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Journal articles on the topic 'Characteristics of Slug Flow'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

HATAKEYAMA, Nobuo, and Karoku NODA. "Flow Characteristics of Slug Flow." Journal of the Mining Institute of Japan 103, no. 1197 (1987): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai1953.103.1197_785.

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2

Gopal, M., and W. P. Jepson. "The Study of Dynamic Slug Flow Characteristics Using Digital Image Analysis—Part I: Flow Visualization." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795032.

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This paper reports the application of novel, digital image analysis techniques in the study of slug flow characteristics, under dynamic conditions in two-phase gas-liquid mixtures. Water and an oil of viscosity 18 cP were used for the liquid phase and carbon dioxide was used for the gas phase. Flow in a 75-mm i.d., 10-m long acrylic pipeline system was studied. Images of slugs were recorded on video by S-VHS cameras, using an audio-visual mixer. Each image was then digitized frame-by-frame and analyzed on a SGI™ workstation. Detailed slug characteristics, including liquid film heights, slug translational velocity, mixing length, and, slug length, were obtained.

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3

Al-safran, Eissa M., Yehuda Taitel, and James P. Brill. "Prediction of Slug Length Distribution Along a Hilly Terrain Pipeline Using Slug Tracking Model." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1649971.

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Accurate prediction of slug length distribution and the maximum slug length in a hilly terrain pipeline is crucial for designing downstream separation facilities. A hilly terrain pipeline consists of interconnected uphill and downhill pipe sections, where slugs can dissipate in the downhill sections and grow in the uphill sections. Furthermore, new slugs can be generated at the dips (bottom elbows) and dissipate at the top elbows. Although existing steady-state models are capable of predicting the average slug length for pressure drop calculations and pipeline design, they are incapable of predicting detailed flow characteristics such as the maximum slug length expected at the exit of a hilly terrain pipeline. A transient slug tracking model based on a quasi-equilibrium formulation was developed to track the front and back of each individual slug, from which individual slug lengths are calculated. The model was verified with large-scale two-phase flow hilly terrain experimental data acquired at the Tulsa University Fluid Flow Projects (TUFFP). The results show a fairly accurate match between the model predictions and experimental data.

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4

Zhang, Hong-Quan, Eissa M. Al-Safran, Subash S. Jayawardena, Clifford L. Redus, Cem Sarica, and James P. Brill. "Modeling of Slug Dissipation and Generation in Gas-Liquid Hilly-Terrain Pipe Flow." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 3 (August 29, 2003): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1580847.

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Hilly-terrain pipelines consist of interconnected horizontal, uphill and downhill sections. Slug flow experiences a transition from one state to another as the pipe inclination angle changes. Normally, slugs dissipate if the upward inclination becomes smaller or the downward inclination becomes larger, and slug generation occurs vice versa. Appropriate prediction of the slug characteristics is crucial for the design of pipeline and downstream facilities. In this study, slug dissipation and generation in a valley pipeline configuration (horizontal-downhill-uphill-horizontal) were modeled by use of the method proposed by Zhang et al. The method was developed from the unsteady continuity and momentum equations for two-phase slug flow by considering the entire film zone as the control volume. Computed results are compared with experimental measurements at different air-mineral oil flow rate combinations. Good agreement is observed for the change of slug body length to slug unit length ratio.

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5

Kang, C., W. P. Jepson, and M. Gopal. "Effect of Drag-Reducing Agent on Slug Characteristics in Multiphase Flow in Inclined Pipes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795073.

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The effect of drag-reducing agent (DRA) on multiphase flow in upward and downward inclined pipes has been studied. The effect of DRA on pressure drop and slug characteristics such as slug translational velocity, the height of the liquid film, slug frequency, and Froude number have been determined. Experiments were performed in 10-cm i.d., 18-m long plexiglass pipes at inclinations of 2 and 15 deg for 50 percent oil-50 percent water-gas. The DRA effect was examined for concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 ppm. Studies were done for superficial liquid velocities between 0.5 and 3 m/s and superficial gas velocities between 2 and 10 m/s. The results indicate that the DRA was effective in reducing the pressure drop for both upflow and downflow in inclined pipes. Pressure gradient reduction of up to 92 percent for stratified flow with a concentration of 50 ppm DRA was achieved in ±2 deg downward inclined flow. The effectiveness of DRA for slug flow was 67 percent at a superficial liquid velocity of 0.5 m/s and superficial gas velocity of 2 m/s in 15 deg upward inclined pipes. Slug translational velocity does not change with DRA concentrations. The slug frequency decreases from 68 to 54 slugs/min at superficial liquid velocity of 1 m/s and superficial gas velocity of 4 m/s in 15 deg upward inclined pipes as the concentration of 50 ppm was added. The height of the liquid film decreased with the addition of DRA, which leads to an increase in Froude number.

