Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Champignons phytopathogènes'
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Avenot, Hervé. "Variabilité au sein de l'espèce fongique phytopathogène Alternaria brassicicola : analyse au niveau d'un marqueur sélectionné de type résistance aux fongicides et de marqueurs neutres de type microsatellites." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0033.
Full textAlternaria brassicicola causes blackspot disease of crucifers worldwide. This disease is seed-borne and responsible for important yield losses. Field isolates of A. Brassicicola highly resistant to dicarboximide and phenylpyrroles fungicides have been identified. These isolates are still pathogenic to host plants and most of them are more sensitive to osmotic stress than wild type strains. To elucidate the molecular basis of the osmosensitive and dicarboximide/phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, an osmosensing histidine kinase gene AbNIK1 was isolated from a fungicide-sensitive isolate and its sequence compared with corresponding sequences from fungicide-resistant isolates. All the fungicide-resistant strains displaying a osmosensitive phenotype were found to have null mutations in the AbNIK1 gene. To investigate the effects of AbNIK1 null mutations on their fitness, these strains were inoculated on radish under field conditions. Quality controls of produced seeds revealed that null mutants are strongly affected in their competitivity towards wild type strains in the absence of selective pressure. In parallel, the genetic diversity within the species A. Brassicicola was estimated. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and used to analyze a population of strains with various geographic origins. In agreement with the lifestyle of this fungus (absence of sexual reproduction and seed transmission) a relatively weak polymorphism (3. 5 alleles per locus) and an absence of population structuration were observed
Eddaoudi, Ayad. "Désinfection de semences par action photodynamique sur des champignons phytopathogènes." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20237.
Full textGourgues, Mathieu. "Rôle des tétraspanines dans le processus infectieux des champignons phytopathogènes." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112063.
Full textPLS1, a gene recovered by insertional mutagenesis is required for penetration of rice leaves by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. Pls1- mutant differentiates mature appressoria with normal cellular turgor but fails to differentiate the penetration peg required to breach leaf epidermis or artificial membranes. The protein deduced from the PLS1 sequence is an integral membrane protein of 225 amino acids related to tetraspanin family. These animal proteins are components of membrane signaling complexes involved the control of cell adhesion, differentiation or motility. Similar signaling pathways could be involved in penetration peg formation. Using a GFP-Pls1p fusion, we showed that Pls1p is only expressed in appressoria differentiated on leaves or artificial membranes just before and during penetration, but not in primary infection hyphae. Pls1p is localized in plasma membrane and vacuoles of the appressorium. This specific expression pattern was also analyzed. Pls1p differential expression is regulated at the post transcriptional level, since PLS1 mRNA is detected in all fungal tissus. 5'UTR region is required for this appressorium specific translation of PLS1 mRNA. We wondered if tetraspanin genes are present in other (either pathogenic on plants or saprophytic) fungal species. Using a combination of a PCR based approach and of a computer analysis of public databases we identified three PLS1 homologous genes (BcPLS1, NcPLS1 and ClPLS1) to in the ascomycetes Botrytis cinerea, Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Only one tetraspanin gene was identified in each fungal genome and the four fungal proteins form a new family of tetraspanin without any homo log within animal tetraspanins. Functional analysis of BcPLS1 gene was performed by knockout in B. Cinerea. Bcpls1- mutant was shown to be non-pathogenic on all plant tested. Bcpls1- mutant appressoria are non-functional as they can not direct the penetration of plant cell wall. This is the first demonstration of the effective involvement of appressoria during B. Cinerea penetration of host leaves. Both pls1- mutant from M. Grisea and Bcpls1- mutant from B. Cinerea are blocked during the penetration process. This process needs apical growth arrest followed by growth redirection. Therefore, we hypothesize that fungal tetraspanin could be involved in growth redirection that is necessary, in Magnaporthe grisea and Botrytis cinerea, for appressorium mediated penetration of plant tissues
Herrmann-Gorline, Sabine. "Phytotoxines produites par Exserohilum turcicum, agent responsable de la brûlure foliaire septentrionale du mai͏̈s : purification, identification chimique et étude de leur phytotoxicité." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30205.
Full textAndanson, Audrey. "Evolution de l'agressivité des champignons phytopathogènes, couplage des approches théorique et empirique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10094/document.
