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Murphy, Mary, and Nancy Risser. "Do Changed Attitudes Mean Changed Behaviors?" Nurse Practitioner 22, no. 12 (December 1997): 104???115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199712000-00021.
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Knell, Gregory, Michael C. Robertson, Erin E. Dooley, Katie Burford, and Karla S. Mendez. "Health Behavior Changes During COVID-19 Pandemic and Subsequent “Stay-at-Home” Orders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 6268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176268.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, and resultant “Stay-at-Home” orders, may have impacted adults’ positive health behaviors (sleep, physical activity) and negative health behaviors (alcohol consumption, drug use, and tobacco use). The purpose of this study was to investigate how these health behaviors changed (increased/improved or decreased/worsened) at the early stages of the pandemic, what participant characteristics were associated with health behavior changes, and why these behavioral changes may have occurred. A convenience sample of 1809 adults residing in the United States completed a 15-min self-report questionnaire in April and May 2020. Multinomial logistic regressions and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate how, for whom, and why these health behaviors changed. Participants were primarily female (67.4%), aged 35–49 years (39.8%), college graduates (83.3%), non-tobacco users (74.7%), and had previously used marijuana (48.6%). Overall, participants primarily reported a decrease in physical activity, while sleep and all of the negative health behaviors remained the same. Changes in negative health behaviors were related (p < 0.05) to sex, age, parental status, educational status, job status, BMI, and depression scores. Changes in positive health behaviors were related (p < 0.05) to sex, parental status, job status, and depression scores. Having more time available during the pandemic was the most commonly cited reason for changing health behaviors (negative and positive). Public health efforts should address the potential for long-term health consequences due to behavior change during COVID-19.
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Tribowo, Jefry Albari, Tjahjo Djojo Tanojo, Supardi Supardi, Cennikon Pakpahan, Eko Budi Siswidiyanto, Andri Rezano, and Reny I’tishom. "The Impact of the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic on Sexual Behavior of Marriage People in Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, A (June 23, 2021): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6277.
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BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been a global challenge since its first encounter. It has changed the daily lives of families including the sexual behavior of couples due to public health concerns and government policy to restrict people’s movement. It has changed both interpersonal and partner relationships; the time availability at home, the continued presence of children at home, the fear of infection, and the inability to physically interact with others have changed most people’s sexual behavior. AIM: This study aims to evaluate sexual behavior changes in marriage people of Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional online study was conducted, using self-constructed questionnaires. The convenience sample was collected from married males and females for at least 10 months from November 2020 to January 2021. The participants were asked 19 and 20 questions for female and male, respectively, which was an adaptation of the previous questionnaires. Furthermore, a study was conducted to analyze descriptively the changes of sexuality among married people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: About 201 participants who completed the survey, 110 males (54.7%) and 91 females (45.3%) were included in the analyses. The mean age of participants was 37 years old. Most of the participants have middle to high socio-economy classes and have children at home. Shifting in the work schedule is the main reason to change sexual behaviors. Participants experienced significant changes in sexual behaviors and some sexual responses before and during the restriction time. CONCLUSION: The pandemic has changed sexual behaviors due to social restrictions in Indonesia. These findings imply messages about the consequences of the pandemic on sexual behaviors that may affect the sexual relationship, marriage stability, and physical health itself to fight coronavirus.
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Kim, Jung Ki, and Eileen M. Crimmins. "How does age affect personal and social reactions to COVID-19: Results from the national Understanding America Study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0241950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241950.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had tremendous impact on Americans’ lives including their personal and social behaviors. While people of all ages are affected in some way by the pandemic, older persons have been far more likely to suffer the most severe health consequences. For this reason, how people have responded to mitigating behaviors to COVID-19 may differ by age. Using a nationally representative sample from the longitudinal data of the Understanding America Study (UAS), we examined differentials in behavioral responses to COVID-19 by age and how they changed over the first three months of the pandemic. Behavioral responses and changes in behavior over time differed by age, type of behaviors and time reference. At the beginning of the pandemic (March, 2020), older and younger people were similar in their likelihood of engaging in preventive personal behaviors when controlling for other influences. As the pandemic progressed, however, older people adopted mitigating personal behavioral changes more than younger people, such that about 1–2 months after the pandemic started, older people were more likely to comply with suggested behaviors and regulations including practicing better hygiene, quarantining, and social distancing. One month into the pandemic, older people were less likely than younger people to engage in two of four risky behaviors. The change in risky behavior over time did not differ by age; but both younger and older people were more likely to engage in risky behaviors after two months. Being female, a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, higher socioeconomic status, having more COVID-19 cases in one’s state of residence, a higher perceived risk for infection and dying, and a more left-leaning political orientation were related to adopting more pandemic mitigating behaviors.
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Kaestner, Robert, Sanders Korenman, and June O'Neill. "Has welfare reform changed teenage behaviors?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 22, no. 2 (2003): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.10115.
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Harrop, Clare, Nicole Tu, Rebecca Landa, Ann Kasier, and Connie Kasari. "Sensory Behaviors in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: How and When Do Caregivers Respond?" American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.1.1.
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Abstract Sensory behaviors are widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the impact of these behaviors on families remains largely unknown. This study explored how caregivers of minimally verbal children with ASD responded to their child's sensory behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined two variables for each endorsed child behavior: (1) Did the caregiver respond/try to change the behavior? and (2) What response did they employ? Caregivers did not differ in the frequency of responses to hypo- or hyper-responsive behaviors but employed different responses. Caregivers responded to more social sensory behaviors and predominately changed their own behavior in response to their child's. Our findings demonstrate how extensively caregivers adapt to their child's behaviors and vary their response dependent on behavior exhibited.
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Aziz, Aziz Nuri Satriawan. "Modifikasi Perilaku Terhadap Anak." Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar dan Keguruan 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47435/jpdk.v5i1.209.
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AbstractBehavior modification as behavior therapy, this technique is often used by educators and parents because its success is easily observed and easily appilied to other bwhaviors, is a soluble use of conditioning techniques in humans to produce changes in the frequency of certain behaviors, namely changing non-adaptive behavior, by leaving it, and adaptive behavior confirmed, behavior change is carried out with a carefully crafted experimental desaign, this behavior modification makes it possible to be realized to the actors to be changed ie change the maladaptive behavior towards adaptive behavior. This qualitative research was conducted on children in Kenteng sub-village, Sumberejo village, Sine Ngawi sub-district. Research subjects are parents, neighbors and children who have maladaprive behavior. At the end of the study showed that self-management techniques and social skills training is able to change the behavior of children both to anticipate so as not to behave negatively and eliminate negative behaviors and foster positive behavior.Keywords : behavior modification, self-management, social skills
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Yeliz Eseryel, U., John R. Drake, and Deniz Eseryel. "Changing Multitasking Intention with Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs)." Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning 16 (2020): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4815.