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6

Zhang, Hong-Quan, Qian Wang, Cem Sarica, and James P. Brill. "Unified Model for Gas-Liquid Pipe Flow via Slug Dynamics—Part 1: Model Development." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 125, no. 4 (November 18, 2003): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1615246.

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A unified hydrodynamic model is developed for predictions of flow pattern transitions, pressure gradient, liquid holdup and slug characteristics in gas-liquid pipe flow at all inclination angles from −90° to 90° from horizontal. The model is based on the dynamics of slug flow, which shares transition boundaries with all the other flow patterns. By use of the entire film zone as the control volume, the momentum exchange between the slug body and the film zone is introduced into the momentum equations for slug flow. The equations of slug flow are used not only to calculate the slug characteristics, but also to predict transitions from slug flow to other flow patterns. Significant effort has been made to eliminate discontinuities among the closure relationships through careful selection and generalization. The flow pattern classification is also simplified according to the hydrodynamic characteristics of two-phase flow.

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7

Elfaki, Mohamed, Mohammad Shakir Nasif, and Masdi Muhammad. "Effect of Changing Crude Oil Grade on Slug Characteristics and Flow Induced Mechanical Stresses in Pipes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 5215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115215.

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Slug multiphase flow is known to be the most prevalent regime because of its extensive encounters associated with chaotic behaviour, complexity and instability that cause significant fluctuations in operating conditions and thus lead to undesirable effects. In this study, the effect of varying crude oil grades on slug characteristics is numerically investigated. A partitioned one-way coupling framework of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) one-way coupling framework is adopted to investigate the influence of changing oil grades and slug characteristics on the maximum induced stresses in horizontal carbon steel pipe. It was found that increasing crude oil density causes frequent slugging and promotes the formation of liquid slugs further upstream near the inlet with high translational velocity and short wavelength. Therefore, the maximum induced stresses resulting from the interaction between slugs and the inner surface of pipes are strongly dependent on crude oil grade. In modelling extra heavy crude oil, a 40% increase in maximum induced stresses is recorded when the liquid superficial velocity decreases from 1 to 0.86 m/s at a constant natural gas superficial velocity.

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8

King, M. J. S., C. P. Hale, C. J. Lawrence, and G. F. Hewitt. "Characteristics of flowrate transients in slug flow." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 24, no. 5 (August 1998): 825–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9322(97)00088-8.

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9

McClusky, Heather L., Mary V. Holloway, Donald E. Beasley, and Jay M. Ochterbeck. "Continuous Wavelet Transforms of Instantaneous Wall Pressure in Slug and Churn Upward Gas-Liquid Flow." Journal of Fluids Engineering 124, no. 3 (August 19, 2002): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1490376.

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Continuous wavelet transforms are employed to determine the time-localized frequency content (scalogram) of instantaneous wall pressure signals in upward gas-liquid flow. The flow conditions correspond to well-defined slug flow, well-defined churn flow, and flows near the transition from slug-to-churn flow. Scalograms demonstrate that the frequency content of the pressure signals is time-dependent, and visual observations of the flow conditions suggest that the time-dependent frequencies are related to identifiable physical behaviors of the flow. In well-defined slug flow, the scalograms are characterized by the presence of a dominant frequency throughout the duration of the signal and by frequency shifting events. Scalograms representing well-defined churn flow contain intermittent frequencies, and the energy density in churn flow is spread over a wider range of frequencies than in slug flow. The present results provide evidence that flows near transition alternately display characteristics of both well-defined slug and well-defined churn flows.

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10

Vaze, M. J., and J. Banerjee. "Experimental visualization of two-phase flow patterns and transition from stratified to slug flow." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 2 (June 20, 2010): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2033.

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The transition from stratified to slug flow generates oscillations in pressure and flowrates. Large liquid surges associated with slug flow are detrimental to the operation of process equipments involving two-phase flow. The characterization of two-phase flow regimes and their transition is thus an important area of research. In the present work, flow patterns for various regimes of air—water two-phase flow are captured experimentally. A flow pattern map is established based on the visualized images. The developed flow regime map is compared with that obtained by Ghajar and Tang. Slug frequency is recorded for a variety of superficial Reynolds number to show the instances of impact pressure. The development of slug and transition to slug flow from stratified flow are analysed using these captured images. It is observed that slug becomes highly chaotic with dispersion of air bubbles, when gas superficial Reynolds number is increased for a fixed value of liquid superficial Reynolds number. For lower gas superficial Reynolds number, the slug is observed to be very clear (without air entrainment). This is true for higher value of liquid superficial Reynolds number as well. The air entrainment increases with increasing gas superficial Reynolds number. This air entrainment might play a dominant role in deciding the flow and thermal characteristics of such two-phase flows.

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11

Wang, Xun, Yun Zhao Li, Cheng Si Yang, and Xiao Wen Zhang. "Visualization Experiment on the Steady Operating Process of the close Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.318.