Full textLiving organisms extract resources from their environment and invest them toward various biological functions (growth, survival, reproduction). Available resources in an environment are usually limited so that organisms have to trade-off the resources invested in different biological functions. These trade-offs in resource investment reverberate in trade-offs between life-history traits (age and size at maturity, number of offspring) and determine pathogen potential to adapt to their environment.During this work, we have studied resource allocation strategy during infection caused by spore-producing pathogen. We have determined optimal resource allocation strategies between intra-host multiplication and spore production in different ecological settings. The main result of this work is that the optimal strategy is defined by the existence of a latent period, a period of time during which all extracted resources are investing toward within-host multiplication and no spore is produced. After latency, when the pathogen has a limited access to host resources, consumed resources are invested toward spore production only (Bang-bang strategy). On the contrary, when the pathogen has an unlimited access to host resources, a fixed proportion of host resources are invested toward maintenance of within-host multiplication forms (Bang-mixte strategy). A second part of this work presents empirical test of these theoretical assumptions, through experimentations on Magnaporthe oryzae and on Melampsora larici-populina. Our observations on these pathogens seem to agree with our theoretical predictions and corroborate the relevance of our modelling assumptions and approach
Barrault, Gérard. "L'helminthosporiose de l'orge causée par Dreschlera teres." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT010A.
Full textEl, Id Zibo. "Nouvelle méthode de détection de l'Helminthosporium Teres Sacc. Sur semences d'orge et ses applications." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL108N.
Full textHalama, Patrice. "Phaeosphaeria nodorum (mull. ) Hedj. (ex. Leptosphaeria nodorum mull. ). Teleomorphe de septoria nodorum berk : déterminisme et ontogénie : hérédité du pouvoir pathogène." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10019.
Full textRafin, Catherine. "Les Pythium spp. à sporanges filamenteux, agents de nécroses racinaires sur tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum) en cultures hors-sol." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2001.
Full textRaynaud, Jean-Pierre. "Etude d'un nouvel exopolysaccharide fongique : identification de la souche productrice ; optimisation de la production ; propriétés physico-chimiques du polymère." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30313.
Full textOrgambide, Guy. "Exopolysaccharides de Pseudomonas solanacearum : analyse structurale et corrélation avec la virulence." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30013.
Full textGrezes-Besset, Bruno. "Sélection du tournesol pour la résistance à Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib. ) de Bary. Utilisation des phytotoxines produites par le parasite et des vitro-méthodes." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30253.
Full textFraissinet-Tachet, Laurence. "Analyses moléculaires du système pectinolytique de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10007.
Full textRiou, Christine. "Production et sécrétion du système hydrolytique de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum : analyses biochimiques et génétiques." Lyon 1, 1991. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675428.
Full textKasza, Zsolt. "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum patogenezisenek molekularis vizsgalata." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10012.
Full textIzallalen, Mounir. "Production des sidérophores chez le Rhizobium et leur rôle dans l'inhibition de certains champignons phytopathogènes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25613.pdf.
Full textMarty, Nicole. "Etude de l'exopolysaccharide de Pseudomonas aeruginosa : caractérisation chimique, rôle dans l'adhérence aux cellules épithéliales et dans la phagocytose." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30257.
Full textOkeke, Boniface. "Recherche de substances antifongiques d'origine fongique à usage agricole : contribution à la lutte contre les phytopathogènes du riz (Orysa sativa)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE18012.
Full textAmborabé, Bénigne-Ernest. "Recherche sur l'eutypiose : étude de relations vigne-eutypa lata et lutte antifongique par des molécules naturelles." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2301.
Full textSoufiane, Brahim. "Isolement à partir de la rhizosphére des conifères de bactéries et d'actinomycètes antagonistes aux champignons phytopathogènes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38193.pdf.
Full textSingla, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de l'interaction hôte-parasite : Hordeum vulgare L. - Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT015A.
Full textSellam, Adnane. "Etude du déterminisme moléculaire du pouvoir pathogène d'Alternaria brassicicola, l'agent du black spot des crucifères." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0027.
