Books on the topic 'Charge carriers dynamic'

In the monograph, the focus of research interest is primarily focused on the dynamic aspects of the managerial culture of the internal affairs bodies. The understanding of the object-subject area was carried out based on empirical data accumulated in recent years concerning changes in the managerial culture of internal affairs bodies. At all times, management has been important for social structures. The fact is that the effective functioning of the organization is based on reasons directly or indirectly related to management issues, the form of existence of which is managerial culture. It is a complex phenomenon that is relevant both in research and in applied terms. For a wide range of readers interested in the issues of managerial culture of internal affairs bodies. It can be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools.

The monograph is devoted to the analysis of changes in the structure of natural and agricultural landscapes under conditions of anthropogenic, including man-made, impact on landscapes. The author summarizes his own research conducted in the forest zone in the subzones of the middle and southern taiga and broad-leaved coniferous forests. The studies were carried out in forests, meadows and swamps, and also studied the formation of the quality of natural waters and the overgrowth of reservoirs in the forest zone. The composition and structure of zonal plant communities and the dynamic successional stages of secondary, derived communities formed in logging, burning, flooding by reservoirs, man-made pollution, as well as integrated anthropogenic impact are considered. Factors of technogenic transformation of landscapes are analyzed. The analysis of the complex of anthropogenic impacts has been carried out and the main trends of anthropogenic dynamics of soil and vegetation cover have been identified, recommendations for optimization and rationalization of nature management under anthropogenic impact are given. The issues of formation of geotechnical systems, their structure and issues of interaction in the system "man and nature" are considered. It is of interest to ecologists, geographers, biologists. It can be used in the work of state bodies for monitoring the state of the environment and in the educational process — by teachers and students dealing with ecology, nature management, biology, environmental monitoring, territory engineering, as well as by researchers, graduate students and applicants.

The monograph is devoted to evolution, but in the form that man gave it. It is assumed that unnatural conditions of its flow were created in cities and near them, which changed the logic of its functioning, but this has become especially noticeable over the past hundred years, during which the entire planet was included in the orbit of our influence. This made it possible to unite the Earth into one whole, but at the same time it transformed the work of natural selection, turning it into an artificial one that concerns everyone and everything, without any exceptions. Accordingly, three planes of its unfolding are considered, namely: geography, the biosphere and our species, in each of which the same dynamics of its implementation can be traced. From all this, it is concluded that today there is no wild and inherent in the whole history of his version, but the one that prevails is that we, consciously and not, planted on this space object with all its inhabitants. This new version of it is proposed to be called urban revolution - by the name of the site of its unfolding and everything that is associated with it, but it is repeatedly emphasized that the essence of the process has remained the same, the scene where it is carried out has simply been transformed. It is intended for both specialists and the general public.

In the last few years, many researchers have highlighted the economic and cultural impact that crafts have on the development of territories, enhancing local identities and traditions. Various researches also point to the close relationship between trade (sometimes called ‘neighbourhood’ trade), crafts and historic centres, in terms of quality of life, and socio-economic and identity development of territories, showing their new centrality to processes of urban development and regeneration and the formation of social capital. It is evident how enterprise contributes to local development through social interactions based on negotiated and open collaborations between microenterprises, community and network. It was well argued how small business (commerce, crafts and neighbourhood stores) has always played an important role as a social garrison in sparsely populated areas, allowing cities and particularly urban centres to become more lively or livable, being able to give or take away quality from the city and the territory, attributing peculiarity, security and specificity to places or trivialising them in a homogenised landscape. Among the services of social utility recognised to the artisan workshop are: the guarantee of services useful to the livability of the place, the garrisoning of territories and the development of social relations, the promotion of local identity and its know-how, and the creation of employment opportunities through modest initial availability of capital. At the same time, the worsening recessionary dynamics that have occurred in the global economy over the past two decades and the disruptive digital transition have exposed such enterprises to increasing difficulties, disruptively accentuating the decline in competitiveness and propensity to innovate of a large proportion of craft SMEs, of which the socioeconomic literature does not see significant adaptations to the changed environment, such as reconfiguring the business model, adopting a totally new strategic plan adapting to the digital transition, generational transition, and adopting innovative organisational or system behaviours. This volume presents the Venice Original E-Commerce case – a project carried out by the Venice Metropolitan CNA thanks to the support of J.P. Morgan, the support of the Venice Rovigo Chamber of Commerce and the sponsorship of the City of Venice and Ca’ Foscari University of Venice – as a reference project intervention to focus on a possible model of intervention to support culturally-valued artisan micro-enterprises, intervening on the process of strategic renewal and the conditions to foster generational turnover, understood as an opportunity to fill the gap on the digitisation of the artisan sector.

