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Academic literature on the topic 'Champignons phytopathogènes – Génétique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Champignons phytopathogènes – Génétique"
Avenot, Hervé. "Variabilité au sein de l'espèce fongique phytopathogène Alternaria brassicicola : analyse au niveau d'un marqueur sélectionné de type résistance aux fongicides et de marqueurs neutres de type microsatellites." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0033.
Full textAlternaria brassicicola causes blackspot disease of crucifers worldwide. This disease is seed-borne and responsible for important yield losses. Field isolates of A. Brassicicola highly resistant to dicarboximide and phenylpyrroles fungicides have been identified. These isolates are still pathogenic to host plants and most of them are more sensitive to osmotic stress than wild type strains. To elucidate the molecular basis of the osmosensitive and dicarboximide/phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, an osmosensing histidine kinase gene AbNIK1 was isolated from a fungicide-sensitive isolate and its sequence compared with corresponding sequences from fungicide-resistant isolates. All the fungicide-resistant strains displaying a osmosensitive phenotype were found to have null mutations in the AbNIK1 gene. To investigate the effects of AbNIK1 null mutations on their fitness, these strains were inoculated on radish under field conditions. Quality controls of produced seeds revealed that null mutants are strongly affected in their competitivity towards wild type strains in the absence of selective pressure. In parallel, the genetic diversity within the species A. Brassicicola was estimated. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and used to analyze a population of strains with various geographic origins. In agreement with the lifestyle of this fungus (absence of sexual reproduction and seed transmission) a relatively weak polymorphism (3. 5 alleles per locus) and an absence of population structuration were observed
Halama, Patrice. "Phaeosphaeria nodorum (mull. ) Hedj. (ex. Leptosphaeria nodorum mull. ). Teleomorphe de septoria nodorum berk : déterminisme et ontogénie : hérédité du pouvoir pathogène." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10019.
Full textGrosjean, Marie-Claire. "Classification et identification des espèces du genre Pythium, champignons phytopathogènes du sol, par l'analyse de l'espace interne transcrit de l'opéron ribosomique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10098.
Full textBen, Krima Safa. "Adaptation des champignons phytopathogènes à des peuplements hôtes génétiquement hétérogènes – cas du pathosystème blé dur – Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB004.
Full textTraditional varieties are heterogeneous and constitute a source of diversity, which contributes to the productivity and the stability of agroecosystems. Indeed, plant diversity provides services to a given ecosystem, including reducing disease pressure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions is fundamental to improve disease management. With this in mind, I studied the adaptation between traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties and populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the fungus responsible for Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB). Firstly, genotyping 14 traditional varieties, considered as populations, using 9 SSR, showed that genetic diversity is equally important within a population (45%) as it is between populations (54%). This diversity is structured in seven genetic groups that can be explained in part by the nested effect of the « variety name » and the « location ». 15 phenotypic traits, including resistance to STB, were characterized and showed that the populations were also phenotypically diverse. Resistance to STB is qualitative (major resistance) for two of the populations, but generally more quantitative for the other populations. A Pst-Fst comparison demonstrated a local adaptation of traditional varieties, underlining selection trajectories that are closely linked to the territory and the agricultural practices in place. Meanwhile, a high density SNP genotyping (TaBW35K array) of a panel of 127 individuals hailing from four populations all carrying the same variety name ‘Mahmoudi’ brought to light two genetic groups shared by the four populations. This panel of individuals was phenotyped for resistance to a Tunisian Z. tritici strain in a field trial and in controlled conditions. The resulting data was used in a GWAS analysis. This analysis led to the detection of 6 loci associated to STB resistance on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B and 7A, including a locus on chromosome 1B associated to a qualitative major resistance. The frequency of the resistant alleles oscillates between 6 and 46% and is variable between populations. On the fungus side, four populations of Z. tritici collected on modern cultivar ‘Karim’ widely cultivated in Tunisia and one population collected on traditional variety ‘Mahmoudi’ were genotyped using 12 SSR. A low level of genetic differentiation was identified between these fungal populations suggesting a significant gene flow between locations. The population collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ was less diversified and had a higher clonal fraction than the populations collected on ‘Karim’. This points towards host-effect on Z. tritici diversity. Cross-inoculation tests highlighted a higher aggressiveness of isolates collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ to ‘Mahmoudi’ lines than that of isolates collected on ‘Karim’, interpreted as a local adaptation of pathogen populations to their sympatric host. This adaptation was especially pronounced for the latency period of isolates, once again underlining the importance of quantitative resistance in the adaptive processes evidenced here. Traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties are practical cases of heterogeneous host populations effectively limiting STB epidemics. Our results suggest that a combination of resistance genes, mainly quantitative and occasionally with a major effect, with variable frequencies from one variety to another, is key to the sanitary success of these varieties. Findings from this study can be utilized to improve our management of crop diversity in other environments
Roy, Sébastien. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation d'une activité phospholipase dans le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum) au cours de l'interaction avec un champignon phytopathogène, Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicotianae." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30091.
