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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Channel selectivity

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Academic literature on the topic 'Channel selectivity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Channel selectivity"

1

Liu, Shian, Paul J. Focke, Kimberly Matulef, Xuelin Bian, Pierre Moënne-Loccoz, Francis I. Valiyaveetil, and Steve W. Lockless. "Ion-binding properties of a K+ channel selectivity filter in different conformations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 49 (November 23, 2015): 15096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510526112.

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K+ channels are membrane proteins that selectively conduct K+ ions across lipid bilayers. Many voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels contain two gates, one at the bundle crossing on the intracellular side of the membrane and another in the selectivity filter. The gate at the bundle crossing is responsible for channel opening in response to a voltage stimulus, whereas the gate at the selectivity filter is responsible for C-type inactivation. Together, these regions determine when the channel conducts ions. The K+ channel from Streptomyces lividians (KcsA) undergoes an inactivation process that is functionally similar to KV channels, which has led to its use as a practical system to study inactivation. Crystal structures of KcsA channels with an open intracellular gate revealed a selectivity filter in a constricted conformation similar to the structure observed in closed KcsA containing only Na+ or low [K+]. However, recent work using a semisynthetic channel that is unable to adopt a constricted filter but inactivates like WT channels challenges this idea. In this study, we measured the equilibrium ion-binding properties of channels with conductive, inactivated, and constricted filters using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). EPR spectroscopy was used to determine the state of the intracellular gate of the channel, which we found can depend on the presence or absence of a lipid bilayer. Overall, we discovered that K+ ion binding to channels with an inactivated or conductive selectivity filter is different from K+ ion binding to channels with a constricted filter, suggesting that the structures of these channels are different.

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Kelner, K. L. "Choosing Channel Selectivity." Science's STKE 2006, no. 361 (November 8, 2006): tw387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.3612006tw387.

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Mikušević, Vedrana, Marina Schrecker, Natalie Kolesova, Miyer Patiño-Ruiz, Klaus Fendler, and Inga Hänelt. "A channel profile report of the unusual K+ channel KtrB." Journal of General Physiology 151, no. 12 (October 17, 2019): 1357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201912384.

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KtrAB is a key player in bacterial K+ uptake required for K+ homeostasis and osmoadaptation. The system is unique in structure and function. It consists of the K+-translocating channel subunit KtrB, which forms a dimer in the membrane, and the soluble regulatory subunit KtrA, which attaches to the cytoplasmic side of the dimer as an octameric ring conferring Na+ and ATP dependency to the system. Unlike most K+ channels, KtrB lacks the highly conserved T(X)GYG selectivity filter sequence. Instead, only a single glycine residue is found in each pore loop, which raises the question of how selective the ion channel is. Here, we characterized the KtrB subunit from the Gram-negative pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus by isothermal titration calorimetry, solid-supported membrane–based electrophysiology, whole-cell K+ uptake, and ACMA-based transport assays. We found that, despite its simple selectivity filter, KtrB selectively binds K+ with micromolar affinity. Rb+ and Cs+ bind with millimolar affinities. However, only K+ and the poorly binding Na+ are efficiently translocated, based on size exclusion by the gating loop. Importantly, the physiologically required K+ over Na+ selectivity is provided by the channel’s high affinity for potassium, which interestingly results from the presence of the sodium ions themselves. In the presence of the KtrA subunit, sodium ions further decrease the Michaelis–Menten constant for K+ uptake from milli- to micromolar concentrations and increase the Vmax, suggesting that Na+ also facilitates channel gating. In conclusion, high binding affinity and facilitated K+ gating allow KtrAB to function as a selective K+ channel.

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Lam, Yee Ling, Weizhong Zeng, Mehabaw Getahun Derebe, and Youxing Jiang. "Structural implications of weak Ca2+ block in Drosophila cyclic nucleotide–gated channels." Journal of General Physiology 146, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201511431.

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Calcium permeability and the concomitant calcium block of monovalent ion current (“Ca2+ block”) are properties of cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channel fundamental to visual and olfactory signal transduction. Although most CNG channels bear a conserved glutamate residue crucial for Ca2+ block, the degree of block displayed by different CNG channels varies greatly. For instance, the Drosophila melanogaster CNG channel shows only weak Ca2+ block despite the presence of this glutamate. We previously constructed a series of chimeric channels in which we replaced the selectivity filter of the bacterial nonselective cation channel NaK with a set of CNG channel filter sequences and determined that the resulting NaK2CNG chimeras displayed the ion selectivity and Ca2+ block properties of the parent CNG channels. Here, we used the same strategy to determine the structural basis of the weak Ca2+ block observed in the Drosophila CNG channel. The selectivity filter of the Drosophila CNG channel is similar to that of most other CNG channels except that it has a threonine at residue 318 instead of a proline. We constructed a NaK chimera, which we called NaK2CNG-Dm, which contained the Drosophila selectivity filter sequence. The high resolution structure of NaK2CNG-Dm revealed a filter structure different from those of NaK and all other previously investigated NaK2CNG chimeric channels. Consistent with this structural difference, functional studies of the NaK2CNG-Dm chimeric channel demonstrated a loss of Ca2+ block compared with other NaK2CNG chimeras. Moreover, mutating the corresponding threonine (T318) to proline in Drosophila CNG channels increased Ca2+ block by 16 times. These results imply that a simple replacement of a threonine for a proline in Drosophila CNG channels has likely given rise to a distinct selectivity filter conformation that results in weak Ca2+ block.