In recent years, the physics community has experienced a revival of interest in spin effects in solid state systems. On one hand, solid state systems, particularly semicon- ductors and semiconductor nanosystems, allow one to perform benchtop studies of quantum and relativistic phenomena. On the other hand, interest is supported by the prospects of realizing spin-based electronics where the electron or nuclear spins can play a role of quantum or classical information carriers. This book aims at rather detailed presentation of multifaceted physics of interacting electron and nuclear spins in semiconductors and, particularly, in semiconductor-based low-dimensional structures. The hyperfine interaction of the charge carrier and nuclear spins increases in nanosystems compared with bulk materials due to localization of electrons and holes and results in the spin exchange between these two systems. It gives rise to beautiful and complex physics occurring in the manybody and nonlinear system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductor nanosystems. As a result, an understanding of the intertwined spin systems of electrons and nuclei is crucial for in-depth studying and control of spin phenomena in semiconductors. The book addresses a number of the most prominent effects taking place in semiconductor nanosystems including hyperfine interaction, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamical nuclear polarization, spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects, processes of electron spin decoherence and relaxation, effects of electron spin precession mode-locking and frequency focusing, as well as fluctuations of electron and nuclear spins.

This chapter addresses a rich variety of effects in spin dynamics arising under the conditions of pump-probe experiments. Here we consider the case where the electron spin is injected by a periodic train of circularly polarized pump pulses and precesses between the pulses in an external magnetic field. Nontrivial effects such as resonant spin amplification and spin coherence mode-locking take place due to commensurability of the repetition period of pump pulses and the charge carrier spin precession period. Theoretical approaches to describing the electron and nuclear spin coherence and experimental manifestations of these unusual regimes of spin dynamics are discussed in detail.

In this chapter, some prospects in the field of electron and nuclear spin dynamics are outlined. Particular emphasis is put ona situation where the hyperfine interaction is so strong that it leads to a qualitative rearrangement of the energy spectrum resulting in the coherent excitation transfer between the electron and nucleus. The strong coupling between the spin of the charge carrier and of the nucleus is realized, for example in the case of deep impurity centers in semiconductors or in isotopically purified systems. We also discuss the effect of the nuclear spin polaron, that is ordered state, formation at low enough temperatures of nuclear spins, where the orientation of the carrier spin results in alignment of the spins of nucleus interacting with the electron or hole.

The discussion of the electron spin decoherence and relaxation phenomena via the hyperfine interaction with host lattice spins is presented here. The spin relaxation processes processes limit the conservation time of spin states as well as the response time of the spin system to external perturbations. The central spin model, where the spin of charge carrier interacts with the bath of nuclear spins, is formulated. We also present different methods to calculate the spin dynamics within this model. Simple but physically transparent semiclassical treatment where the nuclear spins are considered as largely static classical magnetic moments is followed by more advanced quantum mechanical approach where the feedback of electron spin dynamics on the nuclei is taken into account. The chapter concludes with an overview of experimental data and its comparison with model calculations.

