand, although mycorrhization affects soil microbial communities, it has not had any impact on the dissipation of PCCDD/F in our experimental conditions, whatever the inoculums origin and the mycorrhizal species which compose it. The degradation of these organochlorined compounds is more significant in a previously sterilized soil and then recolonized by specific microbial communities involved in the PCCDD/Fdissipation. The combined use of rhamnolipids mixture and Sphingomonas wittichii RWI bactrerium described for its degradation capabilities of PCCDD/F makes it possible to increase the efficiency of PCDD/F rhizodegradation which results in a significant decrease in soil cytotoxicity after phytoremediation
Wang, Tongming. "Role of fungal symbiotic signal perception in non-nodulating dicotyledons." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30302.
Full textThe root endosymbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) allows the plants to have a better access to soil nutrients. For this reason this endosymbiosis plays a major role in ecosystems and in sustainable agriculture. The key steps for AMF colonization are: 1) the AMF penetration in the root system through crossing epidermal/outer cortical cells, and 2) the formation of a branched inner cortex structure called arbuscules that permits exchanges between plant cells and fungal hyphae. The establishment of this symbiosis involves communication between the two partners of the symbiosis. Plants produce strigolactones, hormones that induce in AMF the production of symbiotic signals : lipo-chitooligosaccharides (Myc-LCOs) and short chitooligosaccharides (Myc-COs). Both Myc-LCOs and Myc-COs induce plant molecular and physiological responses known to be associated with the formation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). However, theit exact role in AM establishment is unknown. The difficulty to grow and transform the fungal partner of this symbiosis makes the research complicated on the fungal side. On the plant side, members of the lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK) family are known to perceive LCOs and COs produced by various microorganisms and are thus good candidates to perceive Myc-LCOs and Myc-COs. Most of the laboratory researches on AM conducted worldwide are performed on legumes where the LysM-RLK family has encountered several gene duplications. During my PhD I used Solanaceae species (Solanum lycopersicum, Petunia hybrida and Nicotiana benthamiana) to study the role of two candidate Myc-LCO receptors encoded by the genes LYK10 and LYK4. These two genes are physically close to each other in genomes of most of the dicotyledons and likely originate from of an ancient tandem duplication. By using a biochemical approach, we showed that S. lycopersicum SlLYK10 is able to bind LCOs with high affinity. Moreover, I showed that SlLYK10 promoter is expressed in epidermis/outer cortex before AMF colonization and also in arbuscule-containing cells during colonization. Finally, reverse genetic approaches in tomato and petunia allowed demonstrating that LYK10 controls AMF penetration into the roots and arbuscule formation. Taken together, these results suggest that LYK10 perceive LCOs and induce/activate the plant machinery required for AMF penetration into plant cells. Altogether this strongly suggests that LCOs play a role in AMF perception by plant during AM establishment. By using the same approaches, we found that N. benthamiana NbLYK4, as its orthologs in legumes and other dicotyledons, also binds LCOs with high affinity and is involved in AM establishment and plant defence. NbLYK4-silenced plants showed reduced responses to defence elicitors and increased colonization by pathogens and AMF. This led to the hypothesis that LYK4 perceives LCOs and locally inhibits plant defence during AMF colonization. This strongly suggests that Myc-LCOs are able to regulate plant defence. In conclusion, at least two proteins are involved non-redundantly in LCO perception in Solanaceae, LYK10 and LYK4 and regulates complementary plant machineries required for AMF colonization
Gensous, Simon. "Les champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules des maquis miniers de la Nouvelle Calédonie : Diversité, rôle dans l'adaptation des plantes à la contrainte ultramafique et interaction avec des rhizobactéries promotrices de la croissance." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0062/document.
Full textIn New Caledonia (NC), restoration of open-cat mining sites is far from being mastered. It still needs work, to be improved, especially in plants - soil - microorganisms relationships. These works have focus on description of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) diversity and role in the adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraint, with plant growth promoting rhibzobacteria (PGPR). The diversity of AMF is analyzed on two plant genera with species on ultramafic soils, nickel hyperaccumulat ing or not, and on volcano-sedimentary soils. The analysis of this diversity shows that community composition is contrasted between the two types of soil. Some of AMF taxa seem to be specific to ultramafic soils and some even to be specific to nickel hyperaccumulator species. For the role in adaptation of plants to ultramafic constraints, greenhouse experiments on three endemic species (Alphitonia meocaledonica, Carpolepis laurifolia and Costularia comosa) have shown that naturally brings mycorrhiza improved growth, mineral nutrition, water and Ca /Mg ration. Phosphorus additions seem to change these effects with different consequences on growth according to the host plant. Finally, the use of PGPR alone or with AMF showed that the effect depends on host plant species and bacterial strain, but usually leads to improved growth and plant nutrition. These studies have shown the importance of AMF in ultramafic soils NC
Malbreil, Mathilde. "La biologie du champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198 à la lumière de la génomique et de la transcriptomique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2670/.