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Zheng, Jie, and Fred J. Sigworth. "Selectivity Changes during Activation of Mutant Shaker Potassium Channels." Journal of General Physiology 110, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.110.2.101.

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Mutations of the pore-region residue T442 in Shaker channels result in large effects on channel kinetics. We studied mutations at this position in the backgrounds of NH2-terminal–truncated Shaker H4 and a Shaker -NGK2 chimeric channel having high conductance (Lopez, G.A., Y.N. Jan, and L.Y. Jan. 1994. Nature (Lond.). 367: 179–182). While mutations of T442 to C, D, H, V, or Y resulted in undetectable expression in Xenopus oocytes, S and G mutants yielded functional channels having deactivation time constants and channel open times two to three orders of magnitude longer than those of the parental channel. Activation time courses at depolarized potentials were unaffected by the mutations, as were first-latency distributions in the T442S chimeric channel. The mutant channels show two subconductance levels, 37 and 70% of full conductance. From single-channel analysis, we concluded that channels always pass through the larger subconductance state on the way to and from the open state. The smaller subconductance state is traversed in ∼40% of activation time courses. These states apparently represent kinetic intermediates in channel gating having voltage-dependent transitions with apparent charge movements of ∼1.6 e0. The fully open T442S chimeric channel has the conductance sequence Rb+ > NH4+ > K+. The opposite conductance sequence, K+ > NH4+ > Rb+, is observed in each of the subconductance states, with the smaller subconductance state discriminating most strongly against Rb+.

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Du, Xiaofei, Joao L. Carvalho-de-Souza, Cenfu Wei, Willy Carrasquel-Ursulaez, Yenisleidy Lorenzo, Naileth Gonzalez, Tomoya Kubota, et al. "Loss-of-function BK channel mutation causes impaired mitochondria and progressive cerebellar ataxia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 4, 2020): 6023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920008117.

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Despite a growing number of ion channel genes implicated in hereditary ataxia, it remains unclear how ion channel mutations lead to loss-of-function or death of cerebellar neurons. Mutations in the geneKCNMA1, encoding the α-subunit of the BK channel have emerged as responsible for a variety of neurological phenotypes. We describe a mutation (BKG354S) inKCNMA1, in a child with congenital and progressive cerebellar ataxia with cognitive impairment. The mutation in the BK channel selectivity filter dramatically reduced single-channel conductance and ion selectivity. The BKG354Schannel trafficked normally to plasma, nuclear, and mitochondrial membranes, but caused reduced neurite outgrowth, cell viability, and mitochondrial content. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of endogenous BK channels had similar effects. The BK activator, NS1619, rescued BKG354Scells but not siRNA-treated cells, by selectively blocking the mutant channels. When expressed in cerebellum via adenoassociated virus (AAV) viral transfection in mice, the mutant BKG354Schannel, but not the BKWTchannel, caused progressive impairment of several gait parameters consistent with cerebellar dysfunction from 40- to 80-d-old mice. Finally, treatment of the patient with chlorzoxazone, a BK/SK channel activator, partially improved motor function, but ataxia continued to progress. These studies indicate that a loss-of-function BK channel mutation causes ataxia and acts by reducing mitochondrial and subsequently cellular viability.

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Guo, Jiangtao, Weizhong Zeng, and Youxing Jiang. "Tuning the ion selectivity of two-pore channels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 5 (January 17, 2017): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616191114.

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Organellar two-pore channels (TPCs) contain two copies of aShaker-like six-transmembrane (6-TM) domain in each subunit and are ubiquitously expressed in plants and animals. Interestingly, plant and animal TPCs share high sequence similarity in the filter region, yet exhibit drastically different ion selectivity. Plant TPC1 functions as a nonselective cation channel on the vacuole membrane, whereas mammalian TPC channels have been shown to be endo/lysosomal Na+-selective or Ca2+-release channels. In this study, we performed systematic characterization of the ion selectivity of TPC1 fromArabidopsis thaliana(AtTPC1) and compared its selectivity with the selectivity of human TPC2 (HsTPC2). We demonstrate that AtTPC1 is selective for Ca2+over Na+, but nonselective among monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, and K+). Our results also confirm that HsTPC2 is a Na+-selective channel activated by phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate. Guided by our recent structure of AtTPC1, we converted AtTPC1 to a Na+-selective channel by mimicking the selectivity filter of HsTPC2 and identified key residues in the TPC filters that differentiate the selectivity between AtTPC1 and HsTPC2. Furthermore, the structure of the Na+-selective AtTPC1 mutant elucidates the structural basis for Na+selectivity in mammalian TPCs.

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Gosselin-Badaroudine, Pascal, Adrien Moreau, Louis Simard, Thierry Cens, Matthieu Rousset, Claude Collet, Pierre Charnet, and Mohamed Chahine. "Biophysical characterization of the honeybee DSC1 orthologue reveals a novel voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel subfamily: CaV4." Journal of General Physiology 148, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201611614.