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A visualization experimental investigation for the pulsating heat pipe (PHP) was carried out to obtain the flow characteristics in the PHP steady operating process with controlling the input heat flux and condensing temperature. The experimental results show that the flow patterns are mainly slug flow with the intermittent pulsation at low heating power, churn flow, and annular flow with steady unidirectional circulation at high heating power. The flow direction switch phenomenon was also observed and analyzed. When the PHP heating section is occupied by vapor slugs for a long time, the backflow phenomenon provides liquid to the bottom of the heating section and reforms a new liquid slug.

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12

Chen, Yan, Ye Lu, and Shu Sheng Zhang. "Numerical Analysis of Bubble Motion Characteristics within Vertical Rectangular Micro Channels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.893.

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In this paper, flow patterns transition criteria from bubble growth to confined bubbly flow, from isolated/confined bubbly flow to slug flow, and from slug flow to annular flow are numerical analyzed. The prediction of the theoretical model agrees well with experimental data. By carrying out comparative study, it is indicated that there is an apparent postponement of flow patterns transition of flow boiling in mini/micro-channel than that under adiabatic conditions.

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13

Liu, Weixin, Yunfeng Han, Dayang Wang, An Zhao, and Ningde Jin. "The Slug and Churn Turbulence Characteristics of Oil–Gas–Water Flows in a Vertical Small Pipe." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 72, no. 9 (August 28, 2017): 817–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0119.

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AbstractThe intention of the present study was to investigate the slug and churn turbulence characteristics of a vertical upward oil–gas–water three-phase flow. We firstly carried out a vertical upward oil–gas–water three-phase flow experiment in a 20-mm inner diameter (ID) pipe to measure the fluctuating signals of a rotating electric field conductance sensor under different flow patterns. Afterwards, typical flow patterns were identified with the aid of the texture structures in a cross recurrence plot. Recurrence quantitative analysis and multi-scale cross entropy (MSCE) algorithms were applied to investigate the turbulence characteristics of slug and churn flows with the varying flow parameters. The results suggest that with cross nonlinear analysis, the underlying dynamic characteristics in the evolution from slug to churn flow can be well understood. The present study provides a novel perspective for the analysis of the spatial–temporal evolution instability and complexity in oil–gas–water three-phase flow.

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14

Wang, Zhihui, Wei Luo, Ruiquan Liao, Xiangwei Xie, Fuwei Han, and Hongying Wang. "Slug Flow Characteristics in Inclined and Vertical Channels." Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 15, no. 5 (2019): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2019.06847.

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15

Morini, Gian Luca. "Thermal characteristics of slug flow in rectangular ducts." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 38, no. 2 (February 1999): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1290-0729(99)80052-0.

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16

Morini, G. "Thermal characteristics of slug flow in rectangular ducts." Revue GÃ©nÃ©rale de Thermique 38, no. 2 (February 1999): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-3159(99)80006-3.

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17

Xue, Ting, Jingyu Zhao, Qian Wang, and Bin Wu. "Measurement of Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Slug Flow." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 9072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3053059.

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18

Nakashima, Kohei. "Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide and Product Water Exhausts in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Serpentine Channels." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0067.

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Abstract This study utilized a transparent direct methanol fuel cell, with serpentine channels with a width of 2 mm and an initial depth of 2 mm, and investigated the relationship between the behaviours of carbon dioxide (CO2) slugs, product water accumulations, and voltage fluctuation. It examined the exhaust volumes of CO2 slugs and product water accumulations from the channels over time, comparing an anode channel with a depth of 1.2 mm to one with a depth of 2 mm (without changing the cathode depth of 2 mm, nor the width of 2 mm in both the anode and the cathode). Results indicated that cell voltage fluctuated, rising while CO2 slugs were ejected, and falling between ejections. In the case of an anode channel depth of 2 mm and a lower methanol-water solution flow rate, CO2 slugs were ejected less frequently, so cell voltage fluctuated widely. (Product water accumulations in the cathode had a minimum effect on this cell voltage fluctuation.) In the case of a higher methanol-water solution flow rate, CO2 slugs were ejected more frequently, with less exhaust volume per CO2 slug, reducing the fluctuation in cell voltage. Finally, with an anode channel depth of 1.2 mm, the exhaust volume per CO2 slug became even smaller, and these small CO2 slugs were rapidly ejected. With this shallow depth, the cell voltage increased with a lower methanol-water solution flow rate, but decreased with a higher methanol-water solution flow rate by crossover.

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19

Barnea, D., and L. Shémer. "Void fraction measurements in vertical slug flow: applications to slug characteristics and transition." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 15, no. 4 (July 1989): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9322(89)90049-9.

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20

Gopal, M., and W. P. Jepson. "The Study of Dynamic Slug Flow Characteristics Using Digital Image Analysis—Part II: Modeling Results." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795018.

