Academic literature on the topic 'Charge carrier concentration'

The influence of the used substrate and the boron doping concentration of the charge-transport properties of solid-phase crystallized polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) is explored. The samples were characterized using temperature dependent transport measurements to determine mobility, carrier concentration, and conductivity. While Arrhenius plots of the hole concentration cannot be used to determine the position of the Fermi energy, a detailed analysis of the temperature dependent carrier concentration shows a Meyer–Neldel and an anti-Meyer–Neldel rule. Charge transport in poly-Si on SiN coated Borofloat glass with a boron concentraion [B] < 1016 cm–3 is limited by phonon scattering. On the other hand, for all poly-Si samples on Corning glass and poly-Si on SiN coated Borofloat glass with [B] > 1016 cm–3 charge-carrier transport is governed by thermionic emission over potential barriers. The data are discussed in terms of the Baccarani transport model.

We investigate the effect of doping by a small-molecular-weight organic compound phenolphthalein of non-conjugated polymer polydiphenylenephthalide. It is known that phenolphthalein has two energetically stable states - neutral and charged, as a result of the capture of an excess electron. The morphology of polymer films surfaces observed by atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics showed that an increase of the dopant concentration leads to an increase in conductivity. Mounted connection nontrivial fact conductivity growth and mobility of charge carriers with increasing dopant concentration. At same time, an increase in the concentration of the dopant does not lead to a significant change in the charge-carrier concentration.

We investigate the effect of doping by a small-molecular-weight organic compound phenolphthalein of non-conjugated polymer polydiphenylenephthalide. It is known that phenolphthalein has two energetically stable states - neutral and charged, as a result of the capture of an excess electron. The morphology of polymer films surfaces observed by atomic force microscopy. Analysis of the current-voltage characteristics showed that an increase of the dopant concentration leads to an increase in conductivity. Mounted connection nontrivial fact conductivity growth and mobility of charge carriers with increasing dopant concentration. At same time, an increase in the concentration of the dopant does not lead to a significant change in the charge-carrier concentration.

The dependence of the lifetime of charge carriers ()in monocrystalline silicon on the concentration of light copper and post-diffusion cooling is discussed. The results obtained are explained by the redistribution of non-basic carriers at the adhesion level. In the compensated “p-Si” and the control “p-Si”, the relaxation process occurs in different wasy   98s for “p-Si”, and   5s for “p-Si”.At the same time ,with the growth of te initial concentration of charge carriers (in this case boron-B ) in the compensated silicon, an increase (with equal values ) is observed, which is due to a different degree of micro –uniformity in conductivity in the studied samples.

The doping concentration and resistivity of tin doped Gallium arsenide nanowires (GaAs NWs) have been investigated using Hall effect-, 4-probe-, transmission line-, and field effect measurements. Single nanowires were contacted using electron beam lithography followed by thermal evaporation of Au/Ti (900/100 Å). The Sn precursor (TESn) molar ratios of the investigated nanowires were 8.5·10-7, 1.7·10-6, 3.4·10-6 and 6.8·10-6 resulting in doping concentrations ranging from 4.64·1013 to 2.11·1017 cm-3 and resistivities from ~0.01 to ~1 Ωcm. The yield of the device fabrication was 2.4-7.1 % and evaluation of additional samples should be done in order to establish the validity of the results. The contact material was proved to work well with the higher doped samples but non-ohmic, highly resistive behavior was seen in the lower doped devices. A resistivity gradient along the length of the nanowires was found to be present, most likely the result of a doping gradient. The sample series with TESn molar ratio 1.7·10-6 showed more tapering than the other series possibly leading to a highly doped shell, which was indicated by 4-probe measurements.

Etude du dopage p**(+) dans inp par implantation d'accepteurs peu profonds: be, mg, zn, hg. Caracterisation du desordre cree par diffusion raman; etude au degre de recristallisation apres recuit d'implantation. Etude par emission photoelectronique rx d'une contamination de surface. Determination de profils d'impuretes. Les profils de concentration de porteurs ont ete analyses par effet hall et mesures electrochimiques. Etude du coefficient de diffusion du zinc par la methode de boltzmann-matano

Realist Cold War foreign policy approaches emphasize the importance of aggregate measures and metrics of material and military capabilities in the international system. Realists argue that shifts in capabilities and changes in the distribution of power are dangerous and that aggregate power is fungible. These approaches have been carried forward into the post-Cold War period to forecast trends for a declining United States and a rising China or some combination of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The chapter accepts the general logic of balance of power and power transition theories or aggregate power realism (APR) that shifts in capabilities and changes in power are dangerous.1 However, these approaches miss how state leaders assess power trends, the fungibility or usefulness of material capabilities, and that states rarely balance against concentrations of power. This chapter advances components of power theory that recast APR approaches.