Here, some prospects for future studies in the field of electron and nuclear spin dynamics are outlined. In contrast to previous chapters where the electron interaction with multitude of nuclei was discussed, in Chapter 8 particular emphasis is put on a situation where hyperfine interaction is so strong that it leads to a qualitative rear rangement of the energy spectrum resulting in coherent excitation transfer between electron and nucleus. The strong coupling between the spin of the charge carrier and of the nucleus is realized; e.g., in the case of deep impurity centers in semiconductors or in isotopically purified systems. We also discuss the effect of the nuclear spin polaron; that is, the ordered state, where the carrier spin orientation results in alignment of spins of the nucleus interacting with the electron or hole. Such problems have been briefly discussed in the literature but, in our opinion, call for in-depth investigation.

Both the field and the practice of public administration have been extraordinarily dynamic. While essential public services are not likely to disappear any time soon, the manner in which their administrative functions are carried out and evaluated is likely to change considerably. In a globalized world characterized by increasing uncertainty and growing expectations of demanding citizenry, the politics of budgetary austerity is pressing on public administrators at every level of government. They must think in radically different ways about what it means to govern in the 21st century. ‘The future of public administration’ predicts a future with new sets of challenges for the nation-state and its public administration systems.

One of the most fertile areas of research has been the question of why the American political system has polarized so sharply over the past four decades. The academic debates about polarization have largely been carried out by mainstream scholars of political behavior and institutions. Scholars of American Political Development (APD) have a major opportunity to participate in a vital debate about the emergence of a central feature of the contemporary American system while mainstream scholars should come to appreciate that one cannot easily develop explanations for dynamic change with static models of institutions and behavior. This chapter reviews the literature on polarization to introduce scholars of APD to debates about the measurement of polarization and its causes Also areas in which our knowledge about polarization can be improved by historical–institutional analysis are identified.

The age of European high imperialism was characterized by the movement of plants and animals on a historically unprecedented scale. The human migrants who colonized territories around the world brought a variety of other species with them, from the crops and livestock they hoped to propagate, to the parasites, invasive plants, and pests they carried unawares, producing a host of unintended consequences that reshaped landscapes around the world. While the majority of histories about the dynamics of these transfers have concentrated on the British Empire, these nine case studies--focused on the Ottoman, French, Dutch, German, and British empires--seek to advance a historical analysis that is comparative, transnational, and interdisciplinary to understand the causes, consequences, and networks of biological exchange and ecological change resulting from imperialism.

This book offers a critical perspective to the proliferation of official multilingualism in the contemporary world. Through diachronic and synchronic comparisons, it shows that official multilingualism has become a norm in the political management of linguistic diversity, but actual practices vary according to sociohistorical contexts and current power dynamics. It explains such convergences and divergences using a theory of symbolic jurisprudence, which posits that official language law has served chiefly as a discursive resource for a range of political and economic functions, such as ensuring stability, establishing legitimacy, balancing rival powers, and harnessing trade opportunities. The book goes on to examine the practical impact of official multilingualism on public institutions and legal processes and the application of linguistic equality—frequently asserted in multilingual polities—on the ground. The study shows that serious pursuit of linguistic equality calls for elaborate administrative effort in public institutions and carries a potential to clash with existing legal practices (from legal drafting and interpretation, to language rights in trial proceedings). However, such changes—however extensive—hardly ever disrupt the status quo. The book further argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced in many polities today is shallow in character, and must not be confused with popular conceptions of equality. The book concludes that both symbolic jurisprudence and shallow equality are components of a policy of strategic pluralism that underlies official multilingualism. Although official multilingualism can legitimately be used to pursue collective goals, it runs the underlying risks of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing more progressive efforts in social change.

