Relevant bibliographies by topics / Change of pupil size

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Change of pupil size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Kerr, Robert G., Andrea M. Bacon, Laura L. Baker, Janelle S. Gehrke, K. Danielle Hahn, Cheryl L. Lillegraven, Catherine Hackett Renner, and Sarah K. Spilman. "Underestimation of Pupil Size by Critical Care and Neurosurgical Nurses." American Journal of Critical Care 25, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2016554.

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Background Early detection of pupillary changes in patients with head injuries can alert the care team to increasing intracranial pressure. Previous research has shown inconsistencies in pupil measurement that are most likely due to the subjective nature of measuring pupils without the assistance of technology. Objectives To evaluate nurses’ abilities to assess pupil diameter accurately and detect unequal pupils. Methods In a 3-part study, the accuracy of critical care and neurosurgical nurses’ assessments of pupils was determined. The study included assessment of drawings of eyes with an iris and pupil, examination of photographs of human eyes, and bedside examination of patients with a head injury. Results Subjective assessments of pupil diameter and symmetry were not accurate. Across all phases of the study, pupil diameters were underestimated and the rate of error increased as pupil size increased. Nurses also failed to detect anisocoria and misidentified pupil reactivity. In addition, nearly all nurses relied on subjective estimation, even when tools were available. Conclusions Critical care and neurosurgical nurses underestimated pupil size, were unable to detect anisocoria, and incorrectly assessed pupil reactivity. Standardized use of pupil assessment tools such as a pupillometer is necessary to increase accuracy and consistency in pupil measurement and to potentially contribute to earlier detection of subtle changes in pupils. If pupillary changes are identified early, diagnostic and treatment intervention can be delivered in a more timely and effective manner.
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Eberhardt, Lisa Valentina, Christoph Strauch, Tim Samuel Hartmann, and Anke Huckauf. "Increasing pupil size is associated with improved detection performance in the periphery." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 84, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02388-w.

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AbstractVisible light enters our body via the pupil. By changing its size, the pupil shapes visual input. Small apertures increase the resolution of high spatial frequencies, thus allowing discrimination of fine details. Large apertures, in contrast, provide a better signal-to-noise ratio, because more light can enter the eye. This should lead to better detection performance of peripheral stimuli. Experiment 1 shows that the effect can reliably be demonstrated even in a less controlled online setting. In Experiment 2, pupil size was measured in a laboratory using an eye tracker. The findings replicate findings showing that large pupils provide an advantage for peripheral detection of faint stimuli. Moreover, not only pupil size during information intake in the current trial n, but also its interaction with pupil size preceding information intake, i.e., in trial n-1, predicted performance. This suggests that in addition to absolute pupil size, the extent of pupillary change provides a mechanism to modulate perceptual functions. The results are discussed in terms of low-level sensory as well as higher-level arousal-driven changes in stimulus processing.
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Van Egroo, Maxime, Giulia Gaggioni, Cristian Cespedes-Ortiz, Julien Q. M. Ly, and Gilles Vandewalle. "Steady-State Pupil Size Varies with Circadian Phase and Sleep Homeostasis in Healthy Young Men." Clocks & Sleep 1, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): 240–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep1020021.

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Pupil size informs about sympathovagal balance as well as cognitive and affective processes, and perception. It is also directly linked to phasic activity of the brainstem locus coeruleus, so that pupil measures have gained recent attention. Steady-state pupil size and its variability have been directly linked to sleep homeostasis and circadian phase, but results have been inconsistent. Here, we report robust changes in steady-state pupil size during 29 h of continuous wakefulness in healthy young men (N = 20; 18–30 years old) maintained in dim-light in strictly controlled constant routine conditions. These variations were associated with variations in motivation and sustained attention performance. Pupil size variability did not significantly change during the protocol. Yet, pupil size variability was linearly associated with subjective fatigue, sociability, and anguish. No associations were found between neither steady-state pupil size nor pupil size variability, and objective EEG measure of alertness and subjective sleepiness. Our data support therefore the notion that, compared with its variability, steady-state pupil size is strongly influenced by the concomitant changes in sleep need and circadian phase. In addition, steady-state pupil size appears to be related to motivation and attention, while its variability may be related to separate affective dimensions and subjective fatigue.
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Lau, Wee Kiat, Marian Sauter, and Anke Huckauf. "Small Pupils Lead to Lower Judgements of a Person’s Characteristics for Exaggerated, but Not for Realistic Pupils." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12080283.