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Bilaterian voltage-gated Na+ channels (NaV) evolved from voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV). The Drosophila melanogaster Na+ channel 1 (DSC1), which features a D-E-E-A selectivity filter sequence that is intermediate between CaV and NaV channels, is evidence of this evolution. Phylogenetic analysis has classified DSC1 as a Ca2+-permeable Na+ channel belonging to the NaV2 family because of its sequence similarity with NaV channels. This is despite insect NaV2 channels (DSC1 and its orthologue in Blatella germanica, BSC1) being more permeable to Ca2+ than Na+. In this study, we report the cloning and molecular characterization of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) DSC1 orthologue. We reveal several sequence variations caused by alternative splicing, RNA editing, and genomic variations. Using the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system and the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique, we find that the channel exhibits slow activation and inactivation kinetics, insensitivity to tetrodotoxin, and block by Cd2+ and Zn2+. These characteristics are reminiscent of CaV channels. We also show a strong selectivity for Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions, marginal permeability to Li+, and impermeability to Mg2+ and Na+ ions. Based on current ion channel nomenclature, the D-E-E-A selectivity filter, and the properties we have uncovered, we propose that DSC1 homologues should be classified as CaV4 rather than NaV2. Indeed, channels that contain the D-E-E-A selectivity sequence are likely to feature the same properties as the honeybee’s channel, namely slow activation and inactivation kinetics and strong selectivity for Ca2+ ions.

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Thompson, Jill, and Ted Begenisich. "Selectivity filter gating in large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels." Journal of General Physiology 139, no. 3 (February 27, 2012): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201110748.

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Membrane voltage controls the passage of ions through voltage-gated K (Kv) channels, and many studies have demonstrated that this is accomplished by a physical gate located at the cytoplasmic end of the pore. Critical to this determination were the findings that quaternary ammonium ions and certain peptides have access to their internal pore-blocking sites only when the channel gates are open, and that large blocking ions interfere with channel closing. Although an intracellular location for the physical gate of Kv channels is well established, it is not clear if such a cytoplasmic gate exists in all K+ channels. Some studies on large-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels suggest a cytoplasmic location for the gate, but other findings question this conclusion and, instead, support the concept that BK channels are gated by the pore selectivity filter. If the BK channel is gated by the selectivity filter, the interactions between the blocking ions and channel gating should be influenced by the permeant ion. Thus, we tested tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) and the Shaker “ball” peptide (BP) on BK channels with either K+ or Rb+ as the permeant ion. When tested in K+ solutions, both TBA and the BP acted as open-channel blockers of BK channels, and the BP interfered with channel closing. In contrast, when Rb+ replaced K+ as the permeant ion, TBA and the BP blocked both closed and open BK channels, and the BP no longer interfered with channel closing. We also tested the cytoplasmically gated Shaker K channels and found the opposite behavior: the interactions of TBA and the BP with these Kv channels were independent of the permeant ion. Our results add significantly to the evidence against a cytoplasmic gate in BK channels and represent a positive test for selectivity filter gating.

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Dudev, Todor, and Carmay Lim. "Ion Selectivity Strategies of Sodium Channel Selectivity Filters." Accounts of Chemical Research 47, no. 12 (October 24, 2014): 3580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar5002878.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Channel selectivity"

1

Ranatunga, Kishani M. "Computational studies of ion channel permeation and selectivity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325774.

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Livesey, Matthew Robert. "Molecular determinants of single channel conductance and ion selectivity in cationic Cys-loop receptor channels." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510623.

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Thomson, Andrew Shane. "Voltage-dependent gating at the selectivity filter of the MthK K+ channel." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/214824.