Full textIoos, Renaud. "Caractérisation génétique de Phytophthora alni Brasier & S. A. Kirk, hybride interspécifique agent du dépérissement de l'aulne en Europe." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0105_IOOS.pdf.
Full textAn emergent disease of alder is caused by a complex of three taxa belonging to the genus Phytophthora (Oomycetes): P. Alni subsp. Alni (Paa), P. Alni subsp. Multiformis (Pam) and P. Alni subsp. Uniformis (Pau). The first part of this study focused on the development of specific detection tools for these three taxa. Based on SCARs generated with RAPD, we designed three PCR primer pairs which can be combined to specifically detect and identify Paa, Pam and Pau in different substrates (plant tissue, water, soil). Second, we studied the occurrence and the allelic distribution for several nuclear single-copy genes containing introns on a wide collection of P. Alni and close species. Mitochondrial DNA was also studied through RFLP and gene sequencing. We demonstrated that i) Pau may not result from a hybridization event, ii) two divergent alleles for each of the nuclear genes are observed in Pam, which suggests this taxon may have been generated by a reticulation or by autopolyploidisation, iii) Paa combines the alleles observed in Pam and Pau and was probably generated by hybridization between Pam and Pau or Pam- and Pau-like taxa. In addition, we studied the expression of elicitin genes, a multigenic family specific to the genus Phytophthora. The cumulative patterns of Pau and Pam in regard with Paa confirmed our first results. Last, in order to study the genetic variability of the different taxa, microsatellite markers were isolated in Paa and characterized. The genotypes we resolved demonstrate a low level of variability for the three taxa. They confirm our hypotheses in regard with Paa origin and suggest that Pam is also an allopolyploid taxon
Manga, Bella. "Etude de la diversité de "Colletotrichum kahawae" responsable de l'anthracnose des baies et caractérisation de la résistance du caféier Arabica à cet agent pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20088.
Full textXhaard, Constance. "Influence des processus démographiques sur la structure et les caractéristiques génétiques des champignons phytopathogènes : cas de l'agent de la rouille du peuplier Melampsora larici-populina." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10038/document.
Full textMany factors can impact the genetic structures and population dynamics of fungal plant pathogens. Here we illustrated some of them at different spatial scales for the poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina. At the scale of France, two main genetic groups were found. The first one infects only wild hosts and results from natural evolution of rust populations. The second one was formed after the R7 resistance breakdown, which is carried by the cultivar ?Beaupré?. This group exhibited a high proportion of virulent 7 individuals and presented signs of selection and demographic expansion; these signs indicate the recent invasion of individuals from this group on both wild and cultivated poplars in the northern half of France. At a regional scale, we focused on a contact zone between the ?cultivated? and the ?wild? genetic groups, located in the Alps. Upstream the Durance River valley, the influence of landscape has been highlighted by the effect of the Ecrins range which protects the ?wild? group located on the east side from the invasion of individuals from the ?cultivated? group, which arise from the northwest. Downstream the valley the annual epidemic wave was shown to be composed of admixed individuals from ?wild? and ?cultivated? groups, originating from both sides of the Ecrins range. Lastly we assessed the genetic consequences of the colonization wave. We evidenced a gradual increase of genetic differentiation with the epidemic source and a loss of genetic diversity. This work highlights the need of combining population genetics and epidemiology to characterize demographic processes and their genetic consequences
Persoons, Antoine. "Le contournement de résistance par Melampsora Larici-populina l'agent de la rouille du peuplier : impact démographique et déterminisme génétique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0176/document.
Full textMelampsora larici-populina is a pathogenic fungus responsible of poplar leaf rust, causing severe damages in plantations worldwide. Almost all poplar resistances deployed so far in France have been overcome and a major event that occurred in 1994 with the breakdown of resistance R7 mostly used in poplar cultivation. In order to identify candidate genes linked to pathogenicity, I conducted a comparative genomics study based on the sequencing of 15 isolates. This analysis revealed polymorphism patterns correlated to the distribution of virulences among isolates while the necessity of a population genetics study. I then analyzed the genetic structure of a comprehensive collection of 600 isolates of M. larici-populina sampled from 1992 to 2012. This analysis demonstrated the major impact of the R7 breakdown on populations. Finally, I conducted a population genomics analysis to obtain a demographic scenario describing the historical links between populations and to identify genomic regions under selection. This analysis is based on the Illumina sequencing of 86 isolates in four key populations identified by the population genetic analysis. Over 1,000,000 polymorphic positions were identified. The best demographic scenario was assessed using Approximate Bayesian Computation algorithms based on coalescent simulations. Using this demographic scenario, I computed the confidence interval of several population genetic indices. This genome scan analysis was performed on the 86 genomes using this same indices and revealed 20 genomic regions containing 14 genes potentially involving in the resistance 7 breakdown
Bardin, Marc. "Diversité phénotypique et génétique des oïdiums des cucurbitacées, Sphaerotheca fuliginea et Erysiphe cichoracearum." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10103.
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