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Our eyes convey information about a person. The pupils may provide information regarding our emotional states when presented along with different emotional expressions. We examined the effects of pupil size and vergence on inferring other people’s characteristics in neutral expression eyes. Pupil sizes were manipulated by overlaying black disks onto the pupils of the original eye images. The disk area was then changed to create small, medium, and large pupils. Vergence was simulated by shifting the medium-sized disks nasally in one eye. Pupil sizes were exaggerated for Experiment 1 and followed values from the literature for Experiment 2. The first Purkinje image from the eye photos in Experiment 2 was kept to preserve image realism. The characteristics measured were sex, age, attractiveness, trustworthiness, intelligence, valence, and arousal. Participants completed one of two online experiments and rated eight eye pictures with differently sized pupils and with vergence eyes. Both experiments were identical except for the stimuli designs. Results from Experiment 1 revealed rating differences between pupil sizes for all characteristics except sex, age, and arousal. Specifically, eyes with extremely small pupil sizes and artificial vergence received the lowest ratings compared to medium and large pupil sizes. Results from Experiment 2 only indicated weak effects of pupil size and vergence, particularly for intelligence ratings. We conclude that the pupils can influence how characteristics of another person are perceived and may be regarded as important social signals in subconscious social interaction processes. However, the effects may be rather small for neutral expressions.
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Whang, Allen Jong-Woei, Yi-Yung Chen, Wei-Chieh Tseng, Chih-Hsien Tsai, Yi-Ping Chao, Chieh-Hung Yen, Chun-Hsiu Liu, and Xin Zhang. "Pupil Size Prediction Techniques Based on Convolution Neural Network." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154965.

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The size of one’s pupil can indicate one’s physical condition and mental state. When we search related papers about AI and the pupil, most studies focused on eye-tracking. This paper proposes an algorithm that can calculate pupil size based on a convolution neural network (CNN). Usually, the shape of the pupil is not round, and 50% of pupils can be calculated using ellipses as the best fitting shapes. This paper uses the major and minor axes of an ellipse to represent the size of pupils and uses the two parameters as the output of the network. Regarding the input of the network, the dataset is in video format (continuous frames). Taking each frame from the videos and using these to train the CNN model may cause overfitting since the images are too similar. This study used data augmentation and calculated the structural similarity to ensure that the images had a certain degree of difference to avoid this problem. For optimizing the network structure, this study compared the mean error with changes in the depth of the network and the field of view (FOV) of the convolution filter. The result shows that both deepening the network and widening the FOV of the convolution filter can reduce the mean error. According to the results, the mean error of the pupil length is 5.437% and the pupil area is 10.57%. It can operate in low-cost mobile embedded systems at 35 frames per second, demonstrating that low-cost designs can be used for pupil size prediction.
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Kim, Jieun, Jeong-Chan Lee, and Kyung-Mo Park. "Posture change affects pupil size — Males in their twenties." Autonomic Neuroscience 135, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2007.06.232.

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Mattavelli, Simone, Marco Brambilla, and Mariska E. Kret. "It Is Written in the Eyes: Inferences From Pupil Size and Gaze Orientation Shape Interpersonal Liking." Social Cognition 40, no. 1 (February 2022): 88–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2022.40.1.88.

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Research has shown that pupil size shapes interpersonal impressions: Individuals with dilated pupils tend to be perceived more positively than those with constricted pupils. Untested so far is the role of cognitive processes in shaping the effects of pupil size. Two preregistered studies investigated whether the effect of pupil size was qualified by partner's attention allocation inferred from gaze orientation. In Experiment 1 (N = 50) partners with dilated pupils were more liked when gazing toward the participant, but less liked when gazing toward a disliked other. Experiment 2 (N = 50) unveiled the underlying mechanism of the pupil-gaze interplay. Pupillary changes led to inferences about the feelings held by the partner toward the gazed target: Larger pupils signaled positive feelings. Crucially, target identity moderated the response of the participants (i.e., liking toward the partner). This work shows the importance of considering the interplay of affective and cognitive eye-signals when studying person perception.
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Zhang, Jing, Sung Park, Ayoung Cho, and Mincheol Whang. "Significant Measures of Gaze and Pupil Movement for Evaluating Empathy between Viewers and Digital Content." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051700.