Full textThe biology of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 enlighten by genomics and transcriptomics. Glomeromycota are mutualistic fungi associated with plant roots. The vast majority of plant species are able to form a symbiosis with these organisms. This association improves plant nutrition via a better water and mineral recruitment from the soil. In return, the fungus receives carbon compounds. Symbiosis establishment is achieved by a step by step development, led by signal exchanges. My work was focused on describing genetic programs supporting the fungal development of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198, during symbiosis establishment. The fungus was grown in several conditions representing key point of its development, and RNA were sequenced by illumina. RNAseq data obtained were then used to define the gene models on the genome assembly. R. Irregularis has a haploid and homocaryotic genome (Tisserant*, Malbreil* et al. , 2013). Strigolactones (plant signal molecules) affect the expression of around 300 genes during the pre-symbiotic development, in a sequential manner. By studying the R. Irregularis transcriptomes in association with 3 phylogenetically distant plants, we report that a set of 262 genes are highly induced whatever the host is. These results allowed refining the number of candidate genes possibly playing an important role in the symbiotic development. Finally, by coupling metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches, two molecules (propionyl- and butyryl-carnitine) could be identified and might play a role in late steps of symbiosis establishment
Tollot, Marie. "Recherche de gènes fongiques codant des facteurs de transcription liés à l'établissement de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules : identification et caractérisation du gène GintSTE de Glomus intraradices." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS006.
Full textThe transcription factor GintSTE, the first STE12 homologue to be identified in a mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices), is similar to other STE12 proteins from filamentous fungi and seems to be conserved among the Glomeromycota. GintSTE is induced during spore germination and its expression increases in extraradical fungal structures upon penetration of the rhizodermis. Moreover, GintSTE can restore invasive growth of an ste12Δ yeast mutant as well as penetration of host tissues by a clste12Δ mutant of the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, suggesting that symbiotic and pathogenic fungi may share common determinants for invasion of plant tissues. GintSTE could thus be involved in the control of the early symbiotic morphogenesis and in particular in the process of penetration of plant tissues by AM fungi. Sequences targeted by GintSTE have been identified from reverse one-hybrid yeast experiments. They contain regulating elements closely related to those recognized by STE12 in yeast (PRE, Pheromone Responsive Element) which are able to interact with a recombinant GintSTE protein in vitro. The organization of PRE sites indicate that GintSTE may simultaneously regulate the expression of distinct genes by interacting with distal regulating modules of enhancer type. Homologues of the yeast STE12-regulated genes involved in plasma membrane and cell wall synthesis, morphogenesis control or stress responses could be regulated by GintSTE in G. Intraradices
Pons, Simon. "Les hormones dans la symbiose mycorhizienne : étude de la production et des effets d'hormones végétales par les champignons endomycorhiziens." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30293.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic association established between the roots of most of land plants and soil fungi of the Glomeromycete subphylum. This interaction is beneficial for both partners: the fungus provides the plant with minerals (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) and in return obtains carbon molecules (in the form of lipids and oses), which are essential for its survival. This interaction is initiated by a molecular dialogue, involving chitinic molecules from fungal origin and phytohormones secreted by the plant, the strigolactones. Once the symbiosis is established, it is controlled by plant hormones, which promote or inhibit its maintenance. Interestingly, although many soil bacterial and fungal species have been able to produce plant hormones to modulate their interactions with plants, few studies describe the ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to biosynthesize such molecules. Furthermore, genes encoding two putative phytohormone receptors - Cytokinins and Ethylene - have however been identified in certain endomycorrhizal fungi. The first objective of this work was to identify plant hormones in the model endomycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. As this fungus is an obligate biotroph, unable to develop in the absence of a plant partner, we used Rhizophagus irregularis germinating spores in axenic conditions in order to avoid any contamination from the plant. Using sensitive and precise biochemical analysis methods, we have demonstrated the presence of four phytohormones in fungal extracts: an auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), a cytokinin (isopentenyl-adenosine), a gibberellic acid (GA4) and ethylene. Our