Journal articles: 'Charge definition'

1

Trinhammer, Ole L., and Henrik G. Bohr. "On proton charge radius definition." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 128, no. 2 (2019): 21001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/128/21001.

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Eisenberg, Robert S. "Maxwell Equations without a Polarization Field, Using a Paradigm from Biophysics." Entropy 23, no. 2 (2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020172.

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When forces are applied to matter, the distribution of mass changes. Similarly, when an electric field is applied to matter with charge, the distribution of charge changes. The change in the distribution of charge (when a local electric field is applied) might in general be called the induced charge. When the change in charge is simply related to the applied local electric field, the polarization field P is widely used to describe the induced charge. This approach does not allow electrical measurements (in themselves) to determine the structure of the polarization fields. Many polarization fields will produce the same electrical forces because only the divergence of polarization enters Maxwell’s first equation, relating charge and electric forces and field. The curl of any function can be added to a polarization field P without changing the electric field at all. The divergence of the curl is always zero. Additional information is needed to specify the curl and thus the structure of the P field. When the structure of charge changes substantially with the local electric field, the induced charge is a nonlinear and time dependent function of the field and P is not a useful framework to describe either the electrical or structural basis-induced charge. In the nonlinear, time dependent case, models must describe the charge distribution and how it varies as the field changes. One class of models has been used widely in biophysics to describe field dependent charge, i.e., the phenomenon of nonlinear time dependent induced charge, called ‘gating current’ in the biophysical literature. The operational definition of gating current has worked well in biophysics for fifty years, where it has been found to makes neurons respond sensitively to voltage. Theoretical estimates of polarization computed with this definition fit experimental data. I propose that the operational definition of gating current be used to define voltage and time dependent induced charge, although other definitions may be needed as well, for example if the induced charge is fundamentally current dependent. Gating currents involve substantial changes in structure and so need to be computed from a combination of electrodynamics and mechanics because everything charged interacts with everything charged as well as most things mechanical. It may be useful to separate the classical polarization field as a component of the total induced charge, as it is in biophysics. When nothing is known about polarization, it is necessary to use an approximate representation of polarization with a dielectric constant that is a single real positive number. This approximation allows important results in some cases, e.g., design of integrated circuits in silicon semiconductors, but can be seriously misleading in other cases, e.g., ionic solutions.

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Monseré, Annelies. "The Charge from Psychology and Art's Definition." Theoria 82, no. 3 (2016): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/theo.12093.

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GAO, LI, and GUANG-XIONG PENG. "CASIMIR CHARGE AND AN EXPLANATION FOR C VIOLATION." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 30 (2013): 1350119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313501198.

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In this paper, the concept of Casimir charge is introduced, which is defined to be the characteristic quantity that describes an elementary particle. From the viewpoint of Casimir charge, the definition of charge conjugation is analyzed. As a result we find that the definition is not self-consistent, perhaps this is responsible for C violation.

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5

Choi, Cheol Ho. "Mean Gradient Charge: A new definition of atomic charge using induced atomic gradient." Chemical Physics Letters 524 (February 2012): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.064.

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6

Hunter, Geoffrey. "Atoms in molecules from the exact one-electron wave function." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 6 (1996): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-113.

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Use of the electron amplitude (i.e., the square root of the electron density) in place of the electron density in Bader's topological theory of atoms in molecules, is shown to lead to identical definitions of bond paths and interatomic surfaces. The concepts of regions of charge concentration and depletion, derived from the Laplacian of the electron density, become the concepts of classically allowed and forbidden regions of space when derived from the Laplacian of the electron amplitude, because the latter is the wave function in the exact Schrödinger equation for (any) one electron in the many-electron molecule. However, the domains of corresponding regions are different, the size and depth of a classically allowed region always being larger than the corresponding region of charge concentration; in some cases there is no region of charge concentration corresponding to a classically allowed region. The surface between the outermost allowed and forbidden regions of space provides a definition of the size and shape of the molecule. This definition of the outermost surface of the electronic charge cloud (the molecular envelope) is exact apart from quantum mechanical tunelling. Hence it is proposed as a basis for molecular graphics; i.e., as the unique, non-arbitrary, and, in principle, exact definition of the size and shape of a molecule. Key words: electron density, quantum chemistry, molecular graphics.

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Berg, B., and C. Panagiotakopoulos. "Definition and statistical properties of a universal topological charge." Nuclear Physics B 251 (January 1985): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(85)90266-4.

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8

Liu, Shubin, Paul W. Ayers, and Robert G. Parr. "Alternative definition of exchange-correlation charge in density functional theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 111, no. 14 (1999): 6197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479924.

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Papavassiliou, J., J. Bernabéu, and J. Vidal. "On the definition and observability of the neutrino charge radius." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 114 (February 2003): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(02)01905-9.

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10

TOLKACHEV, E. A., L. M. TOMILCHIK, and YA M. SHNIR. "On the Space Reflections Definition Problem in the Magnetic Charge Theory." Turkish Journal of Physics 21, no. 3 (1997): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0101.2389.

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11

Jeckelmann, Beat, and François Piquemal. "The Elementary Charge for the Definition and Realization of the Ampere." Annalen der Physik 531, no. 5 (2018): 1800389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201800389.

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12

Berbente, Corneliu, Sorin Berbente, and Marius Brebenel. "A possible new definition of the fundamental measure units." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 6, no. 1 (2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2021.6.1.8.

