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Journal articles on the topic 'Charge definition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Trinhammer, Ole L., and Henrik G. Bohr. "On proton charge radius definition." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 128, no. 2 (2019): 21001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/128/21001.

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2

Eisenberg, Robert S. "Maxwell Equations without a Polarization Field, Using a Paradigm from Biophysics." Entropy 23, no. 2 (2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020172.

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When forces are applied to matter, the distribution of mass changes. Similarly, when an electric field is applied to matter with charge, the distribution of charge changes. The change in the distribution of charge (when a local electric field is applied) might in general be called the induced charge. When the change in charge is simply related to the applied local electric field, the polarization field P is widely used to describe the induced charge. This approach does not allow electrical measurements (in themselves) to determine the structure of the polarization fields. Many polarization fie

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3

Monseré, Annelies. "The Charge from Psychology and Art's Definition." Theoria 82, no. 3 (2016): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/theo.12093.

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4

GAO, LI, and GUANG-XIONG PENG. "CASIMIR CHARGE AND AN EXPLANATION FOR C VIOLATION." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 30 (2013): 1350119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313501198.

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In this paper, the concept of Casimir charge is introduced, which is defined to be the characteristic quantity that describes an elementary particle. From the viewpoint of Casimir charge, the definition of charge conjugation is analyzed. As a result we find that the definition is not self-consistent, perhaps this is responsible for C violation.

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5

Choi, Cheol Ho. "Mean Gradient Charge: A new definition of atomic charge using induced atomic gradient." Chemical Physics Letters 524 (February 2012): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.064.

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6

Hunter, Geoffrey. "Atoms in molecules from the exact one-electron wave function." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 6 (1996): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-113.

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Use of the electron amplitude (i.e., the square root of the electron density) in place of the electron density in Bader's topological theory of atoms in molecules, is shown to lead to identical definitions of bond paths and interatomic surfaces. The concepts of regions of charge concentration and depletion, derived from the Laplacian of the electron density, become the concepts of classically allowed and forbidden regions of space when derived from the Laplacian of the electron amplitude, because the latter is the wave function in the exact Schrödinger equation for (any) one electron in the ma

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7

Berg, B., and C. Panagiotakopoulos. "Definition and statistical properties of a universal topological charge." Nuclear Physics B 251 (January 1985): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(85)90266-4.

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8

Liu, Shubin, Paul W. Ayers, and Robert G. Parr. "Alternative definition of exchange-correlation charge in density functional theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 111, no. 14 (1999): 6197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.479924.

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9

Papavassiliou, J., J. Bernabéu, and J. Vidal. "On the definition and observability of the neutrino charge radius." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 114 (February 2003): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(02)01905-9.

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10

TOLKACHEV, E. A., L. M. TOMILCHIK, and YA M. SHNIR. "On the Space Reflections Definition Problem in the Magnetic Charge Theory." Turkish Journal of Physics 21, no. 3 (1997): 546–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55730/1300-0101.2389.

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11

Jeckelmann, Beat, and François Piquemal. "The Elementary Charge for the Definition and Realization of the Ampere." Annalen der Physik 531, no. 5 (2018): 1800389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.201800389.

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12

Berbente, Corneliu, Sorin Berbente, and Marius Brebenel. "A possible new definition of the fundamental measure units." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 6, no. 1 (2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2021.6.1.8.

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A new definition of the measure units in Physics by using the concept of cardinal number and by considering universal physical constants is proposed. Another idea is to start from the moment of the creation of the Universe (BIG BANG or better said BIG FLASH). n this way, along with the speed of light in vacuum CV, the Planck constant h and the total energy of the Universe, EU are introduced. As regards the measure unit for temperature, the Boltzmann constant kB is considered. For the electrical charge, the electron charge is taken as a constant. In this way the sustenability of evaluation of t

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13

Karen, Pavel, Patrick McArdle, and Josef Takats. "Toward a comprehensive definition of oxidation state (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 6 (2014): 1017–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0505.