experiments further suggest that, like in most fungi, R. irregularis uses a KMBA-dependent pathway to biosynthesize ethylene. The second objective was to determine the origin of biosynthesis of these hormones. They can either be metabolized by the fungus, or can be imported during symbiotic exchanges with the plant. To demonstrate a possible fungal biosynthesis, we initiated isotopic labelling experiments, by germinating spores in the presence of labelled carbon sources. A third objective was to initiate work on the effects of cytokinins and ethylene on R. irregularis, since it has putative receptors for these two phytohormones. Biochemical evidence for the presence of hormones in R. irregularis is an important discovery for the community. This discovery opens up new perspectives to understand their roles and regulations during the symbiosis. These could have a direct impact on the physiology of endomycorrhizal fungi, contribute to the plant-fungus or inter-plant molecular dialogue, via the mycelial network, but also influence the microbial communities in the soil. These results will further encourage the study of plants in their natural microbiome and will provide a better understanding of how this common hormonal language, has contributed to this symbiosis through the evolution, that started when plants colonized the land and interacted with soil fungi
Vannier, Nathan. "The clonal plant microbiota : assembly rules, heritability and influence on host phenotype." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B027/document.
Full textPlants live in association with a wide diversity of microorganisms forming the microbiota. The plant microbiota provides a variety of key functions that influence many aspects of plant's life comprising establishment, growth and reproduction. The present thesis aims at determining the assembly rules of the plant microbiota and its consequences for plant phenotype, adaptation and evolution. To fulfill this objective, we used different experimental approaches using either clonal plants as model organisms or grassland mesocosms for community-wide analyses. Our results demonstrated i) that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi induce important phenotypic variations in clonal plants traits involved in space exploration and resources exploitation. These changes depended on the identity of the symbionts and altered the plants ability to produce plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity. ii) Plants have evolved a mechanism allowing the transmission of a part of their microbiota to their progeny, ensuring thus their habitat quality. iii) The plant community context is a major factor structuring local plant microbiota assembly. Particular plant species identity in the neighborhood increase or decrease the microbiota diversity and ultimately determine the focal plant performance. This thesis overall demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microorganisms in the understanding of the plant adaptation and evolution. From the knowledges acquired we developed a novel understanding of symbiotic interactions in clonal plants by extending the holobiont theory to the meta-holobiont theory
Destinoble, Antony. "Effet de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire sur la composition minérale du poireau cultivé en présence de carbonate de calcium." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27852.
Full textCampagnac, Estelle. "Etude in vitro de l'impact de deux fongicides inhibiteurs de la biosynthèse des stérols (IBS) sur le métabolisme stérolique des deux partenaires de la symbiose mycorhizienne arbusculaire : évaluation du stress oxydant induit dans la symbiose." Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0225.
Full textThe aim of this work was on one hand to study the impact of two fungicides IBS (fenpropimorph, fenhexamid) on sterol metabolism of non-target organisms, transformed roots / arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus intraradices grown in vitro, and on the other hand to examine oxidative stress induced by applying the two IBS on symbiosis. Differential effects between fenpropimorph and fenhaxamid were shown. The phytotoxicity of fenpropimorph was underscored by the significant reduction in root growth and appeared to be due to (i) the replacement of the normal ∆5-stérols by usual sterols : 9ß,19cyclopropylstérols, ∆8,14-stérols, ∆8-stérols et ∆7-stérols (ii) and the induction of an oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities). However no impact on the sterol profile and root development was detected with fenhexamid, while a significant oxidative stress was highlighted in roots. A propective effect of mycorhization was noticed on the lipid peroxidation of roots after application of the two fungicides. Moreover, our results suggest that a normal composition of phytosterols is essential to the development of symbiosis. The fongitoxicity of fenpropimorph on the development of G. Intraradices was shown by a reduced fungal development, a decrease of sterol content and the increase of a precursor, the squalene. This suggests the inhibition of an unknown target enzyme in fungi, the squalene epoxydase
El, Alam Imad. "Phytoremédiation d'un sol contaminé de la Bekaa (Liban) : Valorisation de la biomasse par production d'huiles essentielles à activités biologiques." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0486.