Crafting Masculine Selves represents a journey into the culture and psychological dynamics of a select group of Afghan Pashtun men. The book is based on eighteen months of fieldwork in a volatile area of Afghanistan, adjoining the border with Pakistan, carried out between 2009 and 2013. In addition to participant observation, the author employed a person-centered ethnographic methodology, wherein he conducted long-term, one-on-one interview sessions with four male individuals, and analyzed four additional life trajectories. The book unveils and chronicles how the creation and use of multiple subjectivities, and the unconscious, dissociative interplay that the individual maintains between them, is one of the “stratagems” with which individuals manage to make sense of what happens to them in real life, and to pragmatically inhabit personal circumstances that are often marred by conflict and violence, both at the interpersonal and at the political level. The main cultural thread the book investigates is that of masculinity, a crucial idiom in a very androcentric Pashtun society. Virtually all the interlocutors the book presents have to navigate deep private conflicts and contradictions related to how society expects them to be appropriate, proper men, against the backdrop of a sociopolitical Afghan context heavily impacted by almost forty years of uninterrupted war. Feeling constrained by the strict norms about a severe and honor-bound masculinity in a quickly changing Afghanistan, but equally striving to be culturally validated by their own peers, these men struggle to create and publicly legitimize their own, idiosyncratic way of being appropriate men. While they suffer at times the stern rebuke of their social environment, all the same they represent the seeds for a change of those very cultural norms.

The turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has been a very dynamic period of change in Poland and around the world; also a period of change in thinking about the economy and agriculture. The present work is a study of the decline, divestments and development of agriculture in the areas of fragmented farming structure. The reflections presented herein, upon the processes of the remodelling of agrarian structures, of divestments in farming, and disagrarisation, are mostly anchored in the achievements of the theory of spatial economy (land management), and the microeconomic theories of choice, including the theory of an agricultural holding (farm) and land rent theories. The work focuses on the economic issues of remodelling the agrarian structure, but due to the nature of the issues discussed herein, specifically in relation to family-owned farms, the social and environmental aspects also needed to be taken into account – in response to the need for a heterogeneous approach, which is increasingly stressed in economic sciences today. The main objective of the research was to diagnose and assess the scale and scope of the mechanisms and processes that inform the decline and growth of agricultural holdings in the areas with fragmented farming structure. The study covered the area comprising four regions (provinces) of south-eastern Poland, which – according to the FADN nomenclature – form the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. The study of subject literature has been enriched with an analysis of available statistics; data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN); information obtained from the Department of Programming and Reporting at the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture; and author’s own research conducted among farm owners. The information thus obtained made it possible to: • Determine the theoretical premises for the spatial diversity of agriculture, and the role of small farms in the shaping of agrarian structure. • Adapt the concept of “divestment” for the description and analysis of the phenomena occurring in agriculture. • Indicate the role and importance of the processes of divestment and disagrarisation in the restructuring of agriculture. • Assess the natural, social and economic determinants of the process of restructuring agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure. • Assess selected aspects of economic efficiency of agriculture in areas with fragmented farming structure, with the focus on small and micro farms. • Carry out an ex ante evaluation of the impact of agricultural policy instruments on the process of restructuring of agriculture in the macro region of Małopolska and Pogórze. • Identify the indicators of decline and fall, and barriers to the liquidation of farms. • Assess the relationship between the level of socio-economic development, the structure of farming, and the quality of agricultural production space in a given territorial unit, versus the intensity of the economic and production disagrarisation processes in agricultural holdings. • Propose targeted solutions conducive to the improvement of the farming structure in areas with a high framentation of agriculture. Observation of the processes occurring in agriculture, and the scientific theories created on the basis thereof, have shown that even the smallest farms have a chance to continue in existence, provided that we are able to positively verify their adaptation to the changing conditions in the environment. Carrying out farming activity is a prerequisite for implementing the economic, social and environmental functions associated with family farms. At the same time, based on the analyses performed, we need to assume that the advanced processes of the production and economic disagrarisation of agricultural holdings are to a greater extent determined by the anatomical features of agriculture, and by the natural conditions, than by the level of socio-economic development of the given territorial unit. In the current economic climate, the remodelling of the agrarian structure is only possible with the active participation of the institutions responsible for the creation of economic growth and agricultural policy development. It is extremely important from the point of view of environmental protection, and the viability of rural areas, to support small farms engaged in agricultural activities, and to introduce such instruments that will enable the replacement of an economic collapse with divestments, carried out in a planned manner, and allowing for thus released agricultural resources to find alternative application in units with a higher development potential. The area of theoretical research requiring further exploration includes the issues such as transactional costs of the liquidation of agricultural holdings, and the assessment of the economic effectiveness of conducting divestments.