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A definition is given for a Froude number in the liquid film ahead of the slug and it is seen that slug characteristics are strongly influenced by the Froude number. The mechanisms in the mixing zone of the slug are described in detail and are shown to be a function of the film Froude number. It is shown that the Hubbard and Dukler model for mixing length is inadequate. A new expression is proposed for the slug mixing length as a function of the film Froude number.

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21

Felizola, H., and O. Shoham. "A Unified Model for Slug Flow in Upward Inclined Pipes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835324.

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The effect of pipe inclination on upward two-phase slug flow characteristics has been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental data were acquired for the entire range of inclination angles, from horizontal to vertical. New correlations were developed for slug length and liquid holdup in the slug body as a function of inclination angle. A unified model has been developed for the prediction of slug flow behavior in upward inclined pipes. Reasonable agreement is observed between the pressure drop predicted by the model and the experimental data.

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22

von Vietinghoff, Niclas, David Hellmann, Jan Priebe, and David W. Agar. "Intermediate Gas Feed in Bi- or Triphasic Gas–Liquid(–Liquid) Segmented Slug Flow Capillary Reactors." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2020): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12122092.

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Segmented slug flow systems in capillaries have already shown good potential for process intensification, due to their symmetry in the characteristic flow pattern. However, several challenges remain in this technology. For instance, in gas-consuming reactions, like Aliq + Bgas→Cliq, the gas droplets shrink and may even disappear, limiting the conversions and throughputs of capillary reactor systems. To overcome such shortcomings, an intermediate gas feed was developed. In order to maintain the well-defined slug flow characteristics, it is necessary to introduce the gas rapidly and precisely, in small aliquots of <10 µL. This allows us to preserve the well-defined alternating triphasic slug flow. A miniaturized electrolysis cell, together with a flow-observing system, was thus devised and implemented successfully as an intermediate gas feed. Feeding a new gas droplet into an existing liquid–liquid segmented flow had a success rate of up to 99%, whereas refilling an existing gas droplet is often limited by a lack of coalescence. Here, only at low volumetric flows, 70% of the gas bubbles were refilled by coalescence.

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23

Nakamura, T., K. Fujita, K. Kawanishi, N. Yamaguchi, and A. Tsuge. "Study on the Vibrational Characteristics of a Tube Array Caused by Two-Phase Flow—Part 1: Random Vibration." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929257.

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There are few published papers about the flow-induced vibration caused by two-phase flow. Especially, the experimental data at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions which corresponds to the practical phenomenon, are extremely few, and the mechanism of the two-phase flow-induced load acting on a tube in tube array has not yet been explained. This paper shows the experimental results about the turbulent buffeting force both by air-water two-phase flow and by steam-water flow of extreme conditions up to 5.8 MPa in pressure and 272°C in temperature, the explanation of the mechanism of this force, and the method to evaluate the response of the tube caused by two-phase flow. Here, the main source of the buffeting force by two-phase flow in slug or froth flow pattern is recognized to be the impact force caused by the intermittently rising liquid slug. The slug speed and the fluid force acting on a tube are estimated, combined with the estimation of the intermittence of the occurrence of the liquid slug rising.

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24

Marcano, R., X. T. Chen, C. Sarica, and J. P. Brill. "Study of slug characteristics for two-phase horizontal flow." Computer Standards & Interfaces 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5489(99)92000-7.

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25

Nakoryakov, V. E., O. N. Kashinsky, A. V. Petukhov, and R. S. Gorelik. "Study of local hydrodynamic characteristics of upward slug flow." Experiments in Fluids 7, no. 8 (September 1989): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00187407.

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26

Kouba, G. E., and W. P. Jepson. "The Flow of Slugs in Horizontal, Two-Phase Pipelines." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905707.

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The flow characteristics in horizontal slug flow are studied experimentally in the Harwell Laboratory 150-mm-dia pipeline. If a frame of reference is taken as moving with the translational velocity of the slug, measurements of the Froude number in the liquid film ahead of the slug were always greater than unity while the Froude number within the slug was in general less than unity. This illustrates a change in flow from super to subcritical flow and the presence of a hydraulic jump. Different types of flow are noticed using high-speed video equipment and these types closely resemble those reported by open-channel hydraulics tests. The distribution of gas in the slug body is only homogeneous at high-mixture velocities and the effect of buoyancy on the gas is more noticeable at low gas velocities. The liquid fraction in the slug is shown to be directly dependent on the Froude number in the liquid film. The ratio of the translational velocity of the slug to the mixture velocity decreases continuously from 2.0 at low-mixture velocities to 1.25 and a mixture velocity of approximately 3m/s. After this point, it remains constant at 1.25.

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27

Kye, Seok-Hyun, and Dong-Seon Kim. "Flow Characteristics of a Gas-Liquid Slug Flow in Small Vertical Tubes." Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering 25, no. 5 (May 10, 2013): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6110/kjacr.2013.25.5.246.