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Biochemistry
Ph.D.
Voltage-dependent K+ channels can undergo a gating process known as C-type inactivation. This type of gating consists of entry into a nonconducting state that may involve conformational changes near the channel's selectivity filter. However, the details of the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here, I report on a form of voltage-dependent inactivation gating observed in MthK, a prokaryotic K+ channel that lacks a canonical voltage sensor. In single-channel recordings, I observed that open probability (Po) decreases with depolarization, with a half-maximal voltage of 96 ± 3 mV. This gating is kinetically distinct from blockade by internal Ca2+ or Ba2+, suggesting that it may arise from an intrinsic inactivation mechanism. Inactivation gating was shifted toward more positive voltages by increasing external [K+] (47 mV per 10-fold increase in [K+]), suggesting that K+ binding at the extracellular side of the channel stabilizes the open-conductive state. The open-conductive state was stabilized by other external cations, and selectivity of the stabilizing site followed the sequence: K+ ≈ Rb+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+ ≈ NMG+. Selectivity of the stabilizing site is somewhat weaker than that of sites that determine permeability of these ions, consistent with the idea that the site may lie toward the external end of the MthK selectivity filter. MthK gating was described over a wide range of positive voltages and external [K+] using kinetic schemes in which the open-conductive state is stabilized by K+ binding to a site that is not deep within the electric field, with the voltage-dependence of inactivation arising from both voltage-dependent K+ dissociation and transitions between nonconducting (inactivated) states. Studies of C-type inactivation in voltage-gated K+ channels have demonstrated that inactivation can be enhanced by quaternary ammonium (QA) derivatives, which block current through the channel by binding to a site at the cytoplasmic side of the pore. Enhancement of inactivation is thought to occur through a mechanism in which QA blockade leads to depletion of K+ ions in the pore, thus driving the channel toward the inactivated state. I tested this model by using divalent cations to block the current through the MthK channel, and then quantifying the effects on inactivation. I observed that the voltage-dependence of blockade by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Sr2+ was approximately equal (zδ ≈ 0.4 e0 for blockade by each of the divalent cations), suggesting a similar location for the site of blockade. However, Ca2+ and Sr2+ were found to enhance inactivation, whereas Mg2+ does not. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that Ca2+ and Sr2+ bind to a site (S5) closer to the selectivity filter than Mg2+, consistent with the idea that binding of a divalent cation to S5 enhances inactivation; the bound cation may in turn electrostatically interact with K+ ions in the selectivity filter to break the K+ conduction cycle. Previous studies on inactivation in KcsA have identified a critical residue involved in the mechanism of C-type inactivation in this channel. This residue, E71, is located in a region known as the pore helix, and is involved in a hydrogen bonding network involving a tryptophan residue also in the pore helix, as well as an aspartic acid residue in the selectivity filter, which drives the channel toward the inactivated state. However, mutation to alanine breaks the hydrogen bonding network and effectively prevents inactivation. To determine whether a similar mechanism may enhance inactivation in MthK, I performed mutagenesis at the MthK residue analogous to KcsA E71 (V55). In single channel recordings, I observed that mutation to glutamate (V55E) destabilized the open state of the channel, consistent with the idea that a hydrogen bonding network that drives the channel toward the inactivated state may be formed in MthK to enhance inactivation, similar to the mechanism proposed for KcsA. These results, along with previous findings, suggest that inactivation gating is linked to the selectivity filter of the channel. In most K+ selective channels, the selectivity filter is composed of a sequence of highly-conserved residues (TVGYG). Within this sequence, the sidechain of the conserved threonine residue determines the entry to the selectivity filter, and may thus be a key regulator of the K+ conduction cycle. Interestingly, the rapidly inactivating voltage-gated K+ channel, HERG, contains a serine at this position instead of a threonine. To determine the impact of a change from threonine to serine, I quantified effects of the mutation T59S in MthK on conduction and inactivation, and further probed these effects using blockade by divalent cations. I observed that this mutation reduces channel conductance and enhances inactivation, compared to the wild type channel, and enhanced blockade by Sr2+. MD simulations suggested an increased energy barrier for K+ ions to enter the selectivity filter, which may account for the decreased conductance. In addition, the serine sidechain may effect a redistribution of K+ within the selectivity filter, which may impact stability of the conducting state. Overall, my results suggest that several mechanisms contribute to K+ channel inactivation, involving a combination of ion-ion interactions in the pore, structural interactions among residues in the selectivity filter that may affect the stability of the conducting state, and interactions between ions and a key sidechain at the entry to the selectivity filter. Further understanding of these components of the inactivation process may provide a clearer picture of the mechanisms that generate diversity in gating properties among K+ channels.
Temple University--Theses

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Bukovnik, Urska. "Biophysical studies of m2glyr modified sequences: The effect of electrostatics on ion channel selectivity." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13101.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Biochemistry
John M. Tomich
Channel replacement therapy represents a new treatment modality that could augment existing therapies against cystic fibrosis. It is based on designing synthetic channel-forming peptides (CFPs) with desirable selectivity, high ion transport rates and overall ability to supersede defective endogenous chloride channels. We derived synthetic CFPs from a peptide initially reconstituted from the second transmembrane segment of the α-subunit of Glycine receptor (M2GlyR). Our best candidate peptide NK4-M2GlyR T19R, S22W (p22-T19R, S22W) is soluble in aqueous solutions, has the ability to deliver itself to the epithelial cell membranes without the use of a delivery system, is non-immunogenic, but when assembled into a pore, lacks the structural properties for anion selectivity. Previous findings suggested that threonine residues at positions 13, 17 and 20 line the pore of assembled p22-T19R, S22W and recent studies indicated that an introduction of positively charged 2, 3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap) at either T13 or T17 in the sequence increases transepithelial ion transport rates across the apical membranes of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. This study focused on further structural modifications of the pore-lining interface of p22-T19R, S22W assembled pore. It was hypothesized that singly, doubly or triply introduced Dap residues modify the pore geometry and that their positively charged side chains impact discrimination for anions. Dap-substituted p22-T19R, S22W peptides retain the α-helical secondary structure characteristic for their parent p22-T19R, S22W. The sequences containing multiple Dap-substituted residues induce higher short circuit current across the epithelial MDCK cells compared to peptides with single Dap-substitutions or no Dap-substitutions. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings using Xenopus oocytes indicate that Dap-substituted peptide assemblies induce higher levels of voltage-dependent but non-selective ion current relative to p22-T19R, S22W. Studies using the D-enantiomer of p22-T19R, S22W and shorter truncated sequences of a full length L-p22-T19R, S22W and L-Dap-substituted peptides provided evidence that peptide-induced ion transport rates can be attributed to formation of de novo pathways. Results of preliminary computer modeling studies indicate that Dap residues affect the pore geometry but not ion selectivity. Future studies focusing on modifying the existing electrostatic environment towards anion selectivity will focus on staggering the charged residues of Dap at various locations inside synthetic pores.