The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

AbstractTraditional analytical methods are approximate and need to be validated when it comes to predict the tensional behavior of thread coupling. Numerical finite element simulations help engineers come up with the optimum design, although the latter depends on the constraints and load conditions of the thread couplings which are often variable during the system functioning. The present work illustrates a new method based on Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation to optimize the stress concentration in thread couplings which is subject to variable loads and constraints. In particular, thread root and fillet under-head drawings for metric ISO thread, which are the most commonly used thread connection, are optimized with Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing. In metric ISO threaded connection, the root shape and the fillet under the head are circular, and from shape optimization for minimum stress concentration it is well known that the circular shape becomes seldom optimal. The study is carried out to enhance the stress concentration factor with a simple geometric parameterization using two design variables. Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing formulation, performed with a simple geometric parameterization, has allowed to obtain a stress reduction of up to 12%; some similarities are found in the optimized designs leading to the proposal of a new standard. The reductions in the stress are achieved by rather simple changes made to the cutting tool.

AbstractBiomass Burning (BB) aerosol has attracted considerable attention due to its detrimental effects on climate through its radiative properties. In Africa, fire patterns are anticorrelated with the southward-northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Each year between June and September, BB occurs in the southern hemisphere of Africa, and aerosols are carried westward by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and advected at an altitude of between 2 and 4 km. Observations made during a field campaign of Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) (Knippertz et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1451–1460, 2015) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) of June–July 2016 have revealed large quantities of BB aerosols in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) over southern West Africa (SWA).This chapter examines the effects of the long-range transport of BB aerosols on the climate over SWA by means of a modeling study, and proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies for policy makers regarding this phenomenon. A high-resolution regional climate model, known as the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Traces (COSMO-ART) gases, was used to conduct two set of experiments, with and without BB emissions, to quantify their impacts on the SWA atmosphere. Results revealed a reduction in surface shortwave (SW) radiation of up to about 6.5 W m−2 and an 11% increase of Cloud Droplets Number Concentration (CDNC) over the SWA domain. Also, an increase of 12.45% in Particulate Matter (PM25) surface concentration was observed in Abidjan (9.75 μg m−3), Accra (10.7 μg m−3), Cotonou (10.7 μg m−3), and Lagos (8 μg m−3), while the carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio increased by 90 ppb in Abidjan and Accra due to BB. Moreover, BB aerosols were found to contribute to a 70% increase of organic carbon (OC) below 1 km in the PBL, followed by black carbon (BC) with 24.5%. This work highlights the contribution of the long-range transport of BB pollutants to pollution levels in SWA and their effects on the climate. It focuses on a case study of 3 days (5–7 July 2016). However, more research on a longer time period is necessary to inform decision making properly.This study emphasizes the need to implement a long-term air quality monitoring system in SWA as a method of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Oxide thermoelectric materials are considered promising for high-temperature thermoelectric applications in terms of low cost, temperature stability, reversible reaction, and so on. Oxide materials have been intensively studied to suppress the defects and electronic charge carriers for many electronic device applications, but the studies with a high concentration of defects are limited. It desires to improve thermoelectric performance by enhancing its charge transport and lowering its lattice thermal conductivity. For this purpose, here, we modified the stoichiometry of cation and anion vacancies in two different systems to regulate the carrier concentration and explored their thermoelectric properties. Both cation and anion vacancies act as a donor of charge carriers and act as phonon scattering centers, decoupling the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.

Because of unique electrical properties of graphene, it has been employed in many applications, such as batteries, energy storage devices and biosensors. In this chapter modelling of bilayer graphene nanoribbon (BGNR) sensor is in our focus. Based on the presented model BGNR quantum capacitance variation effect by the prostate specific antigen (PSA) injected electrons into the FET channel as a sensing mechanism is considered. Also carrier movement in BGNR as another modelling parameter is suggested. PSA adsorption and local pH value of injecting carriers on the surface of player BGNR is modelled. Carrier concentration as a function of control parameters (f, p) is predicted. Furthermore, changes in charged lipid membrane properties can be electrically detected by graphene based electrolyte gated Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GFET). In this chapter, monolayer graphene-based GFET with a focus on conductance variation occurred by membrane electric charges and thickness is studied. Monolayer graphene conductance as an electrical detection platform which is tuned by neutral, negative and positive electric charged membrane together with membrane thickness is suggested. Electric charge and thickness of the lipid bilayer (QLP and LLP) as a function of carrier density are proposed and the control parameters are defined. Finally, the proposed analytical model is compared with experimental data which indicates good overall agreement.

In this chapter, novel ideas of graphene and CNT based electrical biosensors are provided. A liquid gated graphene field effect transistor (LG-GFET) based biosensor model is analytically developed for electrical detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. E. coli absorption effects on the graphene surface in the form of conductance variation is considered. Moreover, the current-voltage characteristic in terms of conductance model is applied to evaluate the performance of the biosensor model. Furthermore, the CNT-FET platform is employed for modeling biosensor in order to detect Glucose. For diagnosing and monitoring the blood glucose level, glucose oxidase (GOx) based enzyme sensors have been immensely used. According to the proposed CNT-FET structure, charge based analytical modeling approach is used. The charge-based carrier velocity model is implemented to study electrical characteristics of CNT-FET. In the presented model, the gate voltage is considered as a function of glucose concentration. Finally, the both of presented models are compared with published experimental data.