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Aim/Purpose: This article aimed to design and evaluate a pedagogical technique for altering students’ classroom digital multitasking behaviors. The technique we designed and evaluated is called course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE). With this technique, the students wrote a research article based on a multitasking experiment that the instructor conducted with the students. The students conducted a literature review, developed their own research questions, they analyzed experiment data, and presented results. This study evaluated the how the CURE contributed to student multitasking behavior change. Background: Multitasking is defined as doing more than one thing at a time. Multitasking is really the engagement in individual and discrete tasks that are performed in succession. Research showed that students multitasked very often during courses. Researchers indicated that this was a problem especially for online teaching, because when students went online, they tended to multitask. Extant research indicated that digital multitasking in class harmed student performance. Multiple studies suggested that students who multitasked spent more time finishing their tasks and made more mistakes. Regardless of students’ gender or GPA, students who multitasked in class performed worse and got a lower grade than those who did not. However, little is known about how to change students’ digital multitasking behaviors. In this study, we used the transtheoretical model of behavior change to investigate how our pedagogical technique (CURE) changed students’ digital multitasking behaviors. Methodology: Using a course-based undergraduate research experience design, a new classroom intervention was designed and evaluated through a content analysis of pre- and post-intervention student reflections. As part of the course-based undergraduate research experience design, the students conducted a literature review, developed their own research questions, they analyzed experiment data, and presented results. This study evaluated the how teaching using a course-based undergraduate research experience contributed to student multitasking behavior change. Transtheoretical model of behavior change was used to investigate how our pedagogical technique changed students’ digital multitasking behaviors. Contribution: The paper described how teaching using a course-based undergraduate research experience can be used in practice. Further, it demonstrated the utility of this technique in changing student digital multitasking behaviors. This study contributed to constructivist approaches in education. Other unwanted student attitudes and behaviors can be changed using this approach to learning. Findings: As a result of CURE teaching, a majority of students observed the negative aspects of multitasking and intended to change their digital multitasking behaviors. Sixty-one percent of the participants experienced attitude changes, namely increased negative attitude towards multitasking in class. This is important because research found that while both students and instructors believed off-task technology use hinders learning, their views differed significantly, with more instructors than students feeling strongly that students’ use of technology in class is a problem. Moreover, our study showed that with teaching using CURE, it is possible to move the students on the ladder of change as quickly as within one semester (13 weeks). Seventy-one percent of the students reported moving to a higher stage of change post-intervention. Recommendations for Practitioners: Faculty wishing to curb student digital multitasking behaviors may conduct in-class experimentation with multitasking and have their students write a research report on their findings. Course-based undergraduate research experiences may make the effects of digital multitasking more apparent to the students. The students may become more aware of their own multitasking behaviors rather than doing them habitually. This technique is also recommended for those instructors who would like to introduce academic careers as a potential career option to their students. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers should explore changing other unwanted undergraduate student behaviors with course-based undergraduate experiences. Researchers may use the transtheoretical model of change to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques used to change behaviors. Impact on Society: The negative outcomes of digital multitasking are not confined to the classroom. Digital multitasking impacts productivity in many domains. If techniques such as those used in this article become more common, changes in multitasking intentions could show broad improvements in productivity across many fields. Future Research: This paper constitutes a pilot study due to the small convenience sample that is used for the study. Future research should replicate this study with larger and randomized samples. Further investigation of the CURE technique can improve its effectiveness or reduce the instructor input while attaining the same behavioral changes.
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Subramaniam, Kavitha, Wah-Yun Low, Peng-Choong Lau, Karuthan Chinna, Nik Ritza Kosai, Mustafa Taher, and Reynu Rajan. "CHANGES IN EATING BEHAVIOURS FOLLOWING BARIATRIC SURGERY: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, Spl-1- GCSGD_2020 (March 25, 2021): S101—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(spl-1-gcsgd_2020).s101.s109.
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Adopting healthy eating behavior is important in achieving successful weight loss after bariatric surgery. This study aims to determine the changes in eating behaviors 6 months after surgery. Fifty-seven patients who went through bariatric surgery in two tertiary referral hospitals were recruited and interviewed before surgery (T0), three (T1), and six (T2) months after surgery. Eating behaviors were assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), which measured emotional, external, and restrained eating. Higher subscale scores indicate strong behavioral traits. Other information including psychological distress, quality of life, socio-demography, and morbidity were collected. Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was developed to study the change in eating behaviors and its’ predictors over time. Participants of the study were mostly women, from the Malay ethnic group and the average age at the time of surgery was 39.4 years. Emotional and external eating scores changed significantly over time with the values recorded at various time intervals as follows: 2.06 and 2.86 before surgery; 1.64 and 2.25 three months after surgery; and 1.81 and 2.40, 6 months after surgery. Reduction in the third month followed by a slight increase at the sixth was noted. Restrained eating did not show a significant change. The presence of diabetes was also associated with higher emotional and external eating scores. Further, higher anxiety scores were associated with higher external eating. Favorable changes in eating behaviors were noted after bariatric surgery. However, a risk of a reversal in the improvement was present. The emotional and external eating behaviors in surgical candidates should be identified and addressed accordingly with special attention to diabetic patients.
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Burton, Lynda C., Barry W. Rovner, Pearl S. German, Larry J. Brant, and Rebecca D. Clark. "Neuroleptic Use and Behavioral Disturbance in Nursing Homes: A 1-Year Study." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002274.
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This article discusses a longitudinal study of change in disruptive behaviors among nursing home residents treated with neuroleptics compared with those not treated with neuroleptics. Observations were made of 201 participants on admission to and after 1 year in eight skilled nursing facilities. Nine disruptive behaviors were measured using the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale with nursing assistants. Neuroleptic use was documented from medication records. Odds ratios are reported for the association of behavior at baseline and use of neuroleptics on nine problem behaviors. For those who received neuroleptics during the year, there was greater change in both developing and resolving disruptive behaviors than for those not receiving neuroleptics. For both groups, restless or pacing behavior and belligerent behavior manifested by refusing instructions changed the most, both in developing and in apparently resolving. Our results show that change in disruptive behaviors occurs among nursing home residents regardless of neuroleptic use, but it occurs more frequently among those who receive neuroleptic medication. Knowledge of which disruptive behaviors are most likely to resolve or develop is important in training nursing home staff to cope with the behaviors as well as in planning interventions that may modify such behaviors.
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Paul, Sara, and Nancee V. Sneed. "Strategies for Behavior Change in Patients With Heart Failure." American Journal of Critical Care 13, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2004.13.4.305.
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Appropriate management of chronic heart failure and its signs and symptoms requires a considerable amount of participation by patients. Behavioral changes that prevent or minimize signs and symptoms and disease progression are just as important as the medications prescribed to treat the heart failure. The most difficult lifestyle changes include smoking cessation, weight loss, and restriction of dietary sodium. The Transtheoretical Model is a framework for assessing and addressing the concept of readiness for behavior change, which occurs in a 6-step process. The model consists of 3 dimensions: the stages of change, the processes of change on which interventions are based, and the action criteria for actual behavior. The stages of change are discussed, and interventions are presented to assist patients with heart failure in progressing through those stages toward maintenance of changed lifestyle behaviors. Methods for measuring the level of readiness for change of patients with heart failure are also presented, because correct staging is required before appropriate interventions matched to a patient’s stage can be delivered.
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Janssen, Xanne, Leanne Fleming, Alison Kirk, Lesley Rollins, David Young, Madeleine Grealy, Bradley MacDonald, Paul Flowers, and Lynn Williams. "Changes in Physical Activity, Sitting and Sleep across the COVID-19 National Lockdown Period in Scotland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 9362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249362.
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We examine the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and concomitant restrictions (i.e., lockdown) on 24-hour movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sitting, sleep) in a purposive sample of people (n = 3230) reporting change recruited online. Participants’ self-reported time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), walking, sitting and sleep prior to lockdown (T1), during the first national lockdown (T2) and as restrictions initially started to ease (T3). For each 24-hour movement behavior, category-shifts are reported (positive, negative or did not change), as well as the percentage of participants recording positive/negative changes across clusters of behaviors and the percentage of participants recording improvement or maintenance of change across time. From T1 to T2 walking decreased, whereas MVPA, sitting and sleep increased, from T2 to T3 levels returned to pre-lockdown for all but MVPA. Participants who changed one behavior positively were more likely to report a positive change in another and 50% of those who reported positive changes from T1 to T2 maintained or improved further when restrictions started to ease. The current study showed that a large proportion of the sample reported positive changes, most notably those displaying initially poor levels of each behavior. These findings will inform salutogenic intervention development.