Full textLocated in the Bekaa valley in Lebanon, The Litani River is exposed to agricultural, industrial, domestic and urban wastewaters. Through the irrigation of agricultural soils, the river's water contributes to soil and culture contamination and represents a risk for human health and environment. Amongst the emergent sustainable remediation methods, there is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) assisted-phytoremediation. However, one of the limitation in using phytoremediation as depollution method is its socio-economic profitability. Among the eco-innovative valorization processes with high profitability, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO) with biological activities has been suggested as a promising option. Thus, this thesis work aims firstly at characterizing the soil of an experimental site located at Marj-Bekaa and directly irrigated by the Litani's water and secondly at proposing a mode of management of the contaminated soil based on the production of EO that can meet environmental, economic and social expectations. Our findings showed that the soil sampled in Marj-Bekaa is mainly contamined by metal trace elements [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and alkanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ of soil). This contamination is causing (i) cytotoxicity against both bronchial and hepatic human cells revealed by the evaluation of two enzyme activities, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial dehydrogenase, as well as (2) ecotoxicity pointed out by the reduction of (i) seed germination (wheat, clover, alfalfa, ryegrass and tall fescue), (ii) soil microbial biomass [Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF), ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi], (iii) abundance and diversity of AMF spores as well as (iv) the plant diversity and richness. The AMF-assisted phytoremediation of the Bekaa experimental site was evaluated both in microcosms and in situ experiments using an aromatic plant producing EO, oregano (Origanum syriacum L.). Our results revealed that oregano plant possess an alkane's dissipation potential and no polluant transfer is detected in EO. Moreover, the mycorrhization modified the EO composition. On the over hand, our study evaluated several biological (antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) activities of a range of EO extracted from many plant species including oregano, in the presence and the absence of cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), cyclic oligosaccharides that encapsulate EO and enhance their bioavailabilities
Duhamel, Marie. "Évolution de la coopération et conséquences d'une baisse de diversité de plantes sur la diversité des symbiontes racinaires." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867233.
Full textCalonne, Maryline. "Impact des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques sur le métabolisme lipidique et le transport du phosphore chez le champignon mycorhizien à arbuscules Rhizophagus irregularis." Thesis, Littoral, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DUNK0311/document.
Full textPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the major persistent organic pollutant frequently found in the polluted soils and are harmful for human health and its environment. To clean-up the PAHs polluted soils, phytoremediation assisted by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could represent an innovative, ecological and cost-effective alternative. The use of mycorrhizas, as phytoremediation tool, has several advantages including increased tolerance to the pollutant toxicity, improved water and mineral nutrition as well as a better pollutant dissipation. Few studies have described the impact of PAHs on the AMF development related with lipid peroxidation and total lipid content disturbance. However, so far neither the target action of these pollutants on the metabolism, nor the role of these lipid changes in PAH tolerance and in their dissipation have been studied. Therefore, the present work aims firstly to improve our understanding of the PAHs impact on the CMA lipid metabolism. Thanks to radiolabeling experiments with [1-¹⁴C] acetate, our results showed a disruption of the membrane lipid biosynthesis pathways in the AMF extraradical mycelium, grown in the presence of PAHs. Secondly, it was highlighted that the PAHs affectef the phosphate nutrition. Finally, the mycorrhizas abilities to degrade and to bioaccumulate the benzo[a]pyrene, were pointed out. The involvement of extraradical mycelium storage lipid (triacyglycerols) metabolism in the membrane regeneration, the fight against the PAH induced-oxidative stress and the PAH metabolism/bioaccumulation is discussed
Lenoir, Ingrid. "Intérêt de la symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules dans la phytoremédiation des sols historiquement contaminés par les hydrocarbures : de la protection à la dissipation." Thesis, Littoral, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DUNK0398/document.