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28

Wood, D. G. "The Effect of Inclination on Flow Regime Boundaries and Slug Flow Characteristics." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231421.

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Multiphase schemes for oil and gas production systems are becoming more common as the development of marginal fields necessitates a reduction in capital costs. Prediction of flow regime within these pipelines and the characteristics of the flow, especially within the slugging regime, is required in order to design the pipeline and the downstream separation and processing facilities. Test rig studies have been carried out at BP’s Sunbury Research Centre on the effect of small changes in pipeline inclination on both the flow regime and the characteristics of slug flow. Results from tests on a 2-in. rig are quoted.

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29

Kim, Tea-Woo, Nam-Sub Woo, Sang-Mok Han, and Young-Ju Kim. "Optimization and Extended Applicability of Simplified Slug Flow Model for Liquid-Gas Flow in Horizontal and Near Horizontal Pipes." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040842.

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The accurate prediction of pressure loss for two-phase slug flow in pipes with a simple and powerful methodology has been desired. The calculation of pressure loss has generally been performed by complicated mechanistic models, most of which require the iteration of many variables. The objective of this study is to optimize the previously proposed simplified slug flow model for horizontal pipes, extending the applicability to turbulent flow conditions, i.e., high mixture Reynolds number and near horizontal pipes. The velocity field previously measured by particle image velocimetry further supports the suggested slug flow model which neglects the pressure loss in the liquid film region. A suitable prediction of slug characteristics such as slug liquid holdup and translational velocity (or flow coefficient) is required to advance the accuracy of calculated pressure loss. Therefore, the proper correlations of slug liquid holdup, flow coefficient, and friction factor are identified and utilized to calculate the pressure gradient for horizontal and near horizontal pipes. The optimized model presents a fair agreement with 2191 existing experimental data (0.001 ≤ μL ≤ 0.995 Pa∙s, 7 ≤ ReM ≤ 227,007 and −9 ≤ θ ≤ 9), showing −3% and 0.991 as values of the average relative error and the coefficient of determination, respectively.

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30

MATSUZAKI, Mitsuo, Takatoshi TAKEMOTO, Masanori ARITOMI, Hiroshi AKATSUKA, and Yuzuru YOSHIOKA. "Measurement Technique of Slug Flow Characteristics Using Image Data Processing." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 19, Supplement1 (1999): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.19.supplement1_393.

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31

MATSUZAKI, Mitsuo, Takatoshi TAKEMOTO, Masanori ARITOMI, Hiroshi AKATSUKA, and Yuzuru YOSHIOKA. "Measurement Technique of Slug Flow Characteristics Using Image Data Processing." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 19, Supplement1 (1999): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.19.supplement1_397.

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32

Kim, Dong-Seon. "Liquid-side mass transfer characteristics in mesoscale slug flow absorbers." International Journal of Refrigeration 57 (September 2015): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.04.014.

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33

Wang, Yang, Changqi Yan, Licheng Sun, and Chaoxing Yan. "Characteristics of slug flow in a vertical narrow rectangular channel." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 53 (February 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.10.003.

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34

Kandlikar, Satish G. "Heat Transfer Mechanisms During Flow Boiling in Microchannels." Journal of Heat Transfer 126, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1643090.

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The forces due to surface tension and momentum change during evaporation, in conjunction with the forces due to viscous shear and inertia, govern the two-phase flow patterns and the heat transfer characteristics during flow boiling in microchannels. These forces are analyzed in this paper, and two new nondimensional groups, K1 and K2, relevant to flow boiling phenomenon are derived. These groups are able to represent some of the key flow boiling characteristics, including the CHF. In addition, a mechanistic description of the flow boiling phenomenon is presented. The small hydraulic dimensions of microchannel flow passages present a large frictional pressure drop in single-phase and two-phase flows. The small hydraulic diameter also leads to low Reynolds numbers, in the range 100–1000, or even lower for smaller diameter channels. Such low Reynolds numbers are rarely employed during flow boiling in conventional channels. In these low Reynolds number flows, nucleate boiling systematically emerges as the dominant mode of heat transfer. The high degree of wall superheat required to initiate nucleation in microchannels leads to rapid evaporation and flow instabilities, often resulting in flow reversal in multiple parallel channel configuration. Aided by strong evaporation rates, the bubbles nucleating on the wall grow rapidly and fill the entire channel. The contact line between the bubble base and the channel wall surface now becomes the entire perimeter at both ends of the vapor slug. Evaporation occurs at the moving contact line of the expanding vapor slug as well as over the channel wall covered with a thin evaporating film surrounding the vapor core. The usual nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanisms, including liquid film evaporation and transient heat conduction in the liquid adjacent to the contact line region, play an important role. The liquid film under the large vapor slug evaporates completely at downstream locations thus presenting a dryout condition periodically with the passage of each large vapor slug. The experimental data and high speed visual observations confirm some of the key features presented in this paper.