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Yap, Tracey L., and L. Sue Davis. "Process of Behavioral Change as it Relates to Intentional Physical Activity." AAOHN Journal 55, no. 9 (September 2007): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990705500905.
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During the past 100 years, America has changed from an agrarian society, where the intent of physical activity was to produce needed materials, to a postindustrial society, where 60% of American adults are not regularly physically active and 25% are not active at all (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). With sedentary lifestyle and its attendant consequences on the rise, the occupational health nurse can increase individuals' knowledge, facilitate their decision making, and motivate them to try new behaviors and change existing behaviors. The occupational health nurse can use a model to organize individual workers' information and clarify strategies to promote behavior change. The goal is to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with sedentary lifestyles of American workers by using the model when individuals present to the occupational health service. Individuals benefit from health care professionals who understand personal risks and communicate strategies to address barriers and concerns when they consider behavior changes such as increasing physical activity.
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Fleary, Sasha A., Patrece Joseph, Emily Zhang, and Karen Freund. "Disparities in Adolescents' Obesogenic Behaviors, 2005-2017." American Journal of Health Behavior 45, no. 4 (July 26, 2021): 677–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.45.4.7.
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Objectives: Given the increasing national-level efforts to reduce disparities in obesogenic behaviors in youth, in this paper, we assessed the change in disparities in meeting guidelines for fruits and vegetables intake (FV), physical activity (PA), and sedentary behavior (SB) among adolescents in the United States in the last 13 years. Methods: Using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (2005-2017), overall and characteristic-specific (sex, age, race/ethnicity) disparities ratios for meeting FV, PA, and SB guidelines were calculated using the Extended Gastwirth Index Method. Linear regressions, one-way analysis of variance, and posthoc tests assessed change in characteristic-specific disparities over the years. Linear and quadratic trends assessed change in characteristic-specific contributions to overall disparities. Results: Sex-specific and age-specific disparities increased for meeting FV and PA and decreased for meeting SB guidelines. Race/ethnicity-specific disparities decreased for meeting FV and SB guidelines. Characteristics-specific contributions to overall disparities for each behavior changed over the years. Conclusions: Disparities in obesogenic behaviors are still an ongoing concern despite national-level efforts to improve adolescents' behaviors. The methodology allowed for meaningful disparities ratios that facilitated comparison of categorical demographic characteristics across the years and identifying targetable intervention groups to reduce disparities
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Demetriou, Cynthia. "Potential Applications of Social Norms Theory to Academic Advising." NACADA Journal 25, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-25.2.49.
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Since the mid-1990s, social norms theory has become prevalent in student development literature and research. Subsequently, social norms interventions to change student behavior have spread across campuses nationwide through marketing campaigns. Theorists and practitioners have applied the social norms approach to primarily health-related student behaviors such as drinking, smoking, violence prevention, and sexual assault. While documented social norms interventions have changed attitudes and behaviors of varying kinds, significant research into its impact on students' academic behaviors and attitudes has not been completed. This article was written to start a conversation about the potential applications of the social norms approach to academic advising.
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Weaver, R. Glenn, Michael W. Beets, Ruth P. Saunders, and Aaron Beighle. "A Coordinated Comprehensive Professional Development Training’s Effect on Summer Day Camp Staff Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Promoting Behaviors." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 6 (August 2014): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0442.
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Background:The YMCA of USA recently adopted Healthy Eating and Physical Activity (HEPA) Standards for their summerday- camps (SDCs). Standards call for staff to exhibit HEPA promoting behaviors while eliminating HEPA discouraging behaviors. No studies have evaluated training programs to influence policy specified staff behaviors and related changes in child activity in SDCs.Method:Four YMCA SDCs serving approximately 800 children/week participated in this no control group pre/post pilot study. Professional development training founded in the 5 Ms (Mission, Model, Manage, Monitor, Maximize) and LET US Play principles (lines; elimination; team size; uninvolved staff/kids; and space, equipment, and rules) was delivered to staff. Outcomes were staff promotion behaviors and child activity assessed via systematic observation instruments.Results:Twelve of 17 HEPA staff behaviors changed in the appropriate direction from baseline to postassessment with 5 behaviors reaching statistically significant changes. The percentage of girls and boys observed in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased from 15.3% to 18.3% (P > .05) and 17.9% to 21.2%, whereas sedentary behavior decreased from 66.8% to 59.8% and 62.3% to 53.6%, respectively.Conclusion:Evidence suggests that the professional development training designed to assist SDCs to meet the HEPA Standards can lead to important changes in staff behaviors and children’s physical activity.
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Lambert, Matthew, and Katherine Kao Cushing. "How low can you go?" International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 18, no. 7 (November 6, 2017): 1142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-08-2015-0145.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the impacts of an ecological footprint (EF) reduction campaign on the pro-environmental behavior of university students, faculty and staff. The campaign emphasized educating participants on specific actions that reduce resource use and the relative environmental benefit of each action. Design/methodology/approach This investigation used a pre-test–post-test design. At the beginning of an academic year, participants were invited to measure their baseline EF and take part in a footprint reduction campaign. At the end of the campaign, participants measured their EF again to see if they were able to reduce it by 10 per cent. Findings Participants in the footprint reduction campaign decreased their EF by 10 per cent. Students changed behaviors related to goods and services the most, resulting in a 16 per cent decrease in footprint for this behavior category. The most significant behavior change for faculty and staff was in the housing category with footprint reductions of 12 and 11 per cent, respectively. The most common behavioral changes in students were low- and no-cost options. Research limitations/implications Because of the general nature of the EF tool, estimates of resource use reduction are approximate. Data describing pro-environmental behaviors were self-reported by participants, making accuracy dependent on participant recollections. Originality/value This paper illustrates how providing quantitative, personalized and university-specific knowledge on the impact of personal lifestyles on natural resources can facilitate significant, measurable pro-environmental behavioral change for the entire campus community. It also provides direction on how to develop targeted sustainability campaigns for different audiences.
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Ali, Shahmir, Niyati Parekh, Ariadna Capasso, Yesim Tozan, Abbey Jones, Joshua Foreman, and Ralph DiClemente. "Changes in Eating Behaviors During COVID-19 and Association With Food Insecurity: Results From a Nation-Wide Online Survey." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab029_003.
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Abstract Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed both a health and economic crisis in the US, with growing concerns on how eating behaviors and food security (risk factors of non-communicable disease) have changed. This study examines changes in food insecurity and eating behaviors during the early months of the pandemic among US adults. Methods A nationwide survey of US adults was conducted in April 2020 through social-media advertisement-based recruitment to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Food insecurity was measured using a six-item validated USDA Household Food Security instrument. Eating behaviors were assessed by asking participants how their eating has changed since the pandemic (“Much More” to “Much Less”). Sociodemographic differences in food behaviors were assessed with chi-square tests, and an adjusted logistic regression model evaluated the association between food insecurity and eating behaviors. Results Overall, 5256 participants had data on eating behaviors; 58.6% were female, 43.8% aged 40–59 years old, and 56.4% were employed. Eating remained unchanged for most participants (52.7%), while 34.6% noted eating more, and 12.7% noted eating less since the pandemic. 85.3% of participants displayed high/marginal food insecurity, while 14.7% displayed low/very-low food security. Compared to those eating more during the pandemic, those eating less were more likely to be younger (24.7% vs. 17.4% aged 18–39), male (42.0% vs. 33.4%), not working, or unemployed (17.1% vs. 13.7%), and make <$30,000 a year (20.7% vs. 12.6%). When adjusting for socio-demographic variables, compared to those whose eating behavior did not change, the adjusted odds of low/very-low food insecurity was higher among both those who were eating less (AOR:6.44, 95%CI:4.96–8.37) and eating more (AOR:1.67, 95%CI:1.33–2.09). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has catalyzed significant food insecurity, with food insecurity being associated with bidirectional changes in food consumption. Public health professionals must critically examine the various contributors of eating behaviors during the pandemic and their link with food insecurity to develop targeted interventions. Funding Sources N/A
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DIPLOCK, KENNETH J., JOEL A. DUBIN, SCOTT T. LEATHERDALE, DAVID HAMMOND, ANDRIA JONES-BITTON, and SHANNON E. MAJOWICZ. "Observation of High School Students' Food Handling Behaviors: Do They Improve following a Food Safety Education Intervention?" Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 6 (May 10, 2018): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-441.