Full textArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-assisted phytoremediation is one of innovative method for the remediation of polluted soils due to its relevance to sustainable development. This phytotechnology presents benefits both in the protection of plants against the phytotoxicity of organic pollutants such as hydrocarbons and in their dissipation. However, its efficiency remains to be proved in the aged multi-polluted soils and the mechanisms of degradation and tolerance implemented by the mycorrhizal symbiosis are poorly known. Thus, the thesis aims firstly to study in the symbiotic partners Medicago truncatula/Rhizophagus irregularis cultivated in vitro, the expression of genes potentially involved in the tolerance to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) frequently detected in polluted soils. Expressions of genes encoding for antioxidant, pollutant, detoxification and DNA repairing enzymes were measured by real time PCR. Our results showed a positive correlation between the induction of antioxidant systems (genes and enzymes) and the production of H₂O₂ induced by the accumulation of B[a]P in non-mycorrhizal root and the AMF. In contrast, when the roots are colonized by the AMF, this one would act as a physical barrier limiting the accumulation of B[a]P and H₂O₂ production of in the roots and would cause the repression of root antioxidant systems. The second objective of the thesis consisted of evaluating the contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal amendment in the degradation of two types of hydrocarbons : the PAH and the alkanes, present in an aged multi-polluted soils (site of Union). The study was carried out in microcosms in the presence of non-inoculated or inoculated wheat (Triticul aestivum) by R. irregularis. A positive contribution of the mycorrhizal inoculation in the hydrocarbon biodegradation after 16 weeks of culture was demonstrated. This better degradation is related especially to the simulation of the bacterial microflora but also to the plant metabolic abilities
Tisserant, Emilie. "Analyse bioinformatique du transcriptome des champignons mycorhiziens Tuber melanosporum et Glomus intraradices." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10105/document.
Full textMycorrhizal symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction involving roots of terrestrial plants and soil fungi. Morphological changes associated with the development of this symbiosis are accompanied by changes in gene expression. The study of transcriptomic profiles is thus essential to characterize the molecular mechanisms that govern the mycorrhizal symbiosis. The recent development of high-throughput transcriptomic approaches provides new insights for the understanding of these mechanisms. The work undertaken during this thesis aimed to characterize in silico the transcriptome of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum and the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. In order to characterize transcripts expressed by the symbionts and to identify genes regulated during symbiosis, bioinformatic tools and protocols were implemented to process transcriptomic data derived from new sequencing technologies. This work has allowed to highlight common features in the expression profiles of mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, characterization of the G. intraradices transcriptome has allowed to establish the first genome-wide repertoire of genes for an endomycorrhizal fungus. The study helps to improve knowledge about the molecular processes underlying the mycorrhizal symbiosis and provides a unique resource for future research on the gene networks controlling symbiosis
Besserer, Arnaud. "Etude des mécanismes d'action des strigolactones sur les champignons endomycorhiziens à arbuscules." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/179/.
Full textThe arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis (AM) is an interaction between soil-borne fungi that belong to the Glomeromycota and plant roots. They are obligate biotrophic fungi. They propagate with spores that can germinate spontaneously. However, germinating hyphae exhibit a limited growth in absence of a host plant. The host perception occurs via root exudates and induces intense hyphal ramification, called branching, characteristic of the presymbiotic stage. Active molecules perceived by the fungus and present in root exudates were unknown until we demonstrated activity of a strigolactone purified from root exudates of Sorghum (sorgolactone). This strigolactone and a synthetic analogue GR24 appeared to be potent inducers of Gigaspora rosea hyphal branching. At that time, strigolactones were only known to act as inducer of seed germination of the parasitic plants Striga and Orobanche. We showed that these molecules were able to stimulate spores germination and growth of AM fungi at extremely low concentration (10-11 to 10-13M). In response to GR24 the mitochondrial metabolism of the fungus (biosynthesis of NADH, ATP and cell respiration) was activated after 10 to 60 min. GR24 also triggers dramatic changes in mitochondrial organisation. These cellular responses preceded the morphological branching that appeared 24 h later and did not seem to require any modification of gene expression that were only late and transient (at 5 days ). During the same time, an increase of mitosis rate was noted. The results acquired during this study place mitochondria at the centre of the strigolactone stimulation mechanism
Lethielleux-Juge, Christine. "Étude morphologique de l'architecture fine du mycélium de champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires du genre Glomus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25342/25342.pdf.
Full textKoller, Robert. "Amoebae in the rhizosphere and their interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi : effects on assimilate partitioning and nitrogen availability for plants." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL080N/document.