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35

Aafrin Sulthana., S., T. Marieswaran., N. Braghadesh., N. Mithran., and M. Venkatesan. "Slug-bubble regime identification in a square channel using a IR Sensor." MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817201002.

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Design of micro thrusters for nano satellites, require a detailed understanding of multiphase flow phenomena in micro/mini-channels. This work focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of an Infra-red sensor behavior during two phase flow of a slug-bubble train (air-water two-phase flow). The regime flows inside a square channel of sides 2 mm and 0.5 mm thickness made of borosilicate glass. The interference of the slug-bubble train flow pattern on the IR transceiver characteristics is experimentally studied as current signals corresponding to the number of photons received by the photodiode. A numerical model is developed to analyze the IR transceiver characteristics using COMSOL Multiphysics package. The experimental and numerical results are in good agreement and the developed system with proper calibration can be used to design feedback loops for micro thrusters.

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36

FENG, ZIYAN, and MINGWEI CUI. "INFLUENCE OF SLUG FLOW ON LOCAL CORROSION OF PIPELINES." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 05 (August 29, 2019): 1950147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x19501476.

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The influence of slug flow on local corrosion of pipeline was studied, and the protection measures for slug flow corrosion were well done to improve the safety of oil-gas-water-humidity mixed pipeline. An indoor loop test was designed to simulate the slug flow in real undulating pipelines. The surface microstructures of X70 hanging pieces were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) under slug flow conditions at different test stages. At the beginning of the test, there was much pitting corrosion on the surface of the hanging pieces, but at the end of the test, only some pitting or pitting spots developed into serious local corrosion. The flow corrosion of slug in pipe had obvious characteristics of cavitation corrosion. Its occurrence was the result of synergistic action of various mechanisms. The strong impact force, high impact velocity and mechanical action of multi-frequency micro-jet produced by cavitation annihilation significantly affected the development process and characteristics of electrochemical corrosion, which resulted in that the cavitation corrosion was mostly pitting corrosion. The damage of corrosion product film caused by high-speed micro-jet impact caused by cavitation cracking was local, and the pitting tendency increased at the local damage of corrosion product film. However, with the formation of electrochemical corrosion products, the destroyed corrosion product film was repaired continuously, but did not develop into local corrosion. Local corrosion occurred only when the high-speed micro-jet with cavitation breakdown repeatedly impacted a point of pitting tendency, but this probability was smaller than that of pitting tendency.

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37

Zhang, Junping, Norman Epstein, John R. Grace, and Kokseng Lim. "Bubble Characteristics in a Developing Vertical Gas–Liquid Upflow Using a Conductivity Probe." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 1 (October 12, 1999): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483250.

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Experiments were carried out in an 82.6-mm-dia column with a perforated distributor plate. Conductivity probes on the axis of the column were used to measure local bubble properties in the developing flow region for superficial air velocities from 0.0018 to 6.8 m/s and superficial water velocities from 0 to 0.4 m/s, corresponding to the discrete bubble, dispersed bubble, coalesced bubble, slug, churn, bridging, and annular flow regimes. Bubble frequency increased linearly with gas velocity in the discrete and dispersed bubble regimes. Bubble frequency also increased with gas velocity in the slug flow regime, but decreased in the churn and bridging regimes. Bubble chord length and its distribution were smaller and narrower in the dispersed than in the discrete bubble regime. Both the average and standard deviation of the bubble chord length increased with gas velocity in the discrete, dispersed, and churn flow regimes. However, the average bubble chord length did not change significantly in the slug flow regime due to the high population of small bubbles in the liquid plugs separating Taylor bubbles. The bubble travel length, defined as the product of local gas holdup and local bubble velocity divided by local bubble/void frequency, is used to correlate bubble characteristics and to characterize the flow regimes. [S0098-2202(00)00101-2]

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38

Morshed, Munzarin, Muhammad Saad Khan, Mohammad Azizur Rahman, and Syed Imtiaz. "Flow Regime, Slug Frequency and Wavelet Analysis of Air/Newtonian and Air/non-Newtonian Two-Phase Flow." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093272.

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This study focused on gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase horizontal fluid flow behavior by analyzing their flow regime identification and flow structural analysis on a horizontal flow loop apparatus. This involved the recognition of two-phase flow regimes for this flow loop and validation with existing flow maps in the literature. In addition, the study included flow pattern identification via wavelet analysis for gas/Newtonian and gas/non-Newtonian two-phase fluid flow in a horizontal flow loop apparatus. Furthermore, the study was extended to the detailed examination of slug frequency in the presence of air/Newtonian and air/non-Newtonian fluid flow, and the predicted slug frequency model was applied to the studied systems. The obtained results suggest that the flow regime maps and slug frequency analysis have a significant impact. The obtained pressure sensor results indicate that the experimental setup could not provide high-frequency and high-resolution data; nevertheless, wavelet decomposition and wavelet norm entropy were calculated. It offered recognizable flow characteristics for bubble, bubble-elongated bubble, and slug flow patterns. Therefore, this study can provide deep insight into intricate multiphase flow patterns, and the wavelet could potentially be applied for flow analysis in oil and gas pipelines.

