Academic literature on the topic 'Chapman, Mark David'

CHAPMAN, D.S. was born on August 31, 1942 on Vancouver, Canada. Son of Margaret and Harry Chapman and part of a large family with 4 more siblings. Married with Inga Hahn, who know at University British Columbia. David Chapman passed away unexpectedly on 10 March in Vancouver, British Columbia. Dave was an extraordinary researcher, teacher, mentor, and administrator. He loved to demonstrate what could be accomplished using the back of an envelope, a pencil, and a little brainpower. His research in geophysics spanned the globe, using measurements of temperature to understand topics from plate tectonics to climate change. His teaching, from equations on napkins discussed during coffee breaks to his classroom demonstrations to his exemplary example of ethical behavior, left an indelible mark on thousands of students and colleagues around the world. As Dean of the Graduate School he engineered changes to programs to the benefit of all students. We all will miss Dave and his ever upbeat attitude towards problems large and small. In honor him, the UTAH University create the Chapman Found supports unique educational and research opportunities for both graduate and undergraduate students. He receive too the Rosenblatt Prize at UTAH University.

Presentación En septiembre de 2017, la Asociación Colombiana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología (ACAAI) y la Organización Mundial de Alergia (WAO) celebraron conjuntamente en la Ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia, dos eventos únicos: el XI Congreso Colombiano de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología y el Simposio WAO “Alergia a ácaros: de la ciencia básica a las aplicaciones clínicas”. Los organizadores se esmeraron a fondo en ofrecer un programa de contenido novedoso e interesante, pero también en lograr una convocatoria numerosa y de calidad que motivara la presentación de trabajos libres. Para ello, se emprendió una ambiciosa gestión con el fin de lograr la publicación de los resúmenes en una revista de impacto para la especialidad, llegando a un acuerdo con la Revista de Alergia de México, líder en las áreas de la alergología y la inmunología en la región, y órgano oficial de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología (SLAAI). Alergología Presentación Carlos D. Serrano R. Adherence to pharmacotherapy improves school performance in children with rhinitis and asthma Jorge Mario Sánchez, Andrés Sánchez, Ricardo Cardona Adherencia a la inmunoterapia sublingual y subcutánea en los pacientes del servicio de alergología de una institución en salud. Medellín, Colombia Ana Milena Acevedo, Rosa Farfán, Ruth Ramírez, Ricardo Cardona Aerobiological study in Lima, Peru Silvia Uriarte,Óscar Calderón Aerobiological study in Peruvian cities Silvia Uriarte,Óscar Calderón Alergia al trigo en un adulto. Reporte de un caso Ricardo Cardona, Karen Hernández, Julián Londoño Alimentación complementaria antes de los 4 meses de edad y su relación con asma, rinitis y eccema Karol Cervantes De la Torre, Francisco Guillén-Grima Alta frecuencia de sensibilización a camarón entre pacientes con rinitis alérgica sin consumo previo María Angélica Muñoz, Estefanía Hernández Susana Diez, Jorge Sánchez Alteraciones psicosociales entre escolares y adolescentes con alergias respiratorias en Medellín, Colombia Juan José Yepes, Víctor Calvo, Ricardo Cardona Anafilaxia causada por cidra y yuca. Reporte de caso Emerson Daniel Amaya-Ruiz Anafilaxia en lactante alérgico a la proteína de la leche de vaca Ana María Calle-Álvarez, Carlos Fernando Chinchilla Anafilaxia perioperatoria. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura María Clara Vásquez-Maya, Mónica Molina, Ricardo Cardona Anafilaxia tardía tras la ingesta de carnes rojas con sensibilización a alfa-gal. Reporte de caso María Beatriz García-Paba Asma alérgica infantil severa resistente que remite tras manejo con omalizumab. Reporte de caso Miguel Ángel Daza-Cruz, Andrés Felipe Mantilla-Santamaría Association of IgE profiles to micro-arrayed house dust mite allergens with allergic symptoms measured in a house dust mite challenge chamber Azahara Rodríguez-Domínguez, Yvonne Resch, Petra Zieglmayer, Rudolf Valenta, Susanne Vrtala Ausencia de reactividad cruzada entre aril propiónicos. Reporte de caso Julián Londoño, Ricardo Cardona Calidad de vida en población pediátrica con dermatitis atópica atendidos en una unidad especializada de alergología de Medellín, Colombia Ruth Ramírez-Giraldo, Iris Castelblanco-Arango, Víctor Calvo, Carlos Chinchilla-Mejía, Ricardo Cardona-Villa Caracterización clínica de pacientes con rinosinusitis crónica en un centro ambulatorio de alergología e inmunología en Bogotá Carlos Olmos-Olmos Clinical efficacy of cat or dog allergen A real-life study Silvia Uriarte, Joaquín Sastre Comparison of several combinations maintenance and reliever therapy for asthma patients Pablo Andrés Miranda-Machado Comportamiento de las gastroenteropatías eosinofílicas en la población pediátrica Carolina Gallego-Yepes, Luisa María Holguín-Gómez, Yuliana Toro-Colorado, Carlos Fernando Chinchilla-Mejía Conocimientos básicos en alergología en una cohorte de médicos generales que ingresan a residencia diferente de alergología Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes De anafilaxia por Culex a síndrome de activación mastocitaria en un paciente adulto Ricardo Cardona, Emerson Daniel Amaya-Ruiz, María Angélica Muñoz-Ávila Dermatitis de contacto no tan obvias: descripción de casos Carolina Gómez-García, Edison Morales-Cárdenas Desensibilización a quimioterápicos: nuestra experiencia David Baquero-Mejía, Alfredo Iglesias-Cadarso, María del Mar Goñi-Yeste, María del Mar Reaño-Martos, Marta Rodríguez-Cabrero, Matilde Rodríguez-Mosquera Desensibilización exitosa a ciclofosfamida. Reporte de un caso Diana Lucía Silva-Espinosa, Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes Desensibilización exitosa a hierro sacarosa endovenoso. Descripción de dos casos Edgardo Antonio Chapman-Ariza, Leidy Álvarez-Ricardo, Dalyla Leal, Mónica Duarte-Romero, Elizabeth García Desensibilización exitosa con tocilizumab. Reporte de un caso Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Diana Lucía Silva-Espinosa, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes Diagnóstico molecular en alergia a camarón y langostino Diana Lucía Silva-Espinosa, Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes Eritrodermia recurrente que condujo al diagnóstico de síndrome hipereosinofílico Liliana María Tamayo-Quijano, Lina María Aguirre-Hernández ¿Es la levadura un alérgeno importante en la alergia a licores? Reporte de caso Yuliana Toro-Colorado Esofagitis eosinofílica en niños de una región intertropical Luisa Holguín-Gómez Experiencia de inmunoterapia con extractos no modificados durante un año en un centro ambulatorio de Bogotá Carlos Olmos-Olmos, Catalina Gómez-Parada Lizeth Florez Exposición y sensibilización a insectos en pacientes alérgicos en el trópico Jorge Mario Sánchez, Andrés Sánchez, Ricardo Cardona Exposure and sensitization to dust mites in Peruvian cities Silvia Uriarte, Óscar Calderón, Víctor Iraola Factores sociodemográficos y su relación con el nivel de control del asma en pacientes pediátricos del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño de Perú César Galván-Calle, Ricardo Muñoz-León, David García-Gomero, Edgar Matos-Benavides, Wilmer Córdova-Calderón, María López-Talledo Frecuencia de reacción alérgica a la triple viral en 94 pacientes con alergia a huevo Jorge Mario Sánchez, Ruth Ramírez, Ricardo Cardona Herramienta de orientación en casos de incertidumbre de intolerancia a AINE Ricardo Cardona, Julián Londoño, Felipe Arboleda, Víctor Calvo Hipersensibilidad a AINE en niños: lo que no se ajusta a la clasificación María Angélica Muñoz-Ávila, Ruth Helena Ramírez-Giraldo, Ricardo Cardona-Villa House dust mites as potential carriers for IgE sensitization to bacterial antigens Sheron Dzoro, Irene Mittermann, Yvonne Resch, Susanne Vrtala, Marion Nehr, Alexander M. Hirschl, Gustav Wikberg, Lena Lundeberg, Catharina Johansson, Annika Scheynius, Rudolf Valenta IgE serological tests based on natural house dust mite extracts underestimate allergen-specific IgE levels compared to recombinant allergen-based tests Huey-Jy Huang, Yvonne Resch-Marat, Kuan-Wei Chen, Renata Kiss, Rudolf Valenta, Susanne Vrtala IgE/IgG1 antibody responses to ubiquitin are associated with emergency room attendance due to asthma symptoms Juan Felipe López-Crespo, Dilia Mercado, Velky Ahumada-Contreras, Ronald Regino López, Josefina Zakzuk-Sierra, Luis Caraballo Impacto del uso de la herramienta “Reactividad cruzada entre betalactámicos” Ricardo Cardona, Julián Londoño, Felipe Arboleda, Víctor Calvo Inhibition of Orai-STIM coupling alleviates experimentally-induced airways remodeling changes Martina Sutovska, Sona Franova Más allá de la alergia a la yuca o mandioca Ricardo Cardona, María Angélica Muñoz-Ávila, Kenny Mauricio Gálvez-Cardenas Mastocitosis cutánea difusa. Reporte de un paciente pediátrico Rodrigo Alonso Gaviria-Rendón, Ricardo Cardona Miositis eosinofílica, parte del espectro del síndrome hipereosinofílico o diagnóstico Reporte de un caso Carlos Olmos-Olmos Modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en pacientes con urticaria crónica Ricardo Cardona, Susana Diez, Víctor Calvo Niveles séricos de cortisol matutino en niños atópicos con asma bronquial y su influencia en la respuesta inmune IgE. estudio piloto en comunidades pobres de la ciudad de Barranquilla Fernando Rafael De La-Cruz-López, Gloria Egea-Garavito, Nicole S. Pereira-Sanandres, Luis Fang-Mercado, Iván Stand-Niño, Sofía Moreno-Woo, Gloria Garavito-De Egea, Eduardo Egea-Bermejo Omalizumab como terapia adyuvante para la dermatitis atópica severa en niños: una serie de casos María Alejandra García-Chabur, Alejandro Durán, Edgardo Chapman, Elizabeth García Omalizumab en conjuntivitis vernal severa: a propósito de un caso Manuela Olaya-Hernández, Luis Fernando Ramírez, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes Omalizumab más allá del asma y la urticaria crónica espontánea Luisa Holguín, Angélica Muñoz, Ricardo Cardona Patients living in urban areas require more pharmacotherapy and have lower remission of symptoms for asthma and rhinitis than patients in rural location Jorge Mario Sánchez, Andrés Sánchez, Ricardo Cardona Prevalence, incidence and mortality of anaphylaxis in Colombia Pablo Andrés Miranda-Machado Prueba de parches de flores, un acercamiento a la estandarización María Muñoz, Catalina Gómez, Susana Diez, Liliana Guevara, Carlos Chinchilla, Ricardo Cardona Pruebas in vivo e in vitro para el diagnóstico de alergia a metamizol en pacientes de un centro médico en Perú David García-Gomero, Daniel Mendoza-Quispe, Edgar Matos-Benavides, Rosario Inocente Malpartida, Marco Álvarez-Ángeles Remisión de urticaria solar posterior al uso de omalizumab. Reporte de caso Ana María Villa-Arango, María Angélica Muñoz-Ávila, Ricardo Cardona Reporte de un paciente con queratoconjuntivitis vernal controlada con omalizumab y recaída con su suspensión Jorge Sánchez, Luis Carlos Santamaría-Salazar ¿Requiere cambios la clasificación actual de urticaria crónica? July Ospina-Cantillo, Liliana Guevara-Saldaña, Ricardo Cardona Rhinitis symptoms, mattress covers and bedroom environmental control: a multicentred double blind randomized versus placebo-controlled trial Emeline Furon Safety of an ultra-rush subcutaneous immunotherapy using an infusion pump in real-life Silvia Uriarte, Joaquín Sastre Seguimiento a largo plazo de inmunoterapia oral con leche de vaca David Baquero-Mejía, Pedro Ojeda-Fernández, Peter Bae, Isabel Ojeda-Fernández, Gema Rubio-Olmeda, Rocío Mourelle-Aguado, Sandra Yago-Meniz Seguridad de la inmunoterapia por vía subcutánea con alergoides María Nelly Restrepo Sensibilización a aeroalérgenos en pacientes pediátricos con asma atendidos en un periodo de 4 años en un Hospital de Medellín, Colombia Estefanía Vásquez-Echeverri, J. H. Donado, M. P. Villar, S. I. Ramírez, Carlos Fernando Chinchilla-Mejía, J. E. García Sensibilización a contactantes en 2003 pacientes de Medellín, Colombia María Nelly Restrepo-Colorado, Edison Morales-Cárdenas E, Ana María Acevedo-Vásquez, Daniel Amaya-Ruiz, Paula Andrea