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A new definition of the measure units in Physics by using the concept of cardinal number and by considering universal physical constants is proposed. Another idea is to start from the moment of the creation of the Universe (BIG BANG or better said BIG FLASH). n this way, along with the speed of light in vacuum CV, the Planck constant h and the total energy of the Universe, EU are introduced. As regards the measure unit for temperature, the Boltzmann constant kB is considered. For the electrical charge, the electron charge is taken as a constant. In this way the sustenability of evaluation of technical parameters is increased. For example, the lowest sustenability is for unitts like (feet;pounds) instead of (meters; kgs).

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Karen, Pavel, Patrick McArdle, and Josef Takats. "Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 6 (2014): 1017–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0505.

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AbstractA generic definition of oxidation state (OS) is formulated: “The OS of a bonded atom equals its charge after ionic approximation”. In the ionic approximation, the atom that contributes more to the bonding molecular orbital (MO) becomes negative. This sign can also be estimated by comparing Allen electronegativities of the two bonded atoms, but this simplification carries an exception when the more electronegative atom is bonded as a Lewis acid. Two principal algorithms are outlined for OS determination of an atom in a compound; one based on composition, the other on topology. Both provide the same generic OS because both the ionic approximation and structural formula obey rules of stable electron configurations. A sufficiently simple empirical formula yields OS via the algorithm of direct ionic approximation (DIA) by these rules. The topological algorithm works on a Lewis formula (for a molecule) or a bond graph (for an extended solid) and has two variants. One assigns bonding electrons to more electronegative bond partners, the other sums an atom’s formal charge with bond orders (or bond valences) of sign defined by the ionic approximation of each particular bond at the atom. A glossary of terms and auxiliary rules needed for determination of OS are provided, illustrated with examples, and the origins of ambiguous OS values are pointed out. An electrochemical OS is suggested with a nominal value equal to the average OS for atoms of the same element in a moiety that is charged or otherwise electrochemically relevant.

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Takeuchi, Kiyoshi, Masaharu Kobayashi, and Toshiro Hiramoto. "A Threshold Voltage Definition Based on a Standardized Charge Versus Voltage Relationship." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 69, no. 3 (2022): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2022.3144623.

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15

Davies, James Chowning. "Aggression: Some Definition and Some Physiology." Politics and the Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (1987): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002719.

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Definitions being critical to systematic analysis, aggression is here defined as intentional injury to person or damage to property. The issue of consciousness of intent is considered. No claim is made that either conscious or unconscious aggression is necessarily wrongful, but that it is elicited with respect to the frustration of a variety of organically based physical and mental needs. Physiology has made progress toward understanding the two-way interaction between vertebrates and their environment, so that we have good hunches that aggressive behavior varies as a function of the level of several endocrines and of electrical charge in several parts of the brain. Suggestions are made for improving the utility of some basic political theory to physiological research and vice versa, so that social science can move beyond the speculations of the 18th century philosophers and can use some very relevant physiological findings.

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Izadi Najafabadi, Mohammad, Bart Somers, Bengt Johansson, and Nico Dam. "Combustion stratification study of partially premixed combustion using Fourier transform analysis of OH* chemiluminescence images." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 10 (2017): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417740270.

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A relatively high level of stratification (qualitatively: lack of homogeneity) is one of the main advantages of partially premixed combustion over the homogeneous charge compression ignition concept. Stratification can smooth the heat release rate and improve the controllability of combustion. In order to compare stratification levels of different partially premixed combustion strategies or other combustion concepts, an objective and meaningful definition of “stratification level” is required. Such a definition is currently lacking; qualitative/quantitative definitions in the literature cannot properly distinguish various levels of stratification. The main purpose of this study is to objectively define combustion stratification (not to be confused with fuel stratification) based on high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging, which is assumed to provide spatial information regarding heat release. Stratification essentially being equivalent to spatial structure, we base our definition on two-dimensional Fourier transforms of photographs of OH* chemiluminescence. A light-duty optical diesel engine has been used to perform the OH* bandpass imaging on. Four experimental points are evaluated, with injection timings in the homogeneous regime as well as in the stratified partially premixed combustion regime. Two-dimensional Fourier transforms translate these chemiluminescence images into a range of spatial frequencies. The frequency information is used to define combustion stratification, using a novel normalization procedure. The results indicate that this new definition, based on Fourier analysis of OH* bandpass images, overcomes the drawbacks of previous definitions used in the literature and is a promising method to compare the level of combustion stratification between different experiments.

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17

Barak, Shlomo. "Electric Charge and Its Field as Deformed Space." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 4 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n4p29.

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The essence of electric charge has been a mystery. So far, no theory has been able to derive the attributes of electric charge, which are: bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, the electric field it creates and the radii of the bivalent charges. Our model of the electric charge and its field (this paper) enables us (in additional papers), for the first time, to derive simple equations for the radii and masses of the electron/positron muon/anti-muon and quarks/anti-quarks. These equations contain only the constants G, c, ℏ&nbsp; and &alpha; (the fine structure constant). The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results. In this paper, which serves as a basis for the other papers, we define electric charge density, based on space density. This definition alone, without any phenomenology, yields the theory of Electrostatics. Electrostatics together with Lorentz Transformation is known to yield the entire Maxwell Electromagnetic theory.

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18

Politzer, Peter, Jane S. Murray, Monica C. Concha, and Ping Jin. "An Operational Definition of Relative Hardness." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 72, no. 1 (2007): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20070051.