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The success of digital content depends largely on whether viewers empathize with stories and narratives. Researchers have investigated the elements that may elicit empathy from viewers. Empathic response involves affective and cognitive processes and is expressed through multiple verbal and nonverbal modalities. Specifically, eye movements communicate emotions and intentions and may reflect an empathic status. This study explores feature changes in eye movements when a viewer empathizes with the video’s content. Seven feature variables of eye movements (change of pupil diameter, peak pupil dilation, very short, mid, over long fixation duration, saccadic amplitude, and saccadic count) were extracted from 47 participants who viewed eight videos (four empathic videos and four non-empathic videos) distributed in a two-dimensional emotion axis (arousal and valence). The results showed that viewers’ saccadic amplitude and peak pupil dilation in the eigenvalues of eye movements increased in the empathic condition. The fixation time and pupil size change showed limited significance, and whether there were asymmetric pupil responses between the left and right pupils remained inconclusive. Our investigation suggests that saccadic amplitude and peak pupil dilation are reliable measures for recognizing whether viewers empathize with content. The findings provide physiological evidence based on eye movements that both affective and cognitive processes accompany empathy during media consumption.
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Schriver, Brian J., Svetlana Bagdasarov, and Qi Wang. "Pupil-linked arousal modulates behavior in rats performing a whisker deflection direction discrimination task." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00290.2018.

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Non-luminance-mediated changes in pupil size have been widely used to index arousal state. Recent animal studies have demonstrated correlations between behavioral state-related pupil dynamics and sensory processing. However, the relationship between pupil-linked arousal and behavior in animals performing perceptual tasks has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we trained head-fixed rats to discriminate between directions of whisker movements using a Go/No-Go discrimination paradigm while imaging their pupils. Reaction times in this discrimination task were significantly slower than in previously reported detection tasks with similar setup, suggesting that discrimination required an increased cognitive load. We found the pupils dilated for all trials following stimulus presentation. Interestingly, in correct rejection trials, where pupil dilations solely resulted from cognitive processing, dilations were larger for more difficult stimuli. Baseline pupil size before stimulus presentation strongly correlated with behavior, as perceptual sensitivity peaked at intermediate pupil baselines and reaction time was fastest at large baselines. We further explored these relationships by investigating to what extent pupil baseline was predictive of upcoming behavior and found that a Bayesian decoder had significantly greater-than-chance probability in correctly predicting behavioral outcomes. Moreover, the outcome of the previous trial showed a strong correlation with behavior on present trials. Animals were more liberal and faster in responding following hit trials, whereas perceptual sensitivity was greatest following correct rejection trials. Taken together, these results suggest a tight correlation between pupil dynamics, perceptual performance, and reaction time in behaving rats, all of which are modulated by fluctuating arousal state. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we for the first time demonstrated that head-fixed rats were able to discriminate different directions of whisker movement. Interestingly, we found that the pupil dilated more when discriminating more difficult stimuli, a phenomenon reported in human subjects but not in animals. Baseline pupil size before stimulus presentation was found to strongly correlate with behavior, and a Bayesian decoder had significantly greater-than-chance probability in correctly predicting behavioral outcomes based on the baseline pupil size.
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Tyukhova, Y., and CE Waters. "Subjective and pupil responses to discomfort glare from small, high-luminance light sources." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 4 (June 6, 2018): 592–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153518772000.

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This study examined human subjective and pupil responses to small, high-luminance light sources seen against low-luminance backgrounds. Subjective judgements of glare using a seven-point rating scale and the change in pupil diameters following exposure to glare of 47 subjects were measured during evaluation of 36 conditions comprising three glare source luminances (20,000; 205,000; 750,000 cd/m2), two source positions (0°, 10°), two source sizes (10−5, 10−4 sr) and three background luminances (0.03; 0.3; 1 cd/m2). Data analysis suggests that the relative pupil size is correlated with subjective responses to discomfort glare to some extent (r = 0.659). Analysis of variance of relative pupil size measurements demonstrates a significant main effect of the background luminance suggesting that when the background luminance decreases, the relative pupil size increases. Relative pupil size shows the same trend as the relative change in illuminance at the eyes and the discomfort glare perception.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Phang, Shiau Shing. "Investigating and developing a model for iris changes under varied lighting conditions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16672/1/Shiau_Shing_Phang_Thesis.pdf.