Full textWe have been interested in the study of the detoxification mechanisms toward host defense compounds (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins) in order to identify potential Alternaria brassicicola pathogeniciy determinants. This work started with the evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of ITC and crucifer indolic phytoalexins on various growth parameters of several A. Brassicicola strains. The obtained results confirmed the antifungal effects of the tested metabolites mainly on conidia germination and germ-tube elongation, and reveal a response variability within the studied strains. The transcriptomic responses occurring in A. Brassicicola germinating conidia treated with different host defense compounds were then investigated. The analysis of A. Brassicicola whole transcriptome after exposure to ITC and camalexin, allowed us to identify several genes which are differentially expressed and up-regulated in planta suggesting a potential involvement during host infection. The data generated by this study throws light, for the first time, on the mode of action of ITC and camalexin. Following exposure to ITC, A. Brassicola displays a response similar to that expressed during oxidative stress, by activating the expression of several GSTs and drug efflux genes. Functional analysis of one of the ITC-induced GST named AbGst1p, suggested that this protein may actively contribute to ITC detoxification by catalyzing their conjugation to GSH during the interaction. The mode of action of the phytoalexin camalexin was similar to that described for bacteria and is suggestive of alterations in the cell wall and plasma membrane. In response to this stress, several genes coding for drug efflux pumps were upregulated. At the same time, a targeted approach was also undertaken which consisted in cloning of two ABC transporters encoding genes, AbAtrA and AbAtrB. The obtained results showed that these two genes were upregulated by different crucifer antimicrobial compounds and also during host infection suggesting that these genes are potentially involved in A. Brassicicola pathogenesis
Hugouvieux, Véronique. "Expression de l'endopolygalacturonase de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum race Bêta, cultivé in vitro en présence de différentes sources carbonées." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30230.
Full textBen, Krima Safa. "Adaptation des champignons phytopathogènes à des peuplements hôtes génétiquement hétérogènes – cas du pathosystème blé dur – Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB004.
Full textTraditional varieties are heterogeneous and constitute a source of diversity, which contributes to the productivity and the stability of agroecosystems. Indeed, plant diversity provides services to a given ecosystem, including reducing disease pressure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions is fundamental to improve disease management. With this in mind, I studied the adaptation between traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties and populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the fungus responsible for Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB). Firstly, genotyping 14 traditional varieties, considered as populations, using 9 SSR, showed that genetic diversity is equally important within a population (45%) as it is between populations (54%). This diversity is structured in seven genetic groups that can be explained in part by the nested effect of the « variety name » and the « location ». 15 phenotypic traits, including resistance to STB, were characterized and showed that the populations were also phenotypically diverse. Resistance to STB is qualitative (major resistance) for two of the populations, but generally more quantitative for the other populations. A Pst-Fst comparison demonstrated a local adaptation of traditional varieties, underlining selection trajectories that are closely linked to the territory and the agricultural practices in place. Meanwhile, a high density SNP genotyping (TaBW35K array) of a panel of 127 individuals hailing from four populations all carrying the same variety name ‘Mahmoudi’ brought to light two genetic groups shared by the four populations. This panel of individuals was phenotyped for resistance to a Tunisian Z. tritici strain in a field trial and in controlled conditions. The resulting data was used in a GWAS analysis. This analysis led to the detection of 6 loci associated to STB resistance on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B and 7A, including a locus on chromosome 1B associated to a qualitative major resistance. The frequency of the resistant alleles oscillates between 6 and 46% and is variable between populations. On the fungus side, four populations of Z. tritici collected on modern cultivar ‘Karim’ widely cultivated in Tunisia and one population collected on traditional variety ‘Mahmoudi’ were genotyped using 12 SSR. A low level of genetic differentiation was identified between these fungal populations suggesting a significant gene flow between locations. The population collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ was less diversified and had a higher clonal fraction than the populations collected on ‘Karim’. This points towards host-effect on Z. tritici diversity. Cross-inoculation tests highlighted a higher aggressiveness of isolates collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ to ‘Mahmoudi’ lines than that of isolates collected on ‘Karim’, interpreted as a local adaptation of pathogen populations to their sympatric host. This adaptation was especially pronounced for the latency period of isolates, once again underlining the importance of quantitative resistance in the adaptive processes evidenced here. Traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties are practical cases of heterogeneous host populations effectively limiting STB epidemics. Our results suggest that a combination of resistance genes, mainly quantitative and occasionally with a major effect, with variable frequencies from one variety to another, is key to the sanitary success of these varieties. Findings from this study can be utilized to improve our management of crop diversity in other environments
Jobic, Cécile. "La signalisation glucose chez un champignon phytopathogène : analyses métaboliques et moléculaires." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10270.