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After a brief review of polarizability, charge capacity and hardness, we look at some of the consequences of the requirement, in density functional theory, that the chemical potential and hardness be evaluated with the nuclear potential being held constant. The effects of this can be quite significant, one of them being that some molecules, especially closed-shell, may have zero chemical potentials. We propose that hardness be defined operationally through its inverse relationship to polarizability. Drawing upon correlations found earlier for the latter property, we present a formula for relative hardness in terms of the volume of a molecule and the average local ionization energy on its surface. The formula can also be applied to molecular components, e.g. functional groups, and we show - within the context of this approach - how their contributions combine to yield the hardness of the molecule. This involves a leveling-off effect that explains the relatively small range of hardness values obtained for a group of 33 molecules.

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19

Honcharov, Yevgen, Nataliya Kruykova, Vladyslav Markov, and Igor Polyakov. "A definition of the "reactive power" concept." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (5) (May 28, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2021.1.09.

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A definition of the "reactive power" concept needs to be clarified, since in the literature it is often given extremely vaguely, which causes difficulties in students' perception and is not entirely clear to the general public. Analysis of numerous sources shows that the physical meaning of this concept almost escapes the definitions given in these sources. Moreover, the formula by which the reactive power is calculated raises no objections. However, it does not explain the physical meaning of the concept. The need for a capacious definition that reflects the physical meaning is long overdue. Analysis of literature sources allows us to conclude that reactive power corresponds to the energy that goes from the source to the consumer and returns back, moreover, the process of circulation of this energy proceeds without dissipation. This energy is stored in inductors, keeping the current constant, and in capacitors, because they charge and discharge, keeping the voltage constant. The inductance and capacitance of the circuit consume and return reactive power. The power transferred to the inductor is stored in the magnetic field when the field expands and returns to the source when the field collapses. The power supplied to the capacitor is stored in an electrostatic field when the capacitor is charged and returned to the source when the capacitor is discharged. This power supplied to the circuit by the source is not consumed. It all returns to the source. Thus, the active power, which is the consumed power, is zero. We know that alternating current is constantly changing; thus, cycles of expansion and collapse of magnetic and electrostatic fields constantly occur. The following definition is proposed: non-dissipated electrical energy of alternating current, which excites the magnetic or electric fields, respectively, in inductive and capacitive elements and, coming from them back to the network, is called reactive power.

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20

Seidler, Tomasz, та Benoît Champagne. "Which charge definition for describing the crystal polarizing field and the χ(1) and χ(2) of organic crystals?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, № 29 (2015): 19546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03248b.

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21

Zhong, Lixian, Matthew Lee Smith, Ning Lyu, et al. "The opioid public health crisis in Texas: Characterizing real-world healthcare resource utilization and economic burden in different clinical settings." Journal of Opioid Management 20, no. 5 (2024): 393–409. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.0899.

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Background and aims: Given the national opioid public health crisis, this study aimed to characterize the real-world healthcare resource utilization pattern and to quantify the economic burden associated with opioid misuse in Texas. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using Texas statewide Inpatient, Outpatient, and Emergency Department (ED) administrative data. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) codes related to opioid abuse, adverse effects, dependence, and poisoning identified opioid-related clinical encounters. High-sensitivity and high-specificity definition criteria were used to capture the range of opioid-related clinical encounters. Descriptive statistics were applied to evaluate the resource utilization and economic burden in different clinical settings and by different types of opioid misuse. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to identify the association with patients' characteristics. Results: The high-sensitivity definition identified three to six times more opioid-related clinical encounters related as compared to the high-specificity definition (31,901 vs 10,423 outpatient visits and 47,021 vs 7,444 inpatient visits). A greater proportion of these patients were aged 18-44, White, non-Hispanic, living in metro areas, and uninsured as compared to all-cause visits. EDs were heavily utilized with the outpatient visits predominantly through the ED (>90 percent) and between 49 and 78 percent of inpatient hospitalizations admitted through ED. The multivariable association between patient characteristics and opioid-related clinical encounters varied with clinical settings and the two definitions. High-sensitivity opioid-related clinical encounters were generally associated with higher charges as compared to high-specificity encounters. The total healthcare charge related to opioid misuse in 2016 was estimated to be USD 0.27 billion using the high-specificity definition and USD 2.6 billion using the high-sensitivity definition. Conclusions: Findings indicate opioid-related clinical encounters impose significant clinical and economic burdens in Texas. Study findings can help healthcare policymakers, professionals, and clinicians better classify opioid use disorder as a major but underreported condition in Texas.

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Aubakirova-Ter-Grigoryan, N. M. "Judicial Discretion: The Concept and Essential Features." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 8 (2023): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.153.8.100-107.

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The modern Russian legal doctrine has not yet developed a unified approach to understanding judicial discretion. The content of this term seems to be very complex and ambiguous. The analysis of the legislation shows that the discretion of the law enforcement officer (investigator, prosecutor or person in charge of an inquiry) is possible when applying the norms of various branches of law. The importance of defining the most complete and precise concept of judicial discretion is dictated by the complexity of establishing its boundaries.The objectives of the study are to derive the definition of judicial discretion based on a critical assessment of doctrinal definitions and to identify its essential features. The results reflected in this paper show that a considerable number of authors understand judicial discretion in different ways; at the same time, the points of view of scholars still have common ground. The result of the study provides the author’s definition of judicial discretion and the allocation of its essential features.