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Biometric identification systems have several distinct advantages over other authentication technologies, such as passwords, in reliably recognising individuals. Iris based recognition is one such biometric recognition system. Unlike other biometrics such as fingerprints or face images, the distinct aspect of the iris comes from its randomly distributed features. The patterns of these randomly distributed features on the iris have been proved to be fixed in a person's lifetime, and are stable over time for healthy eyes except for the distortions caused by the constriction and dilation of the pupil. The distortion of the iris pattern caused by pupillary activity, which is mainly due changes in ambient lighting conditions, can be significant. One important question that arises from this is: How closely do two different iris images of the same person, taken at different times using different cameras, in different environments, and under different lighting conditions, agree with each other? It is also problematic for iris recognition systems to correctly identify a person when his/her pupil size is very different from the person's iris images, used at the time of constructing the system's data-base. To date, researchers in the field of iris recognition have made attempts to address this problem, with varying degrees of success. However, there is still a need to conduct in-depth investigations into this matter in order to arrive at more reliable solutions. It is therefore necessary to study the behaviour of iris surface deformation caused by the change of lighting conditions. In this thesis, a study of the physiological behaviour of pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions (100 lux ~ 1,200 lux) and brightness levels is presented. The thesis also presents the results of applying Elastic Graph Matching (EGM) tracking techniques to study the mechanisms of iris surface deformation. A study of the pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions was conducted. The study showed that the behaviour of the pupil size can be significantly different from one person to another under the same lighting conditions. There was no evidence from this study to show that the exact pupil sizes of an individual can be determined at a given illumination level. However, the range of pupil sizes can be estimated for a range of specific lighting conditions. The range of average pupil sizes under normal indoor lighting found was between 3 mm and 4 mm. One of the advantages of using EGM for iris surface deformation tracking is that it incorporates the benefit of the use of Gabor wavelets to encode the iris features for tracking. The tracking results showed that the radial stretch of the iris surface is nonlinear. However, the amount of extension of iris surface at any point on the iris during the stretch is approximately linear. The analyses of the tracking results also showed that the behaviour of iris surface deformation is different from one person to another. This implies that a generalised iris surface deformation model cannot be established for personal identification. However, a deformation model can be established for every individual based on their analysis result, which can be useful for personal verification using the iris. Therefore, analysis of the tracking results of each individual was used to model iris surface deformations for that individual. The model was able to estimate the movement of a point on the iris surface at a particular pupil size. This makes it possible to estimate and construct the 2D deformed iris image of a desired pupil size from a given iris image of another different pupil size. The estimated deformed iris images were compared with their actual images for similarity, using an intensitybased (zero mean normalised cross-correlation). The result shows that 86% of the comparisons have over 65% similarity between the estimated and actual iris image. Preliminary tests of the estimated deformed iris images using an open-source iris recognition algorithm have showed an improved personal verification performance. The studies presented in this thesis were conducted using a very small sample of iris images and therefore should not be generalised, before further investigations are conducted.
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Phang, Shiau Shing. "Investigating and developing a model for iris changes under varied lighting conditions." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16672/.