Full textPlants interact with multiple root symbionts for fostering uptake of growth-limiting nutrients. In turn, plants allocate a variety of organic resources in form of energy-rich rhizodeposits into the rhizosphere, stimulating activity, growth and modifying diversity of microorganisms. The aim of my study was to understand how multitrophic rhizosphere interactions feed back to plant N nutrition, assimilate partitioning and growth. Multitrophic interactions were assessed in a single-plant microcosm approach, with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices) and bacterial feeding protozoa (Acanthamoeba castellanii) as model root symbionts. Stable isotopes enabled tracing C (13C) and N (15N) allocation in the plant and into the rhizosphere. Plant species identity is a major factor affecting plant-protozoa interactions in terms of N uptake and roots and shoot morphology. Plants adjusted C allocation to roots and into the rhizosphere depending on litter quality and the presence of bacterial grazers for increasing plant growth. The effect of protozoa on the structure of microbial community supplied with both, plant C and litter N, varied with litter quality added to soil. AM-fungi and protozoa interact to complement each other for plant benefit in C and N acquisition. Protozoa re-mobilized N from fast growing rhizobacteria and by enhancing microbial activity. Hyphae of AM fungi acted as pipe system, translocating plant derived C and protozoan remobilized N from source to sink regions. Major perspectives of this work will be to investigate whether (i) multitrophic interactions in our model system can be generalized to other protozoa-mycorrhiza-plant interactions (ii) these interactions are depending on plant phenology and plant community composition
Giasson, Philippe. "Utilisation de champignons mycorhiziens dans le processus de phytorestauration de sols contaminés aux métaux lourds /." Thèse, Montréal : Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Montréal ; Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2005. http://accesbib.uqam.ca/cgi-bin/bduqam/transit.pl?&noMan=24634665.
Full textEn tête du titre: Université du Québec à Montréal. Comprend des réf. bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.
Lies, Adrien. "Optimisation des performances d’inocula de champignons mycorhiziens dans le cadre d’une agriculture à faibles apports." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT145.
Full textArbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are ubiquitous microorganisms forming symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plant species. Their ecological functions in the productivity and stability of agroecosystems have been recognized for many years. Many studies have shown that these symbionts improved plant growth and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the proven potential of mycorrhizal symbiosis to sustainably improve the productivity of agroecosystems under low input agriculture, this biotechnology is still under exploited. This failure mainly results from technical difficulties to mass-produced fungal inoculum of high quality and a lack of knowledge about the biological factors regulating the soil receptivity of AM inoculation. The main objectives of our studies are to optimize the performance of an AM fungal inoculum. (1), by combining the AM fungus with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, or Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria. This strategy aims to promote the establishment and the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Indeed, this plant beneficial bacteria may affect plant growth through two different pathways, directly by providing to the plant some beneficial compounds (i.e. phytohormones, etc), indirectly, by reducing or preventing the deleterious effects of phytopathogens or by improving the establishment of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. (2), by plant management with the association of cereal/leguminous in intercropping. Leguminous are often dependent of AM association and AM fungi may participate to promote N and P plant uptake. (3), by amendment of mineral or organic compounds. These amendments can be degraded slowly by bacteria and promote plant nutrition without increase P and N soil availability. (4), by development of complex inocula associating beneficial bacteria, AM fungi and amendment, based on the entrapment of these inocula in alginate gels
Lies, Adrien. "Optimisation des performances d’inocula de champignons mycorhiziens dans le cadre d’une agriculture à faibles apports." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT145.
Full textArbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are ubiquitous microorganisms forming symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plant species. Their ecological functions in the productivity and stability of agroecosystems have been recognized for many years. Many studies have shown that these symbionts improved plant growth and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the proven potential of mycorrhizal symbiosis to sustainably improve the productivity of agroecosystems under low input agriculture, this biotechnology is still under exploited. This failure mainly results from technical difficulties to mass-produced fungal inoculum of high quality and a lack of knowledge about the biological factors regulating the soil receptivity of AM inoculation. The main objectives of our studies are to optimize the performance of an AM fungal inoculum. (1), by combining the AM fungus with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, or Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria. This strategy aims to promote the establishment and the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Indeed, this plant beneficial bacteria may affect plant growth through two different pathways, directly by providing to the plant some beneficial compounds (i.e. phytohormones, etc), indirectly, by reducing or preventing the deleterious effects of phytopathogens or by improving the establishment of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. (2), by plant management with the association of cereal/leguminous in intercropping. Leguminous are often dependent of AM association and AM fungi may participate to promote N and P plant uptake. (3), by amendment of mineral or organic compounds. These amendments can be degraded slowly by bacteria and promote plant nutrition without increase P and N soil availability. (4), by development of complex inocula associating beneficial bacteria, AM fungi and amendment, based on the entrapment of these inocula in alginate gels
Buée, Marc. "Mise en évidence d'un facteur racinaire impliqué dans la croissance des champignons mycorhiciens à arbuscules." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30194.