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23

Kurilkin, Dmitry. "Definition of Power Expenses on Booster Charge of Rechargeable Battery of Diesel Locomotive According to the Data of Microprocessor Control System." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 19, no. 1 (2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2022-19-1-68-74.

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Purpose: Development and approbation of the methodology of the definition of power expenses on booster charge of diesel locomotive rechargeable battery with the purpose to clarify tractive calculations. While definition of power expenses on charge of a battery it’s necessary to take into account the current state of a battery itself as well as of starter-generator implementing this battery charge. This task can be solved as a result of statistical analysis of information being registered by subsystem of board diagnostics of modern diesel locomotives. Methods: The methods of preprocessor treatment of information array and statistical analysis of formed sampling have been proposed. Results: Capacity probable values, spent on battery charge in the process of diesel locomotive exploitation, have been defined. With 95 % probability for 14 section of diesel locomotives of 2TE116U series, average charging capacity of rechargeable battery doesn’t exceed 2.6 kW at expected value of 1.4 kW. Practical significance: The obtained results allow to clarify capacity value selected for auxiliary needs and as a consequence to rise accuracy of locomotive tractive-energetic properties.

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24

Monaco, Guglielmo. "On the definition of the atomic charge. Relationship between13C NMR chemical shifts, dipole moments, and charges in saturated hydrocarbons." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 68, no. 3 (1998): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-461x(1998)68:3<201::aid-qua6>3.0.co;2-z.

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25

BEN-AV, RADEL, and SORIN SOLOMON. "TOPOLOGY AND LATTICES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, no. 02 (1990): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90000209.

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The concept of interpolation relates lattice configurations to continuum configurations. This relation induces from the continuum to the lattice the definitions of “continuous deformation”, topological classification and homotopy classes. The lattice homotopy classes obtained this way are separated by boundaries made out of “exceptional configurations” (EC). The EC boundaries allow the topological classification of the lattice configurations even in models in which it is impossible (or cumbersome) to give in a close form, a definition of the topological charge in terms of lattice variables. We give the description of the EC boundaries for the 2 dimensional XY spin model and the 4 dimensional SU(2) gauge model.

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BEN-AV, RADEL, and SORIN SOLOMON. "TOPOLOGY AND LATTICES." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 16 (1989): 1537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001751.

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The concept of interpolation relates lattice configurations to continuum configurations. This relation induces from the continuum to the lattice the definitions of “continuous deformation”, topological classification and homotopy classes. The lattice homotopy classes obtained this way are separated by boundaries made out of “exceptional configurations” (EC). The EC boundaries allow the topological classification of the lattice configurations even in models in which it is impossible (or cumbersome) to give in a closed form, a definition of the topological charge in terms of lattice variables. We give the description of the EC boundaries for the 2-dimensional XY spin model and the 4-dimensional SU(2) gauge model.

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KARSCH, F., M. L. LAURSEN, T. NEUHAUS, B. PLACHE, and U. J. WIESE. "CHERN-SIMONS TERM IN THE 4-DIMENSIONAL SU(2) HIGGS MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 03, no. 05 (1992): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918319200049x.

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Using a variation of Lueschers geometric charge definition for SU(2) lattice gauge theory, we have managed to give a geometric expression for it’s Chern-Simons term. From this definition we have checked the periodic structure. We determined the Chern-Simons density for lattices L4 and L3×2, 4 with L=4, 6, and 8 near the critical region in the SU(2) Higgs model. The data indicate that tunneling is increased at high temperature.

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Mozolyako, P. A. "On the definition of B-points of a Borel charge on the real line." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 182, no. 5 (2012): 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-012-0773-8.

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29

Koch, Chantal Mees, and Dennis J. Devine. "Effects of reasonable doubt definition and inclusion of a lesser charge on jury verdicts." Law and Human Behavior 23, no. 6 (1999): 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022389305876.

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Greer, A. I. M., and D. A. J. Moran. "Charge dissipation layer optimisation for nano-scale electron-beam lithography pattern definition onto diamond." Diamond and Related Materials 29 (September 2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2012.07.003.

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Bondarenko, S. V., O. S. Sergeev, and А. Y. Kosovtsov. "INFLUENCE OF THE POLAR AND EQUATORIAL DAMPING MOMENTS OF THE PROJECTILE ON ITS FLIGHT DISTANCE." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 82 (2024): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2024/82-02.

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A relevant and important issue in the calculation of projectile flight trajectories is the definition and presentation of the equatorial and polar damping moments in the system of differential equations of spatial motion of projectiles. It is shown that the damping moments are determined by the shape and orientation of the projectile, the nature of the flow, the type of boundary layer and its interaction with shock waves, the speed, the height of the projectile and its nutation angle. To evaluate the influence of the aerodynamic coefficients of the equatorial and polar damping moments (their aerodynamic coefficients) on the flight range of the projectile, the method of differences is used, which consists in solving the system of differential equations of the spatial motion of the projectile so that changing the value of the aerodynamic coefficient results in a change in the flight range. Numerical modeling of the dependence of the flight range of the 155-mm HE Assegai M2000 projectile on the change in the aerodynamic coefficients of the equatorial and polar damping moments by 1% was carried out. It is shown that the aerodynamic coefficient of the polar damping moment creates the largest errors in the range at the maximum and minimum charges, namely, at the maximum charge the error reaches 0.012%D, at the minimum charge – 0.01%D, the effect on intermediate charges is manifested in a much smaller form, and not exceeds the value of 0.005%D. The largest error in the flight range of the projectile from the aerodynamic coefficient of the equatorial damping moment is observed at the maximum charge, the deviation reaches 0.07%D, the smallest error at the minimum charge is 0.0001%D. The obtained results make it possible to estimate the required accuracy of determining the aerodynamic coefficients of the equatorial and polar damping moments under different firing conditions of artillery systems.