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ABSTRACT Youth are a key audience for food safety education. They often engage in risky food handling behaviors, prepare food for others, and have limited experience and knowledge of safe food handling practices. Our goal was to investigate the effectiveness of an existing food handler training program for improving safe food handling behaviors among high school students in Ontario, Canada. However, because no schools agreed to provide control groups, we evaluated whether behaviors changed following delivery of the intervention program and whether changes were sustained over the school term. We measured 32 food safety behaviors, before the intervention and at 2-week and 3-month follow-up evaluations by in-person observations of students (n = 119) enrolled in grade 10 and 12 Food and Nutrition classes (n = 8) and who individually prepared recipes. We examined within-student changes in behaviors across the three time points, using mixed effects regression models to model trends in the total food handling score (of a possible 32 behaviors) and subscores for “clean” (17 behaviors), “separate” (14 behaviors), and “cook” (1 behavior), adjusting for student characteristics. At baseline, students (n = 108) averaged 49.1% (15.7 of 32 behaviors; standard deviation = 5.8) correct food handling behaviors, and only 5.5% (6) of the 108 students used a food thermometer to check the doneness of the chicken (the “cook” behavior). All four behavior score types increased significantly ∼2 weeks postintervention and remained unchanged ∼3 months later. Student characteristics (e.g., having taken a prior food handling course) were not significant predictors of the total number of correctly performed food handling behaviors or of the “clean” or “separate” behaviors, and working or volunteering in a food service establishment was the only student characteristic significantly associated with food thermometer use (i.e., “cook”) Despite the significant increase in correct behaviors, students continued to use risky practices postintervention, suggesting that the risk of foodborne disease remained.
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McQuestion, Michael J., Ana Quijano Calle, Christopher Drasbek, Thomas Harkins, and Lourdes J. Sagastume. "Social Integration and Health Behavioral Change in San Luis, Honduras." Health Education & Behavior 37, no. 5 (October 2010): 694–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198110363880.
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This study explores the effects of social integration on behavioral change in the course of an intensive, community-based public health intervention. The intervention trained volunteers and mobilized local organizations to promote 16 key family health practices in rural San Luis, Honduras, during 2004 to 2006. A mixed methods approach is used. Standard household sample surveys were performed in 22 villages before and after the intervention. Eight villages were then resurveyed. A household survey, focus groups, and key informant interviews measured health behaviors and several social structural and psychosocial variables. The villages were then ranked on their mean behavioral and social integration scores. The quantitative and qualitative rankings were in close agreement (Kendall’s coefficient of concordance = .707, p < .001). Behaviors changed most markedly in the villages where respondents participated in local organizations, observed that others performed those behaviors, and depended on their neighbors for support. The results show that social integration conditions health behavioral change. Health interventions can be made more effective by analyzing these features a priori.
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Galbiati, Roberto, Emeric Henry, Nicolas Jacquemet, and Max Lobeck. "How laws affect the perception of norms: Empirical evidence from the lockdown." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 24, 2021): e0256624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256624.
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Laws not only affect behavior due to changes in material payoffs, but they may also change the perception individuals have of social norms, either by shifting them directly or by providing information on these norms. Using detailed daily survey data and exploiting the introduction of lockdown measures in the UK in the context of the COVID-19 health crisis, we provide causal evidence that the law drastically changed the perception of the norms regarding social distancing behaviors. We show that this effect of laws on perceived norms is mostly driven by an informational channel and that the intervention made perceptions of social norms converge to the actual prevalent norm.
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Berman, Jacquelin, Manoj Pardasani, Madison Gates, and Mebane Powell. "Innovative Strategies to Reach Diverse Elders: Using Age-Tastic to Improve Health and Well-Being." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 374–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1206.
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Abstract This session will present the findings of a randomized control trial evaluating the impact Age-Tastic has on behavioral change. Age-Tastic is an eight-week intervention that uses game play, group facilitated discussion, and at home activities to promote positive behavioral change. There are five behavioral change domains: emotional well-being, nutrition, financial exploitation, falls prevention, and health literacy. A randomized control trial was conducted in New York City senior centers and include a diverse group of older adults. There were 98 older adults assigned to an experimental or control group. Participants in both groups completed a baseline survey, which was repeated at the end of the intervention and at week sixteen. The experimental (n = 64) and control (n = 34) groups did not significantly differ at baseline in regard to behaviors; however, upon completion of the intervention, the experimental group had significantly changed health behaviors (p < .05) compared to the control group. The behavior change reported by the experimental group was maintained at week sixteen (p < .001) with a medium effect size (ε2 = .17). In addition the experimental group also reported significant improvements at weeks eight (p < .001) and sixteen (p < .001) with large effect sizes (r2 = .62 and .52, respectively). This study found that Age-Tastic is an effective intervention for engaging older adults holistically about their health and wellness and for promoting positive behavioral change among diverse racial and ethnic populations.
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Ito, Takashi, Marcin L. Pilat, Reiji Suzuki, and Takaya Arita. "Population and Evolutionary Dynamics based on Predator–Prey Relationships in a 3D Physical Simulation." Artificial Life 22, no. 2 (May 2016): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00201.
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Recent studies have reported that population dynamics and evolutionary dynamics, occurring at different time scales, can be affected by each other. Our purpose is to explore the interaction between population and evolutionary dynamics using an artificial life approach based on a 3D physically simulated environment in the context of predator–prey and morphology–behavior coevolution. The morphologies and behaviors of virtual prey creatures are evolved using a genetic algorithm based on the predation interactions between predators and prey. Both population sizes are also changed, depending on the fitness. We observe two types of cyclic behaviors, corresponding to short-term and long-term dynamics. The former can be interpreted as a simple population dynamics of Lotka–Volterra type. It is shown that the latter cycle is based on the interaction between the changes in the prey strategy against predators and the long-term change in both population sizes, resulting partly from a tradeoff between their defensive success and the cost of defense.
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Levenets, Jan, Anna Novikovskaya, Sofia Panteleeva, Zhanna Reznikova, and Boris Ryabko. "Using Data-Compressors for Classification Hunting Behavioral Sequences in Rodents as “Ethological Texts”." Mathematics 8, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040579.
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One of the main problems in comparative studying animal behavior is searching for an adequate mathematical method for evaluating the similarities and differences between behavioral patterns. This study aims to propose a new tool to evaluate ethological differences between species. We developed the new compression-based method for the homogeneity testing and classification to investigate hunting behavior of small mammals. A distinction of this approach is that it belongs to the framework of mathematical statistics and allows one to compare the structural characteristics of any texts in pairwise comparisons. To validate a new method, we compared the hunting behaviors of different species of small mammals as ethological “texts.” To do this, we coded behavioral elements with different letters. We then tested the hypothesis whether the behavioral sequences of different species as “texts” are generated either by a single source or by different ones. Based on association coefficients obtained from pairwise comparisons, we built a new classification of types of hunting behaviors, which brought a unique insight into how particular elements of hunting behavior in rodents changed and evolved. We suggest the compression-based method for homogeneity testing as a relevant tool for behavioral and evolutionary analysis.