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Biometric identification systems have several distinct advantages over other authentication technologies, such as passwords, in reliably recognising individuals. Iris based recognition is one such biometric recognition system. Unlike other biometrics such as fingerprints or face images, the distinct aspect of the iris comes from its randomly distributed features. The patterns of these randomly distributed features on the iris have been proved to be fixed in a person's lifetime, and are stable over time for healthy eyes except for the distortions caused by the constriction and dilation of the pupil. The distortion of the iris pattern caused by pupillary activity, which is mainly due changes in ambient lighting conditions, can be significant. One important question that arises from this is: How closely do two different iris images of the same person, taken at different times using different cameras, in different environments, and under different lighting conditions, agree with each other? It is also problematic for iris recognition systems to correctly identify a person when his/her pupil size is very different from the person's iris images, used at the time of constructing the system's data-base. To date, researchers in the field of iris recognition have made attempts to address this problem, with varying degrees of success. However, there is still a need to conduct in-depth investigations into this matter in order to arrive at more reliable solutions. It is therefore necessary to study the behaviour of iris surface deformation caused by the change of lighting conditions. In this thesis, a study of the physiological behaviour of pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions (100 lux ~ 1,200 lux) and brightness levels is presented. The thesis also presents the results of applying Elastic Graph Matching (EGM) tracking techniques to study the mechanisms of iris surface deformation. A study of the pupil size variation under different normal indoor lighting conditions was conducted. The study showed that the behaviour of the pupil size can be significantly different from one person to another under the same lighting conditions. There was no evidence from this study to show that the exact pupil sizes of an individual can be determined at a given illumination level. However, the range of pupil sizes can be estimated for a range of specific lighting conditions. The range of average pupil sizes under normal indoor lighting found was between 3 mm and 4 mm. One of the advantages of using EGM for iris surface deformation tracking is that it incorporates the benefit of the use of Gabor wavelets to encode the iris features for tracking. The tracking results showed that the radial stretch of the iris surface is nonlinear. However, the amount of extension of iris surface at any point on the iris during the stretch is approximately linear. The analyses of the tracking results also showed that the behaviour of iris surface deformation is different from one person to another. This implies that a generalised iris surface deformation model cannot be established for personal identification. However, a deformation model can be established for every individual based on their analysis result, which can be useful for personal verification using the iris. Therefore, analysis of the tracking results of each individual was used to model iris surface deformations for that individual. The model was able to estimate the movement of a point on the iris surface at a particular pupil size. This makes it possible to estimate and construct the 2D deformed iris image of a desired pupil size from a given iris image of another different pupil size. The estimated deformed iris images were compared with their actual images for similarity, using an intensitybased (zero mean normalised cross-correlation). The result shows that 86% of the comparisons have over 65% similarity between the estimated and actual iris image. Preliminary tests of the estimated deformed iris images using an open-source iris recognition algorithm have showed an improved personal verification performance. The studies presented in this thesis were conducted using a very small sample of iris images and therefore should not be generalised, before further investigations are conducted.
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Male, Brian D. "Pupil adjustment to a change of primary school." Thesis, University of East London, 1993. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1232/.

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This ethnographic study of the strategies used by pupils in their adjustment to a new class after an individual move to a new school partway through a term considered 30 pupils aged 8-11 entering a Primary School run by the Service Children's Education Authority during the course of an academic year. Previous research suggests that whilst there may be little statistical effect on educational attainment of even frequent changes of school, there are pupils whose attainment seems adversely, and others beneficially, affected. Attempts to associate these pupils with such factors as age at or frequency of moves, socio-economic status or IQ levels have proved unsuccessful. This study utilises the notion of 'coping strategy' as put forward by Hargreaves (1978) and Pollard (1982) to investigate the hypothesis that it is the difference in the strategies that the pupils use that enables some to cope effectively and even benefit from changes of school whilst others appear to suffer. In order to consider the hypothesis this study puts forward an entirely new model of strategies and their use and significantly amends the Hargreaves/Pol lard model of the contexts of constraint. A process of 'progressive focus' is suggested whereby these contexts can be interrelated, individual actions in the classroom can be identified as strategies and linked to goals in progressively wider spheres, and the effect of ineffective strategies can be recognised. Using this model the study: * suggests that pupil adjustment is affected by both their strategies and their goals and provides a description of this process. * suggests that it is not possible to link a simple typification of strategies to any aspect of adjustment * describes the way in which the strategy use of transient pupils could enable them to make higher or lower attainments than their static peers * points to the prevalence of pupil goals in the societal sphere and puts forward a notion of 'radical coping' that explains teachers' serious concerns about the adjustment of some pupils. The basis of teacher interventions with their new pupils is considered and ways in which the model could be used by teachers and parents to assist new pupils in the process of adjustment are put forward. The model, although derived from the situation of new pupils, presents a way in which classroom interactions as a whole could be considered and therefore contributes to a wider understanding of pupil actions and teacher effectiveness.
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Zhu, Rui. "Human-environmental interaction| Potential use of pupil size for office lighting controls." Thesis, University of Southern California, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1568897.

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The goal of this research is to establish a visual environment diagnostic model based on the occupant's physiological responses for detecting improper ambient lighting conditions, a major contributing factor to visual stress and work productivity in office workplace environments. The human body, as a biological mechanism, naturally minimizes the effects of ambient environmental stressors using its physiological autonomous nerve system. This system enables a human's pupils to dilate and contract, depending on visual sensations affected by the ambient lighting conditions. An extensive experiment using human subjects will be conducted in an environmental chamber on the University of Southern California campus. All parametric data including human pupil sizes and lighting parameters will be categorized by age and ethnic origin, to investigate and determine the most common features of pupil sizes per visual sensation among individuals. Lighting parameters, including illuminance (lux), luminance (cd/m2), and lighting-color-temperature (K), will be controlled and maintained for each volunteer subject based on his/her task-type (computer-based or paper-based), which is most typical in the current office environment.