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Suárez-Carreño, Franyelit, and Luis Rosales-Romero. "Computational Algorithms for the Study of Distributions with Electric Charge and Radiation Flux in General Relativity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135957.

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The following research contributes to the understanding of how electric charge influences the unwrapping of spherically symmetric distributions using a relativistic approach. With the recent detection of gravitational waves and the location of black holes, where a strong emission of electromagnetic radiation prevails, interest has arisen to consider the existence of compact charged objects. Thus, the appearance of charge in small quantities during gravitational collapse, the process by which black holes originate, is not ruled out; this also includes the emission of electromagnetic waves from them. This article intends to establish algorithms and write field equations for a charged fluid as those corresponding to an anisotropic fluid with radiation flux. Using an appropriate definition of the mass function, considering self-similar symmetry and Bondian observers, dynamical results are obtained for the Einstein–Maxwell electromagnetic system with added gravity. Imposing an additional homothetic symmetry, the field equations are solved, and the most relevant conclusions are drawn about the influence of the electric charge during the collapse and subsequent changes in the physical variables.

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Xiao, S. F., and Q. H. Liu. "Geometric momentum and angular momentum for charge-monopole system." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 23 (2018): 1850125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501250.

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For a charge-monopole pair, we have another definition of the orbital angular momentum, and the transverse part of the momentum including the vector potential turns out to be the so-called geometric momentum that is under intensive study recently. For the charge on the spherical surface with the monopole at the origin, the commutation relations between all components of both the geometric momentum and the orbital angular momentum satisfy the so(3,[Formula: see text]1) algebra. With construction of the geometrically infinitesimal displacement operator based on the geometric momentum, the so(3,[Formula: see text]1) algebra implies the Aharonov–Bohm phase shift. The related problems such as charge and flux quantization are also addressed.

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Gharechahi, Razieh, Mohammad Nouri-Zonoz, and Alireza Tavanfar. "A tale of two velocities: Threading versus slicing." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 03 (2018): 1850047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818500470.

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One of the important quantities in cosmology and astrophysics is the 3-velocity of an object. Specifically, when the gravitational fields are strong, one should require the employment of general relativity both in its definition and measurement. Looking into the literature for GR-based definitions of 3-velocity, one usually finds different ad hoc definitions applied according to the case under consideration. Here, we introduce and analyze systematically the two principal definitions of 3-velocity assigned to a test particle following the timelike trajectories in stationary spacetimes. These definitions are based on the [Formula: see text] (threading) and [Formula: see text] (slicing) spacetime decomposition formalisms and defined relative to two different sets of observers. After showing that Synge’s definition of spatial distance and 3-velocity is equivalent to those defined in the [Formula: see text] (threading) formalism, we exemplify the differences between these two definitions by calculating them for particles in circular orbits in axially symmetric stationary spacetimes. Illustrating its geometric nature, the relative linear velocity between the corresponding observers is obtained in terms of the spacetime metric components. Circular particle orbits in the Kerr spacetime, as the prototype and the most well known of stationary spacetimes, are examined with respect to these definitions to highlight their observer-dependent nature. We also examine the Kerr-NUT spacetime in which the NUT parameter, contributing to the off-diagonal terms in the metric, is mainly interpreted not as a rotation parameter but as a gravitomagnetic monopole charge. Finally, in a specific astrophysical setup which includes rotating black holes, it is shown how the local velocity of an orbiting star could be related to its spectral line shifts measured by distant observers.

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Minotti, F., and G. Modanese. "Generalized Local Charge Conservation in Many-Body Quantum Mechanics." Mathematics 13, no. 5 (2025): 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13050892.

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In the framework of the quantum theory of many-particle systems, we study the compatibility of approximated non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGFs) and of approximated solutions of the Dyson equation with a modified continuity equation of the form ∂t⟨ρ⟩+(1−γ)∇·⟨J⟩=0. A continuity equation of this kind allows the e.m. coupling of the system in the extended Aharonov–Bohm electrodynamics, but not in Maxwell electrodynamics. Focusing on the case of molecular junctions simulated numerically with the Density Functional Theory (DFT), we further discuss the re-definition of local current density proposed by Wang et al., which also turns out to be compatible with the extended Aharonov–Bohm electrodynamics.

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Fischer, J. "Low uncertainty Boltzmann constant determinations and the kelvin redefinition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2064 (2016): 20150038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0038.

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At its 25th meeting, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) approved Resolution 1 ‘On the future revision of the International System of Units, the SI’, which sets the path towards redefinition of four base units at the next CGPM in 2018. This constitutes a decisive advance towards the formal adoption of the new SI and its implementation. Kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole will be defined in terms of fixed numerical values of the Planck constant, elementary charge, Boltzmann constant and Avogadro constant, respectively. The effect of the new definition of the kelvin referenced to the value of the Boltzmann constant k is that the kelvin is equal to the change of thermodynamic temperature T that results in a change of thermal energy kT by 1.380 65×10 −23 J. A value of the Boltzmann constant suitable for defining the kelvin is determined by fundamentally different primary thermometers such as acoustic gas thermometers, dielectric constant gas thermometers, noise thermometers and the Doppler broadening technique. Progress to date of the measurements and further perspectives are reported. Necessary conditions to be met before proceeding with changing the definition are given. The consequences of the new definition of the kelvin on temperature measurement are briefly outlined.