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Lam, Andy Ka Ming. "Electrophysiological characterization of the human two-pore channel 2." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a16d16e-f692-40d7-87f7-920151896038.

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The Two-pore channel (TPC1-3) family represents a recently identified class of endolysosomal ion channels. TPCs were originally proposed to be promising candidate channels for NAADP-induced Ca²⁺ release. However, subsequent studies have emerged to propose an alternative view where TPCs may be Na+-selective channels regulated by the lysosome-specific phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2 or voltage in an isoform-dependent manner. This thesis asks the question of whether pharmacological and ion permeation properties of TPCs, in particular the human TPC2, may satisfy or may be consistent with the requirement of a potential NAADP-sensitive Ca²⁺-release channel. These fundamental properties of hTPC2 were approached using patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal fluorescence microscopy, and were analysed quantitatively to extract relevant physical parameters important to our understanding of their physiological and functional significance. Chapter 2 presents the basic electrophysiological characterisation of hTPC2. It follows a logical way by first determining the ion permeation properties, followed by the investigation of its physical relation with fractional Ca²⁺ current and Ca²⁺ nanodomains to rigorously prove that this Na⁺ selectivity is sufficient to ensure negligible Ca²⁺ leakage both experimentally and theoretically. This follows the logic that matter must not be created nor destroyed so that a Na+-selective channel that poses a physiologically significant energy barrier to Ca²⁺ permeation from one side would not lead to the creation of Ca²⁺ on the other side. Chapter 3 represents a natural progression from Chapter 2 and is aimed at investigating the underlying mechanisms responsible for the electrophysiological ion selectivity observed. This chapter also follows a logical way by first identifying spermine as a high valence intracellular blocker, its mutual antagonism with different external ionic species that allows the determination of ion-binding affinity, followed by the determination of the concentration dependence of ion conduction to identify possible lower affinity binding. By considering all the above qualities, the outcome is a coherent description and connection of ion binding selectivity, kinetic selectivity and ion binding configuration with the observed electrophysiological selectivity. Chapter 4 discusses the missing puzzles and how these questions might be addressed.

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Firth, Jahn Michael. "Structural mechanisms of gating at the selectivity filter of the human cardiac ryanodine receptor (hRyR2) channel." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/89098/.

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The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) contains structural elements within the channel pore that function as gates to regulate the release of intracellular calcium, initiating cardiac muscle contraction. The precise regulation of these gates is critical in maintaining normal cardiac function, and channel dysfunction, resulting in altered calcium handling, underlies the mechanisms of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. The enormous size of RyR2 has impeded the gathering of detailed structural information, hence the structural determinants for channel gating remain unknown. Structural modelling studies have revealed similarities between the RyR2 pore and the K+ channel, KcsA, providing a framework in which to test channel gating mechanisms. A region termed the selectivity filter is a gating component in K+ channels, involved in inactivation and flicker closings, and its conformation is maintained by a transient hydrogen-bonding network. This project examined the role of the RyR2 selectivity filter in channel gating by generating mutants at analogous positions to KcsA that either disrupted (Y4813A, D4829A and Y4839A) or maintained (Y4813W, D4829E and Y4839W) a proposed hydrogen-bonding network, and assessed their intracellular Ca2+ release, ryanodine modification and biophysical properties. Y4813A and D4829A had drastic effects on channel function, whereas retaining physicochemical properties of conservative mutations, Y4813W and Y4839W, maintained the functional characteristics of WT RyR2. Flicker closings were affected by Y4839A mutation however, in general, single-channel gating for Y4813W, Y4839A and Y4839W was comparable to WT RyR2. Interestingly, monitoring single-channels for prolonged periods revealed novel insights into channel behaviour, characterised by inherent fluctuations in channel activity under steady-state conditions. This thesis reveals that the selectivity filter region is an important component for RyR2 channel function. However, it remains unclear whether the selectivity filter regulates channel gating, as the proposed hydrogen-bonding network would not be possible due to altered residue distances revealed from recent high-resolution RyR structural models.

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Abrams, Christopher John. "Studies of the molecular basis of selectivity and gating in the inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29921.

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1. The molecular basis of selectivity and gating were investigated in wild-type and mutant forms of the inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.1 (IRK1). 2. Kir2.1 channels show characteristic time-dependent gating kinetics due to a reversible voltage-dependent channel block by cytoplasmic polyamines. Mutations at Asp 172 in the M2 domain revealed that a negative charge at this position is the main criterion of time-dependent gating kinetics in Kir2.1. 3. Kir channels are blocked by Cs+ and Rb+ in a voltage-dependent manner, characteristic of many Kir channels. Rb+ and Cs+ block in Kir2.1 was abolished by replacing Asp 172 by Asn, but was re-established by a change to Gln, narrowing the pore. However, blocking affinity was reduced by the mutation to Gln. 4. When Asp 172 was mutated to Glu, narrowing the pore but retaining the negative charge, block by both Cs+ and Rb+ was increased relative to wild-type. 5. Replacing Gly 168 in M2 by Ala was suggested to widen the pore at position 172. The effect of this mutation on Cs+ and Rb+ block was relatively small. 6. There appears to be a balance between charge and pore size in determining whether icons block or permeate. A major part of the selectivity of Kir2.1 is associated with Asp 172 in the M2 domain. This site also determines the time-dependent activation gating of the channel. 7. Mutation of Asp 172 to Ser were predicted to abolish both Cs+ and Rb+ block in Kir2.1, but blocking affinity was similar to WT. Therefore, other properties of the pore must contribute to Cs+ and Rb+ block at position 172 in addition to the electrostatic and steric effects identified in this study.