This study will provide unique knowledge concerning how an occupant via his/her physiological signal, i.e. pupil size can interact with the visual (lighting) environment. The research outcome will be potentially applicable in reality to diagnose the lighting quality in workplace environments, and to integrate an occupant's pupil size information for the visual environmental controls.

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Tombs, Selina. "An evolutionary assessment of the relationship between female partner preference and pupil size preference." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0031/MQ27383.pdf.

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Pawling, Ralph. "Remembering the prior body states of others : evidence from facial EMG and pupil size." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/remembering-the-prior-body-states-of-others--evidence-from-facial-emg-and-pupil-size(43ac7c54-5c96-47f2-8cb3-33790853342c).html.

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Other people's internal emotional states can sometimes be perceived through the physical responses they cause. These responses are mimicked, or embodied, by viewers, and this process is believed to aid prediction of other people's feelings and future actions. We propose that when other people's emotional expressions are embodied through facial mimicry, these embodiments are reactivated during later encounters, even when the person who was previously emotional now shows no emotional state. These embodied retrieval processes might underpin the ability to act predictively of someone's future state. We also propose that even subtle cues, that are not knowingly perceived, cause long-term changes in the way we represent individuals. In the first half of this thesis the reinstatement of facial mimicry effects was investigated. In a series of experiments participants viewed faces that became consistently happy or angry, and later viewed the same faces with neutral expressions. Facial mimicry effects elicited by the faces were shown to be activated predictively of the forthcoming emotion, and in the later task reactivated in response to the neutral faces. These effects only occurred in those participants who first embodied the emotions they saw on the faces, and were shown not to occur for emotional but nonfacial stimuli.
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Mistler, Lisa A. "Using size change to predict free-fall trajectories." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13987.

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Gamachchige, Nirosh Tharaka Sandakelum Gangoda. "Double-Change Covering Designs with Block Size k = 4." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1423.

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A double-change covering design (dccd) is an ordered set of blocks with block size k is an ordered collection of b blocks, B = {B1,B2, · · · ,Bb}, each an unordered subset of k distinct elements from [v] = {1, 2, · · · , v}, which obey: (1) each block differs from the previous block by two elements, and, (2) every unordered pair of [v] appears in at least one block. The object is to minimize b for a fixed v and k. Tight designs are those in which each pair is covered exactly once. We present constructions of tight dccd’s for arbitrary v when k = 2 and minimal constructions for v <= 20 when k = 4. A general, but not minimal, method is presented to construct circular dccd for arbitrary v when k = 4.
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Davidson, Melanie C. "Tennessee Per-pupil Expenditures in Special Education and Academic Achievement." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2571.

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Federal legislation known as the No Child Left Behind act has required states to close achievement gaps. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between special education spending by districts in the state of Tennessee and standardized achievement for students with disabilities. Secondary data were obtained from the Tennessee Department of Education’s website (www.tn.gov/education). Data from each local education association were collected for the years of 2010-2014 in the areas of special education spending, special education population, and TCAP proficiency percentages in reading and math grades 3-8. Data from each local education association were collected for the years of 2011-2014 for gap size percentages between students with and without disabilities for reading and math grades 3-8 and the percentage of economically disadvantaged students. The researcher performed 6 Pearson correlation coefficient tests for this analysis. The findings showed a positive correlation between spending and performance on standardized assessments in the areas of reading and mathematics for students with disabilities. The analysis indicated that per pupil expenditures in special education has not had a statistically significant impact on reducing the gap size between students with and without disabilities. However, the percentage of economically disadvantaged students in a local education association inversely impacted the gap size. Those local education agencies with a higher population of economically disadvantaged students were more likely to have smaller gap sizes between students with and without disabilities in reading and mathematics on standardized testing.
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Phillips, Marc Antony. "An investigation of monoaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of pupil size and the acoustic startle reflex in man." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324546.

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Books on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Singhal, R. P. Indian schools: A study of teacher-pupil ratio. New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House, 1988.

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Male, Brian D. Pupil adjustment to a change of primary school. London: University of East London, 1993.

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1930-, Jones Neville, ed. School management and pupil behaviour. London: Falmer Press, 1989.