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Tang, Siyuan, Yiqin Li, Nannan Liu, and Haibo Li. "Research on the charging rules of shore power service charge in China." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502011.

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Firstly, this paper defines the definition and attribute of shore power service charge, and combs the current situation of shore power service charge and electricity charge in China. At the same time, the paper analyses the cost of shore power service, electricity charge of the power supply department and the cost of ship's using fuel oil for self-generation, and makes a comprehensive comparison between the cost of ship's using shore power and the cost of ship's self-generation. Finally, according to the principle of ensuring that the cost of using shore power (shore power service charge plus electricity charge) is lower than the cost of self-generation for ships, the paper puts forward suggestions that the shore power service charge should be collected according to the power usage and the government should issue guidance prices.

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Coco, Marco, Giovanni Mascali, and Vittorio Romano. "About the Definition of the Local Equilibrium Lattice Temperature in Suspended Monolayer Graphene." Entropy 23, no. 7 (2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070873.

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The definition of temperature in non-equilibrium situations is among the most controversial questions in thermodynamics and statistical physics. In this paper, by considering two numerical experiments simulating charge and phonon transport in graphene, two different definitions of local lattice temperature are investigated: one based on the properties of the phonon–phonon collision operator, and the other based on energy Lagrange multipliers. The results indicate that the first one can be interpreted as a measure of how fast the system is trying to approach the local equilibrium, while the second one as the local equilibrium lattice temperature. We also provide the explicit expression of the macroscopic entropy density for the system of phonons, by which we theoretically explain the approach of the system toward equilibrium and characterize the nature of the equilibria, in the spatially homogeneous case.

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NAKANO, FUMIHIKO. "ABSENCE OF TRANSPORT IN ANDERSON LOCALIZATION." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 14, no. 04 (2002): 375–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x02001211.

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We consider the charge transport in the tight-binding Anderson model. Under a mild condition on the Fermi projection, we show that it is zero almost surely. This result has wider applicability than our previous work [12], while the definition of charge transport is slightly different. It also applies to the computation of non-diagonal component of the conductivity tensor which recovers the famous result of quantization of Hall conductivity in quantum Hall systems.

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NESTERENKO, A. V., and I. L. SOLOVTSOV. "NEW ANALYTIC RUNNING COUPLING IN QCD: HIGHER LOOP LEVELS." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 39 (2001): 2517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301005989.

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The properties of the new analytic running coupling are investigated at the higher loop levels. The expression for this invariant charge, independent of the normalization point, is obtained by invoking the asymptotic freedom condition. It is shown that at any loop level the relevant β-function has the universal behaviors at small and large values of the invariant charge. Due to this feature the new analytic running coupling possesses the universal asymptotics in both the ultraviolet and infrared regions irrespective of the loop level. The consistency of the model considered with the general definition of the QCD invariant charge is shown.

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Kwon, D. Y., and S. Vigneswaran. "Influence of particle size and surface charge on critical flux of crossflow microfiltration." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (1998): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0701.

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The effect of particle size and ionic strength of the feed suspension on critical flux was studied. The critical flux was defined in two different ways (strong and mild definition). The fouling, the increase of resistance (which is the basis of the mild definition of the critical flux) was relatively sensitive to the deposition of particles of 0.46 μm on the membrane of 0.2 μm mean pore. On the other hand, the deposition of large particles of 3.2 μm to a certain value on the membrane surface of 0.2 μm mean pore did not lead to the increase in resistance. In case of 11.9 μm particles, the transmembrane pressure did not increase even with significant amount of deposition of particles. The ionic strength of suspension had significant effect on the critical flux. For an ionic strength less than 1×10−1.5 M, there was a decrease in the critical flux. This could be due to the dense layer of deposit which is the result of less diffuse layer thickness of particles. Above this ionic strength, a significant increase in critical flux was noticed which may be due to the aggregation of particles.

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Gurkan, Burcu, William Dean, and Drace Penley. "(Invited) Concentrated Hydrogen Bonded Electrolytes: Definition and Bulk & Interfacial Properties." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 55 (2022): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552112mtgabs.