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Mikušević, Vedrana [Verfasser], Inga [Akademischer Betreuer] Hänelt, Inga [Gutachter] Hänelt, and Klaus [Gutachter] Fendler. "Ion selectivity of the unusual K+ channel KtrAB / Vedrana Mikušević ; Gutachter: Inga Hänelt, Klaus Fendler ; Betreuer: Inga Hänelt." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212930231/34.

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Moffat, Jeffrey C. "Properties of Conductance and Inhibition of Proton Channels: M2 from Influenza A Virus and Fo from Escherichia coli ATP Synthase." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/479.

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Proton channels are essential for many of the processes of life. The influenza A viral protein M2 is responsible for sensing the conditions necessary for viral RNA release. The proton-translocating FoF1 ATPase (ATP synthase) uses a proton gradient to drive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. We have directly measured proton uptake in vesicles containing reconstituted M2 or FO by monitoring external pH after addition of valinomycin to vesicles with 100-fold diluted external [K+]. This proton flux assay was utilized to quantify proton flux through single M2 and Fo channels. Contrary to previous reports, proton uptake by M2 was not significantly altered by acidification of the extravesicular pH. We conclude that pH only weakly affects proton flux through M2 in the pH range of 5.4 - 7.0. Theoretical analysis utilized for such vesicle uptake assays illuminates the appropriate time scale of the initial slope and an important limitation that must be placed on inferences about channel ion selectivity. The rise in pH over 10 seconds after ionophore addition yielded time-averaged single channel conductances of 0.35±0.2 aS and 0.72±0.4 aS at pH 5.4 and 7.0 respectively. Such a low time-average conductance implies that M2 is only conductive 10^-6 to 10^-4 of the time. M2 selectivity for hydrogen over potassium is ~10^7. Fo translocates protons across membranes, converting electrochemical energy to rotational inertia. Previous experiments have been partially confounded by a contaminating channel, CL, which co-purifies with Fo and leaks cations. CL activity is shown to not decrease following deletion of the previously uncharacterized yraM open reading frame of E. coli. Fo purified from a deletion strain lacking yraM is just as active as Fo purified from the wild-type strain. Using Fo from the deletion strain, the single-hit hypothesis of DCCD inhibition of passive proton flux through Fo was examined. A DCCD-induced reduction in ATP synthase activity correlates with a reduction in the total initial slope, the number of functional Fo per µg protein, and the single channel proton flux. At least 2 DCCD per Fo are required to totally inactivate passive proton flux. M2 and Fo have similar single channel conductances but different open probabilities.

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Yücek, Tevfik. "Self-interference Handling in OFDM Based Wireless Communication Systems." Scholar Commons, 2003. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1511.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation scheme that provides efficient bandwidth utilization and robustness against time dispersive channels. This thesis deals with self-interference, or the corruption of desired signal by itself, in OFDM systems. Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter-carrier Interference (ICI) are two types of self-interference in OFDM systems. Cyclic prefix is one method to prevent the ISI which is the interference of the echoes of a transmitted signal with the original transmitted signal. The length of cyclic prefix required to remove ISI depends on the channel conditions, and usually it is chosen according to the worst case channel scenario. Methods to find the required parameters to adapt the length of the cyclic prefix to the instantaneous channel conditions are investigated. Frequency selectivity of the channel is extracted from the instantaneous channel frequency estimates and methods to estimate related parameters, e.g. coherence bandwidth and Root-mean-squared (RMS) delay spread, are given. These parameters can also be used to better utilize the available resources in wireless systems through transmitter and receiver adaptation. Another common self-interference in OFDM systems is the ICI which is the power leakage among different sub-carriers that degrades the performance of both symbol detection and channel estimation. Two new methods are proposed to reduce the effect of ICI in symbol detection and in channel estimation. The first method uses the colored nature of ICI to cancel it in order to decrease the error rate in the detection of transmitted symbols, and the second method reduces the effect of ICI in channel estimation by jointly estimating the channel and frequency offset, a major source of ICI.

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Books on the topic "Channel selectivity"

1

Rizek, Randy. Ionic selectivity and regulation of maitotoxin-activated nonselective cation channels in rat cardiac myocytes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.

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1923-, Lubin Bernard, ed. Research on professional consultation and consultation for organizational change: A selectively annotated bibliography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1997.

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Khaĭrullin, V. I. I︠A︡zykovai︠a︡ izbiratelʹnostʹ i vyskazyvanie. Moskva: URSS, 2011.

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Castel, Alan D., Catherine D. Middlebrooks, and Shannon McGillivray. Monitoring Memory in Old Age. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.3.