Arango-Castaño, Rosa Remedios Farfán-Plata, Carolina Gómez-García, Ruth Mery Marín Franco, Margarita Olivares-Gómez, Rafael Alberto Pérez-Arango, Liliana María Tamayo-Quijano, Juan David Tobón-Franco, Liliana María Valencia-Gómez Sensitization to the mosquito allergens, Aed a 1 and Aed a 2 in patients with papular urticaria from two Colombian cities with different altitude Luis Miguel Henao, Juana Bustillo, Josefina Zakzuk, Luis Caraballo, Elizabeth García Simplificación del estudio alergológico en pacientes con sospecha de alergia a fármacos con riesgo bajo a moderado Diana Lucía Silva-Espinosa, Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Manuela Olaya-Hernández, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes Síndrome DRESS por penicilina benzatínica. Primer reporte de caso en Latinoamérica Ana María Calle, Iris Castelblanco-Arango, Ricardo Cardona-Villa Síndrome de Frey como diagnóstico diferencial de alergia alimentaria July A. Ospina-Cantillo, Ruth Helena Ramírez-Giraldo, Iris Castelblanco-Arango, Ricardo Cardona Síndrome de Presentación de dos casos Liliana María Tamayo-Quijano, Lina María Aguirre-Hernández, Luz Marina Gómez-Vargas Superposición de reacciones graves por fármacos. Reporte de dos casos Diana Lucía Silva-Espinosa, Luis Fernando Ramírez-Zuluaga, Carlos Daniel Serrano-Reyes The efficiency of flavonols in the setting of experimentally induced allergic asthma Sona Fraková Tromboembolismo pulmonar como causa de exacerbaciones frecuentes en un paciente con asma de difícil control, aspergilosis broncopulmonar y uso de esteroides sistémicos Liliana M. Guevara-Saldaña, Libia Susana Díez-Zuluaga, Catalina Gómez-Henao, Ricardo Cardona Urticaria Reporte de un caso María Raigosa, Yuliana Toro, Jorge Sánchez Utilidad clínica del omalizumab en urticaria crónica inducible Ricardo Cardona Vitamina D y atopia en escolares pertenecientes a comunidades vulnerables de la ciudad de Barranquilla Luis Fang, Nicole Pereira-Sanandres, Fernando Rafael De la Cruz-López, Sofía Moreno-Woo, Nelly Lecompte, Lila Visbal, Gloria Garavito-De Egea, Eduardo Egea-Bermejo Inmunología Angioedema hereditario y lupus. Reporte de caso Catalina Gómez-Parada Características clínicas y de laboratorio en una cohorte de pacientes con ataxia telangiectasia en el Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias de la Universidad de Antioquía Lina Rocío Riaño, Jesús Armando Álvarez, Julio César Orrego, Dagoberto Cabrera, Carolina Gómez, Héctor Valderrama, Alexandra Sierra, Derly Carolina Hernández, José Luis Franco Cuantificación y análisis de citocinas proinflamatorias en pacientes con hallazgos coronariográficos de lesiones ateroscleróticas en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia Franklin Torres, José Villarreal, Marcio de Ávila, Xavier Lastra, Edward Lozano, Martín Oviedo, Axel Tolstano Estudio de los polimorfismos de los antígenos leucocitarios humanos HLA y citocromos CYP en síndrome de Stevens-Johnson relacionado con fenitoína y carbamazepina en Colombia Nohemí Esther Santodomingo-Guerrero Estudio de una población barranquillera basada en los alelos DRB1 y DQB1 comparada con otras poblaciones suramericanas Carlos Hernando-Parga Evaluación de la adsorción de los alérgenos Blo t2 y Blo t3 y del proteoliposoma de Neisseria meningitidis al Al(OH)3 en formulaciones de una vacuna antialérgica adyuvada contra el ácaro Blomia tropicalis Yoskiel Laurencio-Lorca Exome sequencing reveals gain-of-function mutations in STAT1 conferring predisposition to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and tuberculosis in six Colombian patients Marcela Moncada-Vélez, Lucía Victoria Erazo-Borrás, Jesús Armando Álvarez-lvarez, Carlos Andrés Arango, Miyuki Tsumura, Satoshi Okada, Sara Daniela Osorio, Lorena Castro, Natalia González, Catalina Arango, Julio César Orrego, Lina Riaño, Juan Fernando Alzate, Felipe Cabarcas, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Jacinta Bustamante, Anne Puel, Andrés Augusto Arias, José Luis Franco Experiencia de una clínica de inmunodeficiencias primarias en un centro de atención nivel IV en Cali, Colombia Manuela Olaya-Hernández, Jaime Patiño, Diego Medina, Harry Pachajoa, Viviana Lotero, Paola Pérez Expression and immunological characterization a heat shock cognate-70 protein allergen, rAed a8, from the mosquito species Aedes aegypti José Fernando Cantillo, Leonardo Puerta, Enrique Fernandez-Caldas, José Luis Subiza, Irene Soria, Sylvie Lafosse-Marin, Barbara Bohle Gemelos idénticos con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica que se manifestó inicialmente como colitis alérgica. Reporte de caso Carlos Olmos-Olmos Genetic analysis of the SERPING1 gene in hereditary angioedema patients in Neiva, Colombia Jairo Antonio Rodríguez, Carlos Fernando Narváez Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome in three siblings of non-consanguineous healthy Egyptian family. Case report Rehab Zaki Elmeazawy, Nabil Elesawy, Ahmad Abdelrazik, Osama Toema, Mohamed Hamza, Amany Bararkat Local adverse reaction rates decreased over time during treatment with recombinant human hyaluronidase- facilitated subcutaneous infusion of immunoglobulin G (fSCIG) in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases in the fSCIG phase 3 studies Lina Laguado, Mark Stein, Richard L Wasserman, Isaac Melamed, Sudhir Gupta, Lisa Kobrynski, Arye Rubinstein, Christopher J Rabbat, Werner Engl, Barbara McCoy, Heinz Leibl, Leman Yel Long-term adverse events, efficacy, and tolerability of recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous infusion of immunoglobulin in patients aged < 18 years with primary immunodeficiency diseases Lina Laguado, Richard L. Wasserman, Isaac Melamed, Lisa Kobrynski, Sudhir Gupta, Werner Engl, Heinz Leibl, Leman Yel Manifestaciones alérgicas en inmunodeficiencias primarias, ¿cómo diferenciar dermatitis atópica versus síndrome hiper-IgE? Reporte de casos Carlos Olmos-Olmos Immune response to multi-epitope Blomia tropicalis hybrid protein in mice Dalgys Martínez, Brenda Flam, Helber Herazo, Inés Benedetti, Narasaiah Kolliputi, Luis Caraballo, Richard F. Lockey Leonardo Puerta Next generation sequencing identifies mutations in Colombian patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases Carlos Andrés Arango-Franco, Marcela Moncada-Vélez, Alexander Franco-Gallego, Lucía Victoria Erazo, Catalina Martínez, Sebastián Gutiérrez, Jesús Armando Álvarez, , Manuela Molina, Diana Arboleda, Laura Naranjo, Juan Álvaro-López, Juan Fernando Alzate, Felipe Cabarcas, Claudia Milena Trujillo- Vargas, Julio César Orrego, Satoshi Okada, Anne Puel, Jacinta Bustamante, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Andrés Augusto Arias, José Luis Franco Niña con infección recurrente y severa de virus Epstein-Barr CD27 negativo. Reporte de caso Ana Ivette Mondragón-Pineda Non-interventional post-marketing safety study on the long-term safety of HyQvia (global) Lina Laguado, Katharina Fielhauer, Andras Nagy,2 Christopher J. Rabbat, Barbara McCoy, Heinz Leibl, Leman Yel Novel mutations in NCF4 gene confer non-classic chronic granulomatous disease with disseminated histoplasmosis in a Colombian child Carlos Andrés Arango-Franco, Alejandro Nieto-Patlán, Marcela Moncada-Vélez, Jesús Armando Álvarez, Carmen Oleaga-Quinta, Caroline Deswarte, Juan Fernando Alzate, Felipe Cabarcas, Carlos Garcés, Julio César Orrego, Susana Pamela Mejía, Luz Elena Cano, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Jacinta Bustamante, José Luis Franco, Andrés Augusto Arias Registro y caracterización de pacientes con inmunodeficiencia primaria en un centro ambulatorio de alergología e inmunología en Bogotá Catalina Gómez-Parada Relación entre la expresión del alelo HLA DRB1*08:02 y reacciones de hipersensibilidad al medicamento bucilamina en poblaciones amerindias colombianas Carlos Hernando Parga-Lozano Relación filogenética de alelos HLA con presencia de alergias en poblaciones amerindias Carlos Hernando Parga-Lozano, Nohemí Santodomingo Guerrero Reporte epidemiológico de inmunodeficiencias primarias en el Centro Jeffrey Modell de Colombia: 1987-2017 Lina Rocío Riaño-Cardozo, Natalia Correa-Vargas, Alejandro Gallón-Duque, Julio César-Orrego, José Luis Franco Respuesta IgE a extracto de Blomia tropicalis y Ascaris spp. en población proveniente de San Basilio de Palenque Andrés Merlano, Luis Fang, Beatriz Martínez, Catherine Meza, Luz Hernández, Eloína Zárate, Javier Marrugo Secuenciación completa del exoma como herramienta para el diagnóstico molecular de la enfermedad granulomatosa crónica Manuela Molina, Diana Marcela Arboleda, Marcela Moncada, Gabriel Vélez, Juan Fernando Alzate, Felipe Cabarcas, José Luis Franco, Andrés Augusto Arias-Sierra, Juan Álvaro-López The sigma-and omega-class members of the glutathione-S-transferase family from ascaris are IgE binding components with marked differences in the IgG1 and IgG4 response Ana Milena Lozano-Mendoza, Juana Bustillo, Juan López, Luis Caraballo, Josefina Zakzuk

The following books are reviewed: James W. Aageson, Paul, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Early Church (James Starr) John J. Ahn, Exile as Forced Migrations: A Sociological, Literary, and Theological Approach on the Displacement and Resettlement of the Southern Kingdom of Judah (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Harold W. Attridge, Essays on John and Hebrews (David Svärd) Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: ‘God Crucified’ and Other Studies on the New Testament’s Christology of Divine Identity (Anders Ekenberg) E. Ben Zvi and C. Levin (eds.), The Concept of Exile in Ancient Israel and Its Historical Contexts (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Christoph Berner, Die Exoduserzählung: Das literarische Werden einer Ursprungslegende Israels (Göran Eidevall) Michael F. Bird, Crossing over Sea and Land: Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Temple Period (Tobias Hägerland) John Byron, Cain and Abel in Text and Tradition: Jewish and Christian Interpretations of the First Sibling Rivalry (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Jens Börstinghaus, Sturmfahrt und Schiffbruch. Zur lukanischen Verwendung eines literarischen Topos in Apostelgeschichte 27,1–28,6 (Tord Fornberg) Christopher L. Carter, The Great Sermon Tradition as a Fiscal Framework in 1 Corinthians: Towards a Pauline Theology of Material Possessions (Tobias Hägerland) David W. Chapman, Ancient Jewish and Christian Perceptions of Crucifixion (Torleif Elgvin) John Day (red.), Prophecy and Prophets in Ancient Israel (Stefan Green) Malin Ekström, Allvarsam parodi och möjlighetens melankoli. En queerteoretisk analys av Ruts bok (Mikael Larsson) Anthony Heacock, Jonathan Loved David: Manly Love in the Bible and the Hermeneutics of Sex (Mikael Larsson) Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Cosmology and Self in the Apostle Paul: The Material Spirit (Mathias Sånglöf) Hans Furuhagen, Bibeln och arkeologerna: Om tro, myter och historia (Magnus Ottosson) Martien A. Halvorson-Taylor, Enduring Exile: The Metaphorization of Exile in the Hebrew Bible (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Katie M. Heffelfinger, I am Large, I Contain Multitudes: Lyric Cohesion and Conflict in Second Isaiah (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Tom Holmén and Stanley E. Porter (red.), Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (Lars-Göran Alm) Moyer V. Hubbard, Christianity in the Greco-Roman World: A Narrative Introduction (Hanna Stenström) Kristin Joachimsen, Identities in Transition: The Pursuit of Isa. 52:13–53:12 (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) James A. Kelhoffer, Persecution, Persuasion and Power: Readiness to Withstand Hardship as a Corroboration of Legi-imacy in the New Testament (Birger Olsson) Helen Kraus, Gender Issues in Ancient and Reformation Translations of Genesis 1–4 (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Hans Leander, Discourses of Empire: The Gospel of Mark from a Postcolonial Perspective (Hanna Stenström) Margaret Y. MacDonald, Colossians, Ephesians (Martin Wessbrandt) Jodi Magness, Stone and Dung, Oil and Spit: Jewish Daily Life in the Time of Jesus (Bim Berglund) Hilary Marlow, Biblical Prophets and Contemporary Environmental Ethics: Re-Reading Amos, Hosea, and First Isaiah (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Marko Marttila, Collective Reinterpretation in the Psalms (Stig Norin) Eric F. Mason och Kevin B. McCruden (red.), Reading the Epistle to the Hebrews: A Resource for Students (David Börjesson) Jason Maston, Divine and Human Agency in Second Temple Judaism and Paul (Blaženka Scheuer) Margaret M. Mitchell, Paul, the Corinthians and the Birth of Christian Hermeneutics (Jennifer Nyström) Halvor Moxnes, Jesus and the Rise of Nationalism: A New Quest for the Nineteenth-Century Historical Jesus (Hans Leander) Mogens Müller, The Expression ‘Son of Man’ and the Development of Christology: A History of Interpretation (Tobias Hägerland) Birger Olsson, Johannesbreven (Jonas Holmstrand) Stellan Ottosson, Jesus, Paulus och kärleken (Tobias Månsson) Mladen Popovíc (ed.), Authoritative Scriptures in Ancient Judaism (Torleif Elgvin) Stanley E. Porter (ed.), Paul’ s World (James Starr) Volker Rabens, The Holy Spirit and Ethics in Paul: Trans- formation and Empowering for Religious-Ethical Life (Samuel Svensson) Kent Aaron Reynolds, Torah as Teacher: The Exemplary Torah Student in Psalm 119 (LarsOlov Eriksson) Anders Runesson, O att du slet itu himlen och steg ner: Om Jesus, Jonas Gardell och Guds andedräkt (Tord Fornberg) Anna Runesson, Exegesis in the Making: Postcolonialism and New Testament Studies (Hans Leander) Heikki Räisänen, The Rise of Christian Beliefs: The Thought World of Early Christians (Anders Runesson) Klaus Seybold, Studien zu Sprache und Stil der Psalmen (LarsOlov Eriksson) Craig A. Smith, Timothy’ s Task, Paul’ s Prospect: A New Reading of 2 Timothy (James Starr) Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer, For the Comfort of Zion: The Geographical and Theological Location of Isaiah 40–55 (Göran Eidevall) Jakob Wöhrle, Die frühen Sammlungen des Zwölfprophetenbuches (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer) Jakob Wöhrle, Der Abschluss des Zwölfprophetenbuches (Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer)

As tecnologias digitais estão diariamente na vida das pessoas e vêm colaborando com a aprendizagem de outras línguas. O objetivo deste trabalho é depreender usos de tecnologias digitais em práticas de letramentos com língua inglesa por estudantes do ensino médio. Através de capturas de tela de redes sociais e bate-papo dos jogos, bem como entrevistas semiestruturada em grupo. Foi possível analisar interações dos estudantes do ensino médio com colegas de outros países, posicionamentos acerca do uso do inglês dentro e fora da escola, bem como indícios das condições escolares do ensino de língua inglesa. As análises dos dados baseiam-se em enfoques dos Estudos dos Letramentos e das tecnologias digitais, os quais reconhecem o valor das novas tecnologias não apenas em sala de aula, mas também em práticas vernaculares. Para os sujeitos da pesquisa, a aprendizagem que ocorre dentro do ambiente virtual, especificamente nos jogos online, se caracteriza como como autônoma e interativa, enquanto as práticas em sala de aula são percebidas como as que oportunizam a aprendizagem da escrita padrão do inglês. Entretanto, apesar de os estudantes apontarem a escola e a internet como distantes, os sujeitos não negam as contribuições da escola na aprendizagem da língua inglesa, porém não estabelecem uma ligação entre as práticas vernaculares dos jogos online e das práticas dominantes escolares. ALIAGAS, Marin C.; CASTELLÀ, Josep Maria.; CASSANY, Daniel. “Aunque lea poco, yo sé que soy listo. Estudio de caso sobre un adolescente que no lee literatura”, en Revista Ocnos, n. 5, 2009, p. 97-112.BAILLY, Sophie. Supporting Autonomy Development in Online Learning Environments: What Knowledge and Skills do Teachers Need? In: VILLANUEVA, M.; RUIZ, M.-N.; LUZON, J. (Ed.) Genres Theory and New Literacies: Applications to Autonomous Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.BARTLETT, Lesley. To seem and to feel: situated identities and literacy practices. Teachers College Record, Columbia University, v. 109, n. 1, p. 51-69, january 2007.BARTON, David; HAMILTON, Mary. Literacy practices. In: Barton, David. et al. Situated literacies: reading and writing in context. London: Routledge, 2000.BARTON, David; LEE, Carmen. Linguagem online: textos e práticas digitais. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2015. BENSON, Phil. Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education, 2001.BOGDAN, Robert; BIKLEN, Sari. Investigação Qualitativa em Educação: uma introdução à teoria e aos métodos. Porto: Porto Editora, 1994.CASSANY, Daniel. “Leer y escribir literatura al margen de la ley", en CILELIJ [I Congreso Iberoamericano de Lengua y Literatura Infantil y Juvenil]. Actas y Memoria del Congreso. Madrid: Fundación SM / Ministerio de Cultura de España. 2010. p. 497-514.CASSANY, Daniel; HERNÁNDEZ, Denise. ¿Internet: 1; Escuela: 0?. CPU-e, Revista de Investigación Educativa, 14, enero-junio 2012. COSCARELLI, Carla Viana. A leitura em múltiplas fontes: um processo investigativo. Ens. Tecnol. R., Londrina, v. 1, n. 1, p. 67-79, jan./jun. 2017.GEE, Jean Paul. Progressivism, critique, and socially situated minds. In C. Dudley Marling and C. Edelsky, eds, The fate of progressive language policies and practices. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2001.GEE, Jean Paul. Learning and games. In: The ecology of games: conencting youth, games, and learning. Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008.HEATH, Shirley Brice. What no bedtime story means: narrative skills at home and school. In: Duranti, A. (Org.) Linguistic anthropology: a reader. Oxford: Blackwel, 2001.HOLEC, Henri. L'apprentissage autodirigé: une autre offre de formation. Le Français dans le Monde, juin. 1998.KLEIMAN, Ângela. Professores e agentes de letramentos: identidade e posicionamento social. Revista Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa, n. 08, 2007. p. 409-424.LEFFA, Vilson. Redes sociais: ensinando línguas como antigamente. In: ARAÚJO, J.; LEFFA, V. Redes sociais e ensino de línguas. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2016.PAHL, Kate; ROWSELL, Jennifer. Literacy and Education: Understanding the New Literacy Studies in the classroom. London: Paul Chapman Publising/SAGE Publications Company. 2005.PALFREY, John; GASSER, Urs. Nascidos na era digital: entendendo a primeira geração dos nativos digitais. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2011.PRENSKY, Marc. Digital game-based learning. St. Paul: Paragon House Edition, 2007.ROJO, Roxane. Letramentos múltiplos, escola e inclusão social. São Paulo: Parábola. Editorial, 2009.STREET, Brian. Literacy in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.TORI, Romero. Educação sem distância: as tecnologias interativas na redução de distância em ensino e aprendizagem. São Paulo: Editora Senac São Paulo, 2010.VALERO, Maria José; VÁZQUEZ, Boris; CASSANY, Daniel. Desenredando la web: la lectura critica de los aprendices de lenguas extranjeras em entornos digitales. Ocnos, n. 13, p. 7-23, 2015.WHITE, David; CORNU, Alison Le. Visitors and Residents: A new typology for online engagement. Revista First Monday, vol. 16. N. 09. 2011.

I. Happy Endings Chaplin’s Modern Times features one of the most subtly strange endings in Hollywood history. It concludes with the Tramp (Chaplin) and the Gamin (Paulette Goddard) walking away from the camera, down the road, toward the sunrise. (Figure 1.) They leave behind the city, their hopes for employment, and, it seems, civilization itself. The iconography deployed is clear: it is 1936, millions are unemployed, and to walk penniless into the Great Depression means destitution if not death. Chaplin invokes a familiar trope of 1930s texts, the “marginal men,” for whom “life on the road is not romanticized” and who “do not participate in any culture,” as Warren Susman puts it (171). The Tramp and the Gamin seem destined for this non-existence. For the duration of the film they have tried to live and work within society, but now they are outcasts. This is supposed to be a happy ending, though. Before marching off into poverty, the Tramp whistles a tune and tells the Gamin to “buck up” and smile; the string section swells around them. (Little-known [or discussed] fact: Chaplin later added lyrics to this music, resulting in the song “Smile,” now part of the repertoire of countless torch singers and jazz musicians. Standout recordings include those by Nat King Cole and Elvis Costello.) It seems like a great day to be alive. Why is that? In this narrative of despair, what is there to “buck up” about? The answer lies outside of the narrative. There is another iconography at work here: the rear-view silhouette of the Tramp strolling down the road, foregrounded against a wide vista, complete with bowler hat, baggy pants, and pigeon-toed walk, recalls previous Chaplin films. By invoking similar moments in his oeuvre, Chaplin signals that the Tramp, more than a mere movie character, is the mass-reproduced trademark image of Charlie Chaplin, multimillionaire entertainer and worldwide celebrity. The film doubles Chaplin with the Tramp. This double exposure, figuratively speaking, reconciles the contradictions between the cheerful atmosphere and the grim story. The celebrity’s presence alleviates the suspicion that the protagonists are doomed. Rather than being reduced to one of the “marginal men,” the Tramp is heading for the Hollywood hills, where Chaplin participates in quite a bit of culture, making hit movies for huge audiences. Nice work if you can get it, indeed. Chaplin resolves the plot by supplanting narrative logic with celebrity logic. Chaplin’s celebrity diverges somewhat from the way Hollywood celebrity functions generally. Miriam Hansen provides a popular understanding of celebrity: “The star’s presence in a particular film blurs the boundary between diegesis and discourse, between an address relying on the identification with fictional characters and an activation of the viewer’s familiarity with the star on the basis of production and publicity” (246). That is, celebrity images alter films by enlisting what Hansen terms “intertexts,” which include journalism and studio publicity. According to Hansen, celebrity invites these intertexts to inform and multiply the meaning of the narrative. By contrast, Modern Times disregards the diegesis altogether, switching focus to the celebrity. Meaning is not multiplied. It is replaced. Filmic resolution depends not only on recognizing Chaplin’s image, but also on abandoning plot and leaving the Tramp and the Gamin to their fates. This explicit use of celebrity culminates Chaplin’s reworking of early twentieth-century celebrity, his negotiations with fame that continue to reverberate today. In what follows, I will argue that Chaplin weds visual celebrity with strategies of author-production often attributed to modernist literature, strategies that parallel Michel Foucault’s theory of the “author function.” Like his modernist contemporaries, Chaplin deploys narrative techniques that gesture toward the text’s creator, not as a person who is visible in a so-called real world, but as an idealized consciousness who resides in the film and controls its meaning. While Chaplin’s Hollywood counterparts rely on images to connote individual personalities, Chaplin resists locating his self within a body, instead using the Tramp as a sign, rather than an embodiment, of his celebrity, and turning his filmmaking into an aesthetic space to contain his subjectivity. Creating himself as author, Chaplin reckons with the fact that his image remains on display. Chaplin recuperates the Tramp image, mobilizing it as a signifier of his mass audience. The Tramp’s universal recognizability, Chaplin suggests, authorizes the image to represent an entire historical moment. II. An Author Is Born Chaplin produces himself as an author residing in his texts, rather than a celebrity on display. He injects himself into Modern Times to resolve the narrative (and by extension assuage the social unrest the film portrays). This gesture insists that the presence of the author generates and controls signification. Chaplin thus echoes Foucault’s account of the author function: “The author is . . . the principle of a certain unity of writing – all differences having to be resolved” by reference to the author’s subjectivity (215). By reconciling narrative contradictions through the author, Chaplin proposes himself as the key to his films’ coherence of meaning. Foucault reminds us, however, that such positioning of the author is illusory: “We are used to thinking that the author is so different from all other men, and so transcendent . . . that, as soon as he speaks, meaning begins to proliferate, to proliferate indefinitely. The truth is quite the contrary: the author does not precede the works. The text contains a number of signs referring to the author” (221). In this formulation, authors do not create meaning. Rather, texts exercise formal attributes to produce their authors. So Modern Times, by enlisting Chaplin’s celebrity to provide closure, produces a controlling consciousness, a special class of being who “proliferates” meaning. Chaplin’s films in general contain signs of the author such as displays of cinematic tricks. These strategies, claiming affinity with objects of high culture, inevitably evoke the author. Chaplin’s author is not a physical entity. Authorship, Foucault writes, “does not refer purely and simply to a real individual,” meaning that the author is composed of text, not flesh and blood (216). Chaplin resists imbuing the image of the Tramp with the sort of subjectivity reserved for the author. In this way Chaplin again departs from usual accounts of Hollywood stars. In Chaplin’s time, according to Richard Dyer, “The roles and/or the performance of a star in a film were taken as revealing the personality of the star” (20). (Moreover, Chaplin achieves all that fame without relying on close-ups. Critics typically cite the close-up as the device most instrumental to Hollywood celebrity. Scott J. Juengel writes of the close-up as “a fetishization of the face” that creates “an intense manifestation of subjectivity” [353; also see Dyer, 14-15, and Susman, 282]. The one true close-up I have found in Chaplin’s early films occurs in “A Woman” [1915], when Chaplin goes in drag. It shows Chaplin’s face minus the trademark fake mustache, as if to de-familiarize his recognizability.) Dyer represents the standard view: Hollywood movies propose that stars’ public images directly reflect their private personalities. Chaplin’s celebrity contradicts that model. Chaplin’s initial fame stems from his 1914 performances in Mack Sennett’s Keystone productions, consummate examples of the slapstick genre, in which the Tramp and his trademark regalia first become recognizable trademarks. Far from offering roles that reveal “personality,” slapstick treats both people and things as objects, equally at the mercy of apparently unpredictable physical laws. Within this genre the Tramp remains an object, subject to the chaos of slapstick just like the other bodies on the screen. Chaplin’s celebrity emerges without the suggestion that his image contains a unique subject or stands out among other slapstick objects. The disinclination to treat the image as container of the subject – shared with literary modernism – sets up the Tramp as a sign that connotes Chaplin’s presence elsewhere. Gradually, Chaplin turns his image into an emblem that metonymically refers to the author. When he begins to direct, Chaplin manipulates the generic features of slapstick to reconstruct his image, establishing the Tramp in a central position. For example, in “The Vagabond” (1916), the Tramp becomes embroiled in a barroom brawl and runs toward the saloon’s swinging doors, neatly sidestepping before reaching them. The pursuer’s momentum, naturally, carries him through the doorway. Other characters exist in a slapstick dimension that turns bodies into objects, but not the Tramp. He exploits his liberation from slapstick by exacerbating the other characters’ lack of control. Such moments grant the Tramp a degree of physical control that enhances his value in relation to the other images. The Tramp, bearing the celebrity image and referring to authorial control, becomes a signifier of Chaplin’s combination of authorship and celebrity. Chaplin devises a metonymic relationship between author and image; the Tramp cannot encompass the author, only refer to him. Maintaining his subjectivity separate from the image, Chaplin imagines his films as an aesthetic space where signification is contingent on the author. He attempts to delimit what he, his name and image, signify – in opposition to intertexts that might mobilize meanings drawn from outside the text. Writing of celebrity intertexts, P. David Marshall notes that “the descriptions of the connections between celebrities’ ‘real’ lives and their working lives . . . are what configure the celebrity status” (58). For Chaplin, to situate the subject in a celebrity body would be to allow other influences – uses of his name or image in other texts – to determine the meaning of the celebrity sign. His separation of image and author reveals an anxiety about identifying one specific body or image as location of the subject, about putting the actual subject on display and in circulation. The opening moment of “Shoulder Arms” (1920) illustrates Chaplin’s uneasy alliance of celebrity, author, and image. The title card displays a cartoon sketch of the Tramp in doughboy garb. Alongside, print lettering conveys the film title and the words, “written and produced by” above a blank area. A real hand appears, points to the drawing, and elaborately signs “Charles Chaplin” in the blank space. It then pantomimes shooting a gun at the Tramp. The film announces itself as a product of one author, represented by a giant, disembodied hand. The hand provides an inimitable signature of the author, while the Tramp, disfigured by the uniform but still identifiable, provides an inimitable signature of the celebrity. The relationship between the image and the “writer” is co-dependent but antagonistic; the same hand signs Chaplin’s name and mimes shooting the Tramp. Author-production merges with resistance to the image as representation of the subject. III. The Image Is History “Shoulder Arms” reminds us that despite Chaplin’s conception of himself as an incorporeal author, the Tramp remains present, and not quite accounted for. Here Foucault’s author function finds its limitations, failing to explain author-production that relies on the image even as it situates the author in the text. The Tramp remains visible in Modern Times while the film has made it clear that the author is present to engender significance. To Slavoj Zizek the Tramp is “the remainder” of the text, existing on a separate plane from the diegesis (6). Zizek watches City Lights (1931) and finds that the Tramp, who is continually shifting between classes and characters, acts as “an intercessor, middleman, purveyor.” He is continually mistaken for something he is not, and when the mistake is recognized, “he turns into a disturbing stain one tries to get rid of as quickly as possible” (4). Zizek points out that the Tramp is often positioned outside of social institutions, set slightly apart from the diegesis. Modern Times follows this pattern as well. For example, throughout the film the Tramp continually shifts from one side of the law to the other. He endures two prison sentences, prevents a jailbreak, and becomes a security guard. The film doesn’t quite know what to do with him. Chaplin takes up this remainder and transforms it into an emblem of his mass popularity. The Tramp has always floated somewhat above the narrative; in Modern Times that narrative occurs against a backdrop of historical turmoil. Chaplin, therefore, superimposes the Tramp on to scenes of historical change. The film actually withholds the tramp image during the first section of the movie, as the character is working in a factory and does not appear in his trademark regalia until he emerges from a stay in the “hospital.” His appearance engenders a montage of filmmaking techniques: abrupt cross-cutting between shots at tilted angles, superimpositions, and crowds of people and cars moving rapidly through the city, all set to (Chaplin’s) jarring, brass-wind music. The Tramp passes before a closed factory and accidentally marches at the head of a left-wing demonstration. The sequence combines signs of social upheaval, technological advancement, and Chaplin’s own technical achievements, to indicate that the film has entered “modern times” – all spurred by the appearance of the Tramp in his trademark attire, thus implicating the Tramp in the narration of historical change. By casting his image as a universally identifiable sign of Chaplin’s mass popularity, Chaplin authorizes it to function as a sign of the historical moment. The logic behind Chaplin’s treating the Tramp as an emblem of history is articulated by Walter Benjamin’s concept of the dialectical image. Benjamin explains how culture identifies itself through images, writing that “Every present day is determined by the images that are synchronic with it: each “now” is of a particular recognizability”(462-3). Benjamin proposes that the image, achieving a “particular recognizability,” puts temporality in stasis. This illuminates the dynamic by which Chaplin elevates the mass-reproduced icon to transcendent historical symbol. The Tramp image crystallizes that passing of time into a static unit. Indeed, Chaplin instigates the way the twentieth century, according to Richard Schickel, registers its history. Schickel writes that “In the 1920s, the media, newly abustle, had discovered techniques whereby anyone could be wrested out of whatever context had originally nurtured him and turned into images . . . for no previous era is it possible to make a history out of images . . . for no subsequent era is it possible to avoid doing so. For most of us, now, this is history” (70-1). From Schickel, Benjamin, and Chaplin, a picture of the far-reaching implications of Chaplin’s celebrity emerges. By gesturing beyond the boundary of the text, toward Chaplin’s audience, the Tramp image makes legible that significant portion of the masses unified in recognition of Chaplin’s celebrity, affirming that the celebrity sign depends on its wide circulation to attain significance. As Marshall writes, “The celebrity’s power is derived from the collective configuration of its meaning.” The image’s connotative function requires collaboration with the audience. The collective configuration Chaplin mobilizes is the Tramp’s recognizability as it moves through scenes of historical change, whatever other discourses may attach to it. Chaplin thrusts the image into this role because of its status as remainder, which stems from Chaplin’s rejection of the body as a location of the subject. Chaplin has incorporated the modernist desire to situate subjectivity in the text rather than the body. Paradoxically, this impulse expands the role of visuality, turning the celebrity image into a principal figure by which our culture understands itself. References Benjamin, Walter. The Arcades Project. Trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1999. Chaplin, Charles, dir. City Lights. RBC Films, 1931. –––. Modern Times. Perf. Chaplin and Paulette Goddard, United Artists, 1936. –––. “Shoulder Arms.” First National, 1918. –––. “The Vagabond.” Mutual, 1916. Dyer, Richard. Stars. London: BFI, 1998. Foucault, Michel. Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. Ed. James D. Faubion. New York: The New Press, 1998. Hansen, Miriam. Babel and Babylon. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991. Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1998. Juengel, Scott J. “Face, Figure and Physiognomics: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Moving Image.” Novel 33.3 (Summer 2000): 353-67. Schickel. Intimate Strangers. New York: Fromm International Publishing Company, 1986. Susman, Warren I. Culture as History. New York: Pantheon Books, 1973. Zizek, Slavoj. Enjoy Your Symptom! Jacques Lacan in Hollywood and Out. New York: Routledge, 1992. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Goldman, Jonathan. "Double Exposure: Charlie Chaplin as Author and Celebrity." M/C Journal 7.5 (2004). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/05-goldman.php>. APA Style Goldman, J. (Nov. 2004) "Double Exposure: Charlie Chaplin as Author and Celebrity," M/C Journal, 7(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/05-goldman.php>.