Glycosuria—glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule is carried out by two different pairs of apical Na⁺-dependent (SGLT1 and -2) and basolateral Na⁺-independent (GLUT1 and -2) glucose transporters. Abnormalities in renal glucose transport can be seen in association with other defects of proximal tubular transport. Familial renal glycosuria is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in the SGLT2-encoding gene, SLC5A2. Phosphate-handling disorders—the plasma concentration of inorganic phosphate depends on the balance between intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and the internal contribution from bone. Changes of serum phosphate levels can be caused by numerous inherited and acquired conditions. Disorders associated with increased urinary phosphate excretion and low serum phosphate levels produce symptoms that mainly affect the bones: rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Magnesium-handling disorders—normal plasma magnesium concentration is achieved by variation of urinary magnesium excretion in response to altered uptake by the intestine. The main site of magnesium absorption is the small bowel, via paracellular simple diffusion at high intraluminal concentrations, and via active transcellular uptake through the magnesium channel TRPM6 at low concentrations. Regulation and fine-tuning of serum magnesium concentration occurs primarily in the kidney. Genetic disorders of magnesium handling include Gitelman’s syndrome. Aminoaciduria and renal Fanconi’s syndrome—most amino acids (except for tryptophan, which is protein bound) are freely filtered by the glomerulus, after which 95 to 99.9% are reabsorbed in the proximal tubules by apical Na⁺-dependent cotransporters and Na⁺-independent cotransporters. Aminoaciduria is defined as urinary excretion of more than 5% of the filtered load of an amino acid. Renal Fanconi’s syndrome is characterized by a generalized defect of both Na⁺-coupled and receptor-mediated proximal tubular transport.

The geophysical environment of the Republic of Haiti is characterized by hydrological and biogeographical climatic phenomena, and a relief marked by its rugged appearance. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains formed of limestone. The differences in level are very marked. Fragmentation is another feature of the relief. These environmental imperfections juxtaposed with difficult socioeconomic conditions and anthropogenic actions raise questions about possible chemical metal pollution of the country’s water resources. Indeed, the predominance of limestone in the Haitian geology generate water hardness, and in the case where the magnesium concentration is less than 7 mg/l, this water may be the source of cardiovascular diseases. Studies carried out on several water points show a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 μg/L to 90 μg/L and high Cr (III) risks were measured and estimated in groundwater and drinking water. Concentration of fluorine ranging from 0 to 2 mg/l were obtained from water resources. Concentration above 1.5 mg/l have been found from alluvial aquifers. Chronic public health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases, deterioration of the psychological development of children, irreversible functional and morphological renal changes, and dental fluorosis, strain Haiti’s water resources. Chemicals’ exposures seem to pose a threat to public health in Haiti, which need to be studied. The aim of this study is: (i) to analyze the contribution of geology and anthropogenic actions in the alteration of water quality, (ii) to review the toxicology of chemicals detected in water distributed in Port-au-Prince.

This chapter sheds light on AC and DC power capacitors and the recent impacts of nanoparticles on enhancing capacitive charge in power capacitors. In addition, this chapter displays theories and effective parameters of nano-tech power capacitors. Lab-test measurements have been carried out for variant sorts and concentrations of organic and inorganic nanoparticles during different frequencies (10mHz – 10MHz) and temperatures (20°C-80°C). Moreover, this chapter reviews the ideal sorts and concentrations of nanoparticles for upgrading the capacitive charging on insulation of power capacitors. Thus, the novel nanodielectrics have been designed and fabricated for upgrading the electrical execution of multi-section metalized film capacitors.

Single-walled Carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been shown to have excellent conductive properties. SWCNTs were dispersed in a SiC nanoparticle matrix to form a homogeneous mixture that is both mechanically durable and conductive. The SWCNT amount has been varied. SiC/SWCNT mixtures were then doped with various N- and P-type agents, and the resulting samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Raman spectra of the samples were also measured for evidence of structural changes. Seebeck coefficients were measured for the doped samples demonstrating the change in thermoelectric properties. Shifts in the G peak (1580.6 cm-1) of the Raman spectra of the samples provides evidence of an increase in charge carrier concentration in the doped samples, correlating well with the Seebeck coefficient results.

Abstract Failure Analysis has to deal with challenging questions about stored charges in floating gates in Non Volatile Memories (NVM) when reading does not give expected data. Access to this information will help to understand failure mechanisms. A method to measure on-site programmed charges in Flash EEPROM devices is presented. Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) is used to directly probe the carrier concentration on Floating Gate Transistor (FGT) channels. The methodology permits mapping channels and active regions from the die backside. Transistor charged values (ON/OFF) are measured and localized with a 15 nm resolution. Both preparation and probing methods are discussed. Applications are demonstrated on two different Flash technologies: a two-transistor cell (2T-cell) from Atmel and a one-transistor cell (1T-cell) from STMicroelectronics.