Full textJacquot-Plumey, Emmanuelle. "Impact de boues de station d'épuration urbaine sur les champignons mycorhizogènes à arbuscules : contribution au développement d'un test d'écotoxicité." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOS011.
Full textWilarso, Budi R. "Isolement et caractérisation de bactéries compatibles avec la mycorhization et antagonistes avec les champignons pathogènes du sol : application à la production d'inoculum mycorhizogène." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS012.
Full textGenet, Patricia. "Etude comparée et saisonnière de l'influence de deux champignons mycorhiziens sur la nutrition minérale du hêtre dans deux sols forestiers naturels." Nancy 1, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1999_0296_GENET.pdf.
Full textFontaine, Joël. "Etude du métabolisme lipidique d'un champignon endomycorhizien à vésicules et arbuscules : Glomus intraradices." Littoral, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DUNK0052.
Full textGlomus intraradices is a Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus. As an obligate biotrophic organism, this fungus is not able to complete its biological cycle out of a plant partner. We studied its lipid content and metabolism from monoxenic cultures. The lipid content of G. Intraradices is very unusual because of the presence of both typical plant sterols (24-methylcholestérol, 24-ethylcholestérol, amyrin) and also typical fungal sterols (lanosterol, eburicol, episterol), although ergosterol is absent. The major fatty acid is C 16:1∆¹¹, which is very uncommon in eucaryotic organisms ; it is mainly associated with triacylglycerols. We showed also that the lipid content changes with the developmental stages of the fungus. When the roots are colonised by this fungus, their lipid content increases while changes appear in their lipid profile. C 16:1∆¹¹ and 24-methylenecholesterol also appear in the roots when the colonisation begin, and, both of these molecules increase with the developing colonisation ; indeed, these molecules can be used as a tool to evaluate the intensity of colonisation. C 16:1∆¹¹ is a particular F. A. Of the fungus while 24-methylenecholesterol can be detected in the mycorrhizal roots only, thus seems to be specific for the mycorrhizal status, since it does not appear as a consequence of either biotic or abiotic stresses. By the use of 1-¹⁴C acetate, we studied the ability of G. Intraradices to synthesize its own lipid, in 3 physiological states (symbiosis, out of symbiosis, germinating spores). With some small differences according to the physiological status, G. Intraradices is able to synthesize de novo its lipid molecules : di plus triacylglycerols, phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols. Its metabolism is slow, but, we showed that this fungus synthesizes its sterol by the acetate/squalene/mevalonate/lanosterol pathway. Our results will contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the physiology particularly the carbon metabolism of these atypical V. A. M. Fungi which can be economically important
Dassi, Barbara. "Modifications protéiques induites dans les racines par des champignons mycorhizogènes à arbuscules et/ou pathogènes : rôles éventuels dans les deux types d'interaction." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS072.
Full textTaktek, Salma. "Dissolution biologique des phosphates : interaction bactéries - mycorhizes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25898.
Full textSoluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers added to soil rapidly precipitate, forming sparingly soluble phosphates, not available to plants. Furthermore, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers to compensate soil P deficiency is not considered sustainable and it leads to costly and potentially harmful applications. Many reports confirmed that beneficial soil microorganisms, including phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), have a significant influence on soil fertility and crop productivity. Indeed, PSB can also improve phosphate rock (PR) efficiency when directly applied to soil. However, most published works on PSB overlooked the possible interaction between PSB and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are ubiquitous in cultivated plants. A new approach based on the trapping of PSB strongly attached to the hyphosphere of AMF Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) DAOM 197198, previously inoculated with microbial soil suspensions was developed to isolate relevant PSB able to mobilize P from a low reactive igneous PR more efficiently than those directly isolated from the same rhizosphere soil samples. An in vitro study demonstrated that the synergism between hyphobacteria (Burkholderia anthina Ba8 and Rhizobium miluonense Rm3) and Ri hyphae highly improved the solubilisation of PR. Our results go beyond the existing studies and showed specific mechanisms involved on PSB-AMF interactions. Indeed, hyphobacteria, mainly B. anthina Ba8, strongly adhere to Ri hyphal surfaces and PR particles forming a structured biofilm. Under greenhouse conditions, the direct application of PSB and AMF Ri as biostimulants for sustainable corn production showed that these beneficial microorganisms improve growth and P uptake of corn fertilized with superphosphate or Quebec PR.