Over the past century, many books for general readers have styled sharks as “monsters of the deep” (Steele). In recent decades, however, at least some writers have also turned to representing how sharks are seriously threatened by human activities. At a time when media coverage of shark sightings seems ever increasing in Australia, scholarship has begun to consider people’s attitudes to sharks and how these are formed, investigating the representation of sharks (Peschak; Ostrovski et al.) in films (Le Busque and Litchfield; Neff; Schwanebeck), newspaper reports (Muter et al.), and social media (Le Busque et al., “An Analysis”). My own research into representations of surfing and sharks in Australian writing (Brien) has, however, revealed that, although reporting of shark sightings and human-shark interactions are prominent in the news, and sharks function as vivid and commanding images and metaphors in art and writing (Ellis; Westbrook et al.), little scholarship has investigated their representation in Australian books published for a general readership. While recognising representations of sharks in other book-length narrative forms in Australia, including Australian fiction, poetry, and film (Ryan and Ellison), this enquiry is focussed on non-fiction books for general readers, to provide an initial review. Sampling holdings of non-fiction books in the National Library of Australia, crosschecked with Google Books, in early 2021, this investigation identified 50 Australian books for general readers that are principally about sharks, or that feature attitudes to them, published from 1911 to 2021. Although not seeking to capture all Australian non-fiction books for general readers that feature sharks, the sampling attempted to locate a wide range of representations and genres across the time frame from the earliest identified text until the time of the survey. The books located include works of natural and popular history, travel writing, memoir, biography, humour, and other long-form non-fiction for adult and younger readers, including hybrid works. A thematic analysis (Guest et al.) of the representation of sharks in these texts identified five themes that moved from understanding sharks as fishes to seeing them as monsters, then prey, and finally to endangered species needing conservation. Many books contained more than one theme, and not all examples identified have been quoted in the discussion of the themes below. Sharks as Part of the Natural Environment Drawing on oral histories passed through generations, two memoirs (Bradley et al.; Fossa) narrate Indigenous stories in which sharks play a central role. These reveal that sharks are part of both the world and a wider cosmology for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Clua and Guiart). In these representations, sharks are integrated with, and integral to, Indigenous life, with one writer suggesting they are “creator beings, ancestors, totems. Their lifecycles reflect the seasons, the landscape and sea country. They are seen in the movement of the stars” (Allam). A series of natural history narratives focus on zoological studies of Australian sharks, describing shark species and their anatomy and physiology, as well as discussing shark genetics, behaviour, habitats, and distribution. A foundational and relatively early Australian example is Gilbert P. Whitley’s The Fishes of Australia: The Sharks, Rays, Devil-fish, and Other Primitive Fishes of Australia and New Zealand, published in 1940. Ichthyologist at the Australian Museum in Sydney from the early 1920s to 1964, Whitley authored several books which furthered scientific thought on sharks. Four editions of his Australian Sharks were published between 1983 and 1991 in English, and the book is still held in many libraries and other collections worldwide. In this text, Whitley described a wide variety of sharks, noting shared as well as individual features. Beautiful drawings contribute information on shape, colouring, markings, and other recognisable features to assist with correct identification. Although a scientist and a Fellow and then President of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Whitley recognised it was important to communicate with general readers and his books are accessible, the prose crisp and clear. Books published after this text (Aiken; Ayling; Last and Stevens; Tricas and Carwardine) share Whitley’s regard for the diversity of sharks as well as his desire to educate a general readership. By 2002, the CSIRO’s Field Guide to Australian Sharks & Rays (Daley et al.) also featured numerous striking photographs of these creatures. Titles such as Australia’s Amazing Sharks (Australian Geographic) emphasise sharks’ unique qualities, including their agility and speed in the water, sensitive sight and smell, and ability to detect changes in water pressure around them, heal rapidly, and replace their teeth. These books also emphasise the central role that sharks play in the marine ecosystem. There are also such field guides to sharks in specific parts of Australia (Allen). This attention to disseminating accurate zoological information about sharks is also evident in books written for younger readers including very young children (Berkes; Kear; Parker and Parker). In these and other similar books, sharks are imaged as a central and vital component of the ocean environment, and the narratives focus on their features and qualities as wondrous rather than monstrous. Sharks as Predatory Monsters A number of books for general readers do, however, image sharks as monsters. In 1911, in his travel narrative Peeps at Many Lands: Australia, Frank Fox describes sharks as “the most dangerous foes of man in Australia” (23) and many books have reinforced this view over the following century. This can be seen in titles that refer to sharks as dangerous predatory killers (Fox and Ruhen; Goadby; Reid; Riley; Sharpe; Taylor and Taylor). The covers of a large proportion of such books feature sharks emerging from the water, jaws wide open in explicit homage to the imaging of the monster shark in the film Jaws (Spielberg). Shark!: Killer Tales from the Dangerous Depths (Reid) is characteristic of books that portray encounters with sharks as terrifying and dramatic, using emotive language and stories that describe sharks as “the world’s most feared sea creature” (47) because they are such “highly efficient killing machines” (iv, see also 127, 129). This representation of sharks is also common in several books for younger readers (Moriarty; Rohr). Although the risk of being injured by an unprovoked shark is extremely low (Chapman; Fletcher et al.), fear of sharks is prevalent and real (Le Busque et al., “People’s Fear”) and described in a number of these texts. Several of the memoirs located describe surfers’ fear of sharks (Muirhead; Orgias), as do those of swimmers, divers, and other frequent users of the sea (Denness; de Gelder; McAloon), even if the author has never encountered a shark in the wild. In these texts, this fear of sharks is often traced to viewing Jaws, and especially to how the film’s huge, bloodthirsty great white shark persistently and determinedly attacks its human hunters. Pioneer Australian shark expert Valerie Taylor describes such great white sharks as “very big, powerful … and amazingly beautiful” but accurately notes that “revenge is not part of their thought process” (Kindle version). Two books explicitly seek to map and explain Australians’ fear of sharks. In Sharks: A History of Fear in Australia, Callum Denness charts this fear across time, beginning with his own “shark story”: a panicked, terror-filled evacuation from the sea, following the sighting of a shadow which turned out not to be a shark. Blake Chapman’s Shark Attacks: Myths, Misunderstandings and Human Fears explains commonly held fearful perceptions of sharks. Acknowledging that sharks are a “highly emotive topic”, the author of this text does not deny “the terror [that] they invoke in our psyche” but makes a case that this is “only a minor characteristic of what makes them such intriguing animals” (ix). In Death by Coconut: 50 Things More Dangerous than a Shark and Why You Shouldn’t Be Afraid of the Ocean, Ruby Ashby Orr utilises humour to educate younger readers about the real risk humans face from sharks and, as per the book’s title, why they should not be feared, listing champagne corks and falling coconuts among the many everyday activities more likely to lead to injury and death in Australia than encountering a shark. Taylor goes further in her memoir – not only describing her wonder at swimming with these creatures, but also her calm acceptance of the possibility of being injured by a shark: "if we are to be bitten, then we are to be bitten … . One must choose a life of adventure, and of mystery and discovery, but with that choice, one must also choose the attendant risks" (2019: Kindle version). Such an attitude is very rare in the books located, with even some of the most positive about these sea creatures still quite sensibly fearful of potentially dangerous encounters with them. Sharks as Prey There is a long history of sharks being fished in Australia (Clark). The killing of sharks for sport is detailed in An American Angler in Australia, which describes popular adventure writer Zane Grey’s visit to Australia and New Zealand in the 1930s to fish ‘big game’. This text includes many bloody accounts of killing sharks, which are justified with explanations about how sharks are dangerous. It is also illustrated with gruesome pictures of dead sharks. Australian fisher Alf Dean’s biography describes him as the “World’s Greatest Shark Hunter” (Thiele), this text similarly illustrated with photographs of some of the gigantic sharks he caught and killed in the second half of the twentieth century. Apart from being killed during pleasure and sport fishing, sharks are also hunted by spearfishers. Valerie Taylor and her late husband, Ron Taylor, are well known in Australia and internationally as shark experts, but they began their careers as spearfishers and shark hunters (Taylor, Ron Taylor’s), with the documentary Shark Hunters gruesomely detailing their killing of many sharks. The couple have produced several books that recount their close encounters with sharks (Taylor; Taylor, Taylor and Goadby; Taylor and Taylor), charting their movement from killers to conservationists as they learned more about the ocean and its inhabitants. Now a passionate campaigner against the past butchery she participated in, Taylor’s memoir describes her shift to a more respectful relationship with sharks, driven by her desire to understand and protect them. In Australia, the culling of sharks is supposedly carried out to ensure human safety in the ocean, although this practice has long been questioned. In 1983, for instance, Whitley noted the “indiscriminate” killing of grey nurse sharks, despite this species largely being very docile and of little threat to people (Australian Sharks, 10). This is repeated by Tony Ayling twenty-five years later who adds the information that the generally harmless grey nurse sharks have been killed to the point of extinction, as it was wrongly believed they preyed on surfers and swimmers. Shark researcher and conservationist Riley Elliott, author of Shark Man: One Kiwi Man’s Mission to Save Our Most Feared and Misunderstood Predator (2014), includes an extremely critical chapter on Western Australian shark ‘management’ through culling, summing up the problems associated with this approach: it seems to me that this cull involved no science or logic, just waste and politics. It’s sickening that the people behind this cull were the Fisheries department, which prior to this was the very department responsible for setting up the world’s best acoustic tagging system for sharks. (Kindle version, Chapter 7) Describing sharks as “misunderstood creatures”, Orr is also clear in her opposition to killing sharks to ‘protect’ swimmers noting that “each year only around 10 people are killed in shark attacks worldwide, while around 73 million sharks are killed by humans”. She adds the question and answer, “sounds unfair? Of course it is, but when an attack is all over the news and the people are baying for shark blood, it’s easy to lose perspective. But culling them? Seriously?” (back cover). The condemnation of culling is also evident in David Brooks’s recent essay on the topic in his collection of essays about animal welfare, conservation and the relationship between humans and other species, Animal Dreams. This disapproval is also evident in narratives by those who have been injured by sharks. Navy diver Paul de Gelder and surfer Glen Orgias were both bitten by sharks in Sydney in 2009 and both their memoirs detail their fear of sharks and the pain they suffered from these interactions and their lengthy recoveries. However, despite their undoubted suffering – both men lost limbs due to these encounters – they also attest to their ongoing respect for these creatures and specify a shared desire not to see them culled. Orgias, instead, charts the life story of the shark who bit him alongside his own story in his memoir, musing at the end of the book, not about himself or his injury, but about the fate of the shark he had encountered: great whites are portrayed … as pathological creatures, and as malevolent. That’s rubbish … they are graceful, mighty beasts. I respect them, and fear them … [but] the thought of them fighting, dying, in a net upsets me. I hope this great white shark doesn’t end up like that. (271–271) Several of the more recent books identified in this study acknowledge that, despite growing understanding of sharks, the popular press and many policy makers continue to advocate for shark culls, these calls especially vocal after a shark-related human death or injury (Peppin-Neff). The damage to shark species involved caused by their killing – either directly by fishing, spearing, finning, or otherwise hunting them, or inadvertently as they become caught in nets or affected by human pollution of the ocean – is discussed in many of the more recent books identified in this study. Sharks as Endangered Alongside fishing, finning, and hunting, human actions and their effects such as beach netting, pollution and habitat change are killing many sharks, to the point where many shark species are threatened. Several recent books follow Orr in noting that an estimated 100 million sharks are now killed annually across the globe and that this, as well as changes to their habitats, are driving many shark species to the status of vulnerable, threatened or towards extinction (Dulvy et al.). This is detailed in texts about biodiversity and climate change in Australia (Steffen et al.) as well as in many of the zoologically focussed books discussed above under the theme of “Sharks as part of the natural environment”. The CSIRO’s Field Guide to Australian Sharks & Rays (Daley et al.), for example, emphasises not only that several shark species are under threat (and protected) (8–9) but also that sharks are, as individuals, themselves very fragile creatures. Their skeletons are made from flexible, soft cartilage rather than bone, meaning that although they are “often thought of as being incredibly tough; in reality, they need to be handled carefully to maximise their chance of survival following capture” (9). Material on this theme is included in books for younger readers on Australia’s endangered animals (Bourke; Roc and Hawke). Shark Conservation By 1991, shark conservation in Australia and overseas was a topic of serious discussion in Sydney, with an international workshop on the subject held at Taronga Zoo and the proceedings published (Pepperell et al.). Since then, the movement to protect sharks has grown, with marine scientists, high-profile figures and other writers promoting shark conservation, especially through attempts to educate the general public about sharks. De Gelder’s memoir, for instance, describes how he now champions sharks, promoting shark conservation in his work as a public speaker. Peter Benchley, who (with Carl Gottlieb) recast his novel Jaws for the film’s screenplay, later attested to regretting his portrayal of sharks as aggressive and became a prominent spokesperson for shark conservation. In explaining his change of heart, he stated that when he wrote the novel, he was reflecting the general belief that sharks would both seek out human prey and attack boats, but he later discovered this to be untrue (Benchley, “Without Malice”). Many recent books about sharks for younger readers convey a conservation message, underscoring how, instead of fearing or killing sharks, or doing nothing, humans need to actively assist these vulnerable creatures to survive. In the children’s book series featuring Bindi Irwin and her “wildlife adventures”, there is a volume where Bindi and a friend are on a diving holiday when they find a dead shark whose fin has been removed. The book not only describes how shark finning is illegal, but also how Bindi and friend are “determined to bring the culprits to justice” (Browne). This narrative, like the other books in this series, has a dual focus; highlighting the beauty of wildlife and its value, but also how the creatures described need protection and assistance. Concluding Discussion This study was prompted by the understanding that the Earth is currently in the epoch known as the Anthropocene, a time in which humans have significantly altered, and continue to alter, the Earth by our activities (Myers), resulting in numerous species becoming threatened, endangered, or extinct. It acknowledges the pressing need for not only natural science research on these actions and their effects, but also for such scientists to publish their findings in more accessible ways (see, Paulin and Green). It specifically responds to demands for scholarship outside the relevant areas of science and conservation to encourage widespread thinking and action (Mascia et al.; Bennett et al.). As understanding public perceptions and overcoming widely held fear of sharks can facilitate their conservation (Panoch and Pearson), the way sharks are imaged is integral to their survival. The five themes identified in this study reveal vastly different ways of viewing and writing about sharks. These range from seeing sharks as nothing more than large fishes to be killed for pleasure, to viewing them as terrifying monsters, to finally understanding that they are amazing creatures who play an important role in the world’s environment and are in urgent need of conservation. This range of representation is important, for if sharks are understood as demon monsters which hunt humans, then it is much more ‘reasonable’ to not care about their future than if they are understood to be fascinating and fragile creatures suffering from their interactions with humans and our effect on the environment. Further research could conduct a textual analysis of these books. In this context, it is interesting to note that, although in 1949 C. Bede Maxwell suggested describing human deaths and injuries from sharks as “accidents” (182) and in 2013 Christopher Neff and Robert Hueter proposed using “sightings, encounters, bites, and the rare cases of fatal bites” (70) to accurately represent “the true risk posed by sharks” to humans (70), the majority of the books in this study, like mass media reports, continue to use the ubiquitous and more dramatic terminology of “shark attack”. The books identified in this analysis could also be compared with international texts to reveal and investigate global similarities and differences. While the focus of this discussion has been on non-fiction texts, a companion analysis of representation of sharks in Australian fiction, poetry, films, and other narratives could also be undertaken, in the hope that such investigations contribute to more nuanced understandings of these majestic sea creatures. 