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Martínez-Jaikel, Tatiana, Edward Frongillo Jr., Christine Blake, Maryah Fram, Adriana Murillo-Castro, and Viviana Esquivel-Solís. "Promoting Co-Responsibility in the Household and Self-Care Through an Intervention for Food-Insecure Women with Excess Body Weight in Costa Rica." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_087.
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Abstract Objectives This intervention targeted change in gender norms and behaviors regarding co-responsibility in the household and self-care among food-insecure women with excess weight. The objectives of this study were to determine what and how changes occurred in perceived gender norms, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors of women and their family and community members regarding co-responsibility and self-care. Methods We conducted a two-arm, 6-month cluster-randomized controlled trial in Alajuela. This qualitative study included 62 women, 34 family members, and 9 community members in the intensive arm. This arm consisted of activities at the individual (12 two-hour sessions, 3 follow-up monthly sessions, and one closing session), household (one workshop with household and community members, and homework with family participation), and community (two brochures and one workshop) levels. Data used were from observations and content analysis of participant comments during the workshops (n = 83), pre- and post-semi-structured interviews (n = 35), and focus groups with participating women (n = 49). Results Women and family members changed attitudes, intentions, gender norms, and behaviors related to co-responsibility and self-care. Concerning co-responsibility, at baseline all women reported doing most of the domestic work. Most women perceived working outside home as favorable, but those with children worried about childcare. At end-line, women reached more equitable distributions of the domestic work. Many women either obtained a job or began a small business at home and found solutions to balance their job with childcare. Women explained that these changes occurred because they had increased psychological empowerment which allowed them to ask for help at home, search for a job, or accept jobs rejected before. Concerning self-care, women and family members changed self-care behaviors and improved relationships because 1) women understood that self-care first allowed them to care for others and 2) women changed first so their family members followed. Conclusions The intervention changed attitudes, intentions, gender norms, and behaviors related to co-responsibility and self-care, which supported improved food security and weight in women. Funding Sources Office of International Affairs, University of Costa Rica.
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Arjoranta, Jonne, Tuomas Kari, and Markus Salo. "Exploring Features of the Pervasive Game Pokémon GO That Enable Behavior Change: Qualitative Study." JMIR Serious Games 8, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): e15967. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15967.
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Background Digital gaming is one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the world. While prior literature concluded that digital games can enable changes in players’ behaviors, there is limited knowledge about different types of behavior changes and the game features driving them. Understanding behavior changes and the game features behind them is important because digital games can motivate players to change their behavior for the better (or worse). Objective This study investigates the types of behavior changes and their underlying game features within the context of the popular pervasive game Pokémon GO. Methods We collected data from 262 respondents with a critical incident technique (CIT) questionnaire. We analyzed the responses with applied thematic analysis with ATLAS.ti (ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH) software. Results We discovered 8 types of behavior changes and 13 game features relevant to those behavior changes. The behavior changes included added activity in life, enhancing routines, exploration, increased physical activity, strengthening social bonds, lowering social barriers, increased positive emotional expression and self-treatment. The game features included reaching a higher level, catching new Pokémon, evolving new Pokémon, visiting PokéStops, exploring PokéStops, hatching eggs, fighting in gyms, collaborative fighting, exploiting special events, finding specific Pokémon, using items, Pokémon theme, and game location tied to physical location. The behavior changes were connected to specific game features, with game location tied to physical location and catching new Pokémon being the most common and connected to all behavior changes. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the surveyed players changed their behaviors while or after playing Pokémon GO. The respondents reported being more social, expressed more positive emotions, found more meaningfulness in their routines, and had increased motivation to explore their surroundings.
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SHAIN, ROCHELLE N., SONDRA T. PERDUE, JEANNA M. PIPER, ALAN E. C. HOLDEN, JANE D. CHAMPION, EDWARD R. NEWTON, and JEFFREY E. KORTE. "Behaviors Changed by Intervention Are Associated With Reduced STD Recurrence." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29, no. 9 (September 2002): 520–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200209000-00005.
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Gynnild, Vidar, and John Sølve Tyssedal. "Can Students' Attitudes and Behaviors be Changed by Educational Interventions?" Dansk Universitetspædagogisk Tidsskrift 15, no. 29 (November 2, 2020): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dut.v15i29.118641.
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This study examined engineering students’ attitudes and behaviors in a first-year Calculus course. Not surprisingly, High School mathematics and physics grades correlated closely with self-reported Calculus grades, and a student survey conducted four years apart demonstrated almost identical attitudes and behaviors despite the introduction of a range of measures aimed to enhance learning. The better the grades, the fairer students deemed it to be, and the less of in-depth learning, the poorer the grades. The higher the ambitions, and the more active and hardworking, the better the grades. Academic success factors included an ability to keep pace with progression, and a commitment to advance learning. The minimal impact of interventions appears as surprising; however, this study brings perspectives to make sense of such data, also capable of producing greater future successes.
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Milne-Ives, Madison, Ching Lam, Caroline De Cock, Michelle Helena Van Velthoven, and Edward Meinert. "Mobile Apps for Health Behavior Change in Physical Activity, Diet, Drug and Alcohol Use, and Mental Health: Systematic Review." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): e17046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17046.
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Background With a growing focus on patient interaction with health management, mobile apps are increasingly used to deliver behavioral health interventions. The large variation in these mobile health apps—their target patient group, health behavior, and behavioral change strategies—has resulted in a large but incohesive body of literature. Objective This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of mobile apps in improving health behaviors and outcomes and to examine the inclusion and effectiveness of behavior change techniques (BCTs) in mobile health apps. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science were systematically searched for articles published between 2014 and 2019 that evaluated mobile apps for health behavior change. Two authors independently screened and selected studies according to the eligibility criteria. Data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed by one reviewer and validated by a second reviewer. Results A total of 52 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis—37 studies focused on physical activity, diet, or a combination of both, 11 on drug and alcohol use, and 4 on mental health. Participant perceptions were generally positive—only one app was rated as less helpful and satisfactory than the control—and the studies that measured engagement and usability found relatively high study completion rates (mean 83%; n=18, N=39) and ease-of-use ratings (3 significantly better than control, 9/15 rated >70%). However, there was little evidence of changed behavior or health outcomes. Conclusions There was no strong evidence in support of the effectiveness of mobile apps in improving health behaviors or outcomes because few studies found significant differences between the app and control groups. Further research is needed to identify the BCTs that are most effective at promoting behavior change. Improved reporting is necessary to accurately evaluate the mobile health app effectiveness and risk of bias.
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Yasmeen, Bushra, Nermeen Jamshaid, Muhammad Zohaib Khan, Munnaza Salman, and Raza Ullah. "DIETARY PATTERNS." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 06 (June 10, 2015): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.06.1254.