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Although a variety of memory changes accompany old age, an important question is the degree to which older adults are aware of these changes, and how older adults may or may not accurately monitor their own memory. Monitoring refers to the ability to assess how well one will remember certain information at a later time. In some cases, older adults may be overconfident about memory performance, whereas, in other situations, older adults may be highly aware of their memory abilities and demonstrate appropriate predictions and insight. This chapter will provide an overview of current research regarding this topic to shed light on the degree to which metacognitive monitoring may be intact in older adults. We discuss why this has implications for how older adults can use strategies to selectively remember important information, as well as future directions for metacognitive aging research.

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Diprose, Kristina, Gill Valentine, Robert Vanderbeck, Chen Liu, and Katie McQuaid. Climate Change, Consumption and Intergenerational Justice. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529204735.001.0001.

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This book examines lived experiences and perceptions of climate change, changing consumption practices, and intra- and intergenerational justice with urban residents in China, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. The book draws on an interdisciplinary research programme called INTERSECTION, which was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council from 2014 to 2017. INTERSECTION was an innovative, cross-national programme that employed participatory arts and social research methods with urban residents in three cities: Jinja in Uganda, Nanjing in China, and Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Drawing together a unique dataset from these three cities -- which are very differently positioned in relation to global networks of production and consumption, (de)industrialisation and vulnerability to climate change -- the research demonstrates how people engage selectively with the ‘global storm’ and the ‘intergenerational storm’ of climate change. The research reveals a ‘human sense of climate’ that clouds its framing as an issue of either international and intergenerational justice. Its chapters focus on the global and intergenerational dimensions of climate change, local narratives of climate change, moral geographies of climate change, intergenerational perspectives on sustainable consumption, and imaging alternative futures through community based and creative research practices.

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Masrani, Abdulrahman, and Bulent Arslan. Selective Retrograde Thoracic Duct Embolization. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0066.

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Thoracic duct injury is potential complication of neck surgeries, especially surgeries that include neck dissection. It can present as a lymphatic drainage at the wound site, chylous fistula, chylothorax, chylomediastinum, chylopericardium, lymphocele, persistent lymphorrhea, or secondary lymphedema. This complication is managed with intraoperative repair of the injury if recognized, conservative measures of dietary changes and octeriotide, thoracic duct embolization by interventional radiology, or surgical re-exploration of the wound with repair of the injury. This chapter describes a technique to selectively embolize the injured lymphatic branch of the thoracic duct utilizing coils and Onyx instead of embolizing the main duct. This technique eliminates the need for nodal or pedal lymphogram and thus saves time, effort, and reduces expense.

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Weiss, Meredith L. The Roots of Resilience. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750045.001.0001.

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This book examines governance from the ground up in the world's two most enduring electoral authoritarian or “hybrid” regimes—Singapore and Malaysia—where politically liberal and authoritarian features are blended to evade substantive democracy. Although skewed elections, curbed civil liberties, and a dose of coercion help sustain these regimes, selectively structured state policies and patronage, partisan machines that effectively stand in for local governments, and diligently sustained clientelist relations between politicians and constituents are equally important. While key attributes of these regimes differ, affecting the scope, character, and balance among national parties and policies, local machines, and personalized linkages—and notwithstanding a momentous change of government in Malaysia in 2018—the similarity in the overall patterns in these countries confirms the salience of these dimensions. As the book shows, taken together, these attributes accustom citizens to the system in place, making meaningful change in how electoral mobilization and policymaking happen all the harder to change. This authoritarian acculturation is key to the durability of both regimes, but, given weaker party competition and party–civil society links, is stronger in Singapore than Malaysia. High levels of authoritarian acculturation, amplifying the political payoffs of what parties and politicians actually provide their constituents, explain why electoral turnover alone is insufficient for real regime change in either state.

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Rhodes, R. A. W. On Westminster. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786115.003.0011.

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This chapter is not an example of comparative politics but of area studies, a field that is descriptive, cultural, historical, and contextual, seeking to analyse a country or region. The chosen area is the dominion countries of the British Commonwealth. The chosen method is the textual analysis of primary sources: speeches, writings, evidence to inquiries, and interviews by heads of the public services. This chapter analyses how the heads of the public services articulate the traditions of ‘constitutional bureaucracy’ found in Westminster systems of parliamentary government and selectively draw on past understandings to understand present-day changes. It describes traditions under challenge that reshape reforms as reforms reshape them. In each case, it is not a question of ‘in with the new, out with the old’, but of ‘in with the new alongside key components of the old’. The myths and legends of yore remain germane to the modern public service.

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Paxman, Andrew. Empire at Atencingo. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190455743.003.0006.

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At the war’s end, Jenkins began to fulfill his pledge to his wife of a return to the United States, commissioning a Los Angeles mansion and selling his mill, but one of the rural properties he had acquired gave him the chance to fulfil his boyhood dreams of farming and to develop a third fortune, in sugar. After the Revolution, fragile provincial governments like that of Puebla relied on capitalists to generate tax revenue and make them loans; they were therefore willing to apply the Revolution’s promise of property redistribution quite selectively, to protect men like Jenkins from rural radicals, and to permit them create private militia. These dispositions not only safeguarded Jenkins’s Atencingo plantation but enabled him to prey further on elite landowners, often widows. During the 1920s and 1930s, Jenkins thereby seized eight further sugar plantations, annexing them to Atencingo, to create the largest landholding in the state’s history.