Full textManga, Bella. "Etude de la diversité de "Colletotrichum kahawae" responsable de l'anthracnose des baies et caractérisation de la résistance du caféier Arabica à cet agent pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20088.
Full textGuechi, Abdelhadi. "Contribution à l'étude de quelques aspects de la biologie et de la chimie du cycloconium oleaginum (cast. ), champignon parasite de l'olivier (olea europaea L. )." Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN1B013.
Full textMauro, Marie-Claude. "Embryogénèse somatique chez Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon : application à la sélection de clones résistants à Eutypa Iata (pers. : Fr.) Tul." Toulouse, INPT, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INPT010A.
Full textDiop-Bruckler, Marguerite. "Détection précoce de Ceratocystis fimbriata F. Platani, agent du chancre coloré du platane, par le test Elisa." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20020.
Full textRudelle, Jérôme. "Etude de l'eutypiose de la vigne : aspects structuraux et phytosanitaires." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2307.
Full textBoudra, Abdelhamid. "Protocole d'évaluation de la contamination mycotoxique. Application à la noix et à la figue." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30066.
Full textLoisel, Elise. "Étude des transporteurs ABC chez le champignon pathogène des plantes Botrytis Cinerea au cours de l'infection et en réponse à certains fongicides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10103.
Full textCossus, Louis. "Influence des agents phytopathogènes sur la production de lipopeptides et le protéome de Bacillus subtilis." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69804.
Full textThe bacterium Bacillus subtilis is considered as a promising alternative to conventional pesticides for plant disease management. The mechanisms underlying the biocontrol properties of this bacterium are multiple and are closely related to the production of lipopeptides. Currently, little is known about the influence of plant pathogenic fungi/oomycetes on B. subtilis physiology and biocontrol mechanisms. The objective of this doctoral research project was to study the influence of fungi/oomycetes on B. subtilis biocontrol mechanisms, especially on the production of lipopeptides. In the first instance, the lipopeptides produced by B. subtilis PTB185 were characterised by mass spectrometry and a method allowing the relative quantification of these compounds was developed using MALDI-TOF instrumentation. This first step displayed the capacity of strain PTB185 to produce surfactin, iturin, and fengycin. Confrontation assays conducted on agar showed that B. subtilis antagonistic activity and production of lipopeptides vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) according to the pathogen tested. However, no correlation between lipopeptides production and B. subtilis antimicrobial activity was observed. Autoclaved mycelia of plant pathogens were also shown to significantly influence the quantities of lipopeptides produced by B. subtilis in liquid culture. Fengycin and/or iturin were produced in significantly higher amounts in presence of mycelium of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor sp., Pythium ultimum, or Rhizoctonia solani, while addition of mycelium in the medium did not significantly affect surfactin production as compared to the control. Bacteria grown in liquid medium amended with Mucor sp. mycelium caused a significantly higher reduction of mycelial growth of B. cinerea, R. solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as compared to the bacteria grown with no mycelium. These results show for the first time the influence of autoclaved plant pathogen mycelium on B. subtilis antagonistic ability and production of fengycin/iturin. The influence of autoclaved mycelia and extracellular compounds of plant pathogenic fungi/oomycetes on B. subtilis was further investigated by proteomics. Autoclaved mycelium of all tested pathogens strongly inhibited the proteins associated with B. subtilis thiamine metabolism and biosynthesis. Autoclaved mycelium of Mucor sp. strongly increased proteins associated with the phage-like element PBSX and strongly decreased those related to biotin metabolism and biosynthesis. Extracellular compounds of P. ultimum reduced proteins associated with flagellar assembly and stimulated those related to the production of subtilosin. Autoclaved mycelium and extracellular compounds of R. solani strongly increased proteins associated with the production of siderophores. Extracellular compounds of S. sclerotiorum barely affected the proteome of the bacterium. The results of this study, besides providing additional evidence of the influence of biotic interactions on lipopeptides production, give further information on the influence of the latter on B. subtilis physiology and biocontrol mechanisms. Finally, this study provides new insights into the optimisation of the culture medium to grow B. subtilis for biotechnological applications.