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The principal as change-agent for school climate and pupil achievement. [Stockholm]: Dept. of Education, Stockholm University, 1999.

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Institute, Roehampton, ed. Combating truancy in schools: Listening to the voice of the pupil. London: David Fulton Pub., 1995.

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Heyes, Robert Stephen. Technological change, firm size and exit from industry. [s.l.]: typescript, 1994.

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Structural macroeconomic change and the size pattern of manufacturing firms. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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Traù, Fabrizio. Structural Macroeconomic Change and the Size Pattern of Manufacturing Firms. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943958.

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Donaldson, Loraine. Fertility transition: The social dynamics of population change. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell, 1991.

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Teske, Steven. Downsizing: Creative approaches to corporate changes. Washington, D.C: Bureau of National Affairs, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Huang, Yu-feng, and Feng-yang Kuo. "Behavior Regulation in Social Media: A Preliminary Analysis of Pupil Size Change." In Information Systems and Neuroscience, 58–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60073-0_7.

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Alexandridis, E. "Pupil Size." In The Pupil, 11–12. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5086-9_2.

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Nugrahaningsih, Nahumi, and Marco Porta. "Pupil Size as a Biometric Trait." In Biometric Authentication, 222–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13386-7_18.

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Kamiya, Kazutaka. "Pupil Size and Postoperative Visual Function." In Cataract Surgery: Maximizing Outcomes Through Research, 1–12. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54538-5_1.

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Nowak, W., A. Żarowska, E. Szul-Pietrzak, and A. Hachoł. "Measurement System for Pupil Size Variability Study." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1583–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00846-2_391.

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Lima-de-Faria, A. "Change in size." In One Hundred Years of Chromosome Research and What Remains to be Learned, 157–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0167-9_37.

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Yamashita, Ryuta, Tadaaki Shimizu, Natsuki Yoshinaka, Rintaro Kataoka, and Naoki Sawada. "Examining the Effective of Web Advertising on Pupil Size." In Human Choice and Digital by Default: Autonomy vs Digital Determination, 86–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15688-5_8.

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Anderson, Hugh, and Siau-Cheng Khoo. "Affine-Based Size-Change Termination." In Programming Languages and Systems, 122–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-40018-9_9.

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Baker, Jack, David A. Swanson, Jeff Tayman, and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Forecasting Population Size and Composition." In Cohort Change Ratios and their Applications, 45–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53745-0_4.

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Baker, Jack, David A. Swanson, Jeff Tayman, and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Estimating Population Size and Composition." In Cohort Change Ratios and their Applications, 143–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53745-0_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Ekman, Inger, Antti Poikola, Meeri Mäkäräinen, Tapio Takala, and Perttu Hämäläinen. "Voluntary pupil size change as control in eyes only interaction." In the 2008 symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1344471.1344501.

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Ventura, Liliane, Fernando Pergoraro Silva, Giuliano Rossi, and Cassius Riul. "Prototype for measuring pupil size changes." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Soederberg, Arthur Ho, Bruce E. Stuck, and Michael Belkin. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.701129.

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Ehlers, Jan, Juliane Georgi, and Anke Huckauf. "Improving voluntary pupil size changes for HCI." In 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. ICST, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.255312.

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Kashihara, Koji, Momoyo Ito, and Minoru Fukumi. "Development of automatic filtering system for individually unpleasant data detected by pupil-size change." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2011.6084180.

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Zhao, Minrui, Hongni Gao, Wei Wang, Jue Qu, and Long Chen. "Study on the Identification of Irritability Emotion Based on the Percentage Change in Pupil Size." In IVSP '20: 2020 2nd International Conference on Image, Video and Signal Processing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3388818.3389166.

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Isaeva, Oksana, Victoria Moshkina, Marina Boronenko, and Yuri Boronenko. "Probabilistic approach to modeling human behavior based on pupillary response control." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001087.

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Currently, researchers are actively working on methods for making decisions based on the results of automated analysis of the sequence of images received from video cameras. The purpose of our work is to develop a probabilistic approach to predicting human behavior based on modeling the pupil-lary response. During the experiment, we measured the change in galvanic skin response (GSR) and pupillary response. The GSR was measured using the Aktivatiometer 6 hardware and software complex. Pupilary response was monitored using a pupillographic module for registering changes in pupil size. The assessment of the most probable S/Smed value for calibration stimuli that does not induce a stress state falls within the interval (1±0.2). A strong correlation was found between GSR and the duration of the increase in pupil size (p=0.7). On the basis of pupillary response modeling, a decision-making algorithm for security systems is proposed.
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Drewes, Jan, Guillaume S. Masson, and Anna Montagnini. "Shifts in reported gaze position due to changes in pupil size." In the Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2168556.2168596.