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Introduction: Google Autocomplete Algorithms Despite recent attention to the impact of social media platforms on political discourse and public opinion, most people locate their news on search engines (Robertson et al.). When a user conducts a search, millions of outputs, in the form of videos, images, articles, and Websites are sorted to present the most relevant search predictions. Google, the most dominant search engine in the world, expanded its search index in 2009 to include the autocomplete function, which provides suggestions for query inputs (Dörr and Stephan). Google’s autocomplete function also allows users to “search smarter” by reducing typing time by 25 percent (Baker and Potts 189). Google’s complex algorithm is impacted upon by factors like search history, location, and keyword searches (Karapapa and Borghi), and there are policies to ensure the autocomplete function does not contain harmful content. In 2017, Google implemented a feedback tool to allow human evaluators to assess the quality of search results; however, the algorithm still provides misleading results that frame far-right actors as neutral. In this article, we use reverse engineering to understand the nature of these algorithms in relation to the descriptive outcome, to illustrate how autocomplete subtitles label conspiracists in three countries. According to Google, these “subtitles are generated automatically”, further stating that the “systems might determine that someone could be called an actor, director, or writer. Only one of these can appear as the subtitle” and that Google “cannot accept or create custom subtitles” (Google). We focused our attention on well-known conspiracy theorists because of their influence and audience outreach. In this article we argue that these subtitles are problematic because they can mislead the public and amplify extremist views. Google’s autocomplete feature is misleading because it does not highlight what is publicly known about these actors. The labels are neutral or positive but never negative, reflecting primary jobs and/or the actor’s preferred descriptions. This is harmful to the public because Google’s search rankings can influence a user’s knowledge and information preferences through the search engine manipulation effect (Epstein and Robertson). Users’ preferences and understanding of information can be manipulated based upon their trust in Google search results, thus allowing these labels to be widely accepted instead of providing a full picture of the harm their ideologies and belief cause. Algorithms That Mainstream Conspiracies Search engines establish order and visibility to Web pages that operationalise and stabilise meaning to particular queries (Gillespie). Google’s subtitles and blackbox operate as a complex algorithm for its search index and offer a mediated visibility to aspects of social and political life (Gillespie). Algorithms are designed to perform computational tasks through an operational sequence that computer systems must follow (Broussard), but they are also “invisible infrastructures” that Internet users consciously or unconsciously follow (Gran et al. 1779). The way algorithms rank, classify, sort, predict, and process data is political because it presents the world through a predetermined lens (Bucher 3) decided by proprietary knowledge – a “secret sauce” (O’Neil 29) – that is not disclosed to the general public (Christin). Technology titans, like Google, Facebook, and Amazon (Webb), rigorously protect and defend intellectual property for these algorithms, which are worth billions of dollars (O’Neil). As a result, algorithms are commonly defined as opaque, secret “black boxes” that conceal the decisions that are already made “behind corporate walls and layers of code” (Pasquale 899). The opacity of algorithms is related to layers of intentional secrecy, technical illiteracy, the size of algorithmic systems, and the ability of machine learning algorithms to evolve and become unintelligible to humans, even to those trained in programming languages (Christin 898-899). The opaque nature of algorithms alongside the perceived neutrality of algorithmic systems is problematic. Search engines are increasingly normalised and this leads to a socialisation where suppositions are made that “these artifacts are credible and provide accurate information that is fundamentally depoliticized and neutral” (Noble 25). Google’s autocomplete and PageRank algorithms exist outside of the veil of neutrality. In 2015, Google’s photos app, which uses machine learning techniques to help users collect, search, and categorise images, labelled two black people as ‘gorillas’ (O’Neil). Safiya Noble illustrates how media and technology are rooted in systems of white supremacy, and how these long-standing social biases surface in algorithms, illustrating how racial and gendered inequities embed into algorithmic systems. Google actively fixes algorithmic biases with band-aid-like solutions, which means the errors remain inevitable constituents within the algorithms. Rising levels of automation correspond to a rising level of errors, which can lead to confusion and misdirection of the algorithms that people use to manage their lives (O’Neil). As a result, software, code, machine learning algorithms, and facial/voice recognition technologies are scrutinised for producing and reproducing prejudices (Gray) and promoting conspiracies – often described as algorithmic bias (Bucher). Algorithmic bias occurs because algorithms are trained by historical data already embedded with social biases (O’Neil), and if that is not problematic enough, algorithms like Google’s search engine also learn and replicate the behaviours of Internet users (Benjamin 93), including conspiracy theorists and their followers. Technological errors, algorithmic bias, and increasing automation are further complicated by the fact that Google’s Internet service uses “2 billion lines of code” – a magnitude that is difficult to keep track of, including for “the programmers who designed the algorithm” (Christin 899). Understanding this level of code is not critical to understanding algorithmic logics, but we must be aware of the inscriptions such algorithms afford (Krasmann). As algorithms become more ubiquitous it is urgent to “demand that systems that hold algorithms accountable become ubiquitous as well” (O’Neil 231). This is particularly important because algorithms play a critical role in “providing the conditions for participation in public life”; however, the majority of the public has a modest to nonexistent awareness of algorithms (Gran et al. 1791). Given the heavy reliance of Internet users on Google’s search engine, it is necessary for research to provide a glimpse into the black boxes that people use to extract information especially when it comes to searching for information about conspiracy theorists. Our study fills a major gap in research as it examines a sub-category of Google’s autocomplete algorithm that has not been empirically explored before. Unlike the standard autocomplete feature that is primarily programmed according to popular searches, we examine the subtitle feature that operates as a fixed label for popular conspiracists within Google’s algorithm. Our initial foray into our research revealed that this is not only an issue with conspiracists, but also occurs with terrorists, extremists, and mass murderers. Method Using a reverse engineering approach (Bucher) from September to October 2021, we explored how Google’s autocomplete feature assigns subtitles to widely known conspiracists. The conspiracists were not geographically limited, and we searched for those who reside in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and various countries in Europe. Reverse engineering stems from Ashby’s canonical text on cybernetics, in which he argues that black boxes are not a problem; the problem or challenge is related to the way one can discern their contents. As Google’s algorithms are not disclosed to the general public (Christin), we use this method as an extraction tool to understand the nature of how these algorithms (Eilam) apply subtitles. To systematically document the search results, we took screenshots for every conspiracist we searched in an attempt to archive the Google autocomplete algorithm. By relying on previous literature, reports, and the figures’ public statements, we identified and searched Google for 37 Western-based and influencial conspiracy theorists. We initially experimented with other problematic figures, including terrorists, extremists, and mass murderers to see whether Google applied a subtitle or not. Additionally, we examined whether subtitles were positive, neutral, or negative, and compared this valence to personality descriptions for each figure. Using the standard procedures of content analysis (Krippendorff), we focus on the manifest or explicit meaning of text to inform subtitle valence in terms of their positive, negative, or neutral connotations. These manifest features refer to the “elements that are physically present and countable” (Gray and Densten 420) or what is known as the dictionary definitions of items. Using a manual query, we searched Google for subtitles ascribed to conspiracy theorists, and found the results were consistent across different countries. Searches were conducted on Firefox and Chrome and tested on an Android phone. Regardless of language input or the country location established by a Virtual Private Network (VPN), the search terms remained stable, regardless of who conducted the search. The conspiracy theorists in our dataset cover a wide range of conspiracies, including historical figures like Nesta Webster and John Robison, who were foundational in Illuminati lore, as well as contemporary conspiracists such as Marjorie Taylor Greene and Alex Jones. Each individual’s name was searched on Google with a VPN set to three countries. Results and Discussion This study examines Google’s autocomplete feature associated with subtitles of conspiratorial actors. We first tested Google’s subtitling system with known terrorists, convicted mass shooters, and controversial cult leaders like David Koresh. Garry et al. (154) argue that “while conspiracy theories may not have mass radicalising effects, they are extremely effective at leading to increased polarization within societies”. We believe that the impact of neutral subtitling of conspiracists reflects the integral role conspiracies plays in contemporary politics and right-wing extremism. The sample includes contemporary and historical conspiracists to establish consistency in labelling. For historical figures, the labels are less consequential and simply reflect the reality that Google’s subtitles are primarily neutral. Of the 37 conspiracy theorists we searched (see Table 1 in the Appendix), seven (18.9%) do not have an associated subtitle, and the other 30 (81%) have distinctive subtitles, but none of them reflects the public knowledge of the individuals’ harmful role in disseminating conspiracy theories. In the list, 16 (43.2%) are noted for their contribution to the arts, 4 are labelled as activists, 7 are associated with their professional affiliation or original jobs, 2 to the journalism industry, one is linked to his sports career, another one as a researcher, and 7 have no subtitle. The problem here is that when white nationalists or conspiracy theorists are not acknowledged as such in their subtitles, search engine users could possibly encounter content that may sway their understanding of society, politics, and culture. For example, a conspiracist like Alex Jones is labeled as an “American Radio Host” (see Figure 1), despite losing two defamation lawsuits for declaring that the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, was a ‘false flag’ event. Jones’s actions on his InfoWars media platforms led to parents of shooting victims being stalked and threatened. Another conspiracy theorist, Gavin McInnes, the creator of the far-right, neo-fascist Proud Boys organisation, a known terrorist entity in Canada and hate group in the United States, is listed simply as a “Canadian writer” (see Figure 1). Fig. 1: Screenshots of Google’s subtitles for Alex Jones and Gavin McInnes. Although subtitles under an individual’s name are not audio, video, or image content, the algorithms that create these subtitles are an invisible infrastructure that could cause harm through their uninterrogated status and pervasive presence. This could then be a potential conduit to media which could cause harm and develop distrust in electoral and civic processes, or all institutions. Examples from our list include Brittany Pettibone, whose subtitle states that she is an “American writer” despite being one of the main propagators of the Pizzagate conspiracy which led to Edgar Maddison Welch (whose subtitle is “Screenwriter”) travelling from North Carolina to Washington D.C. to violently threaten and confront those who worked at Comet Ping Pong Pizzeria. The same misleading label can be found via searching for James O’Keefe of Project Veritas, who is positively labelled as “American activist”. Veritas is known for releasing audio and video recordings that contain false information designed to discredit academic, political, and service organisations. In one instance, a 2020 video released by O’Keefe accused Democrat Ilhan Omar’s campaign of illegally collecting ballots. The same dissembling of distrust applies to Mike Lindell, whose Google subtitle is “CEO of My Pillow”, as well as Sidney Powell, who is listed as an “American lawyer”; both are propagators of conspiracy theories relating to the 2020 presidential election. The subtitles attributed to conspiracists on Google do not acknowledge the widescale public awareness of the negative role these individuals play in spreading conspiracy theories or causing harm to others. Some of the selected conspiracists are well known white nationalists, including Stefan Molyneux who has been banned from social media platforms like Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, and YouTube for the promotion of scientific racism and eugenics; however, he is neutrally listed on Google as a “Canadian podcaster”. In addition, Laura Loomer, who describes herself as a “proud Islamophobe,” is listed by Google as an “Author”. These subtitles can pose a threat by normalising individuals who spread conspiracy theories, sow dissension and distrust in institutions, and cause harm to minority groups and vulnerable individuals. Once clicking on the selected person, the results, although influenced by the algorithm, did not provide information that aligned with the associated subtitle. The search results are skewed to the actual conspiratorial nature of the individuals and associated news articles. In essence, the subtitles do not reflect the subsequent search results, and provide a counter-labelling to the reality of the resulting information provided to the user. Another significant example is Jerad Miller, who is listed as “American performer”, despite