Toubia-Rahme, Hala. "Effet de l'environnement chimique sur le développement de Drechslera teres (sacc. ) shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT035A.
Full textBendahmane, Boubekeur Seddik. "Contribution à la lutte chimique contre drechslera teres (Sacc. ) shoem. , agent de l'helminthosporiose de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT010A.
Full textSaint-Macary, Marie-Emmanuelle. "Biosynthèse de la cystéine et de la méthionine chez le champignon phytopathogène Magnaporthe grisea : Analyse de la méthionine synthase et des enzymes de la voie de transsulfuration." Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3008.
Full textFilamentous fungi cause devastating diseases of agricultural crops. Recent studies highlighted a need for sulfur amino acids (methionine and cysteine) in the infectious process. To get insight into the physiological significance of sulfur amino acids biosynthesis in the infectious cycle, we have created null mutants of genes involved in the synthesis of homocysteine, cysteine and methionine by a gene deplacement strategy using a plant pathogenic model, Magnaporthe grisea. To this end the genes encoding cystathionine -synthase (CGS1, direct transsulfuration), methionine synthase and the cystathionine -lyase (CGL, reverse transsulfuration) were targeted. While suppression of the methionine synthase gene led to auxotrophy for methionine, mutants for CGS1 showed only strongly delayed growth, and mutants for CGL were prototroph on minimum medium. When tested on plants, only null mutants for methionine synthase were non pathogenic and the infectious cycle was fully restored upon addition of methionine. In the case of the null mutants for CGS1, the delay in development of disease symptoms was postulated to correspond to metabolic adaptation of the pathogen. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing single null mutants for the CGS2 gene, a homologue of CGS1 in M. Grisea, and for the HCS gene encoding homocystéine synthase which is involved in direct sulphydrylation activity for homocysteine built-up. All the single null mutants were prototroph and non pathogenic on plants. The double null mutant targeting CGS1 and CGS2 showed phenotype similar to the single mutant for CGS1. By contrast, the double mutant line for CGS1 and HCS was auxotroph and its growth was complemented by methionine. Altogether these experiments evidenced the role of the direct transsulfuration pathway in the biosynthesis of homocysteine. Biochemical analysis of the mutant for methionine synthase disclosed metabolite reorientations and molecular adaptation to remove toxic accumulated homocysteine. This compound was degraded through the reverse transsulfuration pathway with accumulation of cystathionine as an intermediate. Pleiotropic effects on glutathione, glutamate, serine and arginine pools resulted from the suppression of the methionine synthase gene. Accumulation of homocysteine led to that of adenosylhomocysteine, a potent inhibitor of the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methylases. The built-up of SAM, favored by expression of the fungal SAM-methyltransferase gene, in presence of added methionine was a consequence of the growth restoration. Our analysis led to the finding that the reverse transsulfuration pathway is committed to homocysteine degradation when this toxic compound is in excess. Such interpretation was also confirmed through the accumulated cystathionine measured in the null mutant for CGL1 when grown in the presence of methionine. The integrated analysis of the mutants is a way to decipher the flux of sulfur in the growing pathogenic fungi during the infectious cycle
Hugot, Karine. "Mécanismes de défense des plantes et acquisition de résistance aux champignons pathogènes : caractérisation d'effecteurs apoplastiques et étude du mode d'action de la RNase NE." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE5480.
Full textTremblay, Émilie D. "Nouvelle méthode de dépistage de phytopathogènes fongiques et de plantes au potentiel envahissant par métabarcodage." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34417.