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In order to promote healthful trends, insight is needed in the behavioraldeterminants of nutrition behaviors. Most research on behavioral determinants has been linkedwith individuals’ physical health and socio-economic factors. However, health behavior isinfluenced by individual physical health and abilities. Multiple dynamics of chronic illnesseswithin human body influenced the dietary patterns. For disease prognosis, doctors advisedpatients to observe preventive measures. Objective: The researchers tried to identify thechanges in the dietary patterns protective effects of food consumption such as mutton, chicken,beef, snacks and sweets on chronic illnesses that reduce the risk factors and contribute in thepatients’ health behaviors. Setting: The empirical data was collected from three Dialysis Units:Mayo Hospital, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore General Hospital and all admitted patients of PunjabInstitute of Cardiology, Lahore. Methodology: These four hospitals have good turn-over ofthe patients should in this exploratory study, purposive sampling method was used. For thecollection of quantitative data, a hospital-based survey was conducted by using a structuredinterview schedule. Study Subjects: 275 patients (131-cardiac and 144-renal failure) including184 males (67%) and 91 females (33%) between age of 20 to 110 years were interviewed. Agemean ± standard deviation was 44 years; S.D = 15.338. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics(frequencies, percentages) and multiple response tables were deployed to find out the researchgoals across heart and kidney diseases. Results: Results indicates that before illness, majority238 (86.5%) of the patients took three meals. After illness, 34% patients changed the foodconsumption. In two meals, 96.7% patients used vegetables, 86.2% used pulses along withchapatti, and 98.5% used tap water to drink. In other drinks, 87.6% used tea, 50.5% used milk,and 52% used to drink lassi. A high proportion (65%) of patients for first treatment consultswith GP’s. 10.6% changed their food consumption on the advice of hakeem/homeopathic and10.6% changed on the advices of others. 78% were unable to perform their daily activities andneed help; 89% patients changed food choices; and 86% patients follow doctors’ advices.Conclusion: Change in diet is a contributing factor towards health and well-being duringillness. It reduces risk factors and a good indicator of patients’ health behaviors to cope withthe disease.
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Ahn, Jin Hee, Shigenobu Kainuma, In Tae Kim, and Young Soo Jeong. "Assessment of Shear Behaviors of a Web Panel with Free Lower Boundary." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.120.
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Shear behaviors of a web panel are changed by web boundary conditions and web panel with free web boundary has been reported by severe corrosion damage. In this study, post shear buckling behaviors of web panel with free-lower web boundary was examined to evaluate its shear failures and strengths depending on its web boundary changed by corrosion. Thus, nonlinear finite element analyses were carried out to identify their post buckling behaviors. Their shear behaviors and shear failure mode were compared as well as comparisons of their behaviors depending on aspect ratio and boundary conditions.
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Emoto, Shuhei, Noriyasu Ando, Hirokazu Takahashi, and Ryohei Kanzaki. "Insect-Controlled Robot – Evaluation of Adaptation Ability –." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 4 (August 20, 2007): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0436.
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Insects can adapt to various environments and perform adaptive behaviors with their simple nervous system. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying these adaptive behaviors has been expected to lead to novel control systems in robotics. In this study, we proposed and developed a robot controlled by an insect in order to evaluate the adaptability of insects. This robot reproduced the behavior of a male silkmoth (Bombyx mori) tethered on it with high precision, and was successful in reproducing the pheromone-oriented behavior that is an adaptive behavior of the male silkmoth. When we changed the forward motor gain of the robot, its speed changed based on the manipulation. However, the manipulated robot performed the same ability for the sex-pheromone orientation as existed before the manipulation. This implied that the programmed behavior pattern of the pheromone-oriented behavior was robust and important for successful orientation, which did not depend on the speed of movement. This robot exhibits a new method to manipulate interaction between the body and the environment and is expected to prove useful as a new experimental platform for analyzing adaptability.
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Feuerbacher, Erica N., and Kristy L. Muir. "Using Owner Return as a Reinforcer to Operantly Treat Separation-Related Problem Behavior in Dogs." Animals 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2020): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071110.
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Separation-related problem behavior (SRPB) is a severe behavioral issue in which dogs engage in a variety of undesirable behaviors when the owner is absent, such as destructive behavior and excessive vocalization. Given the severity and high prevalence of SRPB, finding effective treatments is crucial. To date, most treatments have relied on habituation to increase tolerance to owner absence. Additionally, research has typically not utilized direct observations of the dog’s behavior and the treatment implemented with unknown treatment integrity. We evaluated an operant approach to SRPB using owner return as the reinforcer. After collecting baseline, we enrolled five dogs for treatment. Treatment involved differential reinforcement of either absence of problem behavior or occurrence of specific desirable behaviors. Behavioral criteria for delivering reinforcement changed based on the dog’s performance assessed through direct observation. We coached owners to ensure treatment integrity on each trial. From baseline, mean time to SRPB was 27.1 s. During treatment, all dogs increased their ability to stay alone without SRPB compared to baseline, indicating that contingent owner return can be a useful treatment. However, despite four training sessions, only one dog was able to stay alone for over 5 min. Our data demonstrate the slow-going progression of this SPRB treatment and the challenges of this behavioral issue.
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Myerson, Joel, Michael J. Strube, Leonard Green, and Sandra Hale. "Individual differences in COVID-19 mitigation behaviors: The roles of age, gender, psychological state, and financial status." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): e0257658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257658.
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The present study examined individual characteristics potentially associated with changes in mitigation behaviors (social distancing and hygiene) recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis of online survey responses from 361 adults, ages 20–78, with US IP addresses, identified significant correlates of adaptive behavioral changes, with implications for preventive strategies and mental health needs. The extent to which individuals changed their mitigation behaviors was unrelated to self-rated health or concern regarding the personal effects of COVID-19 but was related to concern regarding the effects of the pandemic on others. Thus, mitigation behaviors do not appear to be primarily motivated by self-protection. Importantly, adaptive changes in mitigation behaviors increased with age. However, these changes, particularly those related to the frequency of close proximity encounters, appear to be due to age-related decreases in anxiety and depression. Taken together, the present results argue against over-reliance on ‘fear appeals’ in public health messages as they may increase anxiety and depression. Instead, the present findings argue for more appeals to people’s concern for others to motivate mitigation as well as indicating an immediate need to address individual mental health concerns for the sake of society as a whole.
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Cao, Gang, Dong Sheng Xia, and Lei Sun. "Study on the Corrosion Electrochemical Behaviors of Three Kinds of Metal in Eutrophic Fresh Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.70.
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The environment of fresh water has been changed greatly because of eutrophication, which made the corrosion behaviors of metals in this water become more and more complex. Presently, the study on the corrosion behaviors and mechanism of metals in eutrophic fresh water was very rare; therefore, we considered the research on this field was a very meaningful work. In this paper, the corrosion behaviors of three kinds of metal in eutrophic fresh water were studied by electrochemical methods, the influence of temperature, value of pH and dissolving oxygen content on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of three kinds of metals were investigated mostly.
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Cao, Gang, Dong Sheng Xia, and Lei Sun. "Study on the Corrosion Electrochemical Behaviors of Carbon Steel in Eutrophic Fresh Water." Advanced Materials Research 1089 (January 2015): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1089.89.
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The environment of fresh water has been changed greatly because of eutrophication, which made the corrosion behaviors of metals in this water become more and more complex. Presently, the study on the corrosion behaviors and mechanism of metals in eutrophic fresh water was very rare; therefore, we considered the research on this field was a very meaningful work. In this paper, the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel in eutrophic fresh water were studied by electrochemical methods, the influence of temperature, value of pH and dissolving oxygen content on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel were investigated mostly.
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Aktürk, Zekeriya, Klaus Linde, Alexander Hapfelmeier, Raphael Kunisch, and Antonius Schneider. "The Effects of an Educational Intervention on COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in People with Migratory Background: A Before-after Study." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (July 31, 2021): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.4.974.
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Background: This study investigated the feasibility to conduct an educational webinar for improving COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in Munich.
Methods: A before-after experiment was conducted in Turkish-speaking family physician offices. Turkish-speaking participants (n=245) of a cross-sectional study evaluating COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were invited to an educational webinar. COVID-19 vaccination intention and knowledge (25 true/false items) were the primary outcomes. Also, attitudes and behaviors to COVID-19 vaccination were asked using Likert scales (min. 1, max. 5).