the fact that he is the Las Vegas shooter who posted anti-government and white nationalist 3 Percenters memes on his social media (SunStaff), even though the majority of search results connect him to the mass shooting he orchestrated in 2014. The subtitle “performer” is certainly not the common characteristic that should be associated with Jerad Miller. Table 1 in the Appendix shows that individuals who are not within the contemporary milieux of conspiracists, but have had a significant impact, such as Nesta Webster, Robert Welch Junior, and John Robison, were listed by their original profession or sometimes without a subtitle. David Icke, infamous for his lizard people conspiracies, has a subtitle reflecting his past football career. In all cases, Google’s subtitle was never consistent with the actor’s conspiratorial behaviour. Indeed, the neutral subtitles applied to conspiracists in our research may reflect some aspect of the individuals’ previous careers but are not an accurate reflection of the individuals’ publicly known role in propagating hate, which we argue is misleading to the public. For example, David Icke may be a former footballer, but the 4.7 million search results predominantly focus on his conspiracies, his public fora, and his status of being deplatformed by mainstream social media sites. The subtitles are not only neutral, but they are not based on the actual search results, and so are misleading in what the searcher will discover; most importantly, they do not provide a warning about the misinformation contained in the autocomplete subtitle. To conclude, algorithms automate the search engines that people use in the functions of everyday life, but are also entangled in technological errors, algorithmic bias, and have the capacity to mislead the public. Through a process of reverse engineering (Ashby; Bucher), we searched 37 conspiracy theorists to decode the Google autocomplete algorithms. We identified how the subtitles attributed to conspiracy theorists are neutral, positive, but never negative, which does not accurately reflect the widely known public conspiratorial discourse these individuals propagate on the Web. This is problematic because the algorithms that determine these subtitles are invisible infrastructures acting to misinform the public and to mainstream conspiracies within larger social, cultural, and political structures. This study highlights the urgent need for Google to review the subtitles attributed to conspiracy theorists, terrorists, and mass murderers, to better inform the public about the negative nature of these actors, rather than always labelling them in neutral or positive ways. Funding Acknowledgement This project has been made possible in part by the Canadian Department of Heritage – the Digital Citizen Contribution program – under grant no. R529384. The title of the project is “Understanding hate groups’ narratives and conspiracy theories in traditional and alternative social media”. References Ashby, W. Ross. An Introduction to Cybernetics. Chapman & Hall, 1961. Baker, Paul, and Amanda Potts. "‘Why Do White People Have Thin Lips?’ Google and the Perpetuation of Stereotypes via Auto-Complete Search Forms." Critical Discourse Studies 10.2 (2013): 187-204. Benjamin, Ruha. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Polity, 2019. Bucher, Taina. If... Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics. OUP, 2018. Broussard, Meredith. Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World. MIT P, 2018. Christin, Angèle. "The Ethnographer and the Algorithm: Beyond the Black Box." Theory and Society 49.5 (2020): 897-918. D'Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren F. Klein. Data Feminism. MIT P, 2020. Dörr, Dieter, and Juliane Stephan. "The Google Autocomplete Function and the German General Right of Personality." Perspectives on Privacy. De Gruyter, 2014. 80-95. Eilam, Eldad. Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Epstein, Robert, and Ronald E. Robertson. "The Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME) and Its Possible Impact on the Outcomes of Elections." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.33 (2015): E4512-E4521. Garry, Amanda, et al. "QAnon Conspiracy Theory: Examining its Evolution and Mechanisms of Radicalization." Journal for Deradicalization 26 (2021): 152-216. Gillespie, Tarleton. "Algorithmically Recognizable: Santorum’s Google Problem, and Google’s Santorum Problem." Information, Communication & Society 20.1 (2017): 63-80. Google. “Update your Google knowledge panel.” 2022. 3 Jan. 2022 <https://support.google.com/knowledgepanel/answer/7534842?hl=en#zippy=%2Csubtitle>. Gran, Anne-Britt, Peter Booth, and Taina Bucher. "To Be or Not to Be Algorithm Aware: A Question of a New Digital Divide?" Information, Communication & Society 24.12 (2021): 1779-1796. Gray, Judy H., and Iain L. Densten. "Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Using Latent and Manifest Variables." Quality and Quantity 32.4 (1998): 419-431. Gray, Kishonna L. Intersectional Tech: Black Users in Digital Gaming. LSU P, 2020. Karapapa, Stavroula, and Maurizio Borghi. "Search Engine Liability for Autocomplete Suggestions: Personality, Privacy and the Power of the Algorithm." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 23.3 (2015): 261-289. Krasmann, Susanne. "The Logic of the Surface: On the Epistemology of Algorithms in Times of Big Data." Information, Communication & Society 23.14 (2020): 2096-2109. Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage, 2004. Noble, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression. New York UP, 2018. O'Neil, Cathy. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown, 2016. Pasquale, Frank. The Black Box Society. Harvard UP, 2015. Robertson, Ronald E., David Lazer, and Christo Wilson. "Auditing the Personalization and Composition of Politically-Related Search Engine Results Pages." Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference. 2018. Staff, Sun. “A Look inside the Lives of Shooters Jerad Miller, Amanda Miller.” Las Vegas Sun 9 June 2014. <https://lasvegassun.com/news/2014/jun/09/look/>. Webb, Amy. The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity. Hachette UK, 2019. Appendix Table 1: The subtitles of conspiracy theorists on Google autocomplete Conspiracy Theorist Google Autocomplete Subtitle Character Description Alex Jones American radio host InfoWars founder, American far-right radio show host and conspiracy theorist. The SPLC describes Alex Jones as "the most prolific conspiracy theorist in contemporary America." Barry Zwicker Canadian journalist Filmmaker who made a documentary that claimed fear was used to control the public after 9/11. Bart Sibrel American producer Writer, producer, and director of work to falsely claim the Apollo moon landings between 1969 and 1972 were staged by NASA. Ben Garrison American cartoonist Alt-right and QAnon political cartoonist Brittany Pettibone American writer Far-right, political vlogger on YouTube and propagator of #pizzagate. Cathy O’Brien American author Cathy O’Brien claims she was a victim of a government mind control project called Project Monarch. Dan Bongino American radio host Stakeholder in Parler, Radio Host, Ex-Spy, Conspiracist (Spygate, MAGA election fraud, etc.). David Icke Former footballer Reptilian humanoid conspiracist. David Wynn Miller (No subtitle) Conspiracist, far-right tax protester, and founder of the Sovereign Citizens Movement. Jack Posobiec American activist Alt-right, alt-lite political activist, conspiracy theorist, and Internet troll. Editor of Human Events Daily. James O’Keefe American activist Founder of Project Veritas, a far-right company that propagates disinformation and conspiracy theories. John Robison Foundational Illuminati conspiracist. Kevin Annett Canadian writer Former minister and writer, who wrote a book exposing the atrocities to Indigenous Communities, and now is a conspiracist and vlogger. Laura Loomer Author Far-right, anti-Muslim, conspiracy theorist, and Internet personality. Republican nominee in Florida's 21st congressional district in 2020. Marjorie Taylor Greene United States Representative Conspiracist, QAnon adherent, and U.S. representative for Georgia's 14th congressional district. Mark Dice American YouTuber Right-wing conservative pundit and conspiracy theorist. Mark Taylor (No subtitle) QAnon minister and self-proclaimed prophet of Donald Trump, the 45th U.S. President. Michael Chossudovsky Canadian economist Professor emeritus at the University of Ottawa, founder of the Centre for Research on Globalization, and conspiracist. Michael Cremo(Drutakarmā dāsa) American researcher Self-described Vedic creationist whose book, Forbidden Archeology, argues humans have lived on earth for millions of years. Mike Lindell CEO of My Pillow Business owner and conspiracist. Neil Patel English entrepreneur Founded The Daily Caller with Tucker Carlson. Nesta Helen Webster English author Foundational Illuminati conspiracist. Naomi Wolf American author Feminist turned conspiracist (ISIS, COVID-19, etc.). Owen Benjamin American comedian Former actor/comedian now conspiracist (Beartopia), who is banned from mainstream social media for using hate speech. Pamela Geller American activist Conspiracist, Anti-Islam, Blogger, Host. Paul Joseph Watson British YouTuber InfoWars co-host and host of the YouTube show PrisonPlanetLive. QAnon Shaman (Jake Angeli) American activist Conspiracy theorist who participated in the 2021 attack on Capitol Hil. Richard B. Spencer (No subtitle) American neo-Nazi, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, and white supremacist. Rick Wiles (No subtitle) Minister, Founded conspiracy site, TruNews. Robert W. Welch Jr. American businessman Founded the John Birch Society. Ronald Watkins (No subtitle) Founder of 8kun. Serge Monast Journalist Creator of Project Blue Beam conspiracy. Sidney Powell (No subtitle) One of former President Trump’s Lawyers, and renowned conspiracist regarding the 2020 Presidential election. Stanton T. Friedman Nuclear physicist Original civilian researcher of the 1947 Roswell UFO incident. Stefan Molyneux Canadian podcaster Irish-born, Canadian far-right white nationalist, podcaster, blogger, and banned YouTuber, who promotes conspiracy theories, scientific racism, eugenics, and racist views Tim LaHaye American author Founded the Council for National Policy, leader in the Moral Majority movement, and co-author of the Left Behind book series. Viva Frei (No subtitle) YouTuber/ Canadian Influencer, on the Far-Right and Covid conspiracy proponent. William Guy Carr Canadian author Illuminati/III World War Conspiracist Google searches conducted as of 9 October 2021.

IntroductionThe National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare Program (NSCSWP) has been one of the most controversial Australian news topics in the past eight years. Newspaper representations of the NSCSWP have been prolific since the Program began in 2006/07. In my previous research into the NSCSWP, I found that initially the Program was well received. Following the High Court Challenge campaign, however, which began in late 2010, newspaper reports portrayed the NSCSWP in a predominantly negative light. These negative portrayals of the NSCSWP persisted in the lead up to the second High Court Challenge from 2013 until June 2014. During this time, newspaper representations portrayed the Program as an illegitimate form of counseling for state school students. However, I would argue that it was the newspaper representations of the NSCSWP that were in fact illegitimate. In this article, I contend that illegitimate representations of the NSCSWP became hegemonic because of a lack of evidence-based research conducted into the Program’s operation within state schools. Evidence-based research would have appropriately evaluated the Program’s progress and contributed to a legitimate and fair representation of chaplains in online newspapers. My analysis acknowledges the overwhelming prejudice against the NSCSWP. Whether chaplains were indeed a legitimate or illegitimate form of counseling is not my argument. My argument is that newspaper representations of the NSCSWP were illegitimate because news articles were presenting biased and incomplete information to the Australian community. Defining IllegitimacyIllegitimacy as a term has a long history dating back to early modern England, when it was commonly used to refer to children born out of wedlock (Pritchard 19). However, the definition of illegitimacy extends beyond this social phenomenon. Katie Pritchard states:The understanding of illegitimacy encompasses a kind of theoretical illegitimacy that is nothing to do with birth, referring to a kind of falseness or unsuitability that can be applied in many circumstances. (21)For this article, I will be using the term ‘illegitimate’ to describe how the newspaper representations of the NSCSWP were unsuitable because they were biased and lacked valuable information. Newspaper reports, which can be accessed online via the newspaper company’s website, include important authoritative voices. However, these voices expressed a certain opinion or concern, rather than delivering information that contributed to society’s understanding of the NSCSWP. Therefore, newspapers did not present legitimate facts, but instead a range of subjective opinions.The Illegitimacy of Newspaper ReportingThe ideological bias of newspapers has been recently examined regarding News Corp, the owner of national title The Australian, and many of the major Australian state newspapers: The Daily Telegraph; The Courier Mail, Herald Sun; The Advertiser; and Sunday Times. This organisation has recently been accused of showing bias in its newspaper articles (Meade). Meade quotes Mark Scott, the ABC Managing Director, who states:Given the aggressive editorial positioning of some of their mastheads and their willingness to adopt and pursue an editorial position, an ideological position and a market segmentation, you could argue that News Corporation newspapers have never been more assertive in exercising media power. (1)The market domination enjoyed by large organisations such as News Corp, and even Fairfax Media, leads to consistency in journalists’ writing on political, social, religious, and economic issues, which may predominate over the articles published by smaller newspapers. There is the concern that over time a particular point of view will be favoured. According to Mark Scott “a range of influential voices [is] essential to ensure a fair and open media” (Meade 1). Scott cites Rupert Murdoch who stated, back in 1967, that “freedom of the press mustn’t be one-sided just for a publisher to speak as he pleases, to try and bully the community” (Meade 1). Therefore, it has been acknowledged that a biased news article is illegitimate, and national news articles are to present facts, not the opinions of the newspaper.A Methodological Framework For this article I will utilise Norman Fairclough’s theory of Critical Discourse Analysis. Fairclough states:By ‘critical’ discourse analysis I mean discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a) discursive practices, events and texts and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes. (132-133)This method of analysis examines three assumptions: Existential, Propositional and Value. Existential assumptions make claims about what exists with regards to the problem, and refers to social phenomena such as globalisation or social cohesion (56). Propositional assumptions make predictions about what is or will be (55). Value assumptions simply evaluate things as good or bad, needed or not needed (57). These assumptions can be identified through analysis of the various direct quotes included within online newspaper articles.Direct quotations in newspaper articles available online often represent polarised views demonstrating whether people agree or disagree with the topic being discussed. The selection, or framing, of dominant voices within an article can be used to construct or re-present certain ideologies (Entman, 165). Entman explains that “we can define framing as the process of culling a few elements of perceived reality and assembling a narrative that highlights connections among them to promote a particular interpretation” (164). The framing of direct quotes within an article, therefore, assists the reader in identifying the article’s bias. The National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare ProgramThe National School Chaplaincy Program was first established in 2006 by the Howard Government, and in 2011 Julia Gillard included secular youth workers, expanding it from 2012 to become the National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare Program. According to the National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare Guidelines, the Program aimed to “assist school communities to provide pastoral care and general spiritual, social and emotional comfort to all students, irrespective of their faith or beliefs” (6). Chaplaincy in Australia has been a predominantly Christian counseling service with Christianity being the most commonly practiced religion in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics). However, there have been chaplains representing other faiths such as Islam, Judaism and Buddhism (Australian Government 8). Chaplains were chosen by their respective schools and were partly funded by the Government to provide support to students and staff.State Newspaper