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Kucinskas, Jaime. Making Mindfulness Appealing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881818.003.0005.

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This chapter traces the process through which contemplatives transformed Buddhist meditation into many contemplative subcultures to resonate with specific professional audiences in science, business, education, and the military. Contemplatives translated meditation into local vernacular languages, eliminated religious elements unlikely to resonate with targeted audiences, and adapted traditional religious goals of meditation to align with institutional aims. These translation processes created a variegated contemplative culture that was selectively coupled to match certain institutional structures and norms, while decoupled from other aspects of the institutional status quo in an effort to promote individual growth and broader change. The various forms of contemplative culture made the movement appealing to many audiences. While the wide variety of forms helped contemplative practice to spread widely and forestalled opposition from outsiders, the wide variety of forms also had shortcomings. Contemplative leaders lack of regulation over the dynamic processes altering their Buddhist-inspired practices, led to some cultural forms that failed to support their initial purposes and goals.

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Book chapters on the topic "Channel selectivity"

1

Weik, Martin H. "adjacent channel selectivity." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_379.

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Godfraind, Théophile. "The tissue selectivity of calcium antagonists." In Calcium Channel Blockers, 113–29. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7859-3_4.

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Lim, Carmay, and Todor Dudev. "Potassium Versus Sodium Selectivity in Monovalent Ion Channel Selectivity Filters." In The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life, 325–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_10.

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Menzinger, Michael. "The M + X2 Reactions: Paradigms of Selectivity and Specificity in Electronic Multi-Channel Reactions." In Selectivity in Chemical Reactions, 457–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3047-6_27.

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Bernèche, Simon. "Potassium Channel Selectivity and Gating at the Selectivity Filter: Structural Basis." In Encyclopedia of Biophysics, 1926–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_380.

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6

Woolley, G. Andrew, Andrei V. Starostin, Radu Butan, D. Andrew James, Holger Wenschuh, and Mark S. P. Sansom. "Engineering Charge Selectivity in Alamethicin Channels." In Novartis Foundation Symposium 225 - Gramicidin and Related Ion Channel-Forming Peptides, 62–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470515716.ch5.

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Mironov, Sergei L. "Modulation of Ionic Selectivity of Ca Channels in the Neuronal Membrane by Ca Ions." In Calcium and Ion Channel Modulation, 43–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0975-8_4.

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8

Lühring, H., W. Hanke, R. Simmoteit, and U. B. Kaupp. "Cation Selectivity of the cGMP-Gated Channel of Mammalian Rod Photoreceptors." In Sensory Transduction, 169–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5841-1_13.

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9

Cramer, W. A., F. S. Cohen, A. R. Merrill, A. Nakazawa, K. Shirabe, J. W. Shiver, and S. Xu. "Mutagenesis of the Cooh-Terminal Channel Domain of Colicin E1 Affecting the Ion Selectivity of the Channel." In The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, 77–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3075-9_6.

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Morad, Martin. "Proton-Induced Transformation in Gating and Selectivity of the Calcium Channel in Neurons." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 187–200. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470513699.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Channel selectivity"

1

Peik, S. F., J. Jiang, and R. R. Mansour. "High selectivity reconfigurable filters with controlled channel bandwidth." In 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imws-amp.2017.8247394.

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Mestre, Xavier, and David Gregoratti. "Eigenvector precoding for FBMC modulations under strong channel frequency selectivity." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing for Communications (ICC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2015.7249077.

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Athaudage, C. R. N., M. Saito, and J. Evans. "Capacity of OFDM systems in Nakagami-m fading channels: The role of channel frequency selectivity." In 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2008.4699716.

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Maria, K. A., N. Sutisna, Y. Nagao, L. Lanante, M. Kurosaki, B. Sai, and H. Ochi. "Channel selectivity schemes for re-transmission diversity in industrial wireless system." In 2017 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isesd.2017.8253333.

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Choi, Youngchan, Sangduk Yu, Kichang Jang, Jungsoo Choi, Jungeui Park, Wooju Jeong, and Joongho Choi. "An active-RC filter with variable bandwidth and channel-selectivity characteristics." In 2008 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socdc.2008.4815563.

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Szoka, Edward C., and Alyosha Molnar. "Circuit Techniques for Enhanced Channel Selectivity in Passive Mixer-First Receivers." In 2018 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfic.2018.8429040.

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Mestre, Xavier, and Eleftherios Kofidis. "Pilot-based channel estimation for FBMC/OQAM systems under strong frequency selectivity." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2016.7472367.

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8

Chin, W. H., D. B. Ward, and A. G. Constantinides. "An algorithm for exploiting channel time selectivity in pilot-aided MIMO systems." In GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2005.1577377.

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Maria, K. A., Y. Nagao, L. Lanante, M. Kurosaki, and H. Ochi. "Re-transmission diversity with fast channel selectivity for reliable industrial WLAN system." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icit.2017.7915531.

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10

Dhar, Sayantan, Sudipta Maity, Bhaskar Gupta, D. R. Poddar, and Rowdra Ghatak. "A CPW fed slot loop Minkowski fractal antenna with enhanced channel selectivity." In 2012 International Conference on Communications, Devices and Intelligent Systems (CODIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/codis.2012.6422259.

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