Full textDamage caused by plant pathogens represents a devastating threat to the environment, diversity, and a significant part of natural forest and agronomic resources such as trees, plants, and crops. Areas that are in close proximity to international trade ports and green waste disposal facilities are considered high-risk introduction sites for exotic and unwanted organisms such as insects, phytopathogens, and invasive plants. Although there are many standard methods developed to detect numerous specific genera of concern or target species, most are ill-suited for large-scale screening, or are limited in the number of different organisms that can be assessed at a time. The main objective of this project was to develop a new detection method which is fast, high-throughput, highly sensitive, and targets vast survey areas, in order to contribute in the improvement of the methods for screening and battling of phytopathogens and invasive species. Spore traps, insect traps, and honeybee-foraged pollen clusters were used to collect environmental samples across Canada. The project took advantage of entomology surveys conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency by reusing preservative fluids from those insect traps. The development of a bioinformatics pipeline customized for the types of organisms screened allowed for the handling and efficient analysis of the large data loads produced with the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Additionally, the design of fusion primers conferred the analyses a significant multiplexing power. Integrating the pipeline to metabarcoding allowed for the biosurveillance of fungal and oomycete phytopathogens, as well as invasive plants, and pinpointing geographical regions of concern where unwanted species were found. Results suggest the existence of wood-boring insects and fungal diseases pathosystems never previously reported. In addition, certain fungal pathogens and their plant hosts were detected from the pollen cluster samples, and the plants species identified by NGS corroborated the records of the visual plant inspections performed in the field. Some of the metabarcoding results were validated with some species-specific qPCR assays, which confirmed the power and the sensitivity of this new method. For example, very low levels of some Phytophthora species propagules could be detected. Multiple species within genera of concern were identified, including the plant pathogenic fungi Heterobasidion annosum s.s., H. abietinum/H. parviporum, Leptographium spp., Ophiostoma spp., Gremmeniella spp., and Geosmithia spp., and the oomycetes Peronospora spp., Pythium spp., and Phytophthora spp. These promising results indicate that regulatory agencies across the world could combine our new metabarcoding approach to their regulated species monitoring and detection toolbox for biosurveillance and screening. In the case where areas requiring further inquiries are pinpointed based on the metagenomics results, qPCR or alternate validated assays remain essential, especially to resolve the identification of critical species such as regulated pests. Furthermore, given that constantly evolving sequencing technologies yield increasing quality data continually, and at reduced costs, it is anticipated that the quality of the databases on which metabarcoding relies will improve at the same time, therefore increasing the resolving capacity of the new method described.
Grosjean, Marie-Claire. "Classification et identification des espèces du genre Pythium, champignons phytopathogènes du sol, par l'analyse de l'espace interne transcrit de l'opéron ribosomique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10098.
Full textVautard-Mey, Géraldine. "Expression et compartimentation du répresseur glucose CRE1 du champignon phytopathogène Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10022.
Full textWilarso, Budi R. "Isolement et caractérisation de bactéries compatibles avec la mycorhization et antagonistes avec les champignons pathogènes du sol : application à la production d'inoculum mycorhizogène." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS012.
Full textRoy, Sébastien. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation d'une activité phospholipase dans le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum) au cours de l'interaction avec un champignon phytopathogène, Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicotianae." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30091.
Full textBoudjeko, Thaddée. "Quelques indicateurs de résistance dans la relation parasitaire Xanthosoma sagittifolium L. Schott (Macabo) / Pythium myriotylum." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES007.
Full textThe analysis of some metabolites as well as some enzymatic systems in the roots of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) infected by Pythium myriotylum shows that total soluble amino acids increase after infection and the amino acid accumulated in the infected roots of cocoyam seems to be glycine. The absorbance screened between 200 and 450 nm of soluble phenolic compounds shows the appearance of a peak at about 350 nm proper to yellow cv (resistant). Biochemical analyses also enabled us to noted that, constitutively there is more peroxydases in the roots of the yellow cv than in the other cultivars. In PAGE we recorded three soluble acid activities and three acid activities ionically bound to the walls. The IEF profile analyses revealed two cationic and two neutral (pI 6. 67 and 7) isoperoxydases. An essay of PAL activity showed an increase of up to 270% of this activity in the roots of yellow cv. Similarly, analysis of the IEF profiles of PMEs revealed the appearance of two cationic isoforms in the roots of the yellow cv. The ultrastructural analysis of the cocoyam / P. Myriotylum relationship showed that the colonisation of roots following pathogenic attack is accompagnied by the deterioration of the pectin of low degree of esterification and plant reacts by deposing appositions rich in callose and cellulose on the cell walls and by accumulation in the vacuoles of the cortical parenchyma cells of compounds electron dense to transmission electronic microscopy
Perret, Jacky. "Etude de protéoglycanes inducteurs de résistance chez le blé, de glucanes antitumoraux et antigéniques isolés de champignons phytopathogènes et de mycobactéries." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10171.