Articles Online: Representations 2013-2014My sample of articles came from nine state newspapers with an online presence: The Sydney Morning Herald, Brisbane Courier Mail, Adelaide Advertiser, Melbourne Age, Northern Times, The Australian, The West Australian, The Daily Telegraph, and The Mercury. A total of 36 articles were collected, from the newspaper’s Website, for 2013 and 2014, and were divided into two categories.The two categories are Supportive (of the Program) and Unsupportive (of the Program). In 2013, two articles were supportive of the Program, whereas in 2014 there were four. In 2013 three articles were unsupportive of the Program, whereas in 2014 there were 27 unsupportive articles, representing the growing interest in the scheme in the final lead up to the High Court Challenge in 2014. An online newspaper article from 2013, which portrays the NSCSWP and in particular chaplains as illegitimate, is Call for Naked School Chaplain to Be Defrocked (Domjen). This article explains how an off-duty school chaplain was preaching naked in the main street of a country town in NSW. The NSW Teachers Federation President Maurie Mulheron, and Parents and Citizens Association publicity officer Rachael Sowden were quoted in this article. It is through their direct quotes that the illegitimacy of chaplaincy is framed. President Mulheron states:We believe the chaplaincy program is wrong and that money should be used for an increase in school-based counsellors. Obviously the right checks and balances are not in place. (1)When President Mulheron states “We” it is unclear to the reader as to whether he is referring to all NSW Teachers or the organisation’s administrators. The reader is left to make their own assumptions about whom he is referring to. The President also makes a value assumption that the money would be better spent on school-based counselors, thus expressing his own opinion that they are a better option. A propositional assumption is made when he claims that the “right checks and balances are not in place”, but is he basing his claim on this one incident or is there other research to support this assumption?Perhaps this naked chaplain appeared fine when the school hired him, perhaps he does not have a previous record of inappropriate behaviour, perhaps it was an isolated incident. The reader is not given any background information on this chaplain and is therefore meant to take the President’s assumptions as legitimate fact. Ms Sowden, representing the Parents’ and Citizens’ Association, also expresses the same assumptions and concerns. Ms Sowden states:We have great concerns about the chaplain scheme - many parents do. We are concerned about whether they go through the same processes as teachers in terms of working with children checks and their suitability to the position, and this case highlights that.Ms Sowden makes a propositional assumption that many parents and citizens are concerned about the Program. It would be interesting to know what the Parents and Citizens Association was doing about this, considering the choice to have a chaplain is a decision made by the school community? Ms Sowden also asks whether chaplains “go through the same processes as teachers in terms of working with children checks and their suitability to the position”. Chaplains do not go through the same process as teachers in their training as they have a different role in the school. However, chaplains do require a Certificate IV in Pastoral Care as well as a Working with Children Check because they are in close proximity to children, and are being paid for their school counseling service (Working with Children Check). Ms Sowden’s value assumption that chaplains are unsuitable for the position is based on her own limited understanding of their qualifications, which she admits to not knowing. In fact, to be appointed to represent parents and citizens and to even voice their concerns, but not know the qualifications of chaplains in her community, is an interesting area of ignorance.This article has been framed to evaluate the actions of all chaplains through the example of a publicly-naked chaplain, discussed without context in this article. The Program is portrayed as hiring unsuitable and thus illegitimate chaplains. However, the quotes are based on concerns and assumptions that are unfounded, and are fears presented as facts. Therefore the representation is illegitimate because it does not report any information that the public can use to better understand the NSCSWP, or even to understand the circumstances surrounding the chaplain who preached naked in the street. Another article from 2014, which represents chaplains as illegitimate, is Push to Divert Chaplain Cash to School Councillors (Paine). This article focuses on the comments of the Tasmanian Association of State School Organisations President Jenny Eddington, and the Australian Education Union President Angelo Gavrielatos. These dominant voices within the Tasmanian and Australian communities are chosen to express their opinion that the money once used for chaplains should now be used to fund psychologists in schools. AEU President Angelo Gavrielatos states: Apart from undermining our secular traditions, this additional funding should have been allocated to schools to better meet the educational needs of students with trained, specialist staff.Mr Gavrielatos makes a propositional assumption that chaplains are untrained staff and are thus illegitimate staff. However, chaplains are trained and specialise in providing counseling services. Thus, through his call for “trained, specialist staff” he aims to delegitimize the training of chaplains. Mr Gavrielatos also makes a value assumption when he claims that the funding put towards the NSCSWP undermines “our secular traditions”. “Secular traditions” is an existential assumption in positioning that Australians have secular traditions, and that these do not involve chaplaincy because the Australian Government is not supposed to support religion. The Australian Bureau of Statistics states:Enlightenment principles promoted a secular government, detached from the church, that encouraged tolerance and supported religious pluralism, including the right to practice no religion. By Federation, this diversity was enshrined in the Australian Constitution, which says that the Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion. (1)The funding of the Program was a contentious issue from the time of its inception; although it could be argued that it was the prerogative of the Government to support the practice of diverse cultural and religious beliefs by allowing schools to hire religious counselors of their choice. Given that not every student is Christian some would perhaps benefit from chaplains or counselors representing other faiths.These news articles have selected dominant voices to construct and promote an ideology of chaplains as an illegitimate resource for school communities. In these newspaper reports existential, propositional and value assumptions were expressed by dominant voices who expressed concern about the role and behaviour of chaplains in schools. However, research into the Program and its operation within each state may have avoided the representation of unfounded and illegitimate assumptions.Evidence-Based Research: Avoiding Illegitimacy Over the course of the Chaplaincy Program various resources, such as reports and journal articles attempted to provide evidence of how the NSCSWP was funded and operated within state schools.The Department of Education received frequent progress reports by state schools who hired chaplains, although this information was not made available to the public. However, in 2011 then Education Minister Peter Garrett released a discussion paper informing Australians about the current set up of the Program and how the community could have their say on the Program’s fulfillment from 2012-2014. The discussion paper was reported on by The Australian, which portrayed the Program as not catering to the needs of Australian youth because chaplains are predominantly Christian (Ferrari). The newspaper report focuses on the concerns of Australian communities regarding the funding, and qualifications of chaplains, and the cost of the Program. Thus, the Program appeared illegitimate and as though it could not cater to the Australian community’s expectations.Reports conducted by organisations external to the Education Department tried to examine schools communities’ expectations and experiences of the Program. One such report was written in 2009 by Dr Philip Hughes and Professor Margaret Sims from Edith Cowan University who aimed to examine how Australian schools evaluated the Program, and the role of chaplains, but their report excluded the state of NSW.Hughes and Sims state that chaplains’ “contribution was widely appreciated” by schools (6). This report attempted to provide a legitimate and independent account of the Program, however, the report was deemed biased by NSW Greens MLC, Dr John Kaye who remarked that the study was “deeply flawed” and lacked independence (Thielking & MacKenzie 1). According to critics, the study focussed on the positive benefits of chaplains, but the only benefit that was unique to them was that they were religious (The Greens). The study also neglected to report that Hughes was an employee of the Christian Research Association and that his background could impede his objectivity. In the same year, 2009, ACCESS ministries published a report titled: The value of chaplains in Victorian schools. The independent research conducted by Social Compass covers: “the value of chaplains; their social, spiritual and academic impacts; the difference made to the health, well being and quality of life of students; and the contributions made to strengthen communities” (2).This study promoted a positive view of chaplaincy within schools and tried to report on a portion of the community’s experiences with chaplains. However, it was limited in that it pertains only to Victorian schools and received very little media attention online. Even if this information were available online it would have only related to Victoria. Further research conducted into chaplaincy has been published in the Journal of Christian Education. This journal contains many articles on chaplaincy, but these are not easily available online as they require a subscription. The findings from these articles have not been published in newspaper articles online and have therefore not been made available to the general public. The Christian bias of the journal may have also contributed to its contents being neglected by news articles made available online, although they might have assisted in providing a more balanced representation of the NSCSWP.The extent of the research conducted into The National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare Program has not been entirely delineated here, but these are some of the prominent resources. Nonetheless, the rigorous evaluation of the contribution of the NSCSWP was minimal, and the quality of its evaluation predominantly biased.Robert Slavin states that school program evaluations must “produce reliable, unbiased, and meaningful information on the strength of evidence behind each program” (1). Unfortunately, the research conducted into the Chaplaincy Program was not free from bias, consistent or properly designed in a way that legitimately evaluated the NSCSWP. According to Monica Thielking and David MacKenzie:The fact is that the provision of support services for students in Australian schools has never been subjected to serious research and evaluation, and any analysis is made more difficult by the fact that the various states and territories deploy somewhat different models. (1)Thus, the information on the Chaplaincy Program’s progress and the responsibilities of chaplains in schools was not comprehensive or accurate enough to be appropriately reported in newspapers available online. Therefore, newspaper articles used quotes and information based on a limited understanding of the Program, which in turn produced illegitimate representations of the NSCSWP.ConclusionNewspaper reports available online drew conclusions about the Program’s effectiveness, which had not been appropriately tested. If research had been made available to the public, or published within state-based media online, Australians would have had a more legitimate understanding of the Program’s operation within state education, even if that understanding could not have changed the High Court ruling.The Chaplaincy Program demonstrates how a lack of evidence-based research allows the media to construct illegitimate representations based on promoting the assumptions of dominant, and I would argue the loudest, voices, in society. The bias represented in a consistent approach adopted by newspapers owned by dominant media companies, is a factor in the re-presentation and promotion of certain ideologies. This was made evident by the fact that, in 2014, across nine state newspapers available online, 27 articles were unsupportive of the Program as opposed to only four articles that were supportive. Audiences need to be presented with facts rather than opinions, which are based on very little research. Hopefully newspaper reporting will change in the future to offer audiences a more legitimate representation of news events. ReferencesACCESS Ministries. The Value of Chaplains in Victorian Schools. NSW, 2009. Australian Bureau of Statistics. "Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013." 2012. Australian Government. National School Chaplaincy Program: A Discussion Paper. Australia: Commonwealth of Australian, 2011. Chaplaincy Australia. "Training." n.d. Commonwealth of Australia. National School Chaplaincy and Student Welfare Program Guidelines. Australia: Australian Government, 2012. Domjen, Briana. “Call for Naked School Chaplain to Be Defrocked.” The Australian 3 Feb. 2013: 1.Entman, Robert. "Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power." Journal of Communications 1 (2007): 163-73.Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Longman, 2003.Ferrari, Justine. "School Chaplains Not Representative." The Australian 12 Feb. 2011: 1.Hughes, Philip, and Margaret Sims. The Effectivess of Chaplaincy: As Provided by the National School Chaplaincy Association to Government Schools in Australia. Perth: Edith Cowan University, 2009.Meade, Amanda. "Mark Scott: News Corp Papers Never More Aggressive than Now." The Guardian 3 Oct. 2014: 1.Paine, Michelle. “Push to Divert Chaplain Cash to School Councillors.” The Mercury 21 Jun. 2014: 1.Pritchard, Katie. "Legitimacy, Illegitimacy and Sovereignty in Shakespeare’s British Plays." U of Manchester, 2011.Slavin, Robert. "Perspectives on Evidence-Based Research in Education: What Works? Issues in Synthesizing Educational Program Evaluations." Educational Researcher 37.1 (2008): 5-14. The Greens. "Chaplaincy Program Study 'Flawed and Biased': Conclusions Not Justified." n.d. Thielking, Monica, and David MacKenzie. “School Chaplains: Time to Look at the Evidence.” 2011. Working with Children Check. "Categories of Work." 2008.

When Mark David Chapman assassinated John Lennon in December of 1980, he explained that he had to kill him in order to promote the reading of J. D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Chapman's belief that he could become Salinger's protagonist, Holden Caulfield, is the genesis for this research. The concept that a person could identify with a novel or character in a novel to such an extent that he or she would commit murder is an extraordinary allegation.In order to further explore this accusation, this research focuses on three novels: Alexandre Dumas, pere's The Count of Monte Cristo, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, and Stephen King's Rage. Michael Sullivan, Mark David Chapman, John Hinckley, and Scott Pennington read one of these literary works before committing, or attempting to commit, murder.This project traces the cognitive processes of these men in an effort to understand why reading a specific novel lead to a murder. By delving into the minds of these murderers, it can be determined if the novel itself is a motive, an impetus, for the crime, or a scapegoat.
Department of English

James Chapman's history of Doctor Who has been acclaimed by fans and scholars alike as a definitive book on the world's longest-running television science fiction series. In this new edition, published to mark the 50th anniversary of everyone's favourite Time Lord, Chapman has brought the story up to date to include the new series of Doctor Who as well as its spin offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. With new material on the eras of showrunners Russell T. Davies and Steven Moffat, and the latest incarnations of the Doctor in David Tennant and Matt Smith, this updated edition of Inside the Tardis shows how Doctor Who has triumphantly reinvented itself for the twenty-first century. Doctor Who has not only become essential viewing once again, but it is also one of television's most successful exports. Chapman maps both the continuities with classic Doctor Who, as well as exploring how the series has evolved to take account of new institutional and cultural contexts. Written by someone who is a life-long Doctor Who fan as well as a historian, this new edition of Inside the Tardis is essential and enjoyable reading for all those interested in both the classic series and its thoroughly modern reincarnation.