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Matsumoto, Toru, Akira Furukawa, Megumu Tsuchikawa, Yuichi Fujino, and Shusuke Sone. "Relationship between changes in pupil size over time and diagnostic accuracy." In Medical Imaging 2003, edited by Dev P. Chakraborty and Elizabeth A. Krupinski. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.480084.

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Pillai, Prarthana, Balakumar Balasingam, Arunita Jaekel, and Francesco Biondi. "Kalman Filtering to Track Changes in Pupil Size for Automated Driving Systems." In 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625045.

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Renner, Lena F., and Marcin Włodarczak. "When a Dog is a Cat and How it Changes Your Pupil Size: Pupil Dilation in Response to Information Mismatch." In Interspeech 2017. ISCA: ISCA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/interspeech.2017-353.

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Reports on the topic "Change of pupil size"

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.
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Bertoni, Eleonora, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, Matias Martínez, Humberto Santos, and Sammara Soares. Is School Funding Unequal in Latin America?: A Cross-country Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002854.

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Public spending on education has increased significantly in Latin America over the last decades. However, less is known whether increased spending has been translated into a more equitable distribution of resources within countries in the region. This study addresses this gap by measuring the inequality in per-pupil spending between regions with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) within five Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Results show that Brazil, a federal country, has the widest socioeconomic funding gap due to large inequalities in local revenues between high and low SES regions. However, the country's funding gap has narrowed over time. School funding in Colombia has become more regressive over time, but its gap is half the size of the one in Brazil. The distribution of school funding in Peru has changed over time from being regressive-benefiting the richest regions-to being progressive-benefiting the poorest regions. Education spending in Chile and in Ecuador are, on the other hand, consistently progressive. However, while the progressiveness of funding in Ecuador is driven by transfers targeted at disadvantaged rural areas, the funding formulas in Chile addresses socioeconomic inequalities beyond the rural-urban gap.
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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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Morita, Kazumoto, Kazunori Obata, Michiaki Sekine, Takeo Okada, and Jinichi Mashiko. Possibility to Estimate Driver Mental Workload by Measuring Pupil Diameter Change. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0051.

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Matson, Kathy L., Charles L. Crouse, Dennis Miller, Ronald A. Evans, Jeffrey M. McGuire, Jill Jarvis, Bernard J. Benton, Douglas R. Sommerville, Jacqueline Scotto, and David C. Burnett. Low-Level Effects of VX Vapor Exposure on Pupil Size and Cholinesterase Levels in Rats. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432945.

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Choi, E., Y. I. Cho, and H. G. Lorsch. Effects of emulsifier on particle size of a phase change material in a mixture with water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6792238.

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Geloso, Vincent, and Chandler S. Reilly. Did the ‘Quiet Revolution’ Really Change Anything? CIRANO, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/itzr4537.

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The year 1960 is often presented as a break year in the economic history of Quebec and Canada. It is used to mark the beginning of the “Quiet Revolution” during which Canada’s French-speaking province of Quebec under rapid socio-economic change in the form of rapid economic convergence with the rest of Canada and the emergence of a more expansive state. Using synthetic control methods, we analyze whether 1960 is associated with a departure from previous developments. With regards to GDP per capita, GDP per worker, household-size adjusted income, life expectancy at birth, and enrollment rates in primary and secondary schools, we find that 1960 was not an important date. For most of these measures, the counterfactual scenario is slightly better than the actual data but not by significant margins. Only with respect to the size of government do we find sign of a break.
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D´Addato, Agata V., Daniele Vignoli, and Sutay Yavuz. Towards smaller family size in Egypt, Morocco and Turkey: overall change over time or socio-economic compositional effect? Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2007-012.

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Xu, Jianming. The Calculation of the Influence on Beam Parameters in RHIC and Beam Size in Transport Line due to Change of AGS Beam Parameters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119147.

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Choi, E., Y. I. Cho, and H. G. Lorsch. Effects of emulsifier on particle size of a phase change material in a mixture with water. Progress report, March 31, 1991--June 30, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148563.

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