Glorian, Virginie. "Recherche de polypeptides induits par des champignons endomycorhiziens dans des racines transformées de chircorée (Cichorium intybus L. ) et de carotte (Daucus carota L. )." Littoral, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DUNK0075.
Full textFoulon, Julie. "Impact du phytomanagement de sites pollués par les éléments traces métalliques sur les micro-organismes du sol." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2090.
Full textAnthropogenic activities can cause dramatic changes in ecosystem structures and their ecological services. Phytomanagement based on the use of woody species can contribute to soil and microbial diversity restoration, while allowing the production of biomass of interest. As part of PROLIPHYT (2013-2018, ADEME), BIOFILTREE (2010-2014, ANR) and PHYTOPOP (2007-2011, ANR) projects, managed by the Chrono-environment laboratory, phytomanagement plots were installed on trace elements (TE) polluted sites to determine the growth potential of woody species and the recovery methods of biomass produced. In my PhD project, different approaches have been implemented to identify and characterize microorganisms subservient to implanted woody plants, with the aim of producing microbial resources to improve the recovery and growth of trees on polluted soil. The first approach was to study microbial communities in association with woody species by innovative high throughput sequencing approach associated with the physical and chemical analysis of soils. This method was developed and tested on three experimental sites contaminated by TE. It revealed changes in the structure and composition of microbial communities due to the nature of the vegetation cover and the soil characteristics (Zappelini et al., 2015; Foulon et al., 2016a; b). The second approach was to isolate and characterize mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes associated with poplars (Berthelot et al., 2016; Lacercat-Didier et al., 2016). These fungi are known to promote the growth of the plants they colonize but also to increase their TE tolerance. Several sampling campaigns of roots and sporocarps on different polluted sites have allowed the isolation of fungal strains tolerant to TE (like Serendipita vermifera) and enhancing growth (Phialophora sp. and Leptodontidium sp.). In a third approach, the mechanisms involved in TE resistance were studied i) in Paxillus involutus for Hg (Foulon et al. In prep) ii) by functional metatranscriptomics for Zn and Cd (Lehembre et al., 2013). In conclusion, this work allowed to i) improve our understanding of the impact of a woody cover on the structure and composition of microbial communities, and on the understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved ii) to constitute a collection of fungal strains that will be of great interest for future phytomanagement projects
Lacercat-Didier, Laurence. "Filtration biologique pour la réduction des éléments traces métalliques dans la biomasse du peuplier." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0077/document.
Full textPhytostabilization is a gentle management option for sites polluted by trace elements (TE). Mycorrhizal fungi could assist plants in stabilizing pollutants by increasing the soil-prospected volume and by immobilizing MTE in their hyphae. Within the BIOFILTREE project, several approaches were used to select fungal strains that could be used for enhancing the phytostabilization process. Firstly, the mycorrhizal status of roots of three poplar clones from a TE-polluted site and the fungi associated with the roots were analyzed. The roots were colonized by endomycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, and endophytic fungi. Our data also revealed some specific trends, i.e. Hebeloma species was not associated with all poplar genotypes. Secondly, several fungal strains were isolated from polluted sites and their in vitro tolerance to TE was tested. There was a strong inter- and intra-specific variation in metal tolerance. In a greenhouse study, two poplar clones were inoculated with an endomycorrhizal inoculum and grown on a TE-polluted soil. A slight modification in TE accumulation in shoots was observed. In parallel, the role of ZIP (Zrt-Irt- like Proteins) and CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) proteins in TE homeostasis/tolerance was also studied in the ectomycorrhizal model fungus Laccaria bicolor. The corresponding proteins were functionally characterized by the use of different approaches (yeast complementation, GFP-chimeric proteins, transcript analyses, cell metal content analyses). This study allowed us to better understand the mechanisms underlying zinc uptake and compartmentation in the hyphae of this fungus