Results: Knowledge (22.8±1.5 vs. 23.1±1.5) and behavior (4.1±0.4 vs. 4.2±0.3) scores did not change after the intervention, nor changed the intention to be vaccinated (p>0.05). However, there was a significant increase in the attitude scores from mean 3.9±0.5 to 4.2±0.5 (p=0.009). The webinar received high scores (mean 4.7±0.2).
Conclusion: We suggest educational interventions involving key persons from the Turkish-speaking community as peer trainers to change the negative attitudes towards vaccination.
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Wang, Qing, John Rizzo, and Hai Fang. "Changes in Smoking Behaviors following Exposure to Health Shocks in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 2905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122905.
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Background: Evidence suggests that following major individual health shocks, smokers change their smoking behaviors. However, little is known about the association between spousal health shocks and smoking. This study examined the contemporaneous and long-term effects of individual and spousal health shocks on males’ smoking behaviors in China. Methods: This study employed a nation-wide data base from the 1991–2011 China Health and Nutrition Study. Random effects models were estimated to ascertain the impacts of health shocks on males’ smoking behavior. Smoking behaviors were measured by smoking status, smoking consumption and smoking cessation. Results: In the short term, respondents who incurred health shocks decreased their likelihood of smoking by 10%. In addition, health shocks decreased the likelihood of heavy smoking versus the combined moderate and light categories by 41.6%, and increased their likelihood of quitting by 85.3% for ever smokers. Spousal health shocks had no significant effects on individual smoking behaviors. The long-term effects were similar to the short term impacts. Conclusions: People changed their smoking behaviors in response to their own health experiences but not those of their spouses. Antismoking messages about the health effects on others are unlikely to influence individual smoking behaviors, unless individuals believed that they are personally vulnerable to smoking-related diseases.
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Kennel, Julie. "Health and Wellness Coaching Improves Weight and Nutrition Behaviors." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 12, no. 6 (August 9, 2018): 448–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827618792846.
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Most Americans have an eating pattern inconsistent with the Dietary Guidelines, putting them at risk for obesity and chronic disease. Health and wellness coaching (HWC) for lifestyle behavior change is emerging as a potentially effective tool to prevent and treat chronic disease. A systematic literature review identified 11 randomized controlled trials studying the use of HWC for improving nutrition-related biomarkers and eating behaviors. These trials demonstrate efficacy of HWC across diverse populations and treatment modalities. Almost all (82%) of the trials showed an improvement in at least one outcome. The most commonly studied outcomes were weight, blood pressure, and fruit, vegetable, and fat intake. There are several gaps in the research. The assessment of nutrition-related behaviors can be expanded to include assessment of diet quality and eating patterns associated with chronic disease prevention. Research is needed to evaluate HWC for nutrition-related biomarkers and behaviors in understudied populations with known health disparities. In addition, the health coaching dosage for long-term maintenance of changed outcomes and behaviors is inconsistent or unknown. These gaps will be important to address to determine policies and best practices for future application of HWC.
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Huettner, Tim, Sandra Dollhaeupl, Ralph Simon, Katrin Baumgartner, and Lorenzo von Fersen. "Activity Budget Comparisons Using Long-Term Observations of a Group of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care: Implications for Animal Welfare." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072107.
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Zoos and aquaria must provide optimal husbandry conditions and the highest welfare standards for their animals. How the welfare state of an animal or a group of animals can be precisely assessed is currently under debate, and new approaches are necessary to reliably evaluate changes in welfare. One particular measure that is easily applicable is behavioral observations. However, for dolphins and other cetaceans under human care, reliable behavior-based measures are rare. Using long-term observations of a group of bottlenose dolphins, we investigate how their activity budgets and different behaviors changed over time and are impacted by construction noise. Additionally, we investigate whether behavioral differences are also reflected in changes in the dolphins’ performance during daily training sessions. Our results show that construction noise significantly alters the dolphins’ behavior. Play behavior decreases during construction periods; most importantly, the frequency of fast swimming activities significantly increased, and at the same time, a decrease in training performance is found. Additionally, inter- and intraindividual behavioral differences are attributed to factors, such as age or weaning. Significant changes in a dolphin’s activity budget can also pose potential welfare concerns. Thus, this study highlights the importance of regularly assessing and analyzing the behavior of dolphins under human care. Behavioral observations are essential welfare indicators and can—when complemented with other measures, such as assessment of training performance—provide zoo staff with important information about each individual’s state of welfare.
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Barton, Mary Kay. "Health behaviors not significantly changed by direct-to-consumer genetic testing." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 67, no. 3 (March 8, 2017): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21368.
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Gray, Stacy W., Sarah E. Gollust, Deanna Alexis Carere, Clara A. Chen, Angel Cronin, Sarah S. Kalia, Huma Q. Rana, et al. "Personal Genomic Testing for Cancer Risk: Results From the Impact of Personal Genomics Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6 (February 20, 2017): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.67.1503.
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Purpose Significant concerns exist regarding the potential for unwarranted behavior changes and the overuse of health care resources in response to direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing (PGT). However, little is known about customers’ behaviors after PGT. Methods Longitudinal surveys were given to new customers of 23andMe (Mountain View, CA) and Pathway Genomics (San Diego, CA). Survey data were linked to individual-level PGT results through a secure data transfer process. Results Of the 1,042 customers who completed baseline and 6-month surveys (response rate, 71.2%), 762 had complete cancer-related data and were analyzed. Most customers reported that learning about their genetic risk of cancers was a motivation for testing (colorectal, 88%; prostate, 95%; breast, 94%). No customers tested positive for pathogenic mutations in highly penetrant cancer susceptibility genes. A minority of individuals received elevated single nucleotide polymorphism-based PGT cancer risk estimates (colorectal, 24%; prostate, 24%; breast, 12%). At 6 months, customers who received elevated PGT cancer risk estimates were not significantly more likely to change their diet, exercise, or advanced planning behaviors or engage in cancer screening, compared with individuals at average or reduced risk. Men who received elevated PGT prostate cancer risk estimates changed their vitamin and supplement use more than those at average or reduced risk (22% v 7.6%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.44 to 8.18). Predictors of 6-month behavior include baseline behavior (exercise, vitamin or supplement use, and screening), worse health status (diet and vitamin or supplement use), and older age (advanced planning, screening). Conclusion Most adults receiving elevated direct-to-consumer PGT single nucleotide polymorphism-based cancer risk estimates did not significantly change their diet, exercise, advanced care planning, or cancer screening behaviors.
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Mao, Jinpeng, Yuexiang Lu, Ning Chang, Jiaoe Yang, Jiacheng Yang, Sichun Zhang, and Yueying Liu. "A nanoplasmonic probe as a triple channel colorimetric sensor array for protein discrimination." Analyst 141, no. 13 (2016): 4014–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an00302h.
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The salt-induced aggregation, nanoparticle regrowth and self-assembly behaviors of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and DNA conjugates could be changed after interaction with different proteins, generating various color changes and a unique fingerprint pattern for each protein.
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Ellsworth, R., N. J. Sann, L. Kvecher, D. L. Ellsworth, and C. D. Shriver. "Is a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer an effective motivational factor for lifestyle change?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 9602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9602.