Full textVacher, Sébastien. "La signalisation glucose chez le champignon phytopathogène Sclerotinia sclerotiorum : caractérisation du gène snfS codant pour une protéine kinase." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10149.
Full textSafraoui, Adil. "Synthèse et mécanisme d'hydrolyse d'une série de phénylcarbazates : évaluation des activités phytotoxiques et fongitoxiques." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT037G.
Full textFruit, Laetitia. "Etude des facteurs d'efficacité d'un agent de lutte biologique (Ulocladium atrum) pour la protection des plaies d'effeuillage sur tomate contre Botrytis cinerea." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10030.
Full textGeistodt-Kiener, Aude. "Étude du rôle des métabolites secondaires fongiques dans les interactions plante-agents pathogènes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB031.
Full textSecondary metabolites are small molecules produced by plants and micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi. For the vast majority of these metabolites, their functions are unknown, but they probably play key roles in adaptation of the organism to its environment. In plant pathogenic fungi, a large proportion of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) responsible for producing secondary metabolites are induced specifically during plant infection. These metabolites can be toxins that help plant infection (especially in necrotrophic fungi) or may act as effectors to suppress plant immunity (in particular for biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi). The aim of this PhD was to study the role of fungal metabolites in plant-pathogen interactions using two fungal models: Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus that causes the grey mould disease, and Colletotrichum higginsianum, the hemibiotrophic agent of anthracnose disease of Brassicaceae. The main bottleneck is to produce and isolate fungal secondary metabolites from axenic cultures. To overcome this problem, an innovative approach was used based on the heterologous expression of BGCs in yeast. This method consists of introducing into yeast all the genes of a cluster encoding the enzymes required to synthesize the metabolites of interest. In this system, each gene is put under the control of a single promotor in a polycistronic plasmid. The plasmid is then introduced and expressed in an engineered yeast adapted for polyketide or terpene synthesis, depending on the BGC key gene. To validate this approach, the C. higginsianum BGC16, predicted to produce the colletochlorin family of molecules, was expressed in the heterologous system. Yeast expressing BGC16 were cultivated in liquid medium, and metabolites extracted from the supernatant and cell pellet were analyzed by HPLC-MS, revealing that the colletochlorin metabolites were successfully produced. The findings validate that the enzymes encoded by BGC16 are functional in yeast and are responsable for colletochlorin synthesis, and also give new insights into the biosynthetic pathway. In the future, application of this tool to BGCs for which the product is unknown will facilitate the discovery of new molecules and biological activities, providing a better understanding of their role in interactions with the plant host. In a second part, the role of a BGC containing the polyketide synthase BcPKS8 from B. cinerea was explored using a functional approach. This BGC is specifically expressed during the early stage of infection of grape berries and tomatoes. It is conserved in all Botrytis species sequenced to date and in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, as well as numerous other plant-interacting ascomycete fungi. However, the polyketide produced by this BGC is unknown. Its role in the infection process was tested using reverse genetics. Infection assays of null mutants on tomato berries showed the polyketide product is required for full virulence. This mutant was also more sensitive to osmotic stress than the wild-type, suggesting a potential role of the BGC in resistance to this stress. To determine the exact chronology of expression of BcPKS8 during host infection, a reporter strain was made by fusing a gene encoding a fluorescent protein to the promoter of BcPKS8. The reporter gene was specifically induced during the early formation of infection cushions, a multiple appressorium-like structure involved in host penetration. The heterologous expression of the whole gene cluster in yeast has been initiated to determine the structure of the polyketide.This PhD provides tools that should greatly facilitate the study of secondary metabolites of phytopathogenic fungi. It also highlights their important role in plant infection through the concrete example of BGC Bcpks8 of B. cinerea
Théodore, Maguy. "Étude des effets suppressifs des composts de résidus de sucrerie de cannes (Saccharum officinarum) sur la mycoflore phytopathogène." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30125.
Full textAlignan, Marion. "Phoma du tournesol : déterminisme de la tolérance de l'hôte à la maladie." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7456/1/alignan.pdf.
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