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Alssayh, M. A., Shuib Husin, A. Addali, and David Mba. "Investigating the Capability of Acoustic Emission Technology to Determine Slug Velocity in Gas/Water Two Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.545.

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Two phase flow is a common phenomenon that exists in the petroleum and chemical engineering industrial fields. An important feature employed to describe two phase flow is the flow regime which varies depending on the individual velocities of the components within the two-phase flow. One of these regimes, the slug regime, can create significant pressure fluctuations that compromise the integrity of the transporting structure (pipes, separators, etc). This is in addition to other unwanted effects such as flooding at the receiving end, an increase in deposits of hydrates and corrosion. Under such circumstances the detection of the slug and its associated characteristics are vitally important to the operator. This experimental study looks into the application of Acoustic Emission (AE) technology for detecting slug velocity in two phase (gas/liquid) flow. It is verified that slug velocity can be determined by using acoustic emission sensors.

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Nakamura, T., K. Fujita, K. Kawanishi, N. Yamaguchi, and A. Tsuge. "Study on the Vibrational Characteristics of a Tube Array Caused by Two-Phase Flow—Part 2: Fluidelastic Vibration." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929258.

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Fluidelastic vibration of a tube array caused by two-phase flow has been reported in some papers. The critical flow velocity is usually estimated with a simple Connors-type criterion which is based on average flow velocity, average fluid mass density and damping in two-phase flow. However, there is no explanation why this simple criterion can be used or how the fluidelastic instability occurs by two-phase flow. This paper shows the experimental results on the fluidelastic vibration both by air-water two-phase flow and by steam-water flow in the condition of up to 7.0 MPa in pressure and to 284°C in temperature, and a new criterion based on an assumption of energy balance is here introduced using a “true” flow velocity. However, the comparison with the experimental data indicates that an intermittently rising slug speed, which has been introduced in Part 1, in slug or in froth flow region, should be used, and a modified new criteria for slug or froth flow region is derived. In addition, the new criteria is compared with the usual Connors-type criteria, which greatly depend on the estimation of the damping in two-phase flow. The agreement of both criteria is revealed to be in the vicinity of the variance of the unknown parameters in the usual criteria.

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Angeli, P., and A. Gavriilidis. "Hydrodynamics of Taylor flow in small channels: A Review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 222, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes776.

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The improved mass transfer characteristics of Taylor flow, make it an attractive flow pattern for carrying out gas—liquid operations in microchannels. Mass transfer characteristics are affected by the hydrodynamic properties of the flow such as thickness of the liquid film that surrounds the bubbles, bubble velocity, bubble and slug lengths, mixing, and flow circulation in the liquid slugs, and pressure drop. Experimental, theoretical, and modelling attempts to predict these properties are reviewed and relevant correlations are given. Most of these refer to capillaries but there are number of studies on square channels. In general, flow properties are well understood and predicted for fully formed Taylor bubbles in a developed flow and in clean systems, particularly in circular channels. However, the presence of impurities and their effect on interfacial tension cannot be fully accounted for. In addition, there is still uncertainty on the size of bubbles and slugs that form under certain operating and inlet conditions, while there is little information for channels with non-circular cross-sections.

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42

Wu, Haitao, Ying Xu, Jinghan Wang, Yiguang Yang, Tao Li, Tao Zhang, Dalin Xia, Xiyuan Chen, and Ekber Mamat. "Experimental study on controllable pseudo-slug flow characteristics in horizontal pipe." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 83 (November 2020): 103546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103546.

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43

Zheng, Donghong, and Defu Che. "Experimental study on hydrodynamic characteristics of upward gas–liquid slug flow." International Journal of Multiphase Flow 32, no. 10-11 (October 2006): 1191–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.05.012.

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44

Chaoqun, Yao, Zhao Yuchao, Ye Chunbo, Dang Minhui, Dong Zhengya, and Chen Guangwen. "Characteristics of slug flow with inertial effects in a rectangular microchannel." Chemical Engineering Science 95 (May 2013): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.03.046.

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45

Azzopardi, B. J., H. K. Do, A. Azzi, and V. Hernandez Perez. "Characteristics of air/water slug flow in an intermediate diameter pipe." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 60 (January 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.08.004.

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46

Cho, Hongil, Guiyoung Han, and Guiryong Ahn. "Characteristics of slug flow in a fluidized bed of polyethylene particles." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 19, no. 1 (January 2002): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02706893.