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9602 Background: While survival rates for patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer have increased dramatically, survivors often face a host of adverse health effects. Factors such as obesity, physical activity and tobacco may contribute to decreased survival and quality of life. Here, we evaluated behavioral risk factors in patients with and without breast cancer to determine whether a diagnosis of invasive disease was sufficient motivation to modify lifestyle choices. Methods: The dataset included patients undergoing surgical procedures between 2001 and 2006 and diagnosed with malignant (n=299) or benign (n=130) breast disease and who had baseline and 1-year follow-up information available. Changes in BMI, fat intake, exercise frequency, alcohol and tobacco use, caffeine consumption and frequency of breast self exam (BSE) were assessed. Results: At baseline (diagnosis), significantly more (P<0.005) invasive patients (70%) were menopausal compared to benign patients (48%), no other patient characteristics were significantly different between malignant and benign groups at baseline; a majority in both groups were overweight, non (current) smokers, and consumed high fat diets, ∼40% reported exercising >3 times/week, >60% had high (>500 mg/day) levels of caffeine and consumed low (<1 drink/month) levels of alcohol. The only modifiable behavior that showed a significant change (P<0.05) between baseline and 1-year from diagnosis was compliance with recommended BSE frequency in invasive patients, improving from 61% of patients at baseline to 72% one year later; a concomitant change was not seen in benign patients. No other behaviors changed either from baseline to 1-year or between invasive and benign patients. Conclusions: The paucity of behavioral changes after a diagnosis of breast cancer suggests that a diagnosis of breast cancer is not sufficient motivation to promote healthier lifestyles. Our data suggest a need for increased health-related behavioral counseling and support systems to successfully modify personal behaviors. Development and implementation of lifestyle recommendations have the potential to improve the health and quality of life of breast cancer survivors. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Andersen, Thea Otte, Agnete Skovlund Dissing, Tibor V. Varga, and Naja Hulvej Rod. "The SmartSleep Experiment: Evaluation of changes in night-time smartphone behavior following a mass media citizen science campaign." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): e0253783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253783.
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The increasing 24-hour smartphone use is of public health concern. This study aims to evaluate whether a massive public focus on sleep and smartphone use generated through a large-scale citizen science project, the SmartSleep Experiment, influence participants’ night-time smartphone behavior. A total of 8,894 Danish adults aged 16 and above participated in the SmartSleep Experiment, a web-based survey on smartphones and sleep behavior. The survey was carried out for one week in 2018, combined with an extensive national mass media campaign focusing on smartphone behaviors and sleep. A follow-up survey aimed at evaluating whether survey-participants had changed their night-time smartphone behavior was carried out two weeks after the campaign. A total of 15% of the participants who used their smartphone during sleep hours at baseline had changed their night-time smartphone behavior, and 83% of those indicated that they used their smartphone less at follow-up. The participants who had changed their smartphone behavior had primarily taken active precautions to avoid night-time smartphone use, e.g., activating silent mode (36%) or reduced their smartphone use before (50%) and during sleep hours (52%). The reduction in sleep problems (54%), recognition of poor smartphone behavior (48%), and the increased focus on night-time smartphone use (42%) were motivational factors for these behavior changes. Using citizen science and mass media appeared to be associated with changes in night-time smartphone behavior. Public health projects may benefit from combining citizen science with other interventional approaches.
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Pierotti, Rachael S., Milli Lake, and Chloé Lewis. "Equality on His Terms: Doing and Undoing Gender through Men’s Discussion Groups." Gender & Society 32, no. 4 (June 21, 2018): 540–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218779779.
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Efforts to promote gender equality often encourage changes to interpersonal interactions as a way of undermining gender hierarchy. Such programs are premised on the idea that the gender system can be “undone” when individuals behave in ways that challenge prevailing gender norms. However, scholars know little about whether and under what conditions real changes to the gender system can result from changed behaviors. We use the context of a gender sensitization program in the Democratic Republic of Congo to examine prospects for transformative change at the interactional level of the gender system. Over nine months, we observed significant changes in men’s quotidian practices. Further, we identified a new commitment among many men to a more equal division of household labor. However, participants consistently undermined the transformative potential of these behavioral changes through their dedication to maintaining control over the objective, process, and meaning of change, resisting conceptions of equality that challenged the gender system. Because quotidian changes left gender hierarchy intact, they appear unlikely to destabilize the logics that legitimate women’s subordination.
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Lee, Den-Ching A., Lesley Day, Caroline F. Finch, Keith Hill, Lindy Clemson, Fiona McDermott, and Terry P. Haines. "Investigation of Older Adults’ Participation in Exercises Following Completion of a State-wide Survey Targeting Evidence-based Falls Prevention Strategies." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2014-0012.
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This paper examines whether involvement in an observational study may prompt participants to change their exercise behaviors. Data were collected from 394 older community dwellers in Victoria, Australia using a baseline survey, and 245 of these participated in a follow-up survey one year later. Survey domains were drawn from constructs of relevant health behavior models. Results showed that the proportion of respondents who were currently participating in exercises to prevent falls at follow-up was 12% higher than at baseline (Wilcoxon p value < .001). Twenty-nine percent reported they had changed their perceptions about falls and their risk of falls, with comments focused on threat appraisal. Forty-four percent reported having taken strategies to reduce their risk of falling, with comments based on implementation of different preventive strategies. Respondents who held favorable views toward exercises for the prevention of falls appear to change their behaviors that might address falls when participating in observational studies.
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Lopopolo, Rosalie B. "Hospital Restructuring and the Changing Nature of the Physical Therapist's Role." Physical Therapy 79, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/79.2.171.
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Abstract Background and Purpose. This study was conducted to identify role behavior changes of acute care physical therapists and changes in the organizational and professional context of hospitals following restructuring. Methods. A Delphi technique, which involved a panel of 100 randomly selected acute care physical therapy managers, was used as the research design for this study. Responses from rounds 1 and 2 were synthesized and organized into exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories for round 3. Data obtained from round 3 were used to develop a comprehensive perspective on the changes that have occurred. Results. Changed role behaviors in patient care and professional interaction, including increased emphasis on evaluation, planning, teaching, supervising, and collaboration, appeared to be extensions of unchanged role behaviors. Reported changes in the structural and professional context of physical therapy services included using critical pathways to guide care, providing services system-wide, and using educational activities and meetings to maintain a sense of community. The importance of professionalism to physical therapists' work was identified and related to specific role behavior changes. Conclusion and Discussion. The changing role of physical therapists in acute care hospitals includes an increased emphasis on higher-level skills in patient care and professional interaction and the continuing importance of professionalism.
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Kojima, Takuro, Reiji Suzuki, and Takaya Arita. "Effects of Ecological Inheritance on Coevolution of Cooperative Behaviors and Physically Niche Constructing Behaviors." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 3 (May 20, 2014): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0391.
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Niche construction is a process whereby organisms that modify their own or others’ niches through their ecological activities. Recent studies have revealed that changes in social structures of interactions caused by social niche construction of individuals can affect seriously the evolution of cooperation. However, such a social niche also could be changed indirectly by a modification of their physical environment. Our purpose is to clarify the coevolution of cooperative behavior and physically niche-constructing behavior that modifies social niche indirectly. For this purpose, we constructed an evolutionary model in which each individual has not only a strategy for a spatial Prisoner’s Dilemma but also has traits for a niche-constructing behavior for modifying its physical environment that can limit social interactions between neighboring individuals. By conducting evolutionary experiments, we show that a cyclic coevolution between cooperative behavior and niche-constructing behavior occurred in the situation with no or low degree of ecological inheritance, in which the constructed niche could not be inherited in succeeding generations at all. Conversely, when the degree of ecological inheritance was high, the evolution of cooperation was promoted by the emerged environmental structure constructed by the evolved niche-constructing behavior. We also show that the condition for each scenario to occur depends on the settings of the payoff parameters as well as the degree of ecological inheritance.
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Johnston, Craig A. "The Impact of Weight-Based Discrimination in the Health Care Setting." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6, no. 6 (August 22, 2012): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827612456348.
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Considerable attention has been given to the behaviors that need to be changed in individuals who are overweight and obese. Much less attention has been given to the behaviors that need to be changed in health care professionals who treat these individuals. Specifically, health care professionals, similar to the general population, have been shown to engage in weight-based discrimination. The impact this may have on patients is discussed.