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We broadly refer to deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as concentrated H-bonded electrolytes (CoHBEs) where a composition specific to the “deep eutectic temperature” does not have to be met as long as the electrolyte possesses high salt concentration of the salt or the redox active specie and suppressed volatility are desired in energy storage, electrocatalysis, and electrodeposition processes. Liquid heterogeneity owing to H-bonding, similar to ionic liquids and DESs, CoHBEs present distinct electrode-electrolyte interfacial behavior. As a way to probe the electrode-electrolyte behavior of CoHBEs as a function of composition, we have performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The potential dependent differential capacitance of choline chloride and ethylene glycol (1:2, 1:4, 1:6 molar ratio) mixtures do not present camel shaped curves as in the case of more extreme examples of concentrated electrolytes such as ionic liquids. The interfacial behavior is more similar to dilute systems, however, the H-bonding network presents a less mobile diffuse layer. While on glassy carbon, there is no specific ion adsorption, on metal electrodes chloride adsorption is observed. In chloride-free systems that are based choline oxalate mixed with ethylene glycol, capacitance is measured to be almost independent of the applied voltage on glassy carbon and gold. This is attributed to the strong binding energy of the solvation structure, as determined from theory, that hinders voltage-induced reorientations. Consistent to this behavior, the oxalate system also presents a very high viscosity. In addition, the voltage sweep range is limited in the case of oxalate system as it has narrower electrochemical window. On the other hand, choline acetate, which has a very similar chemical structure to the oxalate, undergoes specific ion adsorption particularly on gold electrode at a positive applied potential as confirmed by SERS. This is believed to be due to the reduced binding energy as calculated by density functional theory with -1 charge of the acetate in comparison to -2 charge in oxalate that leads to the desolvation and then the surface adsorption of the acetate. In the case of the choline bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide and ethylene glycol mixture, a wider electrochemical window accompanied by a dampened u-shaped capacitance was observed with no specific ion adsorption. This study presents tuning of DESs and more broadly CoHBEs in terms of the bulk physical properties, the interfacial behavior near an electrode, and the coupled structuring effects through the variation in anion charge density and the extent of H-bonding.

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Kholmetskii, Alexander L., Oleg V. Missevitch, and Tolga Yarman. "Quantum phases for electric charges and electric (magnetic) dipoles: physical meaning and implication." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-1-50-61.

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We analyse the physical meaning of quantum phase effects for point-like charges and electric (magnetic) dipoles in an electromagnetic (EM) field. At present, there are known eight effects of such a kind: four of them (the magnetic and electric Aharonov – Bohm phases for electrons, the Aharonov – Casher phase for a moving magnetic dipole and the He – McKellar – Wilkens phase for a moving electric dipole) had been disclosed in 20th century, while four new quantum phases had recently been found by our team (A. L. Kholmetskii, O. V. Missevitch, T. Yarman). In our analysis of physical meaning of these phases, we adopt that a quantum phase for a dipole represents a superposition of quantum phases for each charge, composing the dipole. In this way, we demonstrate the failure of the Schrödinger equation for a charged particle in an EM field to describe new quantum phase effects, when the standard definition of the momentum operator is used. We further show that a consistent description of quantum phase effects for moving particles is achieved under appropriate re-definition of this operator, where the canonical momentum of particle in EM field is replaced by the interactional EM field momentum. Some implications of this result are discussed.

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MATHUR, SAMIR D. "FALLING INTO A BLACK HOLE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 03n04 (2008): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808012309.

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String theory tells us that quantum gravity has a dual description as a field theory (without gravity). We use the field theory dual to ask what happens to an object as it falls into the simplest black hole: the two-charge extremal hole. In the field theory description the wave function of a particle is spread over a large number of "loops," and the particle has a well-defined position in space only if it has the same "position" on each loop. For the infalling particle we find one definition of "same position" on each loop, but there is a different definition for outgoing particles and no canonical definition in general in the horizon region. Thus the meaning of "position" becomes ill-defined inside the horizon.

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Snijders Blok, Charlotte, Nicole Corsten-Janssen, David R. FitzPatrick, et al. "Definition of 5q11.2 microdeletion syndrome reveals overlap with CHARGE syndrome and 22q11 deletion syndrome phenotypes." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 164, no. 11 (2014): 2843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36680.

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Cè, Marco, Cristian Consonni, Georg P. Engel, and Leonardo Giusti. "Non-Gaussianities in the topological charge distribution of the SU(3) Yang-Mills theory." Physical Review D 92 (October 6, 2015): 074502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.074502.

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We study the topological charge distribution of the \(\mathrm{SU}(3)\) Yang-Mills theory with high precision in order to be able to detect deviations from Gaussianity. The computation is carried out on the lattice with high statistics Monte Carlo simulations by implementing a naive discretization of the topological charge evolved with the Yang-Mills gradient flow. This definition is far less demanding than the one suggested from Neuberger’s fermions and, as shown in this paper, in the continuum limit its cumulants coincide with those of the universal definition appearing in the chiral Ward identities. Thanks to the range of lattice volumes and spacings considered, we can extrapolate the results for the second and fourth cumulant of the topological charge distribution to the continuum limit with confidence by keeping finite volume effects negligible with respect to the statistical errors. Our best results for the topological susceptibility is \(t_0^2\chi =6.67(7)\times 10^{-4}\)\(t_0\), where \(t_0\) is a standard reference scale, while for the ratio of the fourth cumulant over the second, we obtain \(R=0.233(45)\). The latter is compatible with the expectations from the large \(N_c\) expansion, while it rules out the \(\theta\) behavior of the vacuum energy predicted by the dilute instanton model. Its large distance from 1 implies that, in the ensemble of gauge configurations that dominate the path integral, the fluctuations of the topological charge are of quantum <em>nonperturbative</em> nature.

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Onufriev, Alexey V., and Boris Aguilar. "Accuracy of continuum electrostatic calculations based on three common dielectric boundary definitions." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 13, no. 03 (2014): 1440006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633614400069.