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AbstractA generic definition of oxidation state (OS) is formulated: “The OS of a bonded atom equals its charge after ionic approximation”. In the ionic approximation, the atom that contributes more to the bonding molecular orbital (MO) becomes negative. This sign can also be estimated by comparing Allen electronegativities of the two bonded atoms, but this simplification carries an exception when the more electronegative atom is bonded as a Lewis acid. Two principal algorithms are outlined for OS determination of an atom in a compound; one based on composition, the other on topology. Both prov

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14

Takeuchi, Kiyoshi, Masaharu Kobayashi, and Toshiro Hiramoto. "A Threshold Voltage Definition Based on a Standardized Charge Versus Voltage Relationship." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 69, no. 3 (2022): 942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2022.3144623.

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15

Davies, James Chowning. "Aggression: Some Definition and Some Physiology." Politics and the Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (1987): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400002719.

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Definitions being critical to systematic analysis, aggression is here defined as intentional injury to person or damage to property. The issue of consciousness of intent is considered. No claim is made that either conscious or unconscious aggression is necessarily wrongful, but that it is elicited with respect to the frustration of a variety of organically based physical and mental needs. Physiology has made progress toward understanding the two-way interaction between vertebrates and their environment, so that we have good hunches that aggressive behavior varies as a function of the level of

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16

Izadi Najafabadi, Mohammad, Bart Somers, Bengt Johansson, and Nico Dam. "Combustion stratification study of partially premixed combustion using Fourier transform analysis of OH* chemiluminescence images." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 10 (2017): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417740270.

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A relatively high level of stratification (qualitatively: lack of homogeneity) is one of the main advantages of partially premixed combustion over the homogeneous charge compression ignition concept. Stratification can smooth the heat release rate and improve the controllability of combustion. In order to compare stratification levels of different partially premixed combustion strategies or other combustion concepts, an objective and meaningful definition of “stratification level” is required. Such a definition is currently lacking; qualitative/quantitative definitions in the literature cannot

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17

Barak, Shlomo. "Electric Charge and Its Field as Deformed Space." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 4 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n4p29.

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The essence of electric charge has been a mystery. So far, no theory has been able to derive the attributes of electric charge, which are: bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, the electric field it creates and the radii of the bivalent charges. Our model of the electric charge and its field (this paper) enables us (in additional papers), for the first time, to derive simple equations for the radii and masses of the electron/positron muon/anti-muon and quarks/anti-quarks. These equations contain only the constants G, c, ℏ&nbsp; and &am

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18

Politzer, Peter, Jane S. Murray, Monica C. Concha, and Ping Jin. "An Operational Definition of Relative Hardness." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 72, no. 1 (2007): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20070051.

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After a brief review of polarizability, charge capacity and hardness, we look at some of the consequences of the requirement, in density functional theory, that the chemical potential and hardness be evaluated with the nuclear potential being held constant. The effects of this can be quite significant, one of them being that some molecules, especially closed-shell, may have zero chemical potentials. We propose that hardness be defined operationally through its inverse relationship to polarizability. Drawing upon correlations found earlier for the latter property, we present a formula for relat

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19

Honcharov, Yevgen, Nataliya Kruykova, Vladyslav Markov, and Igor Polyakov. "A definition of the "reactive power" concept." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 1 (5) (May 28, 2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2021.1.09.

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A definition of the "reactive power" concept needs to be clarified, since in the literature it is often given extremely vaguely, which causes difficulties in students' perception and is not entirely clear to the general public. Analysis of numerous sources shows that the physical meaning of this concept almost escapes the definitions given in these sources. Moreover, the formula by which the reactive power is calculated raises no objections. However, it does not explain the physical meaning of the concept. The need for a capacious definition that reflects the physical meaning is long overdue.

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20

Seidler, Tomasz, та Benoît Champagne. "Which charge definition for describing the crystal polarizing field and the χ(1) and χ(2) of organic crystals?" Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, № 29 (2015): 19546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03248b.

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21

Aubakirova-Ter-Grigoryan, N. M. "Judicial Discretion: The Concept and Essential Features." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 8 (2023): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.153.8.100-107.

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The modern Russian legal doctrine has not yet developed a unified approach to understanding judicial discretion. The content of this term seems to be very complex and ambiguous. The analysis of the legislation shows that the discretion of the law enforcement officer (investigator, prosecutor or person in charge of an inquiry) is possible when applying the norms of various branches of law. The importance of defining the most complete and precise concept of judicial discretion is dictated by the complexity of establishing its boundaries.The objectives of the study are to derive the definition of

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22

Zhong, Lixian, Matthew Lee Smith, Ning Lyu, et al. "The opioid public health crisis in Texas: Characterizing real-world healthcare resource utilization and economic burden in different clinical settings." Journal of Opioid Management 20, no. 5 (2024): 393–409. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.0899.

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Background and aims: Given the national opioid public health crisis, this study aimed to characterize the real-world healthcare resource utilization pattern and to quantify the economic burden associated with opioid misuse in Texas. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using Texas statewide Inpatient, Outpatient, and Emergency Department (ED) administrative data. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10-CM) codes related to opioid abuse, adverse effects, dependence, and poisoning identified opioid-related clinical encounters. High-sensitivity and

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23

Kurilkin, Dmitry. "Definition of Power Expenses on Booster Charge of Rechargeable Battery of Diesel Locomotive According to the Data of Microprocessor Control System." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 19, no. 1 (2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2022-19-1-68-74.

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Purpose: Development and approbation of the methodology of the definition of power expenses on booster charge of diesel locomotive rechargeable battery with the purpose to clarify tractive calculations. While definition of power expenses on charge of a battery it’s necessary to take into account the current state of a battery itself as well as of starter-generator implementing this battery charge. This task can be solved as a result of statistical analysis of information being registered by subsystem of board diagnostics of modern diesel locomotives. Methods: The methods of preprocessor treatm

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24

Monaco, Guglielmo. "On the definition of the atomic charge. Relationship between13C NMR chemical shifts, dipole moments, and charges in saturated hydrocarbons." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 68, no. 3 (1998): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-461x(1998)68:3<201::aid-qua6>3.0.co;2-z.

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25

BEN-AV, RADEL, and SORIN SOLOMON. "TOPOLOGY AND LATTICES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, no. 02 (1990): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90000209.

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The concept of interpolation relates lattice configurations to continuum configurations. This relation induces from the continuum to the lattice the definitions of “continuous deformation”, topological classification and homotopy classes. The lattice homotopy classes obtained this way are separated by boundaries made out of “exceptional configurations” (EC). The EC boundaries allow the topological classification of the lattice configurations even in models in which it is impossible (or cumbersome) to give in a close form, a definition of the topological charge in terms of lattice variables. We

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26

BEN-AV, RADEL, and SORIN SOLOMON. "TOPOLOGY AND LATTICES." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 16 (1989): 1537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001751.

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The concept of interpolation relates lattice configurations to continuum configurations. This relation induces from the continuum to the lattice the definitions of “continuous deformation”, topological classification and homotopy classes. The lattice homotopy classes obtained this way are separated by boundaries made out of “exceptional configurations” (EC). The EC boundaries allow the topological classification of the lattice configurations even in models in which it is impossible (or cumbersome) to give in a closed form, a definition of the topological charge in terms of lattice variables. W

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27

KARSCH, F., M. L. LAURSEN, T. NEUHAUS, B. PLACHE, and U. J. WIESE. "CHERN-SIMONS TERM IN THE 4-DIMENSIONAL SU(2) HIGGS MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics C 03, no. 05 (1992): 811–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012918319200049x.

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Using a variation of Lueschers geometric charge definition for SU(2) lattice gauge theory, we have managed to give a geometric expression for it’s Chern-Simons term. From this definition we have checked the periodic structure. We determined the Chern-Simons density for lattices L4 and L3×2, 4 with L=4, 6, and 8 near the critical region in the SU(2) Higgs model. The data indicate that tunneling is increased at high temperature.

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28

Mozolyako, P. A. "On the definition of B-points of a Borel charge on the real line." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 182, no. 5 (2012): 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-012-0773-8.

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29

Koch, Chantal Mees, and Dennis J. Devine. "Effects of reasonable doubt definition and inclusion of a lesser charge on jury verdicts." Law and Human Behavior 23, no. 6 (1999): 653–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022389305876.

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30

Greer, A. I. M., and D. A. J. Moran. "Charge dissipation layer optimisation for nano-scale electron-beam lithography pattern definition onto diamond." Diamond and Related Materials 29 (September 2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2012.07.003.

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31

Bondarenko, S. V., O. S. Sergeev, and А. Y. Kosovtsov. "INFLUENCE OF THE POLAR AND EQUATORIAL DAMPING MOMENTS OF THE PROJECTILE ON ITS FLIGHT DISTANCE." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 82 (2024): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2024/82-02.

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A relevant and important issue in the calculation of projectile flight trajectories is the definition and presentation of the equatorial and polar damping moments in the system of differential equations of spatial motion of projectiles. It is shown that the damping moments are determined by the shape and orientation of the projectile, the nature of the flow, the type of boundary layer and its interaction with shock waves, the speed, the height of the projectile and its nutation angle. To evaluate the influence of the aerodynamic coefficients of the equatorial and polar damping moments (their a

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32

Suárez-Carreño, Franyelit, and Luis Rosales-Romero. "Computational Algorithms for the Study of Distributions with Electric Charge and Radiation Flux in General Relativity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135957.

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The following research contributes to the understanding of how electric charge influences the unwrapping of spherically symmetric distributions using a relativistic approach. With the recent detection of gravitational waves and the location of black holes, where a strong emission of electromagnetic radiation prevails, interest has arisen to consider the existence of compact charged objects. Thus, the appearance of charge in small quantities during gravitational collapse, the process by which black holes originate, is not ruled out; this also includes the emission of electromagnetic waves from

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33

Xiao, S. F., and Q. H. Liu. "Geometric momentum and angular momentum for charge-monopole system." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 23 (2018): 1850125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501250.

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For a charge-monopole pair, we have another definition of the orbital angular momentum, and the transverse part of the momentum including the vector potential turns out to be the so-called geometric momentum that is under intensive study recently. For the charge on the spherical surface with the monopole at the origin, the commutation relations between all components of both the geometric momentum and the orbital angular momentum satisfy the so(3,[Formula: see text]1) algebra. With construction of the geometrically infinitesimal displacement operator based on the geometric momentum, the so(3,[

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34

Gharechahi, Razieh, Mohammad Nouri-Zonoz, and Alireza Tavanfar. "A tale of two velocities: Threading versus slicing." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 03 (2018): 1850047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818500470.

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One of the important quantities in cosmology and astrophysics is the 3-velocity of an object. Specifically, when the gravitational fields are strong, one should require the employment of general relativity both in its definition and measurement. Looking into the literature for GR-based definitions of 3-velocity, one usually finds different ad hoc definitions applied according to the case under consideration. Here, we introduce and analyze systematically the two principal definitions of 3-velocity assigned to a test particle following the timelike trajectories in stationary spacetimes. These de

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35

Minotti, F., and G. Modanese. "Generalized Local Charge Conservation in Many-Body Quantum Mechanics." Mathematics 13, no. 5 (2025): 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13050892.

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In the framework of the quantum theory of many-particle systems, we study the compatibility of approximated non-equilibrium Green’s functions (NEGFs) and of approximated solutions of the Dyson equation with a modified continuity equation of the form ∂t⟨ρ⟩+(1−γ)∇·⟨J⟩=0. A continuity equation of this kind allows the e.m. coupling of the system in the extended Aharonov–Bohm electrodynamics, but not in Maxwell electrodynamics. Focusing on the case of molecular junctions simulated numerically with the Density Functional Theory (DFT), we further discuss the re-definition of local current density pro

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36

Fischer, J. "Low uncertainty Boltzmann constant determinations and the kelvin redefinition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2064 (2016): 20150038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0038.

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At its 25th meeting, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) approved Resolution 1 ‘On the future revision of the International System of Units, the SI’, which sets the path towards redefinition of four base units at the next CGPM in 2018. This constitutes a decisive advance towards the formal adoption of the new SI and its implementation. Kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole will be defined in terms of fixed numerical values of the Planck constant, elementary charge, Boltzmann constant and Avogadro constant, respectively. The effect of the new definition of the kelvin referenced to

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37

Tang, Siyuan, Yiqin Li, Nannan Liu, and Haibo Li. "Research on the charging rules of shore power service charge in China." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502011.

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Firstly, this paper defines the definition and attribute of shore power service charge, and combs the current situation of shore power service charge and electricity charge in China. At the same time, the paper analyses the cost of shore power service, electricity charge of the power supply department and the cost of ship's using fuel oil for self-generation, and makes a comprehensive comparison between the cost of ship's using shore power and the cost of ship's self-generation. Finally, according to the principle of ensuring that the cost of using shore power (shore power service charge plus

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38

Coco, Marco, Giovanni Mascali, and Vittorio Romano. "About the Definition of the Local Equilibrium Lattice Temperature in Suspended Monolayer Graphene." Entropy 23, no. 7 (2021): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070873.

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The definition of temperature in non-equilibrium situations is among the most controversial questions in thermodynamics and statistical physics. In this paper, by considering two numerical experiments simulating charge and phonon transport in graphene, two different definitions of local lattice temperature are investigated: one based on the properties of the phonon–phonon collision operator, and the other based on energy Lagrange multipliers. The results indicate that the first one can be interpreted as a measure of how fast the system is trying to approach the local equilibrium, while the sec

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39

NAKANO, FUMIHIKO. "ABSENCE OF TRANSPORT IN ANDERSON LOCALIZATION." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 14, no. 04 (2002): 375–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x02001211.

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We consider the charge transport in the tight-binding Anderson model. Under a mild condition on the Fermi projection, we show that it is zero almost surely. This result has wider applicability than our previous work [12], while the definition of charge transport is slightly different. It also applies to the computation of non-diagonal component of the conductivity tensor which recovers the famous result of quantization of Hall conductivity in quantum Hall systems.

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40

NESTERENKO, A. V., and I. L. SOLOVTSOV. "NEW ANALYTIC RUNNING COUPLING IN QCD: HIGHER LOOP LEVELS." Modern Physics Letters A 16, no. 39 (2001): 2517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732301005989.

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The properties of the new analytic running coupling are investigated at the higher loop levels. The expression for this invariant charge, independent of the normalization point, is obtained by invoking the asymptotic freedom condition. It is shown that at any loop level the relevant β-function has the universal behaviors at small and large values of the invariant charge. Due to this feature the new analytic running coupling possesses the universal asymptotics in both the ultraviolet and infrared regions irrespective of the loop level. The consistency of the model considered with the general de

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41

Kwon, D. Y., and S. Vigneswaran. "Influence of particle size and surface charge on critical flux of crossflow microfiltration." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (1998): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0701.

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The effect of particle size and ionic strength of the feed suspension on critical flux was studied. The critical flux was defined in two different ways (strong and mild definition). The fouling, the increase of resistance (which is the basis of the mild definition of the critical flux) was relatively sensitive to the deposition of particles of 0.46 μm on the membrane of 0.2 μm mean pore. On the other hand, the deposition of large particles of 3.2 μm to a certain value on the membrane surface of 0.2 μm mean pore did not lead to the increase in resistance. In case of 11.9 μm particles, the trans

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42

Gurkan, Burcu, William Dean, and Drace Penley. "(Invited) Concentrated Hydrogen Bonded Electrolytes: Definition and Bulk & Interfacial Properties." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 55 (2022): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02552112mtgabs.

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We broadly refer to deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as concentrated H-bonded electrolytes (CoHBEs) where a composition specific to the “deep eutectic temperature” does not have to be met as long as the electrolyte possesses high salt concentration of the salt or the redox active specie and suppressed volatility are desired in energy storage, electrocatalysis, and electrodeposition processes. Liquid heterogeneity owing to H-bonding, similar to ionic liquids and DESs, CoHBEs present distinct electrode-electrolyte interfacial behavior. As a way to probe the electrode-electrolyte behavior of CoHBEs

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43

Kholmetskii, Alexander L., Oleg V. Missevitch, and Tolga Yarman. "Quantum phases for electric charges and electric (magnetic) dipoles: physical meaning and implication." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-1-50-61.

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We analyse the physical meaning of quantum phase effects for point-like charges and electric (magnetic) dipoles in an electromagnetic (EM) field. At present, there are known eight effects of such a kind: four of them (the magnetic and electric Aharonov – Bohm phases for electrons, the Aharonov – Casher phase for a moving magnetic dipole and the He – McKellar – Wilkens phase for a moving electric dipole) had been disclosed in 20th century, while four new quantum phases had recently been found by our team (A. L. Kholmetskii, O. V. Missevitch, T. Yarman). In our analysis of physical meaning of th

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44

MATHUR, SAMIR D. "FALLING INTO A BLACK HOLE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 03n04 (2008): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808012309.

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String theory tells us that quantum gravity has a dual description as a field theory (without gravity). We use the field theory dual to ask what happens to an object as it falls into the simplest black hole: the two-charge extremal hole. In the field theory description the wave function of a particle is spread over a large number of "loops," and the particle has a well-defined position in space only if it has the same "position" on each loop. For the infalling particle we find one definition of "same position" on each loop, but there is a different definition for outgoing particles and no cano

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45

Cè, Marco, Cristian Consonni, Georg P. Engel, and Leonardo Giusti. "Non-Gaussianities in the topological charge distribution of the SU(3) Yang-Mills theory." Physical Review D 92 (October 6, 2015): 074502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.92.074502.

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We study the topological charge distribution of the \(\mathrm{SU}(3)\) Yang-Mills theory with high precision in order to be able to detect deviations from Gaussianity. The computation is carried out on the lattice with high statistics Monte Carlo simulations by implementing a naive discretization of the topological charge evolved with the Yang-Mills gradient flow. This definition is far less demanding than the one suggested from Neuberger’s fermions and, as shown in this paper, in the continuum limit its cumulants coincide with those of the universal definition appearing in the chiral Ward ide

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Snijders Blok, Charlotte, Nicole Corsten-Janssen, David R. FitzPatrick, et al. "Definition of 5q11.2 microdeletion syndrome reveals overlap with CHARGE syndrome and 22q11 deletion syndrome phenotypes." American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 164, no. 11 (2014): 2843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36680.

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Onufriev, Alexey V., and Boris Aguilar. "Accuracy of continuum electrostatic calculations based on three common dielectric boundary definitions." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 13, no. 03 (2014): 1440006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633614400069.

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We investigate the influence of three common definitions of the solute/solvent dielectric boundary (DB) on the accuracy of the electrostatic solvation energy ΔG el computed within the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) and the generalized Born (GB) models of implicit solvation. The test structures include small molecules, peptides and small proteins; explicit solvent ΔG el are used as accuracy reference. For common atomic radii sets BONDI, PARSE (and ZAP9 for small molecules) the use of van der Waals (vdW) DB results, on average, in considerably larger errors in ΔG el than the molecular surface (MS) DB. T

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NASHED, GAMAL G. L. "CHARGED AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SOLUTION, ENERGY AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN TETRAD THEORY OF GRAVITATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 15 (2006): 3181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031478.

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Charged axially symmetric solution of the coupled gravitational and electromagnetic fields in the tetrad theory of gravitation is derived. The metric associated with this solution is an axially symmetric metric which is characterized by three parameters "the gravitational mass M, the charge parameter Q and the rotation parameter a." The parallel vector fields and the electromagnetic vector potential are axially symmetric. We calculate the total exterior energy. The energy–momentum complex given by Møller in the framework of the Weitzenböck geometry "characterized by vanishing the curvature ten

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Assiry, Abdullah, Sabeur Mansour, and Amir Baklouti. "S-Embedding of Lie Superalgebras and Its Implications for Fuzzy Lie Algebras." Axioms 13, no. 1 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms13010002.

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This paper performed an investigation into the s-embedding of the Lie superalgebra (→S1∣1), a representation of smooth vector fields on a (1,1)-dimensional super-circle. Our primary objective was to establish a precise definition of the s-embedding, effectively dissecting the Lie superalgebra into the superalgebra of super-pseudodifferential operators ( SψD⊙) residing on the super-circle S1|1. We also introduce and rigorously define the central charge within the framework of (→S1∣1), leveraging the canonical central extension of SψD⊙. Moreover, we expanded the scope of our inquiry to encompass

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Deur, Alexandre, Volker Burkert, Jian-Ping Chen та Wolfgang Korsch. "Experimental Determination of the QCD Effective Charge αg1(Q)". Particles 5, № 2 (2022): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles5020015.

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The QCD effective charge αg1(Q) is an observable that characterizes the magnitude of the strong interaction. At high momentum Q, it coincides with the QCD running coupling αs(Q). At low Q, it offers a nonperturbative definition of the running coupling. We have extracted αg1(Q) from measurements carried out at Jefferson Lab that span the very low to moderately high Q domain, 0.14≤Q≤2.18 GeV. The precision of the new results is much improved over the previous extractions and the reach in Q at the lower end is significantly expanded. The data show that αg1(Q) becomes Q-independent at very low Q.

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