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47

SUZUKI, Yoshihito, Minoru OCHIAI, and Shigekatsu ENDO. "FLUIDITY CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SLUG FLOW CAUSED BY COMPRESSED AIR IN HORIZONTAL PIPE FLOW." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 15 (1999): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.15.421.

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48

Rahmandhika, Andinusa, Ali Saifullah, Pathur Razi Ansyah, and Ali Mokhtar. "Pengaruh Liquid Hold-Up terhadap Transisi Pola Aliran 2 Fasa Air-Udara dari Stratified Ke Slug pada Pipa 50 mm." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v4i2.279.

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The slug flow pattern is one of the most avoiding factors in piping systems due to its destructive characteristics. Research on the criteria of the slug formation is still the concern. The present study focused on finding out the influence of liquid hold-up toward the transition of the flow pattern from stratified to slug pattern. It was conducted on a 50 mm-diameter horizontal acrylic pipe. The visual data was obtained from a fully developed area (180-210 D) by variations of liquid superficial rate (JL) of 0,03-0,3 m/s and gas superficial rate (JG) from 0,7 to 3,77 m/s. The high-speed camera with 2000 fps recording speed was the instrument to obtain the visual data. The measurement of the liquid hold-up is made by Constant Electric Current Method (CECM). The drastic decrement of liquid hold-up value on the wave growth mechanism (JG ≤ 1,88 m/s) indicated the changes in flow patterns from the stratified to the slug pattern, while on the wave coalescence mechanism (JG > 1,88 m/s) the liquid hold-up remains increases. The pattern change from pseudo slug to the slug pattern was not decreasing on its film thickness, yet, it tends to increase the frequency and the liquid slug length.

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49

SHAN, H., B. MA, Z. ZHANG, and F. T. M. NIEUWSTADT. "Direct numerical simulation of a puff and a slug in transitional cylindrical pipe flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 387 (May 25, 1999): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099004681.

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A direct numerical simulation of transitional pipe flow is carried out with the help of a spectral element method and used to investigate the localized regions of ‘turbulent’ flow that are observed in experiments. Two types of such regions can be distinguished: the puff and the slug. The puff, which is generally found at low values of the Reynolds numbers, is simulated for Re = 2200 where the Reynolds number Re is based on the mean velocity UB and pipe diameter D. The slug occurs at a higher Reynolds number and it is simulated for Re = 5000. The computations start with a laminar pipe flow to which is added a prescribed velocity disturbance at a given axial position and for a finite time. The disturbance then evolves further into a puff or slug structure.The simulations confirm the experimentally observed fact that for a puff the velocity near the leading edge changes more gradually than for a slug where an almost discontinuous change is observed. The positions of the leading and trailing edges of the puff and slug are computed from the simulations as a function of time. The propagation velocity of the leading edge is found to be constant and equal to 1.56UB and 1.69UB for the puff and slug, respectively. For the trailing edge the velocity is found to be 0.73UB and 0.52UB, respectively. By rescaling the simulation results obtained at various times to a fixed length, we define an ensemble average. This method is used to compute the average characteristics of the puff and slug such as the spatial distribution of the mean velocity, the turbulent velocity fluctuations and also the wall shear stress. By computing particle trajectories we have investigated the entrainment and detrainment of fluid by a puff and slug. We find that the puff detrains through its trailing edge and entrains through its leading edge. The slug entrains fluid through its leading and through most of its trailing edge. As a consequence the fluid inside the puff is constantly exchanged with fluid outside whereas the fluid inside a slug remains there. These entrainment/detrainment properties which are in agreement with the measurements of Wygnanski & Champagne (1973) imply that the puff has the characteristics of a wave phenomenon while the slug can be characterized more as a material property which travels with the flow.Finally, we have investigated in more detail the velocity field within the puff. In a coordinate system that travels with the mean velocity we find recirculation regions both near the trailing and leading edges which agrees at least qualitatively with experimental data. We also find streamwise vortices, predominantly in the trailing-edge region which have been also observed in experiments and which are believed to play an important role in the dynamics of the transition process.

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50

Tran, Minh, Zeeshan Memon, William Pao, and Fakhruldin M. Hashim. "Preliminary Results of Numerical Simulation of Slug Flow in a Regular T-Junction." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503001.

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Excessive liquid carryover in T-junction due to splitting nature of two-phase flow causes serious issues in piping system. A three-dimensional numerical model is employed to investigate two-phase flow split behavior of slug flow in a circular-section regular T-junction with 0.0752 m diameter. The Volume of Fraction method combined with k-ε turbulence model and initial sinusoidal perturbation in ANSYS FLUENT is adopted to characterize the effect of slug flow behavior on the phase separation efficiency. The preliminary result reveals that the simulation work can study slug flow split in great detail and the slug characteristic plays an important role in understanding split behavior.

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