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We investigate the influence of three common definitions of the solute/solvent dielectric boundary (DB) on the accuracy of the electrostatic solvation energy ΔG el computed within the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) and the generalized Born (GB) models of implicit solvation. The test structures include small molecules, peptides and small proteins; explicit solvent ΔG el are used as accuracy reference. For common atomic radii sets BONDI, PARSE (and ZAP9 for small molecules) the use of van der Waals (vdW) DB results, on average, in considerably larger errors in ΔG el than the molecular surface (MS) DB. The optimal probe radius ρw for which the MS DB yields the most accurate ΔG el varies considerably between structure types. The solvent accessible surface (SAS) DB becomes optimal at ρw ~ 0.2Å(exact value is sensitive to the structure and atomic radii), at which point the average accuracy of ΔG el is comparable to that of the MS-based boundary. The geometric equivalence of SAS to vdW surface based on the same atomic radii uniformly increased by ρw gives the corresponding optimal vdW DB. For small molecules, the optimal vdW DB based on BONDI +0.2 Å radii can yield ΔG el estimates at least as accurate as those based on the optimal MS DB. Also, in small molecules, pairwise charge–charge interactions computed with the optimal vdW DB are virtually equal to those computed with the MS DB, suggesting that in this case the two boundaries are practically equivalent by the electrostatic energy criteria. In structures other than small molecules, the optimal vdW and MS dielectric boundaries are not equivalent: the respective pairwise electrostatic interactions in the presence of solvent can differ by upto 5 kcal/mol for individual atomic pairs in small proteins, even when the total ΔG el are equal. For small proteins, the average decrease in pairwise electrostatic interactions resulting from the switch from optimal MS to optimal vdW DB definition can be mimicked within the MS DB definition by doubling of the solute dielectric constant. However, the use of the higher interior dielectric does not eliminate the large individual deviations between pairwise interactions computed within the two DB definitions. It is argued that while the MS-based definition of the DB is more physically correct in some types of practical calculations, the choice is not so clear in some other common scenarios.

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NASHED, GAMAL G. L. "CHARGED AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTION, ENERGY AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN TETRAD THEORY OF GRAVITATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 15 (2006): 3181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031478.

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Charged axially symmetric solution of the coupled gravitational and electromagnetic fields in the tetrad theory of gravitation is derived. The metric associated with this solution is an axially symmetric metric which is characterized by three parameters "the gravitational mass M, the charge parameter Q and the rotation parameter a." The parallel vector fields and the electromagnetic vector potential are axially symmetric. We calculate the total exterior energy. The energy–momentum complex given by Møller in the framework of the Weitzenböck geometry "characterized by vanishing the curvature tensor constructed from the connection of this geometry" has been used. This energy–momentum complex is considered as a better definition for calculation of energy and momentum than those of general relativity theory. The energy contained in a sphere is found to be consistent with pervious results which is shared by its interior and exterior. Switching off the charge parameter, one finds that no energy is shared by the exterior of the charged axially symmetric solution. The components of the momentum density are also calculated and used to evaluate the angular momentum distribution. We found no angular momentum contributes to the exterior of the charged axially symmetric solution if zero charge parameter is used.

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Assiry, Abdullah, Sabeur Mansour, and Amir Baklouti. "S-Embedding of Lie Superalgebras and Its Implications for Fuzzy Lie Algebras." Axioms 13, no. 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms13010002.

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This paper performed an investigation into the s-embedding of the Lie superalgebra (→S1∣1), a representation of smooth vector fields on a (1,1)-dimensional super-circle. Our primary objective was to establish a precise definition of the s-embedding, effectively dissecting the Lie superalgebra into the superalgebra of super-pseudodifferential operators ( SψD⊙) residing on the super-circle S1|1. We also introduce and rigorously define the central charge within the framework of (→S1∣1), leveraging the canonical central extension of SψD⊙. Moreover, we expanded the scope of our inquiry to encompass the domain of fuzzy Lie algebras, seeking to elucidate potential connections and parallels between these ostensibly distinct mathematical constructs. Our exploration spanned various facets, including non-commutative structures, representation theory, central extensions, and central charges, as we aimed to bridge the gap between Lie superalgebras and fuzzy Lie algebras. To summarize, this paper is a pioneering work with two pivotal contributions. Initially, a meticulous definition of the s-embedding of the Lie superalgebra (→S1|1) is provided, emphasizing the representationof smooth vector fields on the (1,1)-dimensional super-circle, thereby enriching a fundamental comprehension of the topic. Moreover, an investigation of the realm of fuzzy Lie algebras was undertaken, probing associations with conventional Lie superalgebras. Capitalizing on these discoveries, we expound upon the nexus between central extensions and provide a novel deformed representation of the central charge.

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Deur, Alexandre, Volker Burkert, Jian-Ping Chen та Wolfgang Korsch. "Experimental Determination of the QCD Effective Charge αg1(Q)". Particles 5, № 2 (2022): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles5020015.

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The QCD effective charge αg1(Q) is an observable that characterizes the magnitude of the strong interaction. At high momentum Q, it coincides with the QCD running coupling αs(Q). At low Q, it offers a nonperturbative definition of the running coupling. We have extracted αg1(Q) from measurements carried out at Jefferson Lab that span the very low to moderately high Q domain, 0.14≤Q≤2.18 GeV. The precision of the new results is much improved over the previous extractions and the reach in Q at the lower end is significantly expanded. The data show that αg1(Q) becomes Q-independent at very low Q. They compare well with two recent predictions of the QCD effective charge based on Dyson–Schwinger equations and on the AdS